Topic: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

​ Definition of Anatomy and Physiology:

● Anatomy: Study of the structure and organization of living organisms.
● Physiology: Study of the functions and processes of living organisms.
​ Levels of Organization:
● Chemical Level: Involves atoms and molecules.
● Cellular Level: Basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
● Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific
function.
● Organ Level: Structures composed of two or more types of tissues that work
together.
● Organ System Level: Organs that work together to carry out a particular function.
● Organismal Level: The whole living individual.
​ Basic Tissues in the Human Body:
● Epithelial Tissue: Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.
● Connective Tissue: Provides support and protection to body organs.
● Muscle Tissue: Responsible for movement and generating force.
● Nervous Tissue: Conducts electrical impulses and carries information.
​ Major Organ Systems:
● Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails; protects body from external environment.
● Skeletal System: Provides support, protection, and movement.
● Muscular System: Enables movement and provides support.
● Nervous System: Controls and coordinates body activities through electrical
signals.
● Endocrine System: Produces hormones that regulate body functions.
● Cardiovascular System: Transports nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the
body.
● Lymphatic System: Defends against infection and disease.
● Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange between air and blood.
● Digestive System: Processes food and absorbs nutrients.
● Urinary System: Filters blood and removes waste products from the body.
● Reproductive System: Produces offspring.
​ Homeostasis:
● Maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
● Regulated by feedback mechanisms involving receptors, control centers, and
effectors.
● Examples include temperature regulation, blood pH balance, and blood glucose
levels.
​ Importance of Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology in Medicine:
● Provides the foundation for understanding diseases and disorders.
● Essential for diagnosing and treating medical conditions.
● Facilitates research and advancements in medical science.