OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

AND GLOBAL WARMING

HC TECHNOLOGY
G. Chaumba,
Ozone Project Manager
NOU, CCMD, MECTHI
 Presentation Outline
• Effects of ozone layer depletion
• Causes of ozone layer depletion
• Montreal Protocol
• Causes and impacts of global warming
• HPMP Stage II activities
• Montreal Protocol milestones
• Kigali Amendment
• Introduction to HCs
 What is Ozone?
• O3 – a gas that is naturally present in the
atmosphere
• Ozone is found in two regions in the
atmosphere
• Troposhere (0-10km)– contains about
10% of the ozone
• Stratosphere (>10 – 50km)- contains 90%
of the total ozone- Ozone Layer
 Ozone Distribution
• Ozone Distribution in the Atmosphere

8 MESOSPHERE
0

6
0
STRATOSPHERE
4
0
TROPOSPHERE
2
0
km Ozone
0 50 10 15 Partial
0 0 Pressure
(b)
 Formation of ozone
UV
O

O O
O O
Diatomic*
oxygen, the O O
oxygen we
O
breathe, reacts
with UV rays to O O
produce ozone O O
Diatomic*
Ozone
*Diatomic oxygen (O2)
means 2 atoms (O3)
 Why is the Ozone Layer
important?
• The Ozone Layer absorbs the Sun’s
biologically harmful Ultra-Violet Radiation
• Depletion of the Ozone Layer causes
• - Skin cancers
• - eye cataracts – partially & permanent
blindness
• - suppression of immune system
• - sun burns (acute exposure)
 Effects of UVR on human
beings
Eye cataracts Skin cancer
 Why is the Ozone Layer
important?
• Excessive UV radiation causes-
• - damage to terrestrial plant life – leading
to low crop yields, reduced plant growth
• - damage to single cell organisms and
aquatic ecosystems
• - damage to synthetic polymers and
materials such as tanks, pipes, tyres,
paints
 Ozone Layer Depletion
• Occurs in the stratosphere
• Is caused by man-made chemicals that
contain Chlorine (Cl) and/or Bromine (Br)
• E.g. R-11, R-12, R-22, CH3Br
• These chemicals are known as Ozone
Depleting Substances (ODSs)
• They were first introduced around 1928 as
replacements for toxic refrigerants such as
NH3 (ammonia)
 What are ODSs?
• These are man made halogenated
substances.
• They don’t dissolve in water, are very
stable, do not burn easily and have long
residence times in the atmosphere of up to
100 years; destroying the ozone layer!
• ODP – Ozone Depletion Potential
• ODP is the capacity of a substance to
destroy the ozone layer (CFC-11 =1)
 EXAMPLES OF ODSs
• Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) used in
refrigeration and air conditioning – (R-12)
• Halons used in fire fighting (halon-1301)
• Methyl Bromide (CH3Br) used in
fumigation of tobacco seedbeds, grain
storage facilities, pests, insects, QPS, etc
• Hydrochloflourocarbons (HCFCs) used in
refrigeration and air conditioning (R-22)
 ODSs used in RAC sector
HCFC-22 R-502
OZONE DEPLETION PROCESS
UV radiation releases chlorine
from CFCs
CF2Cl2 Cl
UV Cl
F

F
C
F Cl
Cl C
F Cl
CFC-12 CF2Cl
14
 Destruction of Ozone by CFCs
O2

Cl

Creates chlorine
+
monoxide and Oxygen is
Chlorine radical O
diatomic oxygen released
breaks bond in into
Cl ozone molecule atmosphere
UVB

Cycle begins
again O
Oxygen atom in
Cl Cl atmosphere

+ O
UV energy Produces diatomic
removes chlorine oxygen and free Breaks bond in O
atom from CFC chlorine radical chlorine monoxide
molecule molecule 15
 Montreal Protocol
• Signed in Montreal, Canada in 1987
• Controls 96 ODSs & 18 pure HFCs
(including HFC blends)
• Gradual reduction until total elimination-of
production and use ODSs & Phase down
of HFCs
• The MP has phased out 99% of ODSs
• Focus is now on HCFCs and HFCs
mainly in the RAC sector
 Ozone Depletion & Global
Warming
• Ozone Layer Depletion and Global
Warming are two global environmental
problems that are closely linked but are
different.
• These two terms have been misused
leading to confusion among school pupils,
teachers, the public and even RAC
practitioners!!!
 Ozone Depletion & Global
Warming
• ODS and some of their substitutes are
“Greenhouse Gases” e.g HCFCs & HFCs
• HFCs were introduced primarily as
substitutes for CFCs and HCFCs because
of their zero ODP
• Parties to the Montreal Protocol amended
the Protocol to phase down HFCs
• Kigali Amendment- October 2016
 Global Warming
• Occurs in the troposphere
• Is caused by “Greenhouse Gases” such as
• CO2, N2O, CH4, SF6, PFC, NF3, HFC,
CFCs, HCFCs
• These gases trap out going heat in lower
layers of the troposphere and release it
later
• This makes the earth warmer than it should
be, hence the term “Global Warming”
 Global Warming and Climate
Change
• Global Warming - the increase in Earth's
average surface temperature due to rising
levels of greenhouse gases.
• GWP- Global Warming Potential
• Climate Change: a long-term change in
the Earth's climate, or of a region on the
Earth.
• Climate Change causes floods, droughts,
diseases such as malaria, etc
 UNFCCC & Kyoto Protocol
• United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change was negotiated during the
Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit of 1992
• Aims to stabilize GHG emissions
• Kyoto Protocol was signed in Kyoto, Japan
in 1997 (up to 2012)
• Controlled six gases including HFCs, (NF3
was later added)
 PARIS AGREEMENT
• Agreed at COP21 in Paris in December
2015 under the UNFCCC
• Its major aim is to enhance the
implementation of the UNFCCC through
holding back the increase of global
average temperatures to well below 2oC
• Increasing the ability to adapt to the
adverse impacts, financing towards low
GHG emissions (LEDS)
 PARIS AGREEMENT
• Came into force on the 4th November 2016
when 55 countries that account for 55% of
GHG emissions had ratified it
• A number of projects on adaptation,
mitigation and compliance are being
implemented
• Funding mechanism – Global
Environmental Facility (GEF), Green
Climate Fund (GCF), etc
ODP and GWP
 Ozone - Milestones

• 1890s- CFCs were synthesized

• 1928 - The first CFC refrigerant was
invented and its production
commercialized
• 1970s - Scientists discovered that ODS
were depleting the ozone layer (1974-
- “Ozone Hole” over the
Nature)
Antarctica
 Milestones
• 1977- UNEP established a committee to
study the problem and suggest solutions –
Coordination Committee on the Ozone
Layer- CCOL
• 1985- Vienna Convention for the
Protection of the Ozone Layer was signed
• 1987- Montreal Protocol on substances
that deplete the Ozone Layer was signed
• 1992 -Zimbabwe ratified the VC & MP#
 MILESTONES
• 1994 - UN General Assembly declared
16th September as the International Day
for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer –
World Ozone Day. All Parties to celebrate
Ozone Day.
• 1995- Scientists Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina and
Sherwood Rowland received the Nobel Prize for
Chemistry for their work on the ozone layer- link
between Cl & Br and ozone depletion
 Milestones
• 2007- Accelerated Phase out of HCFCs
from 2040 to 2030 for Developing
countries and from 2030 to 2020 for
developed countries
• 2009 – Montreal Protocol achieves
Universal Ratification: the only MEA to
achieve this to date!
• 2016 – Kigali Amendment; phase down of
HFCs under the Montreal Protocol
 Ozone Day Commemorations
• 16th September is the International Day for
the preservation of the ozone layer
• Commonly known as the World Ozone
Day
• Declared by the UN General Assembly in
1994 for the International Community to
reflect on the dangers caused by ozone
layer depletion and take corrective
measures
 World Ozone Day 2022
• Venue: Harare
• The Montreal Protocol has reduced more
than 99% of the listed ODSs
• This has averted million cases of skin
cancer, eye cataracts, sun burns, etc
• This has also averted loss of biological
diversity-plants & animals
 World Ozone Day 2022
• By avoiding HCFCs and HFCs, the
Montreal Protocol has managed to reduce
the global surface temperatures
• This has avoided climate related disasters
and diseases thereby protecting life on
earth.
 World Ozone Day 2022
• The Montreal Protocol and its four
Amendments has been ratified all
countries of the world.
• The Kigali Amendment has been ratified
by 141 countries
• Theme: “Montreal Protocol@35: Global
cooperation protecting life on earth”
 HCFC Control Measures
• HCFCs such as R-22 are being phased
out. Phase out date is 1st January 2030.
(low ODP & high GWP)
• We should select of alternatives to HCFCs
that minimize environmental impacts, in
particular impacts on climate, as well as
meeting other health, safety and economic
considerations
 HCFC PHASE OUT
SCHEDULES
REDUCTION LEVEL YEAR
Baseline Average of 2009 and 2010
consumption
FREEZE 2013
10% Reduction 2015
35% Reduction 2020
67.5 % Reduction 2025
100% Reduction 2030
2.5% allowed for servicing of 2040
essential appliances
 STAGE II HPMP Project
Objectives
• The major objective is to phase out the
remaining HCFC-22 (approx. 10 ODP
tonnes) in servicing of RAC appliances by
1st January 2030
• The Government has been discouraging
the purchase and installation of new
HCFC based appliances since 2008 and
banned the imports in 2016.
 STAGE II ACTIVITIES
• Procurement of servicing tools for RAC
technicians (UNDP)
• Procurement of training tools for
Polytechnics (UNDP)
• Procurement of tools for customs officers
(UNDP)
• Certification of RAC practitioners (UNEP)
 Stage II Activities
• Building capacity of customs officers and
other relevant enforcement officers for
controlling and monitoring HCFC trade
(UNEP) including the procurement of
refrigerant identifiers (UNDP)
• Strengthening the capacity of RAC
Technicians on safe use of Hydrocarbon
refrigerants and other zero/low Global
Warming Potential (GWP) alternative
technologies (UNEP).
 HCFC DECISIONS
• Hydrocarbons (HCs) are good refrigerants
except for the safety aspects which can easily
be addressed
• Substitutes and alternatives that minimize other
impacts on the environment, including on the
climate, taking into account global-warming
potential, energy use and other relevant factors
should be encouraged
• Promote natural refrigerants such as CO2 (R-
744) and NH3 (R-717)
 KIGALI AMENDMENT
• Agreed at the 28th MOP in Kigali, Rwanda
in October 2016
• Zimbabwe ratified on the 18th October
2022
• Controls HFCs and HFC blends
 Kigali Amendment
• Promotes the adoption of zero ODP and
zero/low GWP alternatives such as HCs,
CO2 and NH3
• Promotes the adoption of energy efficient
refrigerants such as HCs
 KIGALI AMENDMENT
BENEFITS
• Reducing HFCs under the Kigali Amendment is
expected to avoid up to 0.4° Celsius warming by
the end of the century, while continuing to
protect the ozone layer
• The RACHP Sector should now adopt zero ODP
and zero or very low GWP refrigerants
• HC refrigerants are so far the most
environmentally friendly replacements for CFCs,
HCFCs and HFCs
 Controlled HFCs
GROUP SUBSTANCE 100-YEAR GWP (CO2
eq)
Group I
CHF2CHF2 HFC-134 1,100
CH2FCF3 HFC-134a 1,430
CH2FCHF2 HFC-143 353
CHF2CH2CF3 HFC-245fa 1,030
CF3CH2CF2CH3 HFC-365mfc 794
CF3CHFCF3 HFC-227ea 3,220
CH2FCF2CF3 HFC-236cb 1,340
CHF2CHFCF3 HFC-236ea 1,370
CF3CH2CF3 HFC-236fa 9,810
 2J Controlled Substances
GROUP SUBSTANCE 100-YEAR GWP (CO2
eq)
CH2FCF2CHF2 HFC-245ca 693
CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 HFC-43-10mee 1,640
CH2F2 HFC-32 675
CHF2CF3 HFC-125 3,500
CH3CF3 HFC-143a 4,470
CH3F HFC-41 92
CH2FCH2F HFC-152 53
CH3CHF2 HFC-152a 124

Group II
CHF3 HFC-23 14,800
REFRIGERANT MIXTURES
• There are three different types of refrigerant
mixtures controlled under the Kigali Amendment:
• 1. Mixtures of HFCs e.g. R-404A
(52% HFC-143a + 44% HFC-125 + 4% HFC-134a)
• 2. Mixtures of HFCs and HCFCs e.g. R-408a
• (46% HFC-143a + 7% HFC-125 + 47% HCFC-22)
• 3. Mixtures of HFCs and uncontrolled substances (e.g
HFOs, CO2 and HCs)
• E.g. R-455A whose composition is: (21.5% HFC-32 + 75.5%
HFO-1234yf + 3% R-744)
 Hydrocarbons
• What are Hydrocarbons (HCs)?
• -contain Hydrogen and Carbon atoms
• -have zero ODPs
• -extremely low GWPs (<3)
• -highly efficient, reduced charge
• -were among the first refrigerants used but
were abandoned because of their high
flammability
 Hydrocarbons
• Propane (C3H8) R-290
• Highly flammable
• C3H8 + 5O2 (+ignition)→ 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + heat
• If there is insufficient air, it causes
suffocation (asphyxiation)
• 2 C3H8 + 7 O2 → 2 CO2 + 2CO + 2 C + 8 H2O
+ heat
• CO forms carboxyhemoglobin
 Hydrocarbons
• Iso-butane (C4H10) R-600a
• Also known as 2-methyl propane
• Extremely flammable
• -MSDS say cylinder should not be
exposed to temperatures above 52oC
• There is great need for safety precautions
 Hydrocarbon Refrigerants
H H H H H H
H C C C H H C C C H
H H
H H H C
R290 H H
R600a H CH(CH )
CH CH CH 3 2 3
3 3

Refrigerant Boiling point Application

Isobutane (R600a)
Blend (R290/R600a) 50/50
HC R290
-12°C New domestic equipment
-31,5°C Replacement for R12
-42°C New high, medium and low
temperature equipment.
Replacement for HCFC-R22
 Conclusions
• HCFCs and HFCs are going to be phased
out & down because of their high GWPs
(& ODP)
• There is need to adopt refrigerants with
zero ODP and zero or very low GWP
• HC refrigerants are now the refrigerants of
choice, as well as NH3 and CO2.
• If adequate safety measures are taken,
HC refrigerants, NH3 & CO2 can perform
as much as (or even better than) CFCs,
HFCs & HCFCs
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