EVT - Unit 3 – Energy storages, Charging systems, Effects and Impacts

Part - A
1. Mention the types of batteries.
1. Lead acid battery
2. Nickel-Iron battery
3. Nickel-Cadmium battery
4. Lithium-Polymer battery
5. Lithium-Ion battery

2. Define SOC and SOH.

SOC:
 SOC – State of Charge.
 SoC is a measurement of the amount of energy available in a battery.
 It determines how far the vehicle can go to before needing charge.
SOH:
 SOH – State of Health
 SoH is a measurement that indicates the present capacity of the battery as compared to its
original capacity.

3. What is battery pack?

 Battery pack is a system that contains two (or) more batteries together.
 Batteries are connected as per the requirements of voltage and ampere-hour.
 Connecting methods:-
1. Series connection
2. Parallel connection
3. Series-parallel connection

4. What is meant by constant current and constant voltage charging?

Constant current charging:
 It is a charging method in which a constant current is maintained while charging the
battery.
 This method is used to charging the nickel batteries.
Constant voltage charging:
 It is a charging method in which a constant voltage is maintained while charging the
battery.
 This method is used to charging the lead acid and lithium batteries.
5. What is meant by battery swapping? State the different methods of battery swapping.
Battery swapping:
Battery swapping is a technique that replacing a discharged battery with a charged
battery.
Swapping methods:
1. Sideways swapping
2. Rear swapping
3. Bottom swapping
4. Top swapping

6. Write notes on DC charging.

 DC charging means charging the battery directly from the DC supply.
 This method is used in fast charger of EVs.
 It is classified into 3 types,
1. Level 1 - upto 36 KW
2. Level 2 - upto 90 KW
3. Level 3 - upto 240 KW

7. What is wireless charging? State the different types of wireless charging system.
Wireless charging:
 It is a charging method where the battery and charger are not connected by wires.
 It is also called as cord less charging (or) inductive charging.
Types:
1. Inductive power transfer
2. Capacitive power transfer
3. Online inductive power transfer
4. Resonant inductive power transfer
5. Permanent magnet coupling power transfer

8. What are the effects (or) impacts of EV?

Impacts on power grid:
 Voltage instability.
 Power loss.
 Over loading of transformers.
 Increased peak demand.

Impacts on environment:
 CO2 emission decreases.
 Air pollution decreases.
 Air quality increases.
 It provides clean environment.
 Sound pollution decreases.
 Impacts on economy:
 Operating cost decreases.
 Fuel prices are likely to drop.
 Job opportunities in EV sector are likely to be high.
 It offers many benefits with V2G.
 EV and battery technologies are increased.

9. What do you mean by V2G?

 V2G - Vehicle to Grid
 V2G is a method where the EV can provide power to grid.
 In this system, the EVs ct as loads when they are drawing power and it can become
source by feeding power to the grid.

10. Write notes on smart grid.

 A smart grid is an electric network that uses digital and other advanced technologies.
 It offers reliable power supply and advanced control system.
 Advantages of smart grid:
1. More reliability.
2. More safety.
3. More efficiency.
4. Efficiency of V2G is increased.
5. Carbon emission is reduced.
1. Explain the construction and working of lead acid batteries.
Construction:

 The container is made up of hard rubber (or) glass. It houses the plates and electrolyte.
 Positive plate is made up of lead-peroxide (PbO2).
 Negative plate is made up of lead(Pb).
 Separator is made up of glass (or) rubber. These are placed between positive and
negative plates.
 The electrolyte is dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
 Cell connectors are made up of lead alloys. These are used to connect the cells in series.
 Terminals are made up of lead alloys.
A battery has two terminals: 1) +ve terminal 2) -ve terminal
Working:
Discharging:

During discharging H2SO4 splits into H2+and SO4- ions.

H2+ ions move towards anode and SO4- ions move towards
cathode.
Both the plates become PbSO4.

Charging:

During discharging H2SO4 splits into H2+and SO4- ions.

H2+ ions move towards cathode and SO4- ions move
towards anode.
Anode becomes PbO2 and cathode becomes Pb.

General Chemical Reaction:

PbO2 + Pb + H2SO4 PbSO4 + PbSO4 + 2H2O
(Charging) (Discharging)
2. Explain the construction and working of any one nickel based batteries.
Nickel iron battery:
Construction:

 The container is made up of hard rubber (or) steel.

 Positive plate is made up of nickel hydroxide [Ni(OH)4].
 Negative plate is made up of iron [Fe].
 Its electrolyte is potassium hydroxide [KOH].
 The +ve and -ve plates are alternately placed in the container.
 Separators are placed between +ve and -ve plates to prevent any short circuits.
 Cell connectors are used to connect the cells in series.
 The battery has two terminals, 1) Positive terminal 2) Negative terminal.
Working:
Discharging:

During discharging KOH splits into K + and OH- ions.

K+ ions move towards anode and OH- ions move towards
cathode.
Anode becomes Ni(OH)2 and cathode becomes Fe(OH)2.

Charging:

During charging KOH splits into K + and OH- ions.

K+ ions move towards cathode and OH - ions move towards
anode.
Anode becomes Ni(OH)4 and cathode becomes Fe.

General Chemical Reaction:

2Ni(OH)4 + Fe 2Ni(OH)2 + Fe(OH)2

(Charging) (Discharging)
3. Explain the construction and working of any one lithium based batteries.
Lithium ion battery:
Construction:

 Its outer casing is made up of nickel coated steel.

 Positive electrode is made up of lithium metal oxide.
 Positive electrode is made up of lithium carbon.
 The electrolyte is gel (or) liquid state polymer.
 Porous polymer is used as separator.
 Thin copper foil is used as current collectors.
 The battery has two terminals, 1) Positive terminal 2) Negative terminal.
Working:
Discharging:

Lithium ions move from -ve electrode to +ve electrode

through electrolyte.
Discharging current flows from +ve terminal to -ve
terminal through load.

Charging:
Lithium ions move from +ve electrode to -ve electrode
through electrolyte.
The charging current is given to battery from +ve terminal.

General Chemical Reaction:

LiXC + LiXMYOZ C + LiMYOZ
(Charging) (Discharging)

Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Less weight. 1. High cost.
2. More safety. 2. High self discharging.
3. Fast charging.
4. High energy density.
4. Explain the role of battery management system with diagram.
BMS is an electronic system that manages a rechargeable battery to ensure it operates
safely and efficiently.

 BMS is responsible for thermal management of the battery and monitors its temperature
continuously. If required, BMS can adjust cooling and triggering other safety mechanisms to
cease operations.
 The BMS monitors individual cells in the battery pack. It then calculates how much current
charge and discharge without damaging the battery.
 It monitors continuously the voltage of the battery pack as well as individual cells and
controls the supply of the current to avoid overcharging.
 The BMS uses the collected data points (temperature, current voltage) to estimate the SoC
and SoH of the battery pack. Both SoC and SoH are presented as percentage.
SoC:- SoC is a measurement of the amount of energy available in a battery.
SoH:- SoH is a measurement that indicates the present capacity of the battery as compared
to its original capacity.
 During charging, the BMS communicates the required output voltage and current levels to
the charger and sends instructions to start and stop the charging process.
 The BMS interfaces with vehicle controller by using CAN. It disables the battery when the
vehicle is theft.

5. Explain cell series and parallel connections with diagram. (or)

Explain in detail about the connecting methods of battery cells.
To configure the batteries with connection method, each battery must have same capacity.

Cell connection methods:

1. Series connection
2. Parallel connection
3. Series-parallel connection
Series connection:

 To connect the batteries in series, we connect the +ve terminal of one battery to the –ve
terminal of another battery and so on.
 This method is used to increase the total voltage and it does not increase the ampere-hour.
  Example:
Series connection
No. of batteries = 3
Battery capacity = 6V, 100Ah
Total capacity = 18V, 100Ah
Voltage is increased, But Ah is not increased.
Parallel connection:

 To connect the batteries in parallel, the +ve terminal of one battery is connected to +ve
terminal of all batteries and the –ve terminal of first battery is connected to -ve terminal of
all batteries.
 This method is used to increase the ampere-hour capacity and it does not increase the
voltage.
 Example:
Parallel connection
No. of batteries = 3
Battery capacity = 6V, 100Ah
Total capacity = 6V, 300Ah
Ah is increased, But voltage is not increased.
Series-Parallel connection:

 In this method we have to connect 4 (or) more batteries.

 This method is used to increase both the voltage and ampere-hour capacity.
 Example:
Series-Parallel connection
No. of batteries = 4
Battery capacity = 6V, 100Ah
Total capacity = 12V, 200Ah
Both voltage & Ah are increased.
6. Explain about the battery charging techniques.
Methods of charging:
1. Constant current charging
2. Constant voltage charging
3. Trickle charging

Constant current charging:

 The batteries to be charged are connected in series across the DC supply.

 The specified value of current is maintained throughout the charging period.
 The constant current is maintained by using variable resistor.
 This method is usually used for charging nickel-cadmium and nickel–metal hydride
batteries.

Constant voltage charging:

 The batteries to be charged are connected in parallel across the DC supply.

 The specified value of voltage is maintained throughout the charging period.
 At the end of full charge, the battery voltage equals supply voltage and current reduces to
zero.
 In this method, the batteries are charged quickly.
 This method is used for charging lead acid battery and lithium-ion battery.
 Trickle charging:
 Trickle charge is a continuous charging method at a low current rate.
 In this method, the battery is in fully charged state due to continuous charging.

 The source output voltage must be compatible with the battery voltage.
 The current flow through the shunt control is set at a value that establishes the desired
charging current to the battery.
 The diode is used to prevent the battery from discharging back through the source.

7. Explain about the battery swapping techniques.

 Battery swapping is a technique that replacing a discharged battery with a charged battery.
 Generally on-board chargers charge a two wheeler battery nearly in one hour and four
wheeler battery in 5 to 8 hours.
 This technique reduces the time for electric vehicle charging.
 It significantly decreases waiting time by interchanging of battery within 3 minutes.

Methods of battery swapping:

1. Sideways swapping:
This method is used for the vehicles whose battery is placed in sideways of vehicle.
This method of swapping is very easy.
2. Rear swapping:
This method is used for the vehicles whose battery is placed in backwards.
This method of swapping is very easy.

3. Bottom swapping:
This method is used for the vehicles whose battery is placed at the bottom of the
vehicle.
The battery swapping is done by using robotic arm.
4. Top swapping:
This method is commonly used for electric buses wherein the batteries are placed at the
top.
The battery swapping is done by using robotic arm.
8. Explain the maintenance of battery pack.
 Do not allow the battery to drop below 20% power before charging.
 Avoid very deep discharge. Most batteries have protection circuits to avoid deep discharge.
 Allow battery to charge full power uninterrupted.
 Avoid charging to 100% capacity.
 Charging the battery only to 80% of its maximum charge level.
 After full charging, the battery must cool before using it.
 Avoid using fast charging.
 Direct sunlight should be avoided when charging the battery.
 Avoid high charge and discharge currents.
 The batteries may be degraded when EVs are parked with an empty (or) full charge.
 Avoid for parking the vehicle with battery for long period time.
 Avoid for exposing the battery to extreme heat (or) cold.
 Do not consuming battery power with multiple in vehicle devices.
 Clean the battery with a neutralizing detergent solution on a regular basis.
 Braking to aggressively should be avoided.