HANDOUTS FOR PERIODIC TEST 1

INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

AI has seen immense progress in recent years. AI advances have enabled better understanding of
images and speech, emotion detection, self-driving cars, web searching, AI-assisted creative design
and game-playing, among many other tasks; for some of these tasks machines have reached human
level status or beyond.
Intelligence is the ability to gain knowledge and skills.Intelligence has different definitions. Emotional
Intelligence is the ability to connect with people and read their emotions. Practical Intelligence is the
ability to figure out how to cook or build a desk.
Intelligence is the act or quality of being clever. Using intelligence, we can see patterns, solve
problems, understand a text, understand a concept, learn languages and much more.
Following are some definitions of Intelligence:
FEATURES OF INTELLIGENCE

All living beings have intelligence.Intelligence is one of the defining features of being human and it
comes in various forms. For example, there’s verbal-linguistic intelligence (communicative ability),
spatial intelligence (the ability to observe the world with the mind’s eye), logical-mathematical
intelligence (the ability to solve mathematical problems) and emotional intelligence (the ability to
identify and manage your own emotions and the emotions of others). There are also other types of
intelligence which, in the process of understanding the workings of the human mind, we have tried to
disentangle and define.
However, when we talk of animal intelligence, we talk in quite different terms. The study of animal
intelligence has a long history. Ever since Darwin’s On the Origin of Species was published,
scientists have attempted to understand how animals think, comparing and contrasting this with
human thought.
What does this actually mean? Animals possess the ability to adapt to their surroundings by learning
to change their habits and behaviours. Many species are also capable of forming social groups. All of
these characteristics are based on the animal’s capacity to process information and, by assessing
this capacity, we can make a judgment regarding the relative intelligence of different species.

By far the world’s smartest invertebrates, octopuses can carry out complex tasks, such as opening a
jar to get to its contents. Not only do they have a good short and long term memory but also a
remarkable ability to learn new skills from the moment they’re born.Dolphins are extremely sociable
creatures with a highly developed ability to adapt to their habitat. They help one another when injured
or ill and, thanks to their individually distinct calls, they’re able to pass on their knowledge to others.
Rats dream in a similar way to that of humans. Thanks to their ability to process different sensorial
cues, they can analyse situations and make their way out of complex mazes. Interestingly, they have
been found to display high levels of empathy, making sacrifices for other members of their species.
Rats can even make calculations in order to obtain food from a trap without being caught!

Thus, Its not that ONLY humans are intelligent!

Human Intelligence is the mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt
to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts and use knowledge to manipulate one’s
environment. Intelligence includes the ability to benefit from past experience, act purposefully, solve
problems and adapt to new situations.

CAN MACHINES BE MADE INTELLIGENT?

The earliest computers were just computing devices. They mimicked the human ability to manipulate
numbers in order to perform basic math tasks, such as addition. Logical reasoning later added the
capability to perform mathematical reasoning through comparisons. But these are still a result of well
defined search and sort algorithms created by humans.
The early computers could manipulate large data bases effectively by following prescribed
algorithms, but could not reason about the data and information provided. This gave rise to the
question of whether computers could ever think. Alan Turing defined the intelligent behaviour of a
computer as the ability to achieve human level performance in a cognitive task.
Role of artificial intelligence(AI) as a science is to make machines do things that would require
intelligence if done by humans. AI has always been a term which intrigues people all over the world.
Artificial intelligence is how Google ranks pages, Amazon knows what we like, chatbots like Siri,
Alexa and computers play chess and Go.

Robosen T9
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5sPgeEEXRs

Meet Sophia, World's First AI Humanoid Robot | Tony Robbins

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sq36J9pNaEo

WHY IS THERE A NEED OF AI?

The population is on Earth is more than 7 billion, out of which 20% have regular access to the
internet which indicates that many petabytes of data is dealt with everyday. This data can be
analysed and processed for better services and personalised decision making.This data analysis is
the future of all complex decision making.

BIRTH OF AI
The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) was officially born and christened at a workshop organized by
John McCarthy in 1956 at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence.

History of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBncbUmO-L4