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Analysis and Implementation of LCC Resonant DC-DC Converter for

Automotive Application

Article in IETE Journal of Research · July 2010

DOI: 10.4103/0377-2063.70638 · Source: DOAJ

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IETE Journal of Research

Volume 56 No. 4 July-August 2010
IETE Journal of Research • Volume 56 • Issue 4 • July-August 2010 • Pages ***-***

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 Analysis and Implementation of LCC Resonant
DC–DC Converter for Automotive Application
M. Prabhakar and V. Kamaraj
Department of EEE, Sri Venkateswara College of Engg, PO Box No. 3, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT
In this paper, a non-isolated inductor-capacitor-capacitor (LCC) topology based DC–DC converter for automotive
application is practically implemented. The resonant tank with one inductor and two capacitors provides soft
switching of the inverter switches and a voltage gain of 2. All possible LCC topologies are listed and categorized based
on the order of their voltage gain expression. Based on the source/sink requirement for automotive application,
some topologies are found to be realizable. For all these realizable topologies, voltage gain expressions are obtained
and plotted against normalized frequency. From the voltage gain plots, one candidate topology is chosen and
analyzed further. Expressions for current gain, stress across resonant tank elements, circulating reactive power and
stored energy in the tank are obtained. The optimum value of Q which results in smallest possible resonant tank is
determined and is found to be 0.545. The resonant tank is designed and implemented based on the optimum value
of Q. Experimental results show that soft switching is achieved for a wide load range and is suitable for automotive
application.

Keywords:
DC–DC power conversion, Frequency domain analysis, Power electronics, Resonant power conversion.

1. INTRODUCTION cell based vehicle was proposed in [11]. The converter

Power electronic based converters play a significant
role in automotive application. These converters are
used in some automotive applications like temperature
control unit, power steering unit, headlamps, etc. [1].
The ever increasing electrical loads in an automobiles
compel the use of higher voltage rating and higher power
rated converters [2,3]. With increased power rating, the
challenges faced by converters designed for automotive
application include high efficiency, compactness,
cost effective and resilience to harsh environmental
conditions [4-6].
Some DC–DC converter topologies have already been
employed for automotive application [7-11]. In [7,8],
a soft switched quasi resonant inverter and a resonant
dc link inverter were designed for a battery powered
vehicle. Both these converters were designed to drive
the main motor. In [9], a two stage soft switched DC–AC
inverter was proposed. In this converter, the initial stage
was a voltage step-up mode which was incorporated
using a push pull quasi resonant converter and the
second stage was a conventional DC–AC inverter.
Though the converter is highly efficient, the presence of
transformer with large turns ratio makes the converter
bulky. A magnetic less four level DC–DC converter for
dual voltage bus was proposed in [10]. The converter
had slightly complicated control to enable multilevel
operation. A bi-directional DC–DC converter for a fuel
had large transformers and inductors making it bulky.
The performance of some DC–DC converters for
automotive application has been compared in [12,13].
However, these converters were designed for an electric
vehicle and hence fed the main drive motor only. In
addition, traditional soft switched resonant converters
were not considered.
Due to the sinusoidal behavior of resonant converters,
their switching losses are much reduced. Therefore, it is
possible to operate these converters at high frequencies
and thus reduce the size of their reactive components.
Consequently, several of today’s resonant DC–DC
converters operate in megahertz frequency range [14-
16]. The series and parallel resonant converters are basic
resonant converter topologies. Generally, the resonant
tank consists of only two energy storage elements.
Compared with the conventional second order resonant
converters, higher order converters are shown to possess
more desirable characteristics.
Resonant converter topologies in which the tank circuit
consists of more than two or three energy storage
elements have been reported in [17,18]. A generalized
analysis for the third order resonant converter based
on sinusoidal approximation was presented and the
investigation was limited to six topological “schemes”
in [17]. Investigation of three and four energy storage
elements was reported and few topologies based on

202 IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | VOL 56 | ISSUE 4 | JUL-AUG 2010

 Prabhakar M and Kamaraj V: LCC Resonant DC-DC Converter
third and fourth order circuits were analyzed in [18].
However, most of the third order resonant DC–DC
converters available in literature are isolated and use the
transformer leakage parameter as one of their resonant
elements. Though this is advantageous, the behavior
of all available inductor-capacitor-capacitor (LCC)
topologies, particularly non-isolated topology, has not
been analyzed so far, especially for their suitability in
automotive application.
The objective of this paper is to analyze all possible third
order LCC resonant converters for their suitability in
automotive loads like wind shield wiper motor, head
lamp, etc. Based on the desired voltage gain characteristic
plot, one LCC topology is analyzed in detail. Closed
form expressions for kVA/kW and energy stored in
the resonant tank are obtained. From these expressions,
the optimum value of Q which gives smallest possible
resonant tank is determined, designed and implemented
for practical verification.
2. SELECTION OF TOPOLOGIES
2.1 Preference for LCC Topologies
For a converter to be used in automotive application,
the converter must be compact so that least space is
occupied by the converter in an already limited volume.
In converter technical terms, we know that the size of the
converter is mainly dictated by the size of the reactive
elements, especially inductor. Hence, for a converter to be
as compact as possible, the number of inductive elements
must be minimum. Therefore, all LLC and isolated
topologies which use transformers are not considered.
Thus, only LCC topologies are considered for analysis
and implementation.
Arrangement of one inductor and two capacitors in
various possible combinations results in 18 possible
topologies [18]. The analysis of LCC topologies is well
documented in literature [19-33]. However, only one
topology has been analyzed in all the references quoted
and hence the motivation behind the analysis of remaining
LCC topologies is particularly for their suitability in
automotive application.
2.2 Determination of Order of Resonant Tank
Figure 1 shows a generalized representation of the
resonant converter. The operation of the circuit is well
known and hence is not discussed in this paper. The
order of the converter is defined by the order of its
commutational network. All the 18 possible network
combinations of LCC topologies are shown in Figure 2.
The voltage gain of the system is determined from the
resonant tank transfer function. All the LCC resonant
IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | VOL 56 | ISSUE 4 | JUL-AUG 2010
topologies shown in Figure 2 can be categorized based on
the order of the resonant tank transfer function. The order
is determined based on the following criteria.
The order of the system is determined by the number of
elements that contribute to dynamical change in energy.
Elements connected in shunt with the source and load do
not contribute to the dynamical change in energy. Hence,
the voltage gain (order) of such systems will always be
unity. Topologies 7 and 18 exhibit this behavior and hence
the order is 1 for both topologies.
A loop formed by two elements in which there is no
possibility of dynamical change in energy between them,
can be combined as a single element.
When a possibility of dynamical energy change between
this resultant element and another element exists, then
the order of the system will be 2. For instance, in topology
3, input, C1 and C2 form a loop. Hence, C1 and C2 are
combined as a single element. There is a possibility of
dynamical change in energy between this combination
and L. Hence, the order is 2.
Based on the above criteria, 18 possible LCC topologies
are classified as unit gain, first, second and third order
systems as shown in Table 1 [Figures 1 and 2].
2.3 Choice of Topology Based on Source/Sink
Combination
The resonant tank can be excited from either a voltage
(v) or current (i) source and can be used to feed either a
voltage or current sink. Thus, two individual source and
sink combinations are possible. These two individual
combinations can be suitably arranged to give four
possible source/sink combinations: v/v, v/i, i/i and i/v.
In automotive application, the input power is fed from
Table 1: Topology categorization based on order
Order Unity gain First order Second order Third order
Topology 7, 18 8, 11, 16 3, 9, 10, 1, 2, 4, 5,
Number 14, 15, 17 6, 12, 13
Figure 1: Generalized representation of a resonant converter.
203
 Prabhakar M and Kamaraj V: LCC Resonant DC-DC Converter
Figure 2: All possible LCC topologies.
the battery. The converter output should exhibit good
voltage regulation. Hence, the converter which is used
for automotive application should be of v/v type source/
sink combination.
2.4 Realizable Topologies for Automotive Application
For a particular LCC topology to be realizable, the
following conditions should be satisfied: (a) loop
containing capacitor(s) and voltage source or sink should
not be formed; (b) cutset containing inductor(s) and a
current source or sink should not be formed.
This is because when the converter is driven or terminated
by a two state square wave voltage source or sink,
respectively, when the voltage changes its state instantly,
an infinite current spike will occur in the capacitor.
Similarly, when the converter is driven or terminated by
a two state current source or sink, respectively, when the
source or sink current changes state instantly, an infinite
voltage spike will occur across the inductance.
Based on these conditions, only eight topologies which
are shown in Figure 3 are realizable for automotive
application. Voltage gain for all the eight topologies
are obtained using AC analysis as explained in the next
section.
3. ANALYSIS OF TOPOLOGIES
3.1 Methods of Analysis
There are several methods to model and analyze the
performance of resonant converters of all nature and
types. All these methods have been successfully applied
to analyze resonant converters and are well documented
204
Figure 3: Realizable LCC topologies.
in the literature [19-45]. Some of the methods reported
are (a) fundamental harmonic approximation (FHA)
or fundamental frequency approximation or AC
analysis [19,25,26,29-32,34,35,39-45], (b) state-plane
analysis [20-24,33], (c) discrete time domain analysis
[27,28], (d) cyclic averaging method [36,37] and (e)
extended fundamental frequency analysis (EFFA) [38].
Generally, the preferred attributes of a particular method
are mathematical simplicity, providing insight into
required details, ease of practical implementation, lesser
time consumption or faster to solve and acccuracy. All
the methods mentioned above possess some attributes
and lack some other attributes. Based on the application
requirement, a choice is made in favor of one particular
method of analysis [46]. Recently, EFFA has been applied
to obtain more accurate results compared to FHA.
However, when the converter is operated below the
resonant frequency, both EFFA and conventional FHA
methods produce almost similar results. The difference
is significant only at resonant frequency and the region
beyond the resonant frequency [38]. Because of this
reason, researchers continue to use conventional FHA
IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | VOL 56 | ISSUE 4 | JUL-AUG 2010
 Prabhakar M and Kamaraj V: LCC Resonant DC-DC Converter

methods to analyze and design resonant converters The voltage and current gain are defined as
[39-45]. Therefore, in this paper also, conventional FHA
method is used to analyze and obtain the necessary V0 I
M= and H = 0 = MQ
performance parameters. Vd Vd (4)
Zn
3.2 Introduction to AC Analysis The voltage and current base values are given by
In AC analysis method, the output rectifier and the
Vd
filter are replaced by their equivalent AC resistance Vb = Vd and I b = I in =
and the square wave input voltage source is replaced Zin (5)
by its fundamental sinusoidal equivalent. The power
Voltage gain for all candidate topologies is computed by
transfer from input to output is assumed to be only via
using Equations (1)–(5). From the voltage gain expression,
the fundamental component and the contribution of all
a characteristic plot of voltage gain vs. normalized
the harmonics is neglected [34].
frequency with x = 1 is obtained for each topology.
The equivalent AC resistance for the rectifier with This is compared with the desired characteristic plot to
capacitive filter and the RMS value of the fundamental decide upon the suitability for automotive application.
component of square wave voltage (input to resonant Table 2 gives the voltage gain expression for all candidate
tank) are given by topologies.

2 2 2 3.3 Desired Voltage Gain Plot

Rac = RL and Vin , rms = Vd (1)
8  For automotive application, fixed frequency operation
The resonant frequency and the normalized switching over wide load range is preferred. This will ensure open
frequency are defined as loop mode of operation of the converter and thus results
in simple configuration. In addition, it is desirable if the
1  converter has good load regulation. This means that
0 = and  n =
LC 1  0 (2) the output voltage or in turn the voltage gain, needs to
remain a constant at any one normalized frequency for
The characteristic impedance and Q of the resonant
various values of Q. Figure 4 shows the nature of desired
network are given by
voltage gain characteristics.

L L Z 3.4 Topology Selection Based on Voltage Gain Plot

Zn = and Q = 0 = n (3)
C1 RL RL
Voltage gain plots for all the eight candidate topologies

Table 2: Voltage gain expression for all candidate topologies

Topology Voltage gain Topology Voltage gain
1 5
 2n x  2n
j
8Q
j
8Q
(
1 − n2x )
 2n x  2n
2
1 − n (1 + x ) + j
8Q
(
1 − n2 ) 1 − n2(1 + x ) + j
8Q
(
1 − n2x )
2 1 6
 2n
1 8Q  1 
j
8Q
(
1 − n2x )
1− 2 + j 2  2 − (1 + x )
 2n
n  n x  n  1 − n2x + j
8Q
(
1 + x − n2x )
 2n
j
8Q
3 7 1
 2n
1+ j (1 + x ) − n2(1 + x )
8Q

 2n
j
8Q
(
1 + x − n2x ) 1
8Q
4 8 1− j
 2n
1 − n2 + j
8Q
(
1 + x − n2x )  2n x

IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | VOL 56 | ISSUE 4 | JUL-AUG 2010 205

 Prabhakar M and Kamaraj V: LCC Resonant DC-DC Converter

are plotted. Only two topologies, 1 and 2, meet the 4. OPTIMIZATION OF RESONANT TANK SIZE
desired requirement. Figures 5 and 6 show the voltage
gain plots for 1 and 2, respectively. Other topologies The size of the resonant tank depends on the energy
do not possess the desired voltage gain characteristic. stored in the tank elements and the (kVA/kW) ratio.
Figures 7 and 8 show the voltage gain plots for topologies In order to obtain smallest possible resonant tank, the
6 and 8, respectively. For instance, in topology 6, voltage energy stored in resonant tank and (kVA/kW) ratio has
gain converges to zero at a normalized frequency of to be minimum at a particular value of loaded quality
1. This feature is not desirable as the output voltage factor Q. The energy and (kVA/kW) ratio are computed
would not be sufficient enough to meet the load from the stress equations. These parameters are plotted
requirements. In topology 8, voltage gain never remains with respect to Q. From the plot, the value of Q which
a constant when Q is varied. In order to obtain desired gives smallest possible resonant tank is determined.
voltage gain, switching frequency has to be changed in
accordance with load variation. Hence, it cannot be used From Figures 5 and 6, it is observed that the voltage gain
in automotive application without using complicated for both topologies remain constant at ωn= 0.7. Hence,
closed loop control to change the frequency to obtain the energy and (kVA/kW) ratio are computed at this
the required voltage gain. Similar justification can be Table 3: Voltage and current stresses of topology 1
applied to remaining topologies also. L C1 C2
Voltage stress 2 1
3.5 Stresses Across Resonant Elements  2n3x  n x
−n2(1 + x ) − j 1+ j
8Q 8Q A
To design a resonant converter, the voltage and current A A
stress of the resonant elements must be known. The Current stress
 2n2x  2n2x j n x
voltage and current stresses are derived from circuit j n (1 + x ) −
8Q
j n −
8Q A
theory basics as given in Appendix. Tables 3 and 4 A A
give expressions for normalized voltage and current
stresses experienced by resonant elements L, C1 and C2   2n x  2n3x  2 2
A = 1 + j − n2(1 + x ) − j
for topologies 1 and 2, respectively [Figures 4–8].  8Q 8Q  

Table 4: Voltage and current stresses of topology 2

L C1 C2
Voltage stress
 1 8Q   1 1 8Q  1  2 2Q  1 
1 − j 2  − − j 2 1 + 2  
2 2 B   n x  2 2 B  n2  n  n x   n x B 

Current stress
2 2Q 1 2  2 2Q 1 2  2 2Q 1 2 
− 2 − j  1 − 2 − j  1 − 2 − j 
 B  n x 8nQ   B  n x 8nQ   B  n x 8nQ 

1 8Q  1 
B =1− +j  − (1 + x )
n2  2n x  n2 

Figure 4: Desired voltage gain plot. Figure 5: Voltage gain plot of 1.

206 IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | VOL 56 | ISSUE 4 | JUL-AUG 2010

 Prabhakar M and Kamaraj V: LCC Resonant DC-DC Converter

operating point. The expressions for these parameters

are given by Equations (6)–(9) for topologies 1 and 2. Figures 9 and 10 show the energy and (kVA/kW) ratio
plots, respectively. It is observed that at Q = 0.545, these
4 2 parameters are minimum. Thus, the size of the resonant
0.00375 + 0.0218 + 0.028
2 Q2 Q2 tank is expected to be minimum when Q = 0.545. The
E1 = resonant tank elements are designed based on this
16Q 4 (6)
0.00199 + 0.0004 optimum value of Q.
Q 2
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
E2 =
(
0.45Q 0.0092Q 4 + 4.5171Q 2 + 3.363 )
2 (7) A wind shield wiper motor was considered as load. The
Q 2 (1.063 + 0.0022Q ) resonant tank elements were designed for the following
 specifications: input voltage = 12 V, output voltage = 24 V
 2  
2  2
 0.127  − j  0.03 + 0.072   and output power = 100 W. Thus, a gain of 2 was required.
 8Q   
2  8Q     In Figures 5 and 6 it is observed that only topology 1
 kVA      
= possessed a gain of 2 with good load regulation at a
 kW  1 8Q   2 2 
    normalized frequency of 0.7. Therefore, the resonant tank
 j 0.7
  8Q  
(8)
elements of topology 1 alone were designed.
 
The load resistance was measured and found to be 5.76
 8Q 2 2  ohms. For a resonant frequency of 75 kHz and an optimal
 0.166Q − j 0.061 2 + j 1.486 
 kVA   8 value of Q = 0.545, the values of L and C were found out
  = 
(9)
kW  2  Q 
 
 

Figure 6: Voltage gain plot of 2. Figure 7: Voltage gain plot of 6.

Figure 8: Voltage gain plot of 8. Figure 9: Energy vs. Q for 1 and 2.

IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | VOL 56 | ISSUE 4 | JUL-AUG 2010 207

 Prabhakar M and Kamaraj V: LCC Resonant DC-DC Converter

to be 6.6 micro henry and 0.67 micro farad, respectively.
However, Q increases as load increases. Hence, the
design was done for a worst case of Q = 2. The values of L
and C were calculated by using Equations (2) and (3) and
were found to be 12 micro henry and 0.36 micro farad,
respectively. The resonant frequency for these values
of L and C was calculated by using Equation (2) and
was found to be 76.4 kHz. For a normalized frequency
of 0.7, the switching frequency was calculated by using
Equation (2) and was found to be 53.5 kHz. Ferrite core
was used to construct the inductor and the measured
value was 11.5 micro henry. Four capacitors, each with a
value of 0.1 micro farad, were connected in parallel to get
the required resonant capacitor value. Measured value of
capacitor was 0.4 micro farad. The switching frequency
for these values of inductor and capacitor was calculated
by using Equation (2) and was equal to 51.9 kHz.
Four IRF540N (100 V, 33 A, 0.044 ohm) MOSFETs were
used as inverter switches and four MUR8100E (800
V, 8 A, 1.8 V) ultrafast recovery diodes were used to
construct the bridge rectifier. Table 5 gives the summary
of experimental set-up used.
Figure 11a shows the simulated waveforms of the
resonant converter. Figure 11b shows the hardware
output waveforms of the resonant converter. It is
observed that the load voltage is around 20 V. The
voltage drop across rectifier diodes and inductor has
contributed to reduction in output voltage. However,
the output obtained was sufficient to drive the wiper
motor which was operating at normal load condition.
In order to study the soft switching characteristics of
the converter over a wide load range, a 100 ohm/10 W
resistor was connected as load so as to obtain the lightly
loaded characteristics. Figure 12 shows the voltage across
the MOSFET switch S1, current through S1 and the output
voltage under lightly loaded conditions. We observe that
zero voltage turn-on is achieved.

Figure 13 shows the switching loss waveform under

light load condition. The waveforms clearly show that
turn-on loss is completely zero and the conduction loss

Table 5: Summary of experimental set-up

Parameter Value Parameter Value
Input voltage 12 V Output voltage 24 V
Output power 100 W Voltage gain 2
Resonant frequency 74.2 kHz Switching frequency 51.9 kHz
Resonant inductor 11.5 micro henry Resonant capacitor 0.4 micro
farad
Figure 10: kVA/kW ratio plot for 1 and 2. MOSFETs IRF540N Diodes MUR8100E

Ch1: Gate pulse applied to S1 (20 V/div) (b)

(a) Ch2: Inverter output voltage Vs (20 V/div)
Ch3: Resonant inductor current (10 A/div),
Ch4: Output voltage (50 V/div), Time: 10 micro second/div.
Figure 11: (a) Simulated waveforms: (from top to bottom) output voltage, gate pulse applied to switch S1, resonant inductor
current and inverter output voltage; (b) hardware output waveforms.

208 IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | VOL 56 | ISSUE 4 | JUL-AUG 2010

 Prabhakar M and Kamaraj V: LCC Resonant DC-DC Converter
is negligible. However, during turn off, the voltage stress
on the device increases rapidly, and consequently, this
causes the switching loss also to shoot up for a very
short duration. Overall, the switching loss is very much
reduced and satisfactory during lightly loaded condition.
The converter performed satisfactorily under light load
and normal load conditions when it fed the wind shield
wiper motor. The load range was further increased to
verify if soft switching could be achieved over a wider
load range. Figure 14 shows the voltage across S 1,
current through S1 and the output voltage under full
load condition. The output voltage is slightly reduced
compared to light loaded conditions. This is because of
the increased voltage drop across the resonant inductor.
In addition, as loaded quality factor Q increases, the
Ch1: Voltage across S1 (20 V/div),
Ch2: Current through S1 (5 A/div),
Ch3: Output voltage (20 V/div),
Time: 5 micro second/div.
Figure 12: Waveforms of switch S1 – light load.
Ch1: Voltage across S1 (20V/div),
Ch2: Current through S1 (10 A/div),
Ch3: Output voltage (20 V/div),
Time: 5 micro second/div.
Figure 14: Waveforms of switch S1 – full load.
IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | VOL 56 | ISSUE 4 | JUL-AUG 2010
gain reduces. Therefore, we observe a slight reduction
in output voltage. Inspite of slightly overloading the
converter, we observe that zero voltage turn-on is
achieved.
Figure 15 shows the switching loss waveforms under
full load condition. The waveforms clearly show that
turn-on loss is completely zero while the conduction loss
is slightly increased compared to light load conditions.
During turn off, the voltage stress on the device is
slightly reduced compared to light load condition. This
is mainly due to reduced gain when compared to light
load condition. As a result of reduced voltage stress, the
switching loss also reduces during turn off. Overall, the
total losses will be slightly increased because of increased
conduction loss.
Ch1: Voltage across S1 (20 V/div),
Ch2: Current through S1 (5 A/div),
Ch3: Switching loss (100 VA/div),
Time: 2.5 micro second/div.
Figure 13: Switching loss waveforms – light load.
Ch1: Voltage across S1 (20V/div),
Ch2: Current through S1 (10 A/div),
Ch3: Switching loss (200 VA/div),
Time: 5 micro second/div.
Figure 15: Switching loss waveforms – full load.
209
 Prabhakar M and Kamaraj V: LCC Resonant DC-DC Converter

6. CONCLUSION By substituting Equations (A1) and (A2) in Equation (4),

voltage gain is computed and is given as
A non-isolated soft switched LCC topology was
analyzed, designed and implemented for a wind shield sC 2 Rac
M= (A3)
wiper motor application. The topology was carefully 1 + sC 2 Rac + s LC 1 + s 2 LC 2 + s 3 LC 1C 2 Rac
2

selected by considering the load requirement. The

resonant elements were designed with an optimal value Voltage gain M can be simplified by using Equations
of Q which was obtained from the energy and kVA/kW (1)–(3) and is given as
plot. The required voltage gain of 2 was provided by the
resonant tank elements themselves and no additional  2n x
j
elements or control was required. The converter operated 8Q
M=
under open loop mode and soft switching was achieved  2n x (A4)
over a wide load range. Reasonably good voltage 1 −  n2 (1 + x ) + j
8Q
(
1 −  n2 )
regulation was obtained over the entire load range which
was considered. As a transformer is not used and only The normalized value of voltage stress across resonant
one inductor is used, this converter would fulfill the inductor is given by
power density requirement of automotive application.
Vl , rms I L ,rms × sL Vin × sL
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VL , N = = =
VB VB Zin × Vd (A5)
The authors wish to thank the management and staff of Sri
Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Vin   sL
But, = ∴VL , N = (A6)
and SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, for Vd 2 2 2 2 Zin
providing the necessary encouragement and support
Substituting (A2) in (A5), we get
while carrying out this work.
 sL(sC1 + sC 2 + s 2C1C 2 Rac )
8. APPENDIX VL ,N = ×
2 2 1 + sC 2 Rac + s 2 LC1 + s 2 LC 2 + s 3 LC1C 2 Rac (A7)
In order to find the voltage gain M, output current Io
is computed from basic circuit theory as shown below.  s 2 LC 1 + s 2 LC 2 + s 3 LC 1C 2 Rac
VL ,N = ×[ ]
2 2 1 + sC 2 Rac + s 2 LC 1 + s 2 LC 2 + s 3 LC 1C 2 Rac (A8)
Figure 16 shows the circuit to find voltage gain. Output
current Substituting s = jω, we get

 2 x 
 − n2 −  n2 x − j n3 
 8 Q
VL ,N = × 
2 2  2 x 2 2
2
3 x

 1 + j n −  n −  n x − j n  (A9)
 8 Q 8 Q
Simplifying, we get

2 x
− n2 (1 + x ) − j n3
8 Q
Figure 16: Circuit to find voltage gain. VL ,N =
A
1 Vd  1 2 2 2 x 2 x
A= (1 + j n −  n2 (1 + x ) − j n3 ) (A10)
sC 1  Zin  sC 1  8 Q 8 Q
I o = I in =
1 1 1 1 The normalized value of inductor current stress is
+ + Rac + + Rac (A1)
sC 1 sC 2 sC 1 sC 2 given by

Input impedance as seen by the source Zin can be found as I L ,rms

V Z I in ,rms
IL ,N = = in n =
Ib IbZin Vd
1 1
Zin = [( Rac + ) ] + sL V Z  Zn RL  RL
sC 2 sC 2 = in n = = Q
Vd Zin 2 2 Zin RL 2 2 Zin (A11)
1 + sC 2 Rac + s 2 LC1 + s 2 LC 2 + s 3 LC1C 2 Rac
= (A2) Substituting (A2) in (A11), we get
sC1 + sC 2 + s 2C1C 2 Rac

210 IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | VOL 56 | ISSUE 4 | JUL-AUG 2010

 Prabhakar M and Kamaraj V: LCC Resonant DC-DC Converter

Solutions for Advanced Electric, Hybrid Electric and Fuel Cell

 sC1 + sC 2 + s 2C1C 2 Rac
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IL ,N =

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 Prabhakar M and Kamaraj V: LCC Resonant DC-DC Converter
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AUTHORS
M. Prabhakar received his B.E. from University of
Madras in the year 1998 and M.E from Bharathidasan
University in the year 2000. He is currently pursuing his
Ph.D in Anna University, Chennai. His areas of interest
include DC – DC converters and power electronics.
E-mail: mprabhakar.ped@gmail.com
DOI: 10.4103/0377-2063.70638; Paper No JR 567_09; Copyright © 2010 by the IETE
212
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“High - Speed Analysis of Resonant Power Converters”, IEE Proc.
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Converter as a Constant - Current Power Supply”, IEEE Trans
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of LLC Resonant Converter”, Proc. Eur Conf. Power Elec App,
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Isolated Dual - Bridge Series Resonant DC/DC Converter”, Proc. PESC,
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Resonant DC - DC Converter”, Proc. PESC, pp. 1421-5, 2008.
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V. Kamaraj obtained his B.Tech. from Calicut university,
M.E. and Ph.D. form Anna University. He has 20 years
of teaching experience. His area of research includes
networks and power electronics.
E-mail: kamarjv@ssn.edu.in
IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | VOL 56 | ISSUE 4 | JUL-AUG 2010