Equipo: Francisco Emiliano Sánchez Aguilar, Hugo Salvado Sánchez Arredondo, Aimée Zamudio Almonaci.

Stratosphere ozone layer

How do you measure? The amount of total atmospheric ozone at a given point is measured in Dobson units (UD). This is
equivalent to a thickness of 0.01 mm of pure ozone. (1 atm, 0°C). If all ozone is collected at ground level, the pure ozone
layer would be only 3.5 mm thick.

How is the ozone hole generated? Scientists discovered in 1985 that stratospheric ozone over Antarctica was reduced by
about 50% each year. The hole is formed by chlorine pollution, especially in polar winter weather conditions in the lower
stratosphere. Due to these conditions, all stored chlorine becomes the catalytically inactive HCl and ClONO2 forms and
the active Cl and ClO forms. The high concentration of chlorine causes a massive ozone depletion every year, albeit
temporarily.
Where is ozone transported to? It goes from the tropical regions where
most of it occurs to the polar regions.

The causes are Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4),

Methyl chloroform (CH3-CCl3), halons. Direct substitutes for CFCs contain
carbon-bound hydrogen atoms, and most molecules will be removed from
the troposphere by the sequence of reactions beginning with the
abstraction of hydrogen by the -OH. Halon bromine is responsible for a
significant fraction of the ozone-depleting potential of stratospheric
Image 1 minimum overhead ozone amounts (average for halogen catalysts.
September 21 to October 16)
Reactions that create the hole:
There is a complete cycle of catalytic ozone destruction in the inner stratosphere.

What are the substances that affect the ozone layer? Chlorine- and bromine-containing compounds that lead to
increased halogen levels in the stratosphere are those that do not have a sink, that is, a natural elimination process, such
as dissolution in rainwater or oxidation. by atmospheric gases in the troposphere. After a few years moving through the
troposphere, these compounds begin to diffuse into the stratosphere, where they are finally photochemically
decomposed by absorption of UVC radiation from sunlight and release halogen atoms. The recent increase in Stratospheric
chlorine is due to the use and release of chlorofluorocarbons, which They are compounds that contain (only) chlorine,
fluorine and carbon and are commonly called CFCs. CFCs do not have a sink in the troposphere, so all Its molecules ascend
towards the stratosphere. Finally, CFC molecules migrate to the middle and upper areas of the stratosphere, where there
is enough UVC radiation from sunlight that it has not yet it has been filtered to decompose them photochemically and
consequently release chlorine atoms. CFCs do not absorb sunlight of wavelengths greater than 290 nm, and in general
require radiation of 220 nm or less to take photos. CFCs must rise to the middle stratosphere to decompose, since UVC
radiation does not penetrate at lower altitudes. Because of the slow vertical movement in the stratosphere, the half-life
of CFCs is elevated. Due to this, the chlorine concentration decreases little by little with time.
What measures are implemented to reduce damage to the ozone layer? Have been signed and launched in a short period
of time international agreements on solutions to prevent stratospheric ozone depletion. Appealing to the precautionary
principle to minimize possible harm to humans and the environment, ultimately Since the 1970s, the use of CFCs was
banned in most of the of aerosols in North America and some
Scandinavian countries. Growing concern about the severity
of increased chlorine in the atmosphere led to the
establishment of international agreements to ban the
production of CFCs in the world. The starting point was the
Montreal conference (Canada) in 1987, which gave rise to the
Montreal Protocol; this agreement is consolidated thanks to
certain decisions taken in later conferences. As a result of this
international agreement, all ozone-depleting substances
must be banned in all nations.