Inda

Index
NOTE: Page numbers followed by f refer to figures, page numbers followed by t refer to tables. All volume numbers
appearing in italics refer to volume subject material as stated in footnote.
Index terms Links
A
A2/O process 1:790
Abandoned channel pools 3:69
Abandoned mines, alkaline amendment to 5:3
ABA plant hormone 3:718
Abiotic redox reactions 5:413
Abiotic solute transport 5:527
Abiotic transformation, of chlorinated aliphatic compounds 1:691
Abrasion number, of carbon 1:97
Absolute humidity 4:269
Absolute ownership doctrine 4:630
Absorbed solar radiation 3:375
Absorption, of organochlorine pesticides 3:643
Absorption systems, for odor removal 1:914
Acanthamoeba 1:278
Acaricide Dicofol 3:645
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) technique 4:418
Acceptable daily intake (ADI) 3:637
Accumulation, of organochlorine pesticides 3:643
See also Bioaccumulation
Acequia, defined 2:541
Acetic acid 2:295
Acetogenesis, in landfills 1:696
Acid, carbonate scale control with 4:415
Acid deposition 4:377
control of 4:380
effects of 4:378
Acid Deposition Control Program (Title IV) 4:379 4:380
Acidic brines 3:10
Acidic crater lakes 3:9
Acidic mining lakes 3:10
Acidic pit lakes 3:10 3:11
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation. I.1
I.2
Index terms Links
Acidic rivers 3:10
Acidic tailings, from geological deposits 3:9
Acidification. See also Acidization
atmospheric 3:8
biological effects of 3:9
causes of 3:5
chronic 3:1
episodic 3:5
of freshwater resources 3:7
geogenic 3:9
in Indian lakes 3:451
industrial 3:9
soil 5:377
Acidified soft waters 3:8
Acidifying substances, life cycle emissions of 3:548
Acidity
negative and positive 2:424
relationship to pH 3:8
soil 3:707
Acidization 5:28
See also Acidification
Acid mine drainage (AMD) 1:609 2:1 3:1 3:2
3:10
active and passive treatment of 3:11
alkaline amendment to 5:2
chemical treatment of 5:3
control of 5:2
costs of treating 5:4
geochemistry of 3:13
iron-oxidizing bacteria in 2:150
overburden analyses in 5:1
passive treatment of 2:423 5:5
remediation of 3:11
in the United States 5:1
Acid mine wastewater 1:113
Acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) 3:1 3:3
Acidogenesis, separation from methanogenesis 1:909
Acidophilic iron bacteria 2:149
Acid oxidation 2:85
Acid phosphatase (ACP) activity 2:415
Acid production rate 3:14
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

I.3
Index terms Links
Acid rain 3:1 3:8 3:292 4:184
assessment of 4:380
countermeasures against 3:9
current conditions related to 4:380
defined 4:377
effects of 3:224
groundwater acidification due to 3:10
regulation of 4:379
social response to 4:379
sources and effects of 4:378
Acids
defined 2:542
of geogenic origin 3:7
strength of 2:294
Acid treatment, for scale control 1:548
Acinetobacter 2:241
A climates 4:256
Acoustical monitoring, underwater 4:91
Acoustic televiewer 5:154
Acre-foot, defined 2:542
Action level 1:479
Activated alumina (AA) 1:460
for arsenate removal 5:20
Activated alumina sorption, for arsenic removal 1:638
Activated carbon(s) 2:79 4:507
See also Activated carbon adsorption; Powdered activated carbon (PAC)
acid surface functional groups on 2:81
adsorption capacity of 4:381
applications of 1:101
background of 2:80
common uses for 1:105
competitive adsorption on 1:107
competitive sorption of inorganics on 1:110
domestic use of 1:105
gas-phase applications of 1:104
methods for developing 1:93
organic micropollutant and metal ion removal by 4:506
physical and chemical properties of 2:81
precursors of 2:80
preparation and properties of 1:94t 2:82
sorption of trace metals onto 2:83

I.4
Index terms Links
Activated carbon(s) (Continued)
steps in producing 1:95f
surface chemistry of 1:98
surface functional groups on 2:82
types of 1:92
Activated carbon (AC) adsorption 1:817
domestic sewage and 1:834
of landfill leachates 1:707
Activated carbon posttreatment 5:25 5:327
Activated carbon samplers 5:109
Activated carbon technology 1:351
Activated carbon treatment, of radioactive waste 1:804
Activated sludge 1:566 1:568 1:861 1:862
See also Activated sludge process(es)
bacteria in 1:668t
floc from 1:844
Activated Sludge Models (ASMs) 1:733 1:739
See also International Water Association (IWA) models
variables in 1:740t
Activated sludge plants, microbial foaming and bulking in 1:844
Activated sludge process(es) 1:565 1:668 1:815
biological phosphorus removal in 1:788
denitrification in 1:667
domestic sewage and 1:832
microbial foaming in 1:728
nitrification in 1:751
nutrient deficiencies in 1:729
Activated sludge treatment, POP behavior in 1:767
Activation 2:80
See also Activated carbon entries; Activated sludge entries
of carbon 1:94
Active biomonitoring (ABM) 2:33
advantages and disadvantages of 2:33
system for 2:28
Active direct solar water heaters 1:65
Active disease reporting 1:185
Active immobilization, of metals 5:282
Active indirect solar water heaters 1:65
Active isotopes, as groundwater tracers 5:503
Active microwaves 4:324

I.5
Index terms Links
Active real-time control, modeling 3:340
Active rock glaciers 3:174 3:175
Active sound detection 4:570
Active storage 3:259
Acute sediment toxicity tests 2:351 2:385t 3:51
Acute toxicity, categories of 2:415
Adaptive management 3:128
Adaptive modified sequential
method, of DNAPL migration
modeling 5:669
Additives, odor-reducing 1:912
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 1:399 2:42
detection of 1:85
Adenovirus 1:279
Adenylate kinase (AK) detection 1:85
“Adequate protection by natural means” 1:293
“Adequate protection by treatment” 1:293
Adiabatic cooling 4:366
Adiabatic ideal gas process 4:368
Adsorbent dose (Ws) 3:299
Adsorbents
characterization of 4:508
for inorganic ion removal 4:494
micropores and mesopores in 2:79
Adsorbent surface chemistry 4:491
Adsorption 1:811 2:374 5:184 5:186
See also Inorganic adsorption
for arsenic removal 1:638
dynamics of 3:302
effect of pH on 3:299
of hydrocarbons 1:577
in situ metal/organic 5:609
kinetic formulations for 5:415
in mine effluent remediation 1:611
models of 3:300
for odor abatement 1:762
operating variables in 3:298
of organic compounds 4:384
thermodynamics and 3:301
water-rock interaction and 5:566

I.6
Index terms Links
Adsorption capacity
correlation for 4:382
graphs of 4:382 4:383f
Adsorption clarifier package plants 1:516
Adsorption equilibrium, of carbon 1:99
Adsorption isotherms 3:299 4:384
types of 1:99
Adsorption models, multicomponent 1:107
Adsorption systems, for odor removal 1:914
Adsorptive colloidal processes 5:350
Adsorptive columns, sizing 2:363
Adsorptive filtration, for arsenic removal 1:639
Advanced impellers 1:79f
Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) 2:589 4:194 4:216
Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU, AMSU-A) 4:216 4:351
Advanced nucleic acid analyzer (ANNA) 2:339
Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) 2:318
for vinyl chloride 5:639
Advanced oxidation technology 1:579
Advanced wastewater treatment techniques 1:816 1:871
See also Wastewater entries
advanced oxidation processes (AOP) 1:871
complexation/flocculation 1:872
conducting polymers 1:872
ionizing irradiation 1:873
membrane/sonication/wet oxidation 1:873
sorption by zeolites 1:874
supercritical water oxidation 1:874
ultrasonic irradiation 1:875
Advection 5:273 5:278
organic vapor transport via 5:544
transport by 5:516
Advection fog 4:232
variables of 4:236
Advection phenomena 3:78
Advective-dispersion model 3:332
Adverse effects assessments 2:516
Adverse social impacts, of water transfers 4:687
Advisors, international 1:719
Aeolian valleys 3:66

I.7
Index terms Links
Aerated lagoons 1:704
Aerated static piles 1:648
Aeration 1:380 1:460 2:374
in domestic sewage treatment 1:833
extended 1:815
groundwater remediation by 5:426
methods of 1:51
pretreatment 1:323
tapered 1:815
technology for 1:352 4:546
wastewater 1:623
Aeration efficiency (AE) 1:623
Aeration systems 1:623
submerged 1:624
surface 1:623
Aerial natural gamma radiation surveys 4:338
Aerobic bacteria 2:20 5:581
in cooling systems 2:241
Aerobic biodegradation, optimum 5:44
See also Aerobic degradation; Biodegradation
Aerobic bioremediation 5:424
technologies 5:40
Aerobic cometabolism, methyl tertiary-butyl ether 5:388
Aerobic degradation, rate of 5:44
See also Aerobic biodegradation
Aerobic digestion
of biosolids 1:647
of sludge 1:865
Aerobic in situ enhanced bioremediation 5:423
Aerobic leachate treatment 1:704 1:709
Aerobic plate count (APC), in dishwater 2:113 2:114
Aerobic stabilization, of sludge 1:857
Aerobic wastewaters
odorants in 1:911
treatment of 1:813
Aerobic wetlands 5:5
Aeromonas 1:277
Aerosols, atmospheric 4:371
Aesthetics, algae-impaired 3:108

I.8
Index terms Links
Africa
unsafe water in 2:631
monsoons in 4:304
African foods, nitrate levels in 1:32t
Age dating, of groundwater 4:388
Agency management impacts, of water transfers 4:687
Agenda 21 3:33 3:34
Aggressive metal mobilization 5:282
Aging
impact of water on 4:455
premature 4:455
Agitation, in water treatment systems 1:76
Agrichemical facilities, soil remediation at 3:651
See also Agrochemicals
Agricultural activities. See also Agricultural practices
contamination from 1:25
as a nitrate contamination source 2:571
Agricultural area pollution
mathematical models for estimating 3:658
outflow of 3:657
Agricultural areas, impact on groundwater quality 5:251
Agricultural changes, influence on the hydrologic cycle 4:281
Agricultural districts law 3:597
Agricultural drainage 5:94
Agricultural drainage ditches, research conducted on 3:88 3:90t 3:90t
Agricultural droughts 4:208
Agricultural impacts, of waterlogging 3:741
Agricultural irrigation 1:818
Agricultural land, classification and mapping of 3:608
Agricultural landscape
pollutants in 3:605t
water quality management in 3:604
Agricultural land use planning 3:595
issues in 3:595
national, state, and local 3:596
Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Software (AGNPS) 2:325
Model 2001 (AGNPS 2001) 2:251
Agricultural practices. See also Agricultural activities
algal control via 2:3
improving 2:571

I.9
Index terms Links
Agricultural runoff, as a source of cultural eutrophication 3:114
Agricultural soils, phosphorus status of 3:704
Agricultural wastewater, constructed wetlands for 1:896
Agricultural water
Arab World share of 2:474f
curious uses of 4:695
United States use of 2:653
Agricultural watershed, organochlorine pesticides in vegetables grown on 3:643
Agricultural water use efficiency (WUE) 3:558
Agriculture. See also Crop entries; Farming; Irrigated agriculture
in the Arab World 2:470
in China 2:488
frost damage to 4:242
groundwater role in 2:392
of hollows 4:695
irrigated 2:489
nonpoint source pollution from 2:186
organic 3:644
raised-style 4:697
relation to water security 1:438
sediment from 3:509
wastewater reuse guidelines for 3:670
water conservation in 2:495
as a water consumer 2:489 2:662
water reuse in 2:635
water supply for 2:617
Agrochemicals, role of 3:643
See also Agrichemical facilities
Agroforestry systems 3:551 3:568
Agronomic/ecological models, use of field capacity in 5:126
Agronomic practices, phytoextraction optimization using 5:372
Agronomic soil conservation methods 3:551
AIDS 1:162 1:163 1:182 1:258
Air, cadmium in 5:617
See also Aeration; Aerobic entries
Air aeration systems, fine bubble diffused 1:626
Airborne contaminant sources 5:433
Air bubbling 1:594
Air chambers, water hammer and 1:262
“Air dry” soil 5:536

I.10
Index terms Links
Air emissions 1:413
electric generating plant contaminants in 1:554
Air entrapment effects 5:536
Air flotation 3:407
Air gaps 1:155
Air-line submergence method 5:101
Air oxidation 2:85
Air pollution 4:379
chemicals in 3:224
effects of 4:378
MtBE and 5:319
Air quality 1:554
Air sampling techniques 2:307
AIRS/AMSU/HSB sounding system 4:351 4:352
Air-sea interaction 4:1
Air sparging 5:39 5:428 5:440
See also Biosparging
Air sparring, activated carbon in 1:105
Air stripping 1:380 1:576 1:631 1:816
for radioactive waste 1:803
of vinyl chloride 5:639
Air temperature, determining 3:563
Air to plant absorption 3:643
Air-water interface 4:452 4:470
GHG fluxes at 3:205
Alaska, in-stream flow protection in 4:662
See also Glacier Bay
Alaskan rain forest 2:667
Albedo 4:179
Alfalfa channel tests 5:392
Algae 2:269
See also Blue-green algae entries; Periphyton index of biotic integrity (Periphyton
IBI); Toxic algae
acid-sensitive 3:4
in cooling water systems 1:540
excessive growths of 3:108
health effects of 1:277
removal using ozone 1:355
Algal bioremediation 2:44

I.11
Index terms Links
Algal blooms 3:114 4:108
decomposition of 3:115
harmful 4:55
Algal growth 2:241
importance of light penetration to 3:111
Algal nutrients, sources and control of 3:110
Algal populations
biomanipulation of 2:6
chemical control of 2:5
environmental control of 2:3
Algal toxins 2:387
Alice Water Treatment Plant (AWTP) 1:221
alum and lime consumption and cost estimation for 1:222
bacterial monitoring at 1:222 1:225
clarifier and filter performance at 1:222 1:224
disinfection at 1:222 1:224
DOC and BDOC levels at 1:225
flow rate measurement and control at 1:222
performance of 1:222 1:225
Alicyclic hydrocarbons, degradation of 1:692
Alien species 3:134
Alignment log 5:154
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
chlorinated 1:690
degradation of 1:692
Alkaline amendment
to abandoned mines 5:3
to acid mine drainage 5:2
Alkaline leach beds, in acid mine treatment 5:7
Alkaline phosphatase (APase) 2:231
Alkaline recharge trenches 5:2
Alkaline stabilization
of biosolids 1:649
of sludge 1:865
Alkalinity
in carbonate geochemistry 4:409
defined 2:542
effect on corrosion 1:8
imparted by carbonaceous minerals 3:14
insufficient 5:2
in natural waters 2:394

I.12
Index terms Links
Alkalinity (Continued)
nitrification and 1:754
in ozone half-life 1:359
role in fish growth and production 3:131
of soil 3:707
of water 1:902
Alkalinity addition, chemicals suitable for 1:755t
Alkaloid cyanobacterial toxins, structures of 3:190f
Alkene biodegradation 1:692
Alkenones 4:93
Allergies, dehydration and 4:725
Allochthonous inputs, watershed-related 3:207
Allogenic recharge 5:236
Allowable exposures 1:427
Allowable headwater (HW) 3:77
Allowable velocity 3:77
Alluvial valleys 3:66
Alluvium, defined 2:542
Alpha emitters, health risks of 1:396
Alpine climatic zone 4:258
Alpine hydrochemical model (AHM) 5:298
Alternative collecting systems 1:840
Alternative cost approach 4:609
Alternative formulation, in a systems approach 2:686
Alternative Maximum Contaminant Level (AMCL) 1:479
Alternative stable states theory 3:272
Alternative wastewater treatment, systems 1:840
Altitude effect 4:439
Alum 1:138
Alum coprecipitation 5:20
Alumina, activated 5:20
Aluminum (Al)
coagulation using 1:636
episodic acidification and 3:7
toxicity of 3:131
Aluminum industry 1:562
Aluminum recovery, from water treatment plant residuals 1:140f
Amargosa Desert, recharge in 5:74
Amazonia region 4:642
Ambient Groundwater Monitoring and Assessment Program (GAMA) studies 5:62

I.13
Index terms Links
Ambient groundwater monitoring network 5:313
monitoring frequency at 5:317
monitoring measurements and samples for 5:316
site inventory for 5:315
site selection for 5:315
size of 5:316
strategies and designs for 5:314
types of wells for 5:316t
using data from 5:317
Ambient water quality, optimal level of 2:129
AMD generation, rate of 3:13
See also Acid mine drainage (AMD)
American Farmland Trust (AFT) 3:598
American Meteorological Society 4:329
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 1:381
standards of 1:198
American Rule 4:631
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) 2:459
Soil Classification Flow Chart 3:690
American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) microirrigation standards 3:615
American Society of Civil Engineers - Environmental Water Resources Institute
(ASCE-EWRI) 3:573
American water resource development 2:498
American Water Works Association (AWWA) 1:146 1:285 1:437
standards of 1:261 1:403
survey 2:91
Americas, transboundary water treaties in 4:637 4:641t
See also Latin America; North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Americium (Am). See Am-humic colloids
Am-humic colloids, dissociation kinetics of 2:105
Aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD)
activity 2:236
protein 2:236 2:238f
Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) 2:236
Ammonia 4:390
in acid mine treatment 5:4
analysis of 4:393
bromate ion formation and 1:360
cycling of 4:391
eutrophication and 4:392

I.14
Index terms Links
Ammonia (Continued)
impact on aquatic organisms 2:123
in inhibition of biological iron removal 2:153
measurement of 4:393
in ponds 3:485
sources and concentrations of 4:392
toxicity of 4:392
in urban stormwater runoff 3:434
Ammonia-ammonium equilibrium 4:519
Ammonia nitrogen, in recirculating aquaculture systems 3:544
Ammonia removal 1:346
steady-state model for 1:348
Ammonia toxicity 3:696
water chemistry and 3:132
Ammonification 1:893 4:517
Ammonium. See also Ammonia-ammonium equilibrium
distribution of 4:74
environmental pathways of 3:538
in source waters 2:226
Ammonium perchlorate 5:631
Amorphous hydrous ferric oxide 5:609
Amorphous ice 4:189
Amoebas 2:313
Amoebic dysentery 2:313
Amorphous organic matter domains, sorption in 4:386
Amperes 4:442
Amphidromous fish species, in the Hawaiian Islands 4:803
Amphipods
characteristics of 2:409
commonly used 2:409t
Amphipod sediment toxicity tests 2:408
application of 2:409
experimental design in 2:410
future research related to 2:411
organism selection in 2:409
significance of 2:408
Anacapa Island pelican colony survey 3:517
Anadromous fish 3:127
Anaerobes 5:581
See also Anaerobic bacteria; Anaerobic microbial transformation

I.15
Index terms Links
Anaerobic-aerobic treatment, for maize processing plants 1:581
Anaerobic attached film expanded bed (AAFEB) system 1:519
Anaerobic bacteria 2:20
See also Anaerobes
iron-reducing 2:151
oil-field brine and 2:288
Anaerobic bioremediation technologies 5:40
Anaerobic biotransformation, of PCE/TCE 5:584
Anaerobic dechlorination 1:690
Anaerobic decomposition 1:701
odor from 1:760
Anaerobic degradation pathways 5:582f
See also Biodegradation
Anaerobic digestion 1:518
of biosolids 1:647
of sludge 1:856 1:865
Anaerobic Digestion Model 1:733
Anaerobic filter (AF) 1:906
Anaerobic leachate treatment 1:709
Anaerobic microbial transformation, of methyl tertiary-butyl ether 5:386
Anaerobic reactor systems 1:906
Anaerobic sewage treatment 1:517
See also Anaerobic wastewater treatment
examples of 1:519
future of 1:520
Anaerobic systems, for treating leachates 1:704
See also Anaerobic reactor systems; Anaerobic sewage treatment
Anaerobic wastewater treatment 1:813 1:904
See also Anaerobic sewage treatment
separation of acidogenesis from methanogenesis 1:909
technology of 1:905
Anaerobic wetlands 2:425 5:5
Analysis
of antimony 4:591
of colloids 3:74
in fish consumption advisories 3:119
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparison technique 2:411
systems approach to 2:685
Analytical modeling 5:33

I.16
Index terms Links
Analytical solutions 5:621
Anatoxin-a 2:390
Anatoxins 2:388
Ancient lakes 3:270
Ancient world, water in 4:726
Animal facilities, managing 2:186
Animal farming, groundwater quality related to 3:538
Animal husbandry 3:124
Animal manure, nitrogen in 3:695
Animals, rain forest 4:240
Anionic organoclay 1:779
Anionic polymeric antiscalants 1:417
Anionic surfactants 1:670
Anions, in seawater 4:159
Anisotropic heterogenetic flow systems, testing and analysis of 5:176
Anisotropy 5:509
Annual status reports (EPA) 5:39
Annual water quality report (AWQR) 2:346
Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) 2:207
Anomalous propagation (AP) 4:308
Anoxia
factors affecting 4:65
quantification of 4:64
variations in 4:65
Anoxic biodenitrification 5:326
Anoxic conditions 1:667
Anoxic factor (AF)
determining 4:65
prediction of 4:67
Anoxic limestone drain (ALD) 2:424
Anoxic periods (denitrification), controlled 1:752t
Antarctica, microbial ecosystems in 3:504
Antecedent moisture conditions 3:473
Anthra/sand 1:314
Anthropogenic activities, toxic metals accumulation from 2:433
Anthropogenic arsenic 5:18
Anthropogenic CO2, global partitioning of 4:85
Anthropogenic compounds, toxic effects of 2:427

I.17
Index terms Links
Anthropogenic dammed pools 3:69
Anthropogenic disturbances, to wetlands 3:173
Anthropogenic factors, coastal wetland loss from 3:73
Anthropogenic GHG emissions 3:204
See also Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
duration of 3:207
political aspects of 3:208
Anthropogenic load 2:443
Anthropogenic nonturbulent unit 3:70
Anthropogenic scour pools 3:68
Anthropogenic selenium contamination 5:397
Anthropogenic sources
of arsenic 1:82
of heavy metals 5:276
of lead 2:433
of radioactive contamination 1:803
Anthropogenic tritium 5:69
Anthropogenic turbulent unit 3:70
Antibiotic resistance 1:178
Antibiotics, in animal farming operations 3:540
Antibody technology, for identifying Cryptosporidium 1:160
Anti-DDT propaganda 3:513
Antidegradation, precautionary principle regarding 2:601
Antidegradation policy, Great Lakes system 4:624
Antifluoridationist movement 1:255
Antifoulant design 1:415
Antimony (Sb)
abundance of 4:589
analytical methods for 4:591
in aquatic systems 4:589
atmospheric emission values for 4:589 4:590t
concentrations of 4:592 4:593
kinetic issues related to 4:592
maximum contaminant level of 2:234t
solution chemistry of 4:591
speciation in natural waters 4:592
uses of 4:590
Antiscalants, anionic polymeric 1:417
Antoine’s equation 4:265

I.18
Index terms Links
AOC (assimilable organic carbon) level, microbial regrowth and 1:344
A/O (anaerobic/oxic) process 1:790
Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) River Basin water allocation dispute 2:501
Army Corps of Engineers role in 2:506
crisis related to 2:503
role of interest groups in 2:505
water allocation and 2:504
water marketing proposals related to 2:506
APE surfactants 1:670
Aphotic zone 3:265 3:267
Aplysiatoxin 2:389
Apoptosis, characterizing 3:116
Apparent density 1:96
Apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa). See also ECa entries
edaphic factors influencing 5:466
mobile measurement equipment for 5:467
Apparent temperature effect 4:439
Appliances, water-saving 2:497
Application portals 2:670
Appropriation doctrine 2:542
Approximate infiltration models 4:487
Aquacultural facilities
separation processes for 1:683t
waste loads in 1:681
Aquaculture 3:123 3:124 3:127
defined 2:542
technology related to 3:540
Aquaculture ponds 3:540
constituents of 3:541
Aquaculture systems
flow-through 3:542
net pen 3:543
recirculating 3:544
Aqua earth observing system (EOS) 4:214
See also Aqua spacecraft
data processing and distribution related to 4:216
goals and objectives of 4:216
management of 4:216
spacecraft and instruments in 4:215
Aquarium fish 3:123

I.19
Index terms Links
Aqua spacecraft 4:194
water cycle and 4:193
weather forecasting and 4:351
Aquatic animals, harvesting of 3:123
Aquatic bacteria 1:639
Aquatic biota. See also Aquatic organisms
antimony concentrations in 4:593
trace elements in 3:456
Aquatic cadmium 5:614
Aquatic colloids 4:27
Aquatic ecosystem resources, Great Lakes region 3:178
Aquatic ecosystems 2:617
See also Aquatic environments/ habitats
availability of nutrients in 3:109
biotic integrity of 3:36
damage to 1:555
health of 3:116
role of macrophytes in 1:714
Aquatic environments/habitats. See also Aquatic ecosystems
alteration of 3:134
characteristics of 3:123
classification and environmental quality assessment in 2:94
effect of sediment on 3:508
effect of urban stormwater runoff on 3:436
impact of road salt on 2:320
lipophilic contaminant monitoring in 2:170
trace metal pollution in 2:64
Aquatic foodweb, plankton in 4:157
Aquatic health, assessing 3:40
Aquatic humic acid, origin, stability, and mobility of 5:190
Aquatic life
effects of acidification on 3:3
environmental contaminants of 3:115
impact of chronic acidification on 3:4
Aquatic Life Criterion 2:355
Aquatic life toxicity. See also Aquatic toxicity entries
testing 4:600
of urban stormwater runoff 3:433
Aquatic macroinvertebrates, effect of road salt on 2:321

I.20
Index terms Links
Aquatic macrophytes 3:107
See also Aquatic vegetation; Aquatic weeds; Macrophytes; Submerged aquatic plants
as biomonitors 2:65
hyperaccumulation potential of 2:66
research opportunities related to 2:66
Aquatic nitrogen 4:518
Aquatic organisms. See also Aquatic animals; Aquatic biota; Submerged aquatic
plants
bioaccumulation of hazardous chemicals in 3:435
as indicators of aquatic ecosystem health 3:40
toxicity of lead to 2:434
Aquatic plants. See also Aquatic vegetation; Aquatic weeds; Submerged aquatic
plants
excessive growth of 1:788
in mine effluent remediation 1:612
Aquatic resources, renewable 3:121
Aquatic sediments 2:384
Aquatic systems
antimony in 4:589
assessing the quality of 2:25
impact on 2:24
water reduction in 2:465
Aquatic toxicity. See also Aquatic life toxicity
measures of 2:381
standardized test protocols for evaluating 2:278
Aquatic toxicity testing 2:380
microscale 3:116
Aquatic vegetation 3:108
Aquatic weeds 3:742
biology and ecology of 3:743
types of 3:743
Aqueducts
defined 2:542
Roman 4:266
Aqueous electrons 1:579
Aqueous phase partition 1:761
Aqueous solutions
analysis of 4:443
phenol adsorption from 4:404
removal of organic micropollutants and metal ions from 4:506
Aqueous systems, removal of metal ions from 1:918

I.21
Index terms Links
Aquicludes 5:10
Aquifer flow 5:237
Aquifer matrix, sorption and desorption of CFCs from 4:422
Aquifer parameters 5:164
steady-state methods of determining 5:492
Aquifers 5:9
See also Artesian aquifers; Coastal aquifers; Confined aquifers; Fossil aquifers;
Fractured aquifers; Granular aquifers; Karst aquifers; Limestone aquifers;
Metamorphic rock aquifers; ‘‘Native’’ aquifers; River-connected aquifers;
Semiconfined aquifer entries; Sloping aquifer; Surficial aquifers; Unconfined
aquifers
characterization of 5:10
confined 4:167
contamination of 3:228
defined 2:542 5:600
drawdown in 5:103
enhanced flushing of 5:440
groundwater in 5:71
hydraulic head in 5:171
microbial degradation of CFCs in 4:422
natural replenishment of 5:11
overpumped 2:648
properties of 5:492
remediation of 4:675
river-connected 5:677
safe yield of 5:575
sensitivity to contamination 5:56
size of 5:9
storativity in 5:129
surficial 5:80
travel time of water through 5:65
types of 5:515
unconfined 4:168 5:11 5:483 5:497
variability of 5:664
water quality and 5:9
Aquifer-storage-recovery (ASR) systems 2:515
Aquifer-storage-recovery technique 5:134
Aquifer test analysis models 5:663
Aquifer test data, analysis of 5:183
Aquifer tests 5:182
of hydraulic conductivity/transmissibility 5:513

I.22
Index terms Links
Aquifer tests (Continued)
steady-state flow 5:491
Aquifer thermal capacity 5:173
Aquitards 5:10
Arab-Israeli water resources 4:699
Arable farming 3:568
Arab World
conservation and demand management in 2:472
renewable water resources by state 2:471t
supply and demand in 2:471
water law in 4:634
water management solutions in 2:472
water resources in 2:470
39
Ar age dating method 4:389
Aragonite 4:415
Aral Sea basins
irrigation in 3:17t
water sharing in 3:18
Aral Sea disaster 3:15
effects of 3:16
Arbitrary fixed radius (AFR) 1:525
Archaeology, marine 4:62
Arctic Ocean
metal levels in 4:100
sea ice in 4:69
Area method, of base flow separation 3:26
39
Argon (Ar). See Ar age dating method
Arid areas, sediment production in 3:31
See also Arid countries/lands; Arid regions
Arid climates, soil erosion in 3:408
Arid climatic zone 4:257
Arid countries/lands. See also Arid areas; Dry environments; Dry-land agriculture
crop irrigation in 2:549
effluent water regulations in 2:475
wastewater applications in 1:632
water regulation in 2:478
Arid regions. See also Arid areas defined 5:409
precipitation and recharge variability in 5:409
precipitation versus evapotranspiration in 5:410
recharge in 5:72 5:408

I.23
Index terms Links
Arid regions (Continued)
subclassifications of 5:409t
Aristotle 4:352
observations on weather 4:348
Arizona
cienegas in 3:58
in-stream flow protection in 4:662
overdraft in 5:341
Arizona spillway 4:733
Armonica 4:758
future of 4:762
as a healing water instrument 4:760
resurrection of 4:761
Army Corps of Engineers 4:612 4:616
permits issued by 4:665
role in Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin water allocation dispute 2:501
water marketing and 2:506
working relationship with Congress 2:523
Aromatic compounds
chlorinated 1:688
Aromatic hydrocarbon 2:110
Arrhenius kinetics 4:565
Arsenates 2:16 2:17
See also As(V)
iron coprecipitation of 5:20
Arsenic (As). See also Arsenic removal entries
anthropogenic sources of 1:82
in ash pond water 1:851
common minerals of 1:81t
detecting in drinking water 1:2
groundwater 5:17
immobilization of 5:18
inorganic 2:8
in situ electrokinetic treatment of 5:28
metabolism and disposition of 2:16
minerals with 5:18
natural distribution of 1:82

I.24
Index terms Links
Arsenic (As) (Continued)
particulate 2:11
regulations related to 1:82
role in metal tolerance 3:612
toxicity mechanisms of 2:17
treating in water supply wells 5:22 5:23
uncharacterized 2:11
uptake of 2:217
Arsenic compounds 2:7
methylated 2:11
Arsenic drinking water crisis, Bangladesh 1:1
Arsenic exposure, acute and chronic 2:17
Arsenic removal
from drinking water 1:2
ion exchange for 5:21
mechanisms for 1:83
via reverse osmosis 5:21
Arsenic removal studies 1:636
Arsenic removal technologies 1:636
adsorption processes for 1:638
coagulation-precipitation processes for 1:636
membrane processes for 1:637
Arsenic species 2:7t
organic 2:12t
Arsenic standard (USEPA) 5:17
Arsenic water treatment methods, effectiveness of 5:20t
Arsenite 2:17
See also As(III)
oxidation 5:19
Arsenothiols 2:11
Artesian aquifers 5:104 5:600
Artesian pressure 5:30
Artesian water 5:29
defined 2:542
Artesian well 5:600
Artificial aquatic systems 3:311
‘‘Artificial’’ communities 2:379
Artificial groundwater tracers 5:504
Artificial neural networking (ANN) 4:323

I.25
Index terms Links
Artificial recharge
defined 2:542
flood spreading for 3:164
of unconfined aquifers 5:11
Artificial valleys 3:66
Artificial water retention 1:405
Arumugam Plan 4:776
As(III) 1:81 1:82
oxidation of 1:639
As(V) 1:83
Asbestos
analysis of 2:310
maximum contaminant level of 2:234t 2:235t
Asbestos-containing material (ACM) 2:310
Aseptic meningitis 1:178
Ash, from coal combustion 1:555
Ash percent, of carbon 1:97
Ash pond water quality 1:850
Asia, urban water resource management in 2:552
Asian cities, flooding in 3:160
Asian plains, developing 3:16
ASM models 1:739 1:740
See also Activated Sludge Models (ASMs)
Assays, standardization and reproducibility of 2:378
Assessment
biological impact 4:111
of contaminant sensitivity 5:57
source water 1:444
underground pipeline 1:884
Asset sale privatization 1:389
Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) 2:175 2:224 2:244
Asthma, dehydration and 4:725
Astragalus bisulcatus 3:35
Astrovirus 1:279
Astrovirus enteritis 1:179
Atkins, Anna 4:767
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) 4:4
Atmosphere 4:179
compressing weight of 4:360
dynamics of 4:296

I.26
Index terms Links
Atmosphere (Continued)
hydrological cycle of 4:181
long-wave radiation from 3:192
ocean interaction with 4:22
pressure and convection in 4:360
vapor conditions in 4:224
wave propagation in 4:295
weather and 4:360
Atmospheric acidification 3:8
Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) 4:181 4:296
Atmospheric cadmium 5:614
Atmospheric carbon dioxide, increase of 4:176
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) 4:215 4:351
Atmospheric nitrogen 3:695
Atmospheric/oceanic circulation, changes in 4:174
Atmospheric pollutant deposition 3:282
Atmospheric scientists 4:328
employment of 4:328
job outlook and earnings for 4:329
responsibilities and working conditions of 4:328
training, qualifications, and advancement of 4:329
Atmospheric temperatures, global-scale measurements of 4:173
Atmospheric tides 5:498
Atmospheric trace constituents, anthropogenic 4:176
Atmospheric tritium, production and decay behavior of 5:65
Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) 4:508
Atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy 2:308 4:498
ATP content assays 2:415
ATP sulfurylase 5:399 5:400
ATP-sulfurylase (APS) gene 5:288
Atrazine 2:312 4:506
Attached growth processes 1:827
Attainable uses, for surface waters 2:476
Attenuation, as a watershed function 3:478
Attenuation factor 5:597
Attenuation processes,
phytoremediation enhancement of 5:374
See also Monitored natural attenuation (MNA); Natural attenuation processes
Audubon Society 3:513 3:514
Australian Drought Watch System 4:214

I.27
Index terms Links
Australian River Assessment System (AusRivAs) 3:40
Australian Water Resources Council (AWRC) 4:449
Authority-polluter negotiations 4:647
Autoanalyzer 4:514
Autoconvection 4:366
Autogenic recharge 5:236
Automated local evaluation in real time (ALERT) systems 3:148
Automatic model calibration 2:332
Automation, of microirrigation 3:623
Autonomous CTD profiler (ACP) 4:71
Autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) 1:648
Average daily flow (ADF) 3:106
Average water requirement 1:506
Averting behavior water value estimation model 4:609
Avoided cost water valuation approach 2:655
Awesome Aquifers science project 4:714
Axial flow pumps 3:380
Axial impellers 1:76 1:78f
flow patterns induced by 1:78f
Azimuthal resistivity method 5:147
B
Backfill, hydrology of 5:2
Backflow 1:203
devices 1:343
prevention of 1:155
Background pollutant concentration 2:18
inorganic pollutants 2:19
organic pollutants 2:20
water chemistry and 2:19
Backpressure 1:155
Backscatter 4:321
Backsiphonage 1:155
Backup electrical power 1:303
Backwashable depth filtration 1:459
Backwater pools 3:69
Backwater profiles 1:57
Backyard sewerage 2:633
Bacteria 1:903 3:668 5:580
See also Marine bacteria

I.28
Index terms Links
Bacteria (Continued)
activated sludge 1:668t
algal control using 2:6
biofilm-associated 1:603
chemical transformation via 5:378
denitrifying 1:667
dissolved oxygen and 3:445
in domestic sewage 1:831
effect on bioventing 5:429
in foaming and bulking 1:846
heterotrophic 1:567
identification of 2:21
indicator 2:293
iron-oxidizing 2:149
luminescent 2:172
MAG tests for 1:84
on Mars 4:747
metabolite production by 1:601
metal-resistant 2:446 2:448
methanogenic 5:47
molecular and biochemical techniques related to 2:23
motility of 5:351
nitrifying 1:753
nutrient levels and 1:598
origins of 5:463
pH and 3:14
planktonic 1:596
removal of 1:485
resistance to heavy metals 2:443
role in heavy metal phytoremediation 5:376
waterborne 2:20
as water quality indicators 2:23t
Bacteria count 5:184
Bacterial agents 1:178
Bacterial bioassay 2:389
Bacterial biofilm 1:539
formation of 1:539
Bacterial bioluminescence 2:453
toxicity and 2:47

I.29
Index terms Links
Bacterial biosensors
availability of 2:455
constructed 2:453
luminescent 2:453
Bacterial concentration decreases, dilution equivalent to 4:104
Bacterial disinfection 1:469
Bacterial/fecal contamination, indicators of 2:21
Bacterial growth
byproducts of 5:23
dependence on metal concentration 2:446f
Bacterial growth factor 1:223
Bacterial infections 2:371
Bacterial isolates, identification of 1:664
Bacterial monitoring, water treatment plant 1:222
Bacterial neuston 2:442
Bacterial populations, increase in 3:114
Bacterial regrowth
analysis of 1:223
BDOC impact on 1:225
Bacterial screening tests 1:566
Bacterial source tracking (BST) 2:21
Bacterial transport
in groundwater 5:350
in groundwater bioremediation 5:43
in groundwater systems 5:350
Bacteria-plant-contaminant interactions 5:378
Bactericides, drinking water disinfection using 1:382
Bacteriological content, of sludge 1:863
Bacteriological monitoring 2:267
Bacteriological parameters, of River Yamuna groundwater 2:396
Bacteriophages 3:312
Bacteriophage transport studies 1:368
Bacterioplankton 4:155
progression in reservoirs 3:207f
BACTOX test 2:414
Bad cholesterol, myth of 4:701
Bag filtration 1:459 1:488
Bahls’ periphyton index of biotic integrity 3:40
Baird, Spencer 4:141

I.30
Index terms Links
Balanced ecological community 2:193
Balanced ecosystems 1:639
Balantidium coli 2:313
Bald eagles, effects of DDT on 3:519
Ballasted flocculation 1:454 4:426
Ballooning, meteorology and 4:164
Balloons, meteorological 4:164 4:328
BA-metal complex separation 1:587
Band-sar 3:708
Bangkok, flooding in 3:160
Bangkok Metropolitan Administration rain gauges 1:124f
Bangladesh
arsenic drinking water crisis in 1:1
flooding in 3:160
Bank filtration 1:486
Bank storage, base flow and 3:22
Baptism, as a water ritual 4:709
Barbiturates, adsorption of 1:118
Bardenpho process 1:790
Bare metal mode 4:445
Barium (Ba), maximum contaminant level of 2:234t
Barium sulfate, co-precipitation of radium with 1:398
Barley straw, in algal control 2:5
Barnacles 1:541
Barometric efficiency 4:166
Barometric loop 1:157
Barometric pressure, effect on wells 5:182
Barrages 3:201
Bar screens 1:784
Bartlett-Lewis rectangular pulse model 3:428
Basalt aquifers 5:145
Base cation concentrations 3:3
Base cation depletion 3:3
Base cation dilution, acidification and 3:5
Base flow 3:22
defined 2:542
recession of 3:22
Base flow curves, ideal 3:23

I.31
Index terms Links
Base flow discharge (Q) 3:23
Baseflow hydrograph 3:476
Base flow index (BFI) 3:27
Base flow recession
applications of 3:26
as auto regressive processes 3:24
constants determining 3:24
Base flow recession curve, master 3:25
Base flow separation 3:26
graphical methods of 3:27
Baseline stations 2:178
Bases
defined 2:542
strength of 2:294
Basin area, peak discharge per unit of 3:29
Basin characteristics, role in flooding 3:143
Basin circularity ratio 3:94
Basin elongation 3:29
Basin geomorphology 4:222
Basins
inflow from and outflow to 5:167
retarding 3:150
BASINS. See Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources
(BASINS)
Basin slope 3:29
Batch adsorption experiments 4:508
Batch membrane photoreactors, 4-nitrophenol degradation in 1:793
Batch sorption isotherm studies 1:112
Batch systems, activated carbons in 1:101
Bautzen Reservoir, biomanipulation trials in 2:57t
®
BAX system 2:140
Bays 4:25
Bazin’s roughness coefficient, values for 3:196t
BBC Water Portal 2:669
B climates 4:257
Beaches 4:26
Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health (BEACH) Act 4:39
Beach raking 4:41
Bear Trap Dam 3:44
Beaufort Laboratory, coastal fishery and habitat research at 4:55

I.32
Index terms Links
Beaver dam pools 3:69
Bed depth-service time model (BDST) 2:363
Bedding, in pipeline repair 1:889
Bed life 1:104
Bed load 3:400
See also Bed-material load
transport of 3:418
Bed material, particle size distribution of 3:420
Bed-material load 3:397
Bedrock 5:55
defined 2:542
dissolution 5:243
Bedrock valleys 3:66
Bed sediment metal ion adsorption 3:295
experimental methodology for 3:296
operating variables in 3:298
results of 3:298
river system used in 3:296
Behavioral endpoints, in sediment toxicity testing 3:54
Behavioral screen fish passage facility 3:531
Belt pressing 1:855
Benazolin
adsorption isotherms of 4:510
adsorption of 4:509
properties and structural formula of 4:507t
Benchmark process 1:440 1:441t
Bench terraces 3:550 3:567
Bench tests 5:424
Beneficial use classification 2:191
Beneficial uses
protection of 2:478
for surface waters 2:476
Benefit transfer process 4:610
Benthic algal mats 3:277
Benthic chambers 2:352
Benthic environment, in net pen aquaculture systems 3:543
Benthic nutrient regeneration 4:6
temporal scaling of 4:11
Benthic organisms/species
exposure tests with 2:212

I.33
Index terms Links
Benthic organisms/species (Continued)
sediment as habitat for 2:408
surface water metals and 2:217
Benthic zone 3:267
Bentonite 1:771 1:778
Benzene 5:427
biodegradation of 1:693
chemical structure of 5:626
electrolysis of 5:122
exposure to 5:627
hazardous effects of 5:627
production and uses of 5:627
Benzene adsorption, on zeolites 4:406
Benzene-contaminated water 1:580
Benzene contamination 5:627
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) 5:529 5:424 5:425
plumes 5:80
soil vapor concentration of 5:552
Benzoic acid, adsorption of 1:117
Berms
landside 3:290
landside seepage 3:289
stability 3:288
Bernoulli equation 3:194 3:195 5:170 5:180
Berylliosis 4:394
Beryllium (Be)
chemistry of 4:395
source material for 4:395
in water 4:394
Beryllium concentrations, range of 4:395
Best available control technology (BACT) 1:101
Best available technology (BAT) 1:360 1:479 1:681 1:757
Best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT) standards 4:656
Best management practices (BMPs) 1:54 1:681 2:192 3:503
4:669
in aquaculture 3:542

I.34
Index terms Links
Best management practices (BMPs) (Continued)
to minimize groundwater nitrate contamination 2:571
for nitrogen 3:694 3:696
for nonpoint source control 2:187
in nutrient runoff control 3:110
riparian buffer 3:391
solidification/stabilization processes and 1:838
stormwater management 3:443
for urban stormwater runoff treatment 3:432
for water resources 2:570
Best practicable control technology (BACT, BPT) 4:596 4:656
Best professional judgment (BPJ) 4:656
triad weight-of-evidence as 4:600
Beta-gamma radiation 4:547
Beta emitters, health risks of 1:396
Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS) 2:328 2:249
BGP carbon 2:83
Bhuj earthquake 5:478
Bible, water symbolism in 4:786
Bicarbonate alkalinity 4:410
calculation of 4:410
Bilevel drains, falling water table between 5:96
Bingham plastics 5:556
Bioaccumulated metals 2:421f
Bioaccumulation 2:44 2:69 3:34
in assessing sediment quality 2:426
bioassays 2:351
characteristics of 2:70t
of chemical contaminants 2:125
of chemicals in edible aquatic organisms 3:435
recommendations concerning 2:431
of selenium 2:357t
use in regulation 2:429
Bioaccumulation Factor (BF) 1:717
Bioaccumulation testing 4:600
Bioassay batteries 2:383
Bioassays
in marine environmental monitoring 2:443 2:444
purpose of 2:418

I.35
Index terms Links
Bioassays (Continued)
sediment toxicity 2:458
subcellular 2:278
use of polychaetes in 4:42
Bioassessment procedures
current 2:25
development of 2:24
preserving biotic integrity and 2:26
Bioaugmentation 5:352
Bioavailability 4:525
in aquatic ecosystems 2:170
metal 2:235
of zinc and cadmium 5:370
Bioavailability biosensors, for arsenic detection 1:2
Biochemical field surveys 5:119
Biochemical groundwater parameters 5:184
field testing and analysis of 5:186
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 1:455 1:623 1:639 1:701
1:733 2:37 2:175 2:332
See also BOD5 test; Rapid BOD technologies
carbonaceous 1:754t
control strategies for 1:642
historical context of 2:37
of industrial wastewater 1:569
measurement of 1:641 2:37
microbes and 1:640
in natural and engineered systems 1:639
operation of 2:38
uses for 2:38
Biochemical oxygen demand test 1:829
Biochemical processes 5:116
Biochemistry, role of dissolved gases in 4:451
BIOCHLOR program 5:141
Biocides
dosage levels of 1:602t
“environmentally friendly” 1:541
resistance to 1:602
types of 2:242
Bioconcentration factor (BF) 3:35
Biocorrosion 1:600
Biodegradable capacity, of soil 3:706

I.36
Index terms Links
Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) 2:224 2:244 2:245
See also Biodegradable organics
concentration of 1:226
impact on bacterial regrowth 1:225
Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon analysis 1:223
Biodegradable organic carbon control of 2:224
Biodegradable organics 1:903
See also Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC)
Biodegradation 2:41 3:35 5:528
See also Aerobic biodegradation
acclimation phase of 2:43
algal bioremediation and 2:44
bioavailability and 2:43
of detergents 1:672
enrichment cultures and 2:42
enzymatic mechanisms in 2:42
factors limiting 2:42
groundwater bioremediation and 2:44
marine oil spills and 2:44
mechanisms of 5:582
microbial diversity and 2:42
modeling 5:31
naturally occurring processes of 5:579
nonaqueous phase liquids and 2:44
of organic vapors 5:545
recalcitrant molecules and 2:43
in subsurface systems 5:415
Biodegradation microbiology, anaerobic 5:40
Biodiversity
monitoring in wastewater treatment plants 1:642
precautionary principle regarding 2:600
in rain forests 4:240
reducing 2:637
Biodrainage 5:98
Bioenhancement methods 5:117
Biofilm(s) 1:205 1:576
bacterial 1:539
channel structures in 2:230
composition of 5:36
control of 1:541
detachment of 2:232

I.37
Index terms Links
Biofilm(s) (Continued)
development of 1:596
in distribution systems 2:244
formation of 2:228
growth curve for 1:540
heavy 1:602
metabolic heterogene1ty of 2:230
microbial dynamics of 2:228
microbial structure and dynamic heterogeneity in 2:230
microbiology of 3:307
nitrification/denitrification 2:231
oxygen limitation in 2:231
removal of 1:602
specialized 3:308
structural heterogeneity of 2:229
sulfate-reducing 2:231
Biofilm bacteria 1:539 1:597 1:601
Biofilm formation, boundary layers and 1:600
Biofilters, for odor abatement 1:763
Biofouling 1:415
See also Biofouling monitoring
analysis 1:84
caused by iron bacteria 2:151
in a cooling tower 2:241
effects on production efficiency and water quality 5:35
effects on system hydraulic performance 5:37
evaluating microbial components of 1:83
of industrial cooling water 1:538
in a membrane water treatment system 2:242
methods of controlling 2:242
microbial forms in 2:239
nutrient adsorption in 2:239
surfaces and 1:539
symptoms of 1:83
in water wells 5:35
Biofouling microflora 5:464
Biofouling monitoring
practical issues in 1:86
sampling methods for 1:86

I.38
Index terms Links
Biofouling layers, relationship of microorganisms inside 2:240
Biofuel alternatives 3:545
as “climate neutral” 3:546
impacts of 3:547
substance flows from 3:547
Biofuel life cycle 3:547
Biogas
controlling 1:860
production of 1:905
in sludge treatment 1:856
Biogeochemical cycling 3:173
‘‘Biogeochemical reflux’’ scheme 2:359f
Biogeochemistry 1:898
hydrosphere 4:284
Bioindication approach, to marine environmental monitoring 2:443
Bioindicators 2:29
species used as 2:34
versus biomonitors 2:64
Bioleaching 5:434
Biological Activity Reaction Test (BART™) 1:85
Biological agents 4:295
Biological carbonates 4:415
Biological contaminants 2:343
detection in surface waters 2:441
Biological control, of the water hyacinth 3:482
Biological control systems, for odor removal 1:914
Biological CSO treatment 1:787
Biological degradation, of pesticides 3:648
Biological denitrification 5:325
Biological dual-nutrient removal 1:816 1:834
Biological effects, of acidification 3:9
Biological filtration, organic removal by 1:248
Biological growth, Monod equation and 1:735
Biological impacts, assessing 4:111
Biological integrity 2:24
Biologically produced chemicals 4:400
Biologically stable water 1:226 2:224
parameter values that define 2:224t
Biological monitoring 2:26 2:378
See also Biomonitoring

I.39
Index terms Links
Biological monitoring (Continued)
with bivalve molluscs 2:35
submitochondrial particle assay as a tool for 2:376
Biological nutrient removal (BNR) 1:399
See also Biological dual-nutrient removal
Biological nutrients, measurement of 4:515
Biological phosphorus removal 1:816 1:833
in the activated sludge process 1:788
Biological pollutant removal processes 3:366
Biological process modeling 1:735
Biological pump 4:86 4:414
Biological reactors
POP behavior in 1:768
sewers as 3:331
Biological samples, of vinyl chloride 5:637
Biological soil treatment 5:434
‘‘Biological supermarkets,’’ coastal wetlands as 3:72
Biological systems
dissolved gases in 4:451
redox potential ranges in 1:399
temperature and 5:174
Biological toxins, in source waters 1:89
Biological treatment, of landfill leachates 1:703 1:709
Biological treatment technologies
for wastewater 1:813
Biological wastewater treatment systems 3:366
Biological water-quality parameters 1:903
Biological weed control 3:746
Bioluminescence tests 2:47
Bioluminescence toxicity tests, marine 2:48
Bioluminescent assay systems 2:455
Bioluminescent biosensors. See also Recombinant luminescent bacterial biosensors
in direct toxicity assessment 2:47
for toxicity testing 2:45
in WWTP monitoring 2:48
Bioluminescent recombinant bacteria 2:174 2:454
Bioluminescent reporter genes 2:453
Biomagnification 3:35

I.40
Index terms Links
Biomanipulation 2:50
lake restoration methods and 2:50
principles of 2:50
Biomanipulation trials, review of 2:51
Biomarkers 2:28 3:116
in assessing sediment quality 2:429
classes of 2:429
metallothioneins as 2:407
recommendations concerning 2:431
relevance of 2:32
use in regulation 2:429
use in sediment toxicity assessment 2:430t
Biomass
in foulants 1:417
of submerged vegetation 3:276
Biomass immobilization 2:72
Biomass production, plant nutrients in 3:548
Biomass water productivity 3:560
Biomonitoring. See also Biological monitoring; Biomonitors
developing tools for 2:62
genomic technologies/tools in 2:58
high throughput technologies and 2:59
importance of 2:67
of polychlorinated biphenyls 1:715
Biomonitors. See also Biomonitoring
trace metal 2:64
versus bioindicators 2:64
Biooxidation stoichiometry 5:428t
BIOPLUME III program 5:33 5:141
Bioreactor landfill design 5:257
Bioremediation 4:748
See also In situ bioremediation
of cadmium 5:618
of contaminated soil 3:653
enhanced 5:319 5:424
of groundwater 5:423 5:442
iron-reducing bacteria in 2:151
of metals 5:282
of selenium-contaminated waters 2:355
of uranium 5:642
Bioretention systems, for storm water treatment 1:868 1:869f

I.41
Index terms Links
BIOSCREEN program 5:141
Bioscreen spreadsheet model 5:33
Bioscrubber, for odor abatement 1:763
Biosecurity. See Security; Water biosecurity
Biosensors 1:567 4:525
future development of 2:455
microbial aminolevulinate dehydratase 2:236
non-toxicant-specific 2:454t
respirometric 1:565
toxicant-specific 2:455t
Biosolids 1:646 1:863
alkaline stabilization of 1:649
composting of 1:648
digestion of 1:647
as a source of contaminants 5:433
thermal drying of 1:649
uses for 1:649
use standards for 1:650
Biosorbent materials
broad-range 2:69
comparison of 2:72t
immobilization of 2:72
Biosorption 2:69 4:565
future of 2:73
of heavy metal anions 2:72
by living microorganisms 2:71
mathematical modeling of 2:71
technologies 2:73
of toxic metals 2:68
Biosorption treatment plants 2:73
Biosparging 5:429
See also Air sparging
case history of 5:430
technology 5:41
Biosurfactants, solubilization by 5:377
Biosurveys, microbial 2:442 2:444
Biosynthesis, of phytochelatins 3:610
Biota transfer 4:686
Biotechnology, precautionary principle regarding 2:600
Bioterrorism Act 2:347 2:348

I.42
Index terms Links
Biotic assemblages, direct measures of 3:37
Biotic communities, evolution of 3:36
Biotic diversity 3:36
Biotic indicators 3:37
Biotic integrity
multimetric indexes of 3:38
reasons for using 3:37
Biotic integrity index 3:36
Biotic interactions, of microorganisms 3:312
Biotic pollution 3:134
Biotic processes, effect on solute transport 5:528
Biotic redox reactions 5:413
Biotoxins, health effects of 1:277
Biotransformation, of chlorinated aliphatic compounds 1:690
Biotreatment(s)
of groundwater 5:120
for methyl tertiary-butyl ether 5:389
passive 5:120
Biotrickling filter, for odor abatement 1:763
Bioturbation 3:312
Bioventing 5:428
soil 5:120 5:121
technology 5:40
versus soil vapor extraction 5:430
Biovolatilization 2:359
Birds
data related to 3:514
effects of DDT on 3:513
impact of oil on 4:106
importance of coastal wetlands to 3:72
toxicity of lead to 2:434
Birth defects, nitrate-related 1:37
Bivalve assemblages, dense 4:73
Bivalve-dominated tidal flat, temporal scaling of benthic nutrient regeneration in 4:11
Bivalve excretory activity, coupling with porewater nutrient concentrations 4:75
Bivalve molluscs
active biomonitoring of 2:33
biomonitoring with 2:34
chemical monitoring with 2:35

I.43
Index terms Links
Bivalve molluscs (Continued)
illnesses associated with 2:360
nutrient excretion by 4:6 4:12
Bivariate spectral analysis 4:339
Black Mesa monitoring program 5:48
Blackstone River model 2:256
Blackstone River Watershed 1:499
Blackwater 1:53 1:841
cesspit for 1:843
coral reef stress and 4:133
MODIS measurements of 4:134
Blue baby syndrome 2:219
Blue Book 2:315
Blue Book of Water Quality Criteria 4:598
Blue-green algae, toxin producing 3:190f
Blue-green algae blooms
control of 3:189
health issues associated with 3:188
toxins in 3:189
Blue Planet Project 4:770
Blueprint for Sustainable Development 2:624
Blue Revolution 2:627
BOD5 test. See also Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
components of 2:39
measurement protocol of 2:38
problems associated with 2:40
quality controls for 2:39
quantity measured by 2:39
standards for 2:39
Body. See also Human body
fluid fluctuations in 4:458
water-regulatory mechanisms of 4:790
Body concentrations, time-dynamic speciation and 2:215
Body feed 1:232 1:247 1:251
Bonding, of toxic metal ions 1:586
Bonding agents 1:586 1:588
iron-based 1:587
Bones, Jim 4:768
Boreal reservoirs, studies of 3:180
Borehole condition log 5:153

I.44
Index terms Links
Borehole methods 5:151
Boreholes, amount of gas hydrate in 4:61
Borehole storage 4:168
Boron (B)
in irrigation water 2:159
irrigation water quality and 5:208
isotopes 5:220 5:232
Boron-11 5:218
Boston, extraterritorial land use control in 1:316
Bottled water 1:3
cost of 1:5
historical uses of 1:4
regulation of 1:4
types of 1:4
Boundary conditions
for coupled flow domains 5:660
flow system 5:14
types of 5:561
Boundary-dependent shock formation 3:240
Boundary-element method 5:311
Boundary layer, atmospheric 4:181
Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 4:618 4:620 4:686
Bowen ratio 3:193
Box-Cox (BC) transformation 4:299
Box-Jenkins models 3:424
Boyle’s law 4:360
Braided channels 3:32
Brain, lead-induced damage to 2:435
Brakensiek’s flood routing models 3:255
Bransby-Williams formula 3:471
Brazil, water markets in 2:568
Br-/DOC ratio 2:75 2:76
Breakers, types of 4:137
Breaking waves 4:18
Break-point chlorination 1:471
Breakwaters 4:14
floating 4:20
vertical 4:17
Bridges 2:568
Bridge slot screens 5:573

I.45
Index terms Links
Brilliant Blue FCF 3:98 3:99
Brine(s)
acidic 3:10
deposits 5:51
occurrence of 5:52
oil-field 2:284
production of 5:54
products 5:54
resources 5:53
types of 5:52
Brine injection technology 2:285
Brinkman’s equation 5:659
British Geomorphological Research Group 4:330
British water companies 1:305
See also U.K. National Rivers Authority
British water management model 1:389
Bromate ion 1:358
minimization strategies for 1:360
removal of 1:361
Bromate ion formation 1:358
reaction time for 1:360
Bromide ion 1:358
health effects and regulations related to 2:74
influence on trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation 2:74
Bromine-containing disinfection byproducts 1:214
Bromine hydrate 4:473
Bromoacetic acid, health effects of 1:266
Bromoacetonitrile, health effects of 1:267
Bromochloroacetic acid, health effects of 1:266
Bromochloroacetonitrile, health effects of 1:268
Bromochloromethane, health effects of 1:264
Bromodichloroacetic acid, health effects of 1:267
Bromodichloromethane, health effects of 1:265
Bromoform, health effects of 1:265
Bromomethane, health effects of 1:264
Brooks and Corey equation 5:462
Brown pelicans, effects of DDT on 3:516
Brunauer, Emmett, Teller (BET) isotherm 1:101

I.46
Index terms Links
Bubble-diffuser contactor 1:363
Bubbler microirrigation 3:621
Buckingham-Darcy law 5:126
See also Darcy entries
Budgetary models, estuarine 4:52
Buffering capacity 4:378
Buffering systems 3:8
Buffer land 2:168
Buffer mechanisms 3:273
Buffer solutions 2:295
Buffer strips 2:3
Buffer zones 3:476
Build-operate-transfer (BOT) contracts 1:388
Build-own-operate (BOO) contracts 1:388
Build-own-[operate]-[train]-[transfer] model 1:50
Build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT) method 1:174
Bulk density 4:484
Bulking. See Microbial foaming and bulking
Bulk viscosity 5:560
Bulk water detention time 1:205
Buoyancy accelerations 4:367
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 5:195
Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) 4:687
Burg algorithm 4:221
Burgers’ flux law 3:249 3:250
Burmister Soil Identification System (BS) 3:690
Bushwalking 4:788
Business sector, interests of 2:626
Butler and Ockrent adsorption model 1:107
Bycatch 3:126
C
Cable-tool water well drilling 5:105
Cadmium (Cd). See also Cd-resistant bacteria
bioavailability in soils 5:370
dissolution and precipitation of 5:616
fate and transport of 5:617
geochemistry of 5:616
in groundwater 2:148 5:613
health risks of 5:615

I.47
Index terms Links
Cadmium (Cd) (Continued)
physical and chemical characteristics of 5:613
phytoextraction of 5:369
precipitation 5:619
sorption and desorption of 5:616
sources of 5:614
species of 5:616
terrestrial impacts of 5:615
Cadmium hyperaccumulation, molecular basis of 5:371
Cadmium ions, concentration of 3:298
Cadmium levels, in marine biota 4:100
Cadmium-zinc interactions 5:370
Caffeine, as a dehydrating substance 4:724
Caged animals, use at dredged sites 2:351
14
C age dating method 4:389
See also Carbon (C)
Cage farms 3:580
Caisson sand-abstraction system 3:417
Calcite 4:408 4:415
solubility of 4:411
solubility products from 4:408
Calcium carbonate coating, formation of 1:10
See also Lime entries
Calcium carbonate scaling indexes 4:415
Calcium hardness 4:453
See also Mg/Ca ratio
Calcium hypochlorite 1:457
Calculated fixed radius (CFR) 1:525
Calderon-Sher Safe Drinking Water Act (California) 2:345
Calibration 1:134
Calibration studies. See Hydraulic network models
Calicivirus 1:279
Calicivirus enteritis 1:179
California
canals in 3:87
coastal wetlands in 3:72
in-stream flow protection in 4:662

I.48
Index terms Links
California (Continued)
overdraft in 5:342
source-water protection in 2:312
water use in 2:478
California Bay Delta Authority (CBDA) Contaminant Stressors Workshop 3:371
California Department of Health Services (CDHS) 2:345
California Department of Water, demand forecasting by 2:530
California Fish & Game Department 3:518
“California Rule” 4:631
California Storm Water Quality Task Force 3:433
California Toxics Rule 2:356
Caliper log 5:154
Calorimetry 4:401
CALVUL statistical method 5:564
Campylobacter 1:277
Campylobacteriosis 1:179
Canada. See also Environment Canada (EC)
annual precipitation in 2:660
contamination problems in 5:604
continental watersheds in 2:657
flood management in 2:681
hydropower generation in 3:199
infrastructure in 2:662
water conservation in 2:660
water misuse in 2:661
water prices in 2:604
water quality in 2:663
water resources in 2:656
water supply in 2:661
water use in 2:661
Canadian Environmental Protection Act 2:319
Canadian households, water consumption in 1:506f 1:507f
Canadian landscape, role of water in 3:507
Canadian rivers, suspended sediment load in 3:509
Canal data 5:164
Canal irrigation systems 3:581 3:583
Canals, Mekong Delta 4:748
Canal seepage recharge (Rc) 5:166
Cancer(s). See also Carcinogenic agents; Lung cancer
arsenic-related 1:2

I.49
Index terms Links
Cancer(s) (Continued)
gastric 1:36
vinyl chloride and 5:636
Candida albicans 2:240
Canopy reflectance models 3:720
Canopy transpiration 4:346
Capacity building 1:651 1:655 2:628
See also Integrated capacity building (ICB)
Capacity to inflow ratio (CIR) 3:409
‘‘Cap and trade’’ program 2:133 2:134
Capillary action 2:542
Capillary flow, vadose zone 5:73
Capillary forces, head and 5:180
Capillary fringe zone, soil samples from 3:688
Capillary lysimeter 2:340
Capillary rise equation 3:570 5:180
Capillary rise/pressure 5:535
Capillary zone 5:514
Capping systems 5:433 5:617
14
Carbon (C). See also Activated carbon entries; C age dating method; Carbon
adsorption; Carbons; Coal entries; Dissolved organic carbon (DOC); Organic
entries control of 2:224
density 1:96
effective size, mean particle diameter, and uniformity coefficient of 1:97
migrating 3:180
uptake capacity of 2:83t
Carbon-13 5:231
Carbon-14 5:227 5:231
14
See also C age dating method; Radiocarbon
in groundwater tracing 5:503
Carbonaceous BOD (cBOD) 1:667 1:754t
Carbonaceous material, water adsorption on 4:402
Carbonaceous minerals 3:14
Carbon adsorption 4:381
Carbonate. See also Carbonate geochemistry
alkalinity 3:131
biochemical aspects of 4:414
dissolution and deposition of 4:414
environmental impact of 4:416

I.50
Index terms Links
Carbonate (Continued)
as a pH buffer 4:414
precipitation 1:705
water treatment and utilization related to 4:415
Carbonate alkalinity, calculation of 4:470
Carbonate aquifers 5:72
Carbonate geochemistry 4:408
calcite solubility products and 4:408
measured alkalinity and 4:409
saturation index and 4:409
Carbonate-poor geological regions 3:8
Carbonate rocks 5:55
Carbonate scale control, with acid 4:415
Carbonate sediments 4:415
Carbonate species 4:411
Carbon bed volume (Vb) 1:103
Carbon Chloroform Extract (CCE)
method 1:297
standard 1:288
Carbon cycle, geochemical 4:414
Carbon dating 5:231
See also C:N ratio
Carbon dechlorination 1:169
Carbon dioxide (CO2). See also CO2 production
atmospheric 4:176
as an atmospheric acid 3:8
global partitioning of 4:85
ocean storage of 4:416
residence time of 4:85
Carbon dioxide uptake, ocean 4:86
Carbon dioxide water 4:799
Carbon fluxes 3:204t
Carbon fractionation 4:502
Carbonic acid, calcite solubility and 4:412
Carbon isotopes 5:220
See also Carbon-13; Carbon-14; Radiocarbon
Carbonization (charring) 1:94 2:80
Carbon regeneration 1:104

I.51
Index terms Links
Carbons, mechanisms of water adsorption on 4:400
See also Carbon (C)
Carbon stocks, biogenic 3:547
Carbon surface chemical composition, effect on phenol adsorption 4:404
Carbon usage rate (CUR) 1:103
Carbonyl sulphide (COS) 4:88
Carcinogenic agents 1:180
See also Cancer(s)
arsenic and arsenic compounds as 2:7 2:17
luminescent bacteria for determining 2:174
Carcinogenic byproducts 2:116
Carcinogenic effects, advisories based on 3:119
Carcinogenic responses 4:674
Cardiovascular effects, of lead 2:436
Caribbean basin, oil in 4:99
Carp breeding, origins of 4:718
Carp culture 3:137
Carson, Rachel 3:514
“Cartographic anxiety” 4:683
Cartridge filters 1:247 1:488
for iron removal 2:152
Cartridge filtration 1:229 1:232 1:459
Cascades 3:70
‘‘Cash-for-grass’’ programs 3:556
Casing 1:149
Caspian Sea level rise 2:480
climate change and 2:482
hydraulic construction and 2:482
nature of 2:481
societal impacts of 2:482
tectonic plate movement and 2:482
Catadromous fish 3:127
Catalysis, activated carbon in 1:105
Catchment management 3:33
Catchment water quality modeling software 2:325
Catenary grid systems 1:353
Cathodic protection 1:154
to limit corrosion 1:11
Cation exchange, radionuclide removal via 1:397

I.52
Index terms Links
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) 1:778 5:261 5:278
Cationic/anionic solubility relationships 5:281
Cationic organoclay 1:779 1:780t
Cationic polymers, adsorption of 1:118
Cationic surfactants 1:670 1:672
Cauchy boundary condition 5:14
Caustic soda, in acid mine treatment 5:4
Caustic soda softening 1:323
Cave formation 4:412
Cave passageways 5:245
Cavitation 1:484 3:489
acoustic 1:579
C climates 4:258
CDF proteins 5:286
cDNA libraries 2:62
See also Complementary DNA (cDNA)
cDNA microarrays 2:63
Cd-resistant bacteria 2:447
See also Cadmium (Cd)
Cell biology, effect of magnetization and water on 4:456
Cell construction, in landfills 1:697
Cell culture-IFA, for measuring inactivation of UV-treated C. parvum oocysts 1:167
Cell culture polymerase chain reaction (CC-PCR) 1:161
Cell lines, in sediment toxicity testing 3:54
Cell membrane, metal transport across 2:70
Cells
electron stability of 4:457
heavy metal binding to 5:378
integrity of 4:460
passage of water in and out of 4:458
Cell stability, relationship of magnetism to 4:457
Cellular biomarkers 2:31
Cellular sheet piling 4:19
Cell wall binding, of metals 5:283
Cement-based binders 1:836
Cement hydration product leaching 5:364
effect on groundwater pH 5:365
Cementitious coatings 1:882
Cementitious liners 1:883
Cement mortar pipe linings 1:879 1:880

I.53
Index terms Links
Cement pastes, dissolution of 5:362
Cement replacements 5:363
Cements, rapid setting hydraulic 1:882
Center for Watershed Protection 3:432
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 2:343
safe water system 1:26
Central America, transboundary waters in 4:641
Central Asian republics
recession and social unrest in 3:19
water disputes among 3:18
Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) 2:181
Centralized wastewater treatment 1:678
Central nervous system, effect of lead on 2:435
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), ‘‘designated best use’’ yardstick of 2:183 2:184
Central Valley, California, overdraft in 5:342
Centrifugal pumps 1:392 3:380
operation of 1:394
Centrifugal separation, wastewater 1:810
Centrifuge, in sludge treatment 1:855
CE-QUAL-RIV1 software 2:328
CE-QUAL-W2 software 2:328
Ceramic membranes 1:591
Certifying authority 1:293
Cesspit waste, disposal and agricultural use of 1:843
CFC dating method
versus H-He dating 5:68
85
versus Kr dating method 5:249
CH4, global role and sources of 4:86
Chadha’s diagram 2:396 2:397f
Change, equations of 5:558
‘‘Changing mean’’ models 3:215
Channel cross sections, geometric properties of 3:347t
Channel flow routing
kinematic wave formulation for 3:253
in unit hydrograph models 4:358
Channel heads, identification of 3:93
Channels
networks of 3:32
reaches of 3:31 3:67
side slopes of 3:348t

I.54
Index terms Links
Channels (Continued)
slope of 3:438
systems of 3:31
terrace systems of 3:567
time of travel in 3:244
Channel structures, in biofilm 2:230
Channel tests, with alfalfa 5:392
Channel units 3:67
nonturbulent and turbulent 3:70
Chara (shrimp grass) 3:276
Charge neutralization 4:425
Check dams 2:550 3:412
Check valves 1:482
Chelates, synthetic 5:383
Chelating agents 5:282
synthetic 5:383
Chelation 3:609 5:377
CHEMFLO-2000 program 5:141
Chemical adsorption/desorption 1:725
Chemical agents 4:295
Chemical analysis, of rainwater 4:372
Chemical analyzers 4:514
Chemical carbon activation 1:95
Chemical coagulants 4:424
Chemical coagulation process 2:374
Chemical compounds, use in acid mine drainage 5:4t
See also Chemicals; Compounds
Chemical concentration. See also Concentration techniques
information related to 4:600
measurement of 2:59
Chemical contaminants 2:344
See also Contaminants
bioaccumulation of 2:125
Chemical control, of biofilms 1:541
Chemical CSO treatment 1:786
Chemical degradation, of pesticides 3:648
Chemical destabilization 1:231 1:246
Chemical drinking water standards 1:529
Chemical exchange, in heavy water production 4:465
Chemical factors, in episodic acidification 3:5

I.55
Index terms Links
Chemical fingerprinting 3:169
Chemical-free mussel control 1:510
‘‘Chemical-free’’ water treatment 1:330
Chemical industry, activated carbon in 1:105
Chemical information, incorporating
into water quality evaluation 4:602
Chemically enhanced flushing methods 5:440t
Chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) 1:659
Chemical monitoring 2:267
with bivalve molluscs 2:35
in situ 4:514
Chemical monitoring reform (CMR) 4:678
Chemical oxidation 1:370 2:300
See also Oxidation entries
Chemical oxidation technologies
application practicality of 5:347
Fenton’s Reagent treatment 5:345
for groundwater remediation 5:344
health and safety precautions for 5:348
ozone treatment 5:347
permanganate treatment 5:346
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 1:519 1:623 1:701 1:733
2:40
of dishwater 2:113 2:114
Chemical pollutant removal processes 3:366
Chemical pollutants
pre-1940 1:529
present and future 1:531
Chemical precipitation 4:586
of radioactive waste 1:804
of uranium 5:641
uses of 4:586
Chemical pretreatment 1:250
Chemical reactions, as watershed functions 3:477
Chemical reactors, sewers as 3:331
Chemical regeneration 1:917
Chemical rehabilitation 3:125

I.56
Index terms Links
“Chemical revolution” 1:286
Chemicals. See also Chemical compounds; Compounds
in an agricultural landscape 3:607
bioavailability of 2:427
biodegradation potential for 3:390
effect on corrosion 1:8t
impact of 2:28
microirrigation and 3:617
odorous 1:760t
partitioning and bioavailability of 4:521
solubility in water 4:555
unregulated 3:371
uptake and elimination of 3:35
weed control via 3:745
Chemical sensors 4:514
impairment of 2:283
residence time of 4:159
Chemical standards, U.S. 2:268
Chemical techniques, for base flow separation 3:27
Chemical toxicants, mechanisms of action of 3:117
Chemical treatment
of acid mine drainage 5:3
for iron bacteria 2:151
of soil 5:434
of sludge 1:857
Chemical wastewater treatment technologies 1:811
Chemigation 3:623
Chemiometabolic enzyme systems 3:117
Chemisorption 1:99
Chemistry
of coastal waters 4:25
marine 4:57
in transport modeling 5:31
Chemoautotrophic nitrification 3:641
Chemograph analysis 5:239
Chemographs 5:240
Chemosynthetic bacteria 2:21
Chernaya Bay, underwater weapon tests in 4:102
Chesapeake Bay watershed, nutrient trends in 3:110
Chezy formula 3:195

I.57
Index terms Links
Chicago, Illinois, overdraft in 5:342
Chicago River reversal 3:41
channel work related to 3:43
commission formed for 3:42
Joliet project and 3:44
South Branch improvements and 3:44
Chicago Station, SAMSON Database statistics for 5:79t
Chick’s law 1:193
Chihuahuan Desert, recharge in 5:74
Children’s Groundwater Festival 4:713
Children’s water rights 4:771
Chile
tradable rights in 2:645
water markets in 2:645
water reallocation in 2:607
China
legal system in 2:486
policy, laws, and regulations in 2:487
water management financial
sources in 2:487
water management in 2:484
water management institutions in 2:484
water scarcity in 2:488
water symbolism in 4:786
Chinampas 4:697
Chinese water consciousness 4:707
Chinook 4:170
Chironomids
metal concentrations in 2:421
in sediment-based endocrine disruption 3:54
in sediment toxicity testing 3:50
species of 3:51
Chironomus
future sediment toxicity testing using 3:54
heavy metal uptake by 2:215
Chironomus riparius
biology of 3:51
in life cycle testing 3:52
as a test organism 2:420

I.58
Index terms Links
Chironomus tentans
biology of 3:51
in life cycle testing 3:52 3:53
Chloraminated systems, nitrification in 2:226
Chloramines 1:195 1:198 1:457 1:471
2:89 2:118
advantages of 2:244
Chlorate, health effects of 1:270
Chlordane 3:352
residues 3:649
Chloride. See also Chlorine (Cl)
brines 5:52
concentration 5:197
in drinking water 2:395
levels 2:321
mass-balance methods 5:74
Chloride ions, atmospheric 4:373
Chlorinated aliphatic compounds 1:688 5:579
Chlorinated alkene cometabolism 1:690
Chlorinated aromatic compounds 1:689 1:691
Chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs) 2:107
chemical properties of 2:109t
Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) 2:107
Chlorinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) 2:115
Chlorinated ethene contaminants 5:82
Chlorinated hydrocarbons 2:109 2:266 5:322
Chlorinated methanes 5:529
Chlorinated solvents 2:317 5:91 5:116 5:117
5:581
biodegradation of 5:584
biotreatment of 5:117
electrokinetic treatment of 5:123
Fenton’s Reaction and 4:446
leaking vapors from 5:552
metabolism of 5:529
Chlorinated trihalomethanes 2:77

I.59
Index terms Links
Chlorinated xenobiotic compounds, degradation of 5:47
Chlorination 2:88 2:374
application and design of 2:90
break-point 1:471
carcinogenic byproducts of 2:398
chemistry of 2:88
domestic sewage 1:834
Escherichia coli O157:H7 susceptibility to 2:138
gas 1:197
for hepatotoxins 2:390
increasing 4:524
introduction of 1:286
products of 2:89
sodium hypochlorite solution 1:198
solid calcium hypochlorite 1:198
systems for 1:912
Chlorination byproducts 2:91
Chlorinator 1:197f
Chlorine (Cl) 1:127
See also Chloride; Chlorine (gas); Chlorine reactions; Cl. contamination; Cl- phenols;
Dechlorination; Free chlorine entries
compounds of 2:88
disinfection using 2:244
dose response of mussels to 2:401
effect on corrosion 1:8
efficacy as an antifoulant 2:402
estimating 1:128
Chlorine (gas) 1:457
See also Free chlorine
in leachates 1:706
safety of 2:90
Chlorine-36 5:232
Chlorine-37 5:220
Chlorine byproducts, nonoxidizing 1:129
Chlorine demand (CD) 1:128
Chlorine dioxide 1:194 1:214 1:458 2:119
Chlorine disinfection, at CSO facilities 1:786

I.60
Index terms Links
Chlorine isotopes, fractionation in 4:502
36
See also Cl
Chlorine-produced oxidants (CPO) 1:128
Chlorine reactions
kinetics of 1:131
parameter estimation for 1:134
Chlorine residual modeling 1:131
See also Chlorine transport model
dynamic-state 1:133
steady-state 1:132
within a water distribution system 1:132
Chlorine residuals 1:128 2:398
See also Chlorine residual modeling
environmental discharge limits of 1:130
Chlorine simulation model 1:136
Chlorine toxicity, factors influencing 2:402
Chlorine transport model 1:133
Chlorite, health effects of 1:269
Chloroacetic acid, health effects of 1:266
Chloroacetonitrile, health effects of 1:267
Chloroanilines, degradation of 1:689
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 4:185 4:420 5:232
calculating the age of 4:421
dating technique limitations and errors related to 4:422
effect of 4:184
in groundwater studies 4:422
measurement laboratories for 4:423
sampling groundwater for 4:421
Chloroform 2:92
Chloromethane, health effects of 1:264
Chloro-organics, degradation of 1:688
Chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (CARI) 3:722
Chlorophyll-α concentrations (CHL), in water quality models 2:262
Chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) 3:722
Chloropicrin, health effects of 1:269
Choked flow 1:484

I.61
Index terms Links
Cholera 1:24 1:179
outbreaks of 1:283 1:290
Cholesterol, vital roles of 4:702
Cholesterol lowering, role of water in 4:701
Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) 1:83
Chromates, sorption of 1:588f
Chromatographic columns, standard packed 2:304
Chromium (Cr) 5:290
See also Hexavalent chromium
in soluble oxyanionic complexes 5:281
Chromophores 4:533
organic 4:530
Chronic acidification 3:1
relationship to episodic acidification 3:5
waters sensitive to 3:3
Chronic bioassays 2:351
Chronic dehydration 4:722
Chronic sediment toxicity testing 3:52
“Chronic water scarcity” 2:495
Cienega Creek, Arizona 3:58 3:59f
Cienega de Santa Clara, Colorado River Delta 3:58
Cienegas 3:57
environmental conditions associated with 3:57
examples of 3:58
hydrologic conditions related to 3:57
terms related to 3:59
Ciliated protists, as toxicity assessment test organisms 2:413
Ciliates 2:313
Ciliophora 2:313
Circular Poiseuille flow 5:654
Circular settling tanks 1:453
Circular water meter register 1:339
Cities
real-time hydrological information system for 1:121
water demand in 2:490

I.62
Index terms Links
Civilizations
decline of 4:739
irrigation and 4:737
Civil War, effect on water projects 2:522
36
Cl. See also Chlorine isotopes
case studies on 4:418
dating method for 4:417
old groundwaters and 4:416
production of 4:417
Cladocera 3:273
36
Cl age dating method 4:389
Clapeyron equation 4:264 4:365
Clarification, water treatment plant 1:224
Clarifiers
design of 1:815
modeling 1:733
Clathrate hydrates 4:471
in natural and industrial environments 4:473
Clark hydrograph 3:60 3:61
Clark rainfall-runoff transformation 3:60
See also Isochrone spacing methods
parameters of 3:61
principles of 3:60
Class ‘‘A’’ pathogen reduction 1:649
Classification, of agricultural land 3:608
Classification system, for wetlands and deepwater habitats 3:496
Clathrate hydrate structure complex 4:472
Clathrate hydrate structures 4:471
novel 4:472
Clausius-Clapeyron equation 3:193 4:366 4:369
Clausius-Clapeyron method 4:272
Clay minerals, trace elements in 3:455
Clays, in membranes 1:418
See also Organoclay
Clay-supply industry, impact on surface water quality 3:374
Cl. contamination 3:2
Clean Air Act Amendments, acid rain under 4:377
Clean Lakes Program 2:315

I.63
Index terms Links
Clean Water Act (CWA) 1:755 2:96 2:194 2:292
2:315 4:40 4:595 4:671
amendments and water protection laws under 4:597
effluent limitations and water quality standards under 1:755 4:596
goals of 2:127
implementation procedures for 4:670
improvements under 2:191
1977 and 1987 amendments to 4:654
nonpoint source control regulations under 2:185
numeric effluent system of 1:756
plans, grants, and funding under 4:597
Clean Water Act regulations, early 4:598
Clean water plants 1:660
Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966 4:653
Clear water zone (CWZ) depth 1:452
Clepsydras 4:704 4:705
Climate
Columbia Basin 4:293
extremes in 4:175
Great Lakes 3:177
of Hawaii 4:255 4:802
“normal” 4:187
plankton influence on 4:157
role of ocean in 4:21
sea level and 4:117
society and 4:183
of the stratosphere 4:182
understanding 4:169
Climate change 2:600
Caspian Sea level rise and 2:482
coping mechanisms for 4:185
detecting 4:177
effect on aquatic environments 3:124
global 4:171
influence on the hydrologic cycle 4:282
observations of 4:172
Climate models, evaluating 4:172
Climate prediction, long-term 4:215
Climate-related transboundary issues 4:185

I.64
Index terms Links
Climate system 4:179
sea ice and 4:69
Climatically-active trace-gas cycles, role of oceans in 4:85
Climatic conditions, in the Mediterranean islands 2:642
Climatic issues, interest in 4:92
Climatic zones, lake temperatures and 3:266
Climatologists 4:328
Climatology 4:186
drought and 4:187
Clocks
early 4:702
elements of 4:703
Clofibrate 1:373
Clogging, in diffused air aeration systems 1:630
Close-fit lining 1:878
Closure, of municipal solid waste landfills 2:168
Cloth-Plate Method (CPM) 4:202
Cloud effects 4:169
Clouds 4:293
long-wave radiation from 3:192
understanding 4:169
Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) 4:169 4:194 4:216
commercial applications of 4:170
educational outreach and 4:170
future missions of 4:170
Cloud seeding 4:187
effectiveness of 4:188
future of 4:188
Cl-phenols, microbial detection of 2:442
Clumping 1:667 1:668
Cnoidal wave theory 4:135
C:N ratio 5:329
CO2 production 3:181
Coagulant dosing, water treatment plant 1:223
Coagulant recovery, from water treatment plant residuals 1:139
Coagulants 4:425
Coagulation 1:137 1:370 1:370 1:811
2:98 4:424 4:586
disinfection byproduct precursor removal by 2:116
efficiency of 4:427

I.65
Index terms Links
Coagulation (Continued)
enhanced 2:120
mechanisms of 1:138 4:424
ozone effects on 1:355
particulate matter removal by 1:137
in precursor minimization 2:116
Coagulation/filtration, for arsenic treatment 5:24
Coagulation-precipitation processes 1:706
arsenic removal 1:636
Coagulation/sedimentation process 1:816
domestic sewage in 1:834
Coal ash byproduct contaminants, from electric generating plants 1:556
Coal combustion 1:555
contaminants released by 1:555t
Coal extraction, environmental degradation from 1:553
See also Coal mining
Coal mining, impact on surface water quality 3:374
See also Coal extraction
Coarse gravel filtration 1:239
Coarse screens 1:784
Coastal aquifers 5:497
groundwater contamination in 5:223
Coastal fisheries
management 3:126
research on 4:55
Coastal fog. See also Fog
along the Northern Gulf of Mexico 4:230
conditions that help 4:231
scales occurring with 4:230
sounding profiles present during 4:237
variables present in production of 4:232
Coastal hurricane forecast system 4:275
Coastal regions, salt water intrusion in 3:678
Coastal resources 2:489
Coastal shelf waters 4:26
Coastal water pollutants 4:96
Coastal waters 4:23
arsenic in 2:11
CH4 concentrations in 4:87

I.66
Index terms Links
Coastal waters (Continued)
chemical characteristics of 4:25
importance of 4:26
indicators of organic contamination in 2:442
physical processes in 4:23
types of 4:25
Coastal watershed, coral reefs and 4:113
Coastal wetlands 3:71
See also Wetlands
ecological importance of 3:72
loss trends related to 3:72
research related to 3:73
Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act 3:73
Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments 2:185
Coast Guard Maritime Differential GPS (DGPS) system 4:249
CoastWatch program (NOAA) 4:55
Coatings
cementitious 1:882
pipe 1:154
protective 1:882
Cobalt (Co)
chemical reactions with 5:611
contamination by 5:612
fate and transport of 5:611
health and safety of 5:612
isolation of 5:611
physical properties of 5:611
remediation techniques for 5:612
sources of 5:610
COD relationships, in modeling 1:735
See also Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Coefficient of storage 5:492
Coefficient of variation (COV) 5:238
Cold cloud seeding 4:187
Cold fronts, fog and 4:231
Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry 3:119
Cold-water corals 4:32
distribution of 4:34

I.67
Index terms Links
Coliform bacteria 1:661 5:200 5:407
See also Escherichia coli
in drinking water 1:661
removal performance for 1:663 1:664f
strains of 1:662t
Coliform counts 1:662 1:664f
Coliform group 1:293 1:295
as indicator organisms 2:293
Coliforms, in groundwater 2:396
See also Escherichia coli; Fecal coliforms (FC)
Colitis
hemorrhagic 1:180
shigellosis 1:181
Collapsing breakers 4:137
Collecting systems, alternative 1:678 1:840
Collection, as a watershed function 3:473
Collector wells, horizontal 5:88
Colleges, land-grant 3:597
Collision-induced dissociation (CID) technique 4:443
Colloidal fouling 1:415
Colloidal processes
adsorptive 5:350
mechanical 5:350
Colloidal silica, in membranes 1:418
Colloidal stability 4:424
Colloid compounds removal 1:684
Colloids 2:99
biophysicochemical interactions with filters 2:100
freshwater 3:74
marine 4:27
properties of 3:74
techniques for characterizing 3:74
Colloid science, role of dissolved gases in 4:451
Colloid transport 5:349
models 1:368
Colluvial valleys 3:66
Color, water 1:901
Color abatement, using ozone 1:355
Colorado
in-stream protection in 4:660

I.68
Index terms Links
Colorado (Continued)
overdraft in 5:341
Standardized Precipitation Index use in 4:210
Colorado Drought Plan 4:213
Colorado River 2:555
See also Cienega de Santa Clara, Colorado River Delta
salinity profile of 3:680
United States-Mexico conflict over 4:636
Color-coding, in reclaimed water systems 1:808
Colorimetric assays 2:415
Colorimetric titration method 4:453
Colorimetry, in pH measurement 2:295
Colpidium campylum, as a test organism 2:413
Columbia River 2:554 2:555
Columbia River Basin 2:589
climate of 4:293
Column experiments/studies 1:723 1:772
categories of 2:103
column preparation in 2:103
in contaminant transport 2:103
examples of 2:105
procedure for 2:104
Columns
dimensions of and materials for 2:104
nutrients in 3:277
Comanagement 3:125
Combined chlorine/combined available chlorine 1:128
Combined chlorine residual 2:398
Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) 1:496 1:497 1:748 1:782
1:799 3:281 3:332
See also CSO entries
Combined sewer overflow treatment 1:782
biological 1:787
chemical 1:786
physical 1:783
Combined sewers 3:331
Combustible watersheds,
conflagration prediction for 3:461
Cometabolic oxidation 2:300

I.69
Index terms Links
Cometabolic processes, for
bioremediation of chlorinated
solvents and petroleum
hydrocarbons 5:117
Cometabolism 2:42 5:584
Comets, water ice in 4:190
‘‘Command and control’’ regulation 2:132
Command area studies, remote sensing and GIS application in 2:533
Commerce, importance of coastal waters to 4:27
Commercial activated carbon (CAC) 4:495
Commercial fishing 3:123 3:533
Commercial meters 1:340
Commercial storm water discharges 1:867
Commercial water use 2:542
Comminution 1:814
domestic sewage 1:832
Commission on Drainage and Water Supply 3:42
Commissions, inland water, river basin, and lake catchment 3:293t
Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VI 4:543
Commodification 1:42 1:216
Common law 4:630
Common-Pool Resources (CPR) 2:625
Communication, role in fish consumption advisories 3:120
Community, water conservation in 2:664
Community analysis, molecular probes in 1:643
Community-based fisheries management 2:636
Community-based organizations (CBOs) 1:655
Community-based resource management 2:629
Community-based water management 2:628
Community groups, involvement in source water assessment 1:447
Community involvement
in groundwater protection 2:518
strategies for 2:519
Community profiling methods 1:643
Community water systems (CWSs) 4:676
Community Water Supply Study (CWSS) 1:289
Competing ligand exchange technique 2:420

I.70
Index terms Links
Competitive adsorption
on activated carbon 1:107
statistical design for 1:109
Competitive sorption
of inorganics on activated carbon 1:110
of organics 1:115
Complementary DNA (cDNA) 2:59
See also cDNA entries
Complete mix reactor 1:815 1:833
Complexation constants 2:206
Complexation/flocculation 1:872
Complexation reactions 1:725
Complex chlorinated hydrocarbons 5:43
Complex fluids 4:448
Complexing agents 5:281
Complexing ligands, destruction of 5:283
Complex waste waters, mercury removal from 1:722
Compliance technologies 1:457
for the Total Coliform Rule 1:463t
Composite materials, sorption characteristics of 2:364
Composite programming (CP) 2:521
Composting
of biosolids 1:648
of manure 2:572
of sludge 1:857 1:865
Compost toilets 1:679
Compound meters 1:338
Compounds. See also Chemical compounds; Chemicals; Organic compounds
most frequently detected 5:61f
partition variables for 4:523t
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA) 2:96 5:368
Comprehensive models 2:272
Comprehensive Soil Classification System (CSCS) 3:690
Computer codes, for geochemical modeling 5:140
Computer models 1:122
See also Computer simulations
water-management 2:620
Computer simulations, for vulnerability assessment 5:563

I.71
Index terms Links
Concentrated recharge 5:236
Concentrates 1:413
disposal methods for 1:174t
Concentrating solar collector 1:66
Concentration measurement 2:59
Concentration techniques 2:102
See also Chemical concentration
“Concept of Ecotones” 3:292
Conceptual models 3:328 3:337 5:589
Concession contract model 1:50
Concessions, private sector 1:388
Concrete caissons 4:19
Condensation 4:188 4:196
defined 2:542
Condensed organic matter domains, sorption in 4:386
Conditional entropy 4:219
Conditioning, of sludge 1:864
Condominial sewerage 2:633
Conducting polymers 1:872
Conductivity, electric 4:429
Conduit flow springs 5:239
Conduit flow systems 5:237
Cone penetrometer (CPT) rigs 5:455
Confined aquifer flows 5:493
Confined aquifers 5:11 5:145 5:481 5:497
5:600
barometric efficiency of 4:167
drawdown in 5:103
miscible displacement in 5:161
storage in 5:515
storativity in 5:129
‘‘Confined’’ disposal of dredged sediments 2:124
Conflagration prediction, for combustible watersheds 3:461
Conflict management, in the Middle East 4:755 4:756 4:757
Conglomerates 5:55
Conjunctive use management 4:632
Connate water 5:54
Conservation 1:509
in the Arab World 2:472

I.72
Index terms Links
Conservation (Continued)
industrial 2:496
water 1:307
Conservation aquaculture 3:128
See also Species and habitat preservation/protection
Conservation laws, for fluid flow systems 5:651
Conservative pollutants 4:50
Consolidated water-bearing rocks 5:55
Constant-head boundary 5:419
Constant-rate pumping test 5:574
Constituents of concern (COC) 5:344
Constructed wetlands 1:787 1:843 1:892
See also Wetlands
algal control via 2:3
costs of 1:843
for mine wastewater treatment 1:897
phytoremediation by 3:364
pollutant removal mechanisms of 3:366
types of 1:894 3:365
water quality improvement in 1:892
Constructed wetland systems, for storm water treatment 1:868
Construction
stormwater discharges from 4:659
well 5:87
Construction activities, stream quality and 3:442
Construction and operating agencies, federal 4:650t
Construction companies, service concession operation by 1:390
Construction Grants Program 4:654
Construction materials, for drinking water storage facilities 1:410
Construction sites, water impacts from 1:537
Consumer confidence reports (CCRs) 1:145 2:346
Consumer information regulations 4:678
Consumption advisories 3:118
Consumptive use, defined 2:542
Consumptive water use 1:561

I.73
Index terms Links
Contact angle hysteresis 5:536
Contact flocculation 1:254
Contactor hydrodynamics, role in bromate ion formation 1:361
Contact precipitation 4:437
Contact stabilization 1:815
Contact time (CT) 1:354
Containment
as a remediation strategy 2:357
Contaminant distributions, vertical characterization of 5:80
Contaminant hydrogeology environmental isotopes in 5:217
isotopes in 5:216
Contaminant mixtures, effects of 2:429
Contaminant monitoring regulations, unregulated 4:678
Contaminant movement and transformation
information needed for predicting 5:579t
role of perched groundwater in 5:354
Contaminant-plant-bacteria interactions 5:378
Contaminant plumes 5:47 5:255
vertical delineation of 5:85
Contaminant release, from redeposited sediment 2:125
Contaminant removal, thermal
treatment methods for 5:441t
Contaminants. See also Chemical contaminants; Contamination
attenuation of 5:56
in bioproductivity zones 4:105
categories of 5:216
characteristics of 5:57t
cometabolism of 5:379
degradation modes of 5:581
degradation products of 5:32
from electric generating plants 1:553
field sampling and monitoring of 2:263
globally distributed 4:97
groundwater 2:183
inorganic 1:463t
investigations of 3:169
lipophilic 2:170
macrophyte uptake of 1:715

I.74
Index terms Links
Contaminants (Continued)
metabolic pathways of 5:529
microbial processes affecting attenuation of 5:578
microorganism 1:54
natural 2:181
radioactive 5:221
reducing through reverse osmosis 5:25 5:326
reduction processes for 5:442
regulatory standards for 2:346t
in sediments 3:50
sensitivity to 2:409
sewage 1:829
spills of 5:439
toxicity of 5:57
use of biodegradation to remove 2:42
Contaminant sensitivity
assessing 5:57
limitations of 5:57
Contaminant transport
column experiments in 2:103
mathematical model of 5:517
modeling 5:30
Contaminant vapors
downward transport of 5:551
transport of 5:550
transport rates of 5:550
Contaminated groundwater. See also Groundwater contamination
in situ bioremediation of 5:38
organoclay/carbon sequence for treating 1:777t
Contaminated sediments, characterizing 2:460
Contaminated sediment testing, species appropriate for 2:427t
Contaminated soil. See also Soil contamination
excavation of 3:652
land application of 3:652
remediation options for 3:652 5:432
selection of the remedial approach for 3:654
Contaminated waters, remediation of 5:278
Contaminated water sources, arsenic removal from 1:636
Contamination. See also Contaminants
aquifer sensitivity to 5:56
Cryptosporidium 1:164

I.75
Index terms Links
Contamination (Continued)
drinking water distribution system 1:342
groundwater 2:182 5:56
karst area 5:247
mathematical formulation for 5:663
mercury 1:722
prevention of 1:438
septic system 1:62
susceptibility to 1:446
technetium-99 4:580
vulnerability to 2:313 5:247
Contamination sources inventory 1:446
Continental effect 4:439 5:230
Continental rifts 3:20
Contingency planning (CP) 1:527
Contingent valuation (CV) method 2:130
Contingent water valuation method (CVM) 4:607
Continually stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) 1:740
Continuity equation 3:197 5:481 5:558 5:651
Continuous chlorination 2:398
Continuous flow analysis (CFA) 4:514
Continuous membrane photoreactors
degradation of dyes in 1:794
at high pollutant concentrations 1:794
4-nitrophenol degradation in 1:793
Continuous monitoring technique 3:400
Continuous permafrost 4:306
Continuous systems, granular activated carbons in 1:102
Continuous watershed response, modeling 3:343
Continuous waves 3:248
Continuous wire wrap screen 5:573
Contour ridging 3:551
Contour trenches 2:550
Contracts, private sector participation 1:389t
Control costs 2:131
Controlled-tension lysimeter 2:341
Control valves 1:483
Control water, selecting 2:382
Control-water exposures 2:382
Convection, atmospheric 4:360

I.76
Index terms Links
Convective storms, forecasting 4:354
Conventional roof drainage 1:55
Conventional sanitation, limitations of 1:677
Conventional wastewater treatment 1:840
systems for 1:678
Convention on Biological Diversity 3:122
Convergence 4:716
Convergence pools 3:68
Conveyance loss, defined 2:542
Conveyance system structures 2:568
Co-occurrence-based approaches 4:601
Co-occurrence-based sediment quality guidelines 4:601
Cooking, without power 2:529
Cooling, adiabatic 4:366
Cooling tower, biofouling in 2:241
Cooling water contaminants, from electric generating plants 1:556
Cooling water systems, water treatment for 1:560
Cooperative agreements 2:401
Cooperative model 1:50
Coordinated freshwater fisheries management 3:134
Coordination and study agencies, federal 4:650t
Copenhagen permeable reactive barrier site 5:521 5:522
Copernicus, Nicolas, water theory of 4:712
Copper (Cu)
biocidal effects of 1:382
concentrations 2:422t
dietary 1:383
recovery of 1:686
sorption capacity 2:83
toxicity to aquatic life 2:147
Copper industry 1:563
Copper removal
by sorption 2:362
using polymers 1:919
Copper tolerance, metallothioneins and 3:612

I.77
Index terms Links
Coprecipitation
um 5:20
on 5:20
Coprecipitation technique 4:438
Coral decline, causes of 4:114
Coral reefs 4:113
impacts on 4:114
industrial pollution and 4:107
protecting 4:115
Coral reef stress, from black water 4:133
Corals
cold-water 4:34
deep-water 4:32
impact of oil on 4:106
Corin Dam catchment fire 3:466
Coriolis effect 4:24 4:361
Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards (CAFE) 4:479
Corporations, American 2:499
Corporatization, of water 2:569
Corrective Action, Phase III 5:437
Corrective maintenance 2:595
Correlative rights doctrine 4:631
Corrosion 1:142
See also Corrosion control
assessing levels of 1:9t
conditions leading to 1:544
consequences of 1:7
diagnosing 1:152
factors impacting 1:7
in industrial cooling water 1:542
inhibitors of 1:10 1:153
measuring 1:8
microbiologically induced 1:600
pipe breaks and 1:400
process of 1:5
soft water and 1:324
types of 1:6 1:7t
Corrosion cell 1:5
Corrosion control
in drinking water systems 1:5

I.78
Index terms Links
Corrosion control (Continued)
methods of 1:9
microbial regrowth and 1:345
in pilot systems 1:11
in small drinking water systems 1:459
system design and 1:153
in water distribution systems 1:152
“Corrosion fatigue cracking” 1:545
Corrosion indexes (indices) 1:9 1:10t 1:152
Cosmic water 4:189
Cosolvation 5:527
Cost(s). See also Cost estimation; Economics; Life cycle costs; Pricing; Transaction
costs; Water pricing
of acid mine drainage treatment 5:4
of bottled water 1:5
of chemical oxidation technologies 5:347
of desalinated water 1:174
of diffused air aeration systems 1:630
of droughts 2:579
of fluoridating water systems 1:256
of in situ bioremediation 5:42
of irrigation 3:592
of magnetic water conditioning 1:536
of membrane technology 1:309
®
MIEX plant 1:329
of microirrigation 3:619
of multistage filtration 1:242
of the 1930s drought 2:513
point-of-use/point-of-entry system 1:379t
of regulatory compliance 1:305
of sand abstraction 3:417
of small-scale wastewater treatment 1:842
of solidification/stabilization 1:839
of sprinkler irrigation 3:713
of urban flooding 3:161
of water distribution system design 1:211
of water quality management 2:369
Cost analysis, for treating disease 1:427
Cost-benefit analysis 2:129
Cost effectiveness 4:675
Cost-effectiveness analysis 2:131

I.79
Index terms Links
Cost-effective technology 2:569
Cost estimation
as a water conservation measure 1:147
water treatment plant 1:222
Council of Great Lakes Governors (CGLG) 4:618
Coupled flow domains, boundary conditions for 5:660
Coupled flows
mathematical models for 5:659
nodal replacement scheme for 5:660
Coupled free flow 5:655
Coupled Markov-chain (CMC) model 5:309
Coupled model 4:22
Coupled nonconservative pollutants 4:50 4:51
Coupled reaction-transport models 5:139
Coupon weight loss corrosion measurement 1:8
Cousteau, Jacques 4:792
Cox, Wim 4:769
Cr(VI) 4:515 4:587
See also Hexavalent chromium
instrument development for in situ monitoring of 4:515
Cradle Mountain-Lake St. Clair National Park 4:788
Craig line equation 4:439
Crater lakes, acidic 3:9
CREAMS model 2:250
Creeping flow 5:654
Critical depth 3:196
Critical period techniques 3:383
Critical storm period analysis
basis for 4:339
case study in 4:339
management implications related to 4:341
statistical approach to 4:338
Crop coefficient 2:537
factors affecting 3:576f
values of 3:578t
Crop development stages, lengths of 3:577t
Crop evaporation 3:720
Crop evapotranspiration 3:571
estimates of 3:572
measurements of 3:572

I.80
Index terms Links
Crop evapotranspiration (Continued)
water table contribution to 3:570
Cropland, pesticides applied to 3:607
Crop management
as a nitrogen best management practice 3:696
techniques of 2:496
Crop metabolism 3:721
Crop Moisture Index (CMI) 4:212
Crop phenology 3:722
Crop photosynthesis 3:721
Cropping patterns 5:164
Crop quality, microirrigation and 3:618
Crop removal, nitrogen losses from 3:696
Crop residues, nitrogen in 3:695
Crops. See also Crop water requirements
adaptation to water stress 3:719
microirrigation of 3:625
salt tolerance of 3:684
Crop tolerance, groundwater depth and 3:601
Crop water requirements 3:557
Crop water stress
chronic 3:722
detection using remote sensing 3:719
Crop water stress index (CWSI) 3:719 3:720
See also Idso-Jackson crop water stress index (CWSI)
Crop yields
evapotranspiration and 4:227
waterlogging and 3:600
Cross-flow ultrafiltration 4:29
Cross connection control programs 1:157
Cross connections 1:155 1:203 1:342
“Crossing distance” 3:81
Cross-media contamination, from solidification/ stabilization 1:838
Cross-media transfer potential, of pollutants 1:838
Cross subsidization 1:216
Crown width, levee 3:287
Crustaceans. See also Amphipod entries
in sediment impact testing 2:426
stock enhancement of 4:125
Cryosphere 4:183

I.81
Index terms Links
Cryptosporidiosis 1:180
Cryptosporidium 1:162 1:278 1:522 1:523
detection via polymerase chain reaction 1:160
diagnosis of 1:163
epidemiology and prevention 1:164
in karstic aquifers 1:366
life cycle and morphology 1:163
molecular detection methods for 1:161t
transport of 1:366
treatment of 1:164
Cryptosporidium parvum 2:343
antibody technology for identifying 1:160
measuring oocyst inactivation following UV disinfection 1:165
molecular-based detection of 1:158
Crystal Lake, biomanipulation trials in 2:57t
Crystallization 1:810
of heavy metals 5:378
scale formation and 1:547
Crystal modification, for scale control 1:548
CSO retention basins (RBs) 1:783
Cubic feet per second 2:542
Cultivated ponds 4:697
Cultural diversity, in relation to water 4:791
Cultural eutrophication 3:114
effects of 3:115
in ponds 3:486
Cultural media, prepackaged 1:84
Culturing methods, for detecting biofouling 1:84
Culvert design 3:75
steps in 3:77
CulvertMaster software 3:78
Culvert materials 3:75
Culverts, flow velocities from 3:77
Cumulative absolute relative error (CARE) 2:335
Cumulative probability plots 2:20
Cured-in-place lining 1:878
Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) 1:802 1:878
Current circulation, importance of 3:320
Currents 4:24
effect on oceanic dilution 4:104

I.82 Next Page
Index terms Links

Currents (Continued)
methods of determining 3:321
numerical modeling of 3:320
Curved surfaces, shocks on 3:241
Curve number (CN) method 3:343
Cutoffs, levee 3:289
Cyanide
analysis 2:309
maximum contaminant level of 2:234t 2:235t
Cyanobacteria 1:277 2:21 5:463
See also Blue- green algae entries
blooms of 2:390
toxic 2:388
Cyanobacterial toxins, structures of 3:190f
Cyanosis 2:219
Cyanotoxins 2:387
detection of 2:389
health problems related to 2:388
removal of 2:390
stability of 2:390
Cycloalkanes, biodegradation of 1:693
Cyclones/cyclonic storms 4:194
role in flooding 3:144 3:146
Cyclospora 1:278
Cyclosporiasis 1:180
Cylindrical coordinates, groundwater flow equations in 5:13
Cylindrospermopsins 2:388 2:390
CYP1A induction 2:109
Cytochrome P450 enzymes 2:107
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase
as a bioindicator 2:110
as an indicator of pollutants in fish 2:110
as a PCB/dioxin-like compound indicator 2:106
Cytotoxicity 2:413
D
Dahlberg model 3:455
Daily cover practice 1:698
Dairy cow diets, improving 2:573
See also Livestock entries

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