EXPERIMENT 2

Acid Mixture Analysis

Name: ------------------------------------ St. Id.: ------------------------------------

Section: ---------------------------------- Date: -------------------------------------

Objectives
After performing this experiment students will be able to:
● calculate concentration of individual acid in mixture of a strong and a weak acid.
● calculate concentration of individual base in mixture of a strong and a weak base.
● learn the calculation of end point(graphically) without using indicator.

Experiment
Prepare 0.5 M solution of sulphuric acid from 1.0 M . You are provided with 0.1 M oxalic acid and
a solution of NaOH of unknown strength.

Theory
The principle of conductometric titration is based on the fact that during the titration, one of the ions is
replaced by the other and invariably these two ions differ in the ionic conductivity with the result that
conductivity of the solution varies during the course of titration. The equivalence point may be located
graphically by plotting the change n conductance as a function of the volume of titrant added.
According to Arrhenius theory, strong electrolytes are completely dissociated at any concentration. It
means if a strong electrolyte is dissolved in water, it will ionize completely into cations and anions.
Weak electrolytes are partially dissociated in concentrated solution. The extent of dissociation is called
degree of dissociation. The degree of dissociation increases with dilution and therefore it can be started
that conductance of weak electrolyte increases with dilution.

If a mixture of strong acid and a weak acid is titrated by a strong base, an initial decrease in
conductivity is followed by an increase, and then by a more rapid increase thereby giving two end
points. But the end point of weak acid is not sharp due to formation of buffer.

The main advantages to the conductometric titration are its applicability to very dilute, and coloured
solutions and to system that involve relative incomplete reactions. For example, which neither a
potentiometric, nor indicator method can be used for the neutralization titration of phenol
(Ka = 10–10) a conductometric endpoint can be successfully applied. Application: Acid-base titration,
especially at trace levels. Relative precision better than 1% at all levels. There are also few
disadvantages with this technique. As you know the conductance is a non-specific property,
concentration of other electrolyte can be troublesome. The electrical conductance of a solution is a
measure of its currents carrying capacity and therefore determined by the total ionic strength. It is a
non-specific property and for this reason direct conductance measurement are of little use unless the
solution contains only the electrolyte to be determined or the concentrations of other ionic species in
the solution are known. Conductometric titrations, in which the species in the solution are converted to
non-ionic for by neutralization, precipitation, etc. are of more value.

Procedure
1. Prepare 0.1 M from each sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and acetic acid in 50 ml.
2. Prepare mixture of 5ml hydrochloric acid and 5ml acetic acid and diluted to 50 ml distilled
water.
3. Immersed electrode of conductivity meter in 0.1 M NaOH solution in a beaker to measured
conductivity the 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution.
4. Run to acid solution and the conductance of the solution is measured after addition of
2,4,6,8,10 ……………. ml of sodium hydroxide to after end point( at which sudden
and sharp increase in conductivity will be achieved) is present before the measurement of
the conductance is made the solution should be thoroughly stirred.
5. Repeat this experiment using acetic acid instead of hydrochloric acid.

Table.2 Conductivity of Weak and Strong at Room Temperature ……………

Volume of Observed Volume of Observed Volume of Observed
NaOH Conductivity NaOH Conductivity NaOH Conductivity
“G” “G” “G”
0 55
110
115
5 60
120
10 65

15 70 125

20 75
130
135
25 80
140
30 85
145
35 90
150
40 95
45
100 155
50
105 160
 G

End Point1 End point2

Volume of Titrant

Graph 1. Observed conductivity vs. Volume of Titrant

Calculations
Concentration of HCl in Mixture
Normality of NaOH = N1 = 0.1 N
Normality of HCl in solution = N2 = ? N
Volume of NaOH used (from graph)( End point 1) = V1 = ml
Volume of HCl used = V2 = 100 ml
Known (NaOH ) : Unknown (HCl)
N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
0.1 x V1 = N2 x 100
N2 = 0.1 x (V1) / 100 = N
Concentration of CH3 COOH in Mixture
Normality of NaOH = N1 = 0.1 N
Normality of CH3COOH in solution = N3 = ? N
Volume of NaOH used (from graph)( End point 2) = V1 = ml
Volume of CH3COOH used = V3 = 100 ml
Known (NaOH ) : Unknown (CH3COOH)

N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
0.1 x V1 = N2 x 100

N2 = 0.1 x (V1) / 100 = N

Result:-
Exercise

Q.1 What is the molarity of 8.88 % HCl solution?

Q.2 A 500 ml 0.5 M HCl sample is available in stock. What is percent of HCl in the sample?

Q.3 What is principle of conductometric titration?

Q.4 What do you understand the terms volume fraction and weight fraction?