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Chapter 2 Mathematical Language and Symbols1
Chapter 2 Mathematical Language and Symbols1
in the Modern
World
Chapter 2:
Mathematical
Language and
Symbols
2.1 Mathematics as a Language
What is language?
Merriam-Webster dictionary
According to Dr. Burns, “the language of
mathematics makes it easy to express the kinds of
thoughts that mathematicians like to express.
It is:
1.precise (able to make very fine distinctions);
2.concise (able to say things brief);
3.powerful (able to express complex thoughts
with relative ease).”
Some Classification of Symbols
1. Numbers
A number is a mathematical object used to
count, quantify, and label another object. These
include the elements of the set of real numbers
(ℝ), rational numbers (ℚ), irrational numbers (ℚ’),
integers (ℤ), and natural numbers (ℕ).
Some Classification of Symbols
2n +4 = 14
1. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 1, 5 ∪ 2, 3, 5 = {1, 2, 3, 5}
2. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 1, 5 ∩ 2, 3, 5 = {5}
3. 𝐵′ = 2, 3, 5 ′ = {1, 4}
4. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵′ = 1,5 ∪ 1,4 = {1, 4, 5}
Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be two non-empty sets. The
Cartesian product of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴 ×
𝐵, is the set of all ordered pairs (𝑎, 𝑏) where 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴
and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵.
Example
Consider again the sets in the previous example, 𝑈 =
{1, 2, 3,4, 5}, 𝐴 = 1, 5 , and 𝐵 = {2, 3, 5}. We have
function
𝒇
The domain of the relation 𝑅, denoted by 𝐷(𝑅), is
the set of all first coordinates in the ordered pairs
which belong to 𝑅. That is,
𝐷 𝑅 = 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 .
2.Associative property
A binary operation * on 𝑆 is associative, if
∀ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑆, 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 ∗ 𝑧 = 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 ∗ 𝑧 .