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JANUARY 16, 2024

Low-Power Instrument Transformers Technology and Metering Applications

Technology overview and application
Valeri Oganezov, PhD., Lukas Cesky, PhD.
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Agenda
• History and introduction
• Low power instrument transformers principles and functionality
• Applications for low power instrument transformers
• Low power instrument transformers benefits and features
• Low power instrument transformers for metering applications
• Examples of projects and potential for metering applications
• Summary
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Agenda
• History and introduction
• Low power instrument transformers principles and functionality
• Applications for low power instrument transformers
• Low power instrument transformers benefits and features
• Low power instrument transformers for metering applications
• Examples of projects and potential for metering applications
• Summary
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MV Sensors
Historical development

Inteligent electronic
devices
Electromechanical relays Static relays Digital relays

Circuit breakers

Air and magnetic principle Oil principle Vacuum and SF6 principle

Instrument
transformers
Oil insulation Epoxy resin insulation Epoxy resin insulation
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Introduction
Main drivers contributing to sensors need

Distribution systems improvement Improving existing systems

• Fault Detection, Isolation and Restoration of the fault • Grid balancing and power flow modeling
• Power quality management • Improved asset management, optimizing use
• Sub-station automation • Flexible Retrofit solutions
• Remote grid control

New applications Legislative influence

• Integrating renewables (solar, wind, etc.) • Penalties to non-delivered energy and system outages
• Volt/VAR Optimization (VVO) – management of reactive power • Incentives to digitalization
• eV charging and consequent grid upgrade • CO2 zero emission policies

January 17, 2024 Slide 5

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Introduction

What is a MV Sensor?

• Sensors or otherwise low-power instrument transformers (LPIT) transfer high current and voltages to low-power signal
used by electronic devices.
• Successors to conventional instrument transformers with similar accuracy
• Significant reduction in dimensions and CO2 emission
• Increase of safety
• Greater rating standardization with a wider functionality range.

Oil insulation Epoxy resin insulation Epoxy resin insulation MV Sensors

January 17, 2024 Slide 6

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Agenda
• History and introduction
• Low power instrument transformers principles and functionality
• Applications for low power instrument transformers
• Low power instrument transformers benefits and features
• Low power instrument transformers for metering applications
• Examples of projects and potential for metering applications
• Summary
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Standards covering LPIT (sensors)
IEC and CAN/CSA standards

• First edition of IEC standard for Low Power Instrument Transformers (LPIT) was IEC 60044-2002, parts 7 and 8 were covering current and voltage LPITs
respectively
• This standard was followed by first edition of IEC 61868-2016 to cover LPIT
• Current IEC edition covering LPIT is IEC 61868-2023
• Canadian Standards Association currently adopted first edition of the standard, - IEC 61868
• To maintain full interoperability with IEC standard, Canadian deviations in CAN/CSA C61869-2020 are minimal
• LPIT is very much suitable to a universal digital transmission protocol based on substation configuration language compatible with IEC 61850, when sensor
outputs are converted into digital values and transferred as sample measured values via Ethernet network

January 17, 2024 Slide 8

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LPIT (Sensors) for Protection & Metering
General definition

Primary Primary Transmission Secondary Protection relay or

sensor converter system converter Metering Unit

Power Power
supply supply
ABB Medium-voltage sensors

Sensor  Protection Relay or

Metering Unit

No primary/secondary converter used in some MV sensors nowadays

= no active electronic needed inside of the sensor, no additional power supply = pure passive sensors
Signal integration for current sensors done at relay side

January 17, 2024 Slide 9

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MV Sensors
Sensors‘ linearity = no saturation = no distortion of secondary signal

Secondary
output
ABB sensor

Saturation
level

Standard CT

10A 100A 1000A 10 000A Primary current

January 17, 2024 Slide 10

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MV Sensors
Current sensor principle

Rogowski coil Coil wounded on non-ferromagnetic core

• Rogowski coil
• Us=150 mV for 50 Hz IP
• Us=180 mV for 60 Hz
• Proven technology
• Accuracy up to class 0.2s/5P1060
• Complies with IEC 60044-8, IEC 61869-10, CAN/CSA 61869-10
• (Part 10: Additional requirements for low-power passive current
transformers)
• Selected designs UL certified
• Pure passive element
US
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MV Sensors
Current sensors principle

Design difference

P2 P1
Epoxy Primary terminals

Rogowski coil
Primary winding

Secondary terminals
Secondary cable with RJ45
Plastic body

Measuring secondary Protection secondary winding

winding

January 17, 2024 Slide 12

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MV Sensors
Current sensor principle – Combined accuracy class 0.5/5P1060
ε [%] Protection accuracy limit class 5P1060
+5%

+1.5% Metering accuracy limit class 0.5

+0.75%
+0.5%
4000 A 85 kA
4 A 16 A 80 A

≈
5% 20% 100% Ipr Icth Ip
-0.5%
-0.75%
-1.5%

-5%

Slide 13
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MV Sensors
Voltage sensor principle

Resistive and capacitive divider Principle

• Proven technology
• Resistive voltage or capacitive dividers UP
• Secondary output: UP
• 1:10,000 transformation ratio (wide range of IEDs compatible)
• 3.25V secondary output (wide range of IEDs compatible)
– Accuracy up to class 0.2
• Complies with IEC 60044-7, IEC 61869-11, CAN/CSA 61869-11 (Part 11: US
Additional requirements for low-power passive voltage transformers) US
• Pure passive element
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MV Sensors
Voltage sensors principle

Design difference

Primary terminals
A

Epoxy Primary clamp

Primary winding UP

Epoxy or plastic body

Secondary winding

Magnetic
core
Secondary cable
RJ45 or ferrules

Voltage divider US
Secondary terminals

January 17, 2024 Slide 15

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MV Sensors
Voltage sensor principle – Combined accuracy class 0.5/3P

ε[%]
+6%

Protection accuracy limit class 3P

+3%

Metering accuracy limit class 0.5

+0.5%

≈
≈
0.02*Upn 0.8*Upn Upn 1.2*Upn 1.9*Upn Up
-0.5%

-3%

-6%
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Agenda
• History and introduction
• Low power instrument transformers principles and functionality
• Applications for low power instrument transformers
• Low power instrument transformers benefits and features
• Low power instrument transformers for metering applications
• Examples of projects and potential for metering applications
• Summary
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AdvaSenseTM MV Sensors
Typical application → Medium-voltage Indoor Digital Switchgear

Primary distribution Secondary distribution Primary distribution Secondary distribution Gas-

Air-insulated Switchgear Air-insulated Switchgear Gas-insulated Switchgear insulated Switchgear

Sensor solutions suitable for all types of MV Indoor Switchgear

January 17, 2024 Slide 18

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MV Indoor Sensors
Form factor overview

Current sensors

Voltage sensors Combined sensors

January 17, 2024 Slide 19

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MV Sensors
Sensor solutions for ANSI Digital SWG
Current sensors Voltage sensors

January 17, 2024 Slide 20

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MV Sensors
Current and Voltage sensor for Air-insulated Switchgear

Voltage sensor Current sensor

– Post insulator type sensors – Ring type sensor for AIS applications
– Suitable for retrofit purposes as well as new installations – Suitable for new installations
– Rated primary voltage of application: – Rated primary current of application:
up to 36 kV up to 4000 A
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Conventional versus AIS switchgear with sensors
Sensors and digitization – less space, less wiring, less maintanance, smarter

Conventional switchgear with

Digital switchgear with sensors
conventional instrument
transformers
1. Digital protection relay with
IEC 61850
1. Current transformer
2. Current sensor
2. Voltage transformer
3. Voltage sensor

January 17, 2024 Slide 22

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MV Sensors
Current sensor for Medium-voltage Circuit breakers

Combined sensor
– Current sensors assembled on Circuit breaker for AIS applications
– Rated primary current of application:
up to 1250 A
– Rated primary voltage of application:
up to 24 kV
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MV Sensors
Combined sensor for Air-insulated Switchgear

Combined sensor
– Combined sensors for AIS applications
– Current and voltage measurements together with voltage indication in one
compact frame
– Rated primary current of application:
up to 3200 A
– Rated primary voltage of application:
up to 24 kV
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MV Sensors
GIS Switchgear

January 17, 2024 Slide 25

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MV Sensors
Sensor solutions for Gas-insulated Switchgear → bushing sensor integrated in Switchgear

Bushing type combined sensor

• Suitable for new installations up to 40.5 kV
• Current and voltage measurements together with
voltage indication in one compact frame

January 17, 2024 Slide 26

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Medium-voltage sensors
Sensor solutions for secondary Gas-insulated switchgear

January 17, 2024 Slide 27

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MV Sensors
Current sensor for Gas-insulated Switchgear

Solid type Split core type

– Ring type sensor for GIS applications – Split core Ring type sensor for GIS and AIS applications
– Suitable for new installations – Suitable for retrofit purposes as well as new installations
– Rated primary current of application: – Rated primary current of application:
up to 4000 A up to 4000 A

Not only for GIS, but for all insulated and shielded cables
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MV Sensors
Voltage sensor for Gas-insulated Switchgear

Voltage sensor for cable elbows

– Plug type sensors
– Suitable for retrofit purposes as well as new installations
– Rated primary voltage of application:
up to 36 kV (40.5 kV)
– Product variants – with and without metal coating (conductive surface)
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MV Sensors
Combined sensor for Secondary Air-insulated Switchgear

Combined sensor
– Combined sensor for AIS applications
– Current and voltage measurements in one compact frame
– Rated primary current of application:
up to 2000 A
– Rated primary voltage of application:
up to 24 kV
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MV Sensors
UL Certification

UL certified products released

Solid type current Split-core type Solid type current Post insulator type
sensor current sensor sensor voltage sensor

January 17, 2024 Slide 31

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MV Outdoor Sensors
Form factor overview

January 17, 2024 Slide 32

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Outdoor MV Sensor Output Options

Current only Current only Combo – V & I Combo – V & I

Voltage only
Current output Voltage output Voltage only outputs Current and voltage
Voltage output
outputs
Voltage and current
have voltage output Voltage signal for
signals voltage, current
signal for current

January 17, 2024 Slide 33

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Recloser Pole Design Utilizing Low Power Instrument Transformers
Components of a pole assembly (SVS)

H1 Terminal

Vacuum bottle
Current and Voltage Sensor

H2 Terminal

Push Rod
Yellow Tripping Handle
52a/52b Switch for open/close
indication
Magnetic Actuator

Indicator Cup

January 17, 2024 Slide 34

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Recloser
Embedded and Integrated Dual Voltage Sensing

SVS or 3VS DVS or 6VS Integrated Dual Voltage

Embedded Single Voltage Embedded Dual Voltage Sensing
Sensing Sensing
Slide 35

January 17, 2024

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Agenda
• History and introduction
• Low power instrument transformers principles and functionality
• Applications for low power instrument transformers
• Low power instrument transformers benefits and features
• Low power instrument transformers for metering applications
• Examples of projects and potential for metering applications
• Summary
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Sensors
Safety: Conventional Instrument Transformers - Consequences of Open CT Secondaries

✓ High voltage and shock hazard

✓ Signal discontinuity to relay and controls could lead to incorrect
operations and outages.
✓ Potential magnetization of the CT leads to incorrect secondary output.
This can cause error in readings, revenue metering calculations,
incorrect operations long after the open CT condition is restored.

© ABB Group
January 17, 2024 | Slide 37
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Sensors
Safety: Current Sensors - Secondary output

CURRENT SENSORS
!!!!
outputs in mVolts!

January 17, 2024 Slide 38

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MV Sensors
Fast and easy design process allows quick delivery time

Standardized products
Wide range of parameters cover one design
Optimized design process Zero engineering
Faster and simplified project documentation
Flexible for last-minute changes

Products in stock
Quick dispatch
Quick delivery time
No clarification delays due to feasibility verification as
with conventional Instrument transformers

January 17, 2024 Slide 39

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MV Sensors
Fast and easy design process allows quick delivery time

Reduce the overall footprint of the switchgear room

Saving of the transportation costs
Space saving solution Savings of interconnection between panels up to 90%

Decrease of energy consumption during the production

processes
Sustainable solution Reduction of the CO2 emission thanks to the material
savings
Self-energy consumption during the operation reduced
by 99%

January 17, 2024 Slide 40

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Comparison:
Switchgear with CT/VTs
and Switchgear with
Rogowski/volt. dividers

Switchgear
Switchgear
Power loses per one panel [W] (Smart solution with Rogowski
(with traditional CT, VTs)
coils, voltage dividers)
Energy loses per typical substation [MWh] [t CO2e] [MWh] [t CO2e]
In 1 year 22.7 19.6 14.1 12.1
In 30 years 682.0 586.5 422.4 363.3
Sensors can save up to Difference per typical 10 panels UniGear
260MWh 223t CO2e
configuration in 30 years
260MWh of energy and reduce
your CO2 footprint by 223 tons2

Prerequisites for power losses calculation:

1. The real resistivity of current path components were measured, and power losses calculated. Low-voltage compartment losses are estimated based on best
practice
2. Typical substation consists of 10 panels, 3 IF with In 1000A, 7 OF with In 800A/600A/400A(3x)/200A(2x). Typical panel is UG ZS1 12/12/32 type and busbar rating
1000A
January 17, 2024 Slide 41 3. Transformation formula used CO2 equivalent kg is : 0.86kg CO2e
4. To calculate savings for your own substation, go to online calculator : http://www.abb-unigeardigital.com/calculator
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Digital Switchgear Solutions
Key components / Sensor Connection
Protection
Sensor accessories relay

Cable is terminated by shielded RJ-45 Current Voltage

plug connector sensor sensor Shielded cable
– Used RJ-45-type connectors (EIA / with RJ-45
TIA 568A Standard) are screened and OR
designed to guarantee low resistance
shielding
150 mV at 50 Hz
– The connectors are robust and have 180 mV at 60 Hz Ratio 1:10 000
8 contacts and locking latch coupling e.g. 2 V at 20 kV
Eelectric
power meter

January 17, 2024 Slide 43

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Digital Switchgear Performance
Interlocking & Logic Diagram (hardwired vs. communication based)

Conventional approach:
Individual wiring
between IEDs for each
signal

Digital Communication:
Number of connections is
equal to number of devices

Replaced by
Ethernet and
GOOSE

January 17, 2024 Slide 44

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Digital Switchgear Solutions
Switchgear wiring - interconnections between panels (conventional vs. digital)

Traditional Switchgear: Digital Switchgear:

▪ Auxiliary supply cables and several cables for ▪ Only auxiliary supply cables and network
each signal / interlock connection for signals and interlocks

January 17, 2024 Slide 45

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Digital Switchgear Performance
Communication based vs. hardwired

and control
protection
From / to

From / to

Total
IEDs
Interbay signalling 104 116 220

Automation
system
85 47 132

Other externals,
i.e. load
management
383 252 635
system
Typical Digital Switchgear with 10 bays
– Load management system, as well as control system
Total 572 415 987 interface
~58% of the signals are between the relays, measurement devices
Number of IO wires or other automation
– Replaced by Ethernet

January 17, 2024 Slide 46

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MV Sensors
Increased flexibility together with improved safety and reliability

Flexibility towards varying load flows

Flexibility Possibility to connect different equipment/load

Upgrade of switchgear parameters without additional costs

Ferroresonance free (no inductance to couple with line capacitance)

Low voltage signals

Safety and reliability No need to use VT fuses (less violent failure mode)
Secondary can be left open or short-circuited
Easy and reliable connection to protection relays
Increased safety for personnel during testing/ operation

January 17, 2024 Slide 47

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Agenda
• History and introduction
• Low power instrument transformers principles and functionality
• Applications for low power instrument transformers
• Low power instrument transformers benefits and features
• Low power instrument transformers for metering applications
• Examples of projects and potential for metering applications
• Summary
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MV Sensors
Sensor technology for revenue metering applications
with high accuracy classes

1. Revenue energy meter is available for indoor sensors

2. Development of revenue grade outdoor sensors ongoing

3. First set of sensors with accuracy class 0.2(s) available

4. Pilot projects with 0.2(s) sensors in 2024

January 17, 2024 Slide 49

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Revenue Energy Meter for LPITs
Technical parameters

• Based on the existing high-precision industrial grade revenue meter case

• Input was replaced by a block of RJ45 sockets
• Auxiliary power must be provided
• Performance: Active and Reactive energy meter, power quality recorder,
digital fault and waveform recorder, harmonic analyzer etc.
• Complies with IEC standards EN 62052-11, EN 62053-22, EN 62053-24

January 17, 2024 Slide 50

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Statistical Energy Meter for LPITs
Technical parameters

Statistical energy meter/power quality analyzer

• Statistical energy meter and power quality analyzer
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Agenda
• History and introduction
• Low power instrument transformers principles and functionality
• Applications for low power instrument transformers
• Low power instrument transformers benefits and features
• Low power instrument transformers for metering applications
• Examples of projects and potential for metering applications
• Summary
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Datacenters
Combined sensors in Swiss datacenters

To meet the customer’s requirement of a greener

choice, offered the air-insulated switchgear
equipped with vacuum circuit breakers, current
and voltage combisensors, and protection relays.

January 17, 2024 Slide 53

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sensors part of the mobile solution
Project to ZAR within a limited time frame

Plant and process continuity when complete substations needed to

be replaced within a limited time frame. An alternative substation
solution was used to ensure personnel safety and avoid damage to
equipment. To allow for easy relocation, this equipment was placed
in an E-House and installed on a mobile truck trailer. The delivery
included current sensors and voltage sensors produced.

January 17, 2024 Slide 54

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Brownfield application
Sensors for the largest Finnish utility

Significant amount of indoor combined sensors to the largest

electricity distribution company in Finland. Provided sensors help to
monitor electrical network which is so extensive that it would reach
twice around the globe.

January 17, 2024 Slide 55

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Renewable wind power
Current sensors in wind turbines

Clean, renewable wind power continues to grow as countries seek

to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Along with that, demand for
sensors is also increasing. In 2017, installed wind power capacity
had grown to more than 539.5 GW, with more than 80 countries
using this renewable energy source to supply their electricity grids.
Only in that year, more than 5 000 current sensors were supplied to
one of the largest wind turbines manufacturer.

January 17, 2024 Slide 56

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Solar Parks
Sensors in solar parks

Sustainable, renewable power continues to grow

as countries seek to reduce carbon dioxide
emissions. Along with that, demand for sensors is
also increasing. In the 2022, several thousands of
sensors were supplied to the European solar
parks.

January 17, 2024 Slide 57

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Agenda
• History and introduction
• Low power instrument transformers principles and functionality
• Applications for low power instrument transformers
• Low power instrument transformers benefits and features
• Low power instrument transformers for metering applications
• Examples of projects and potential for metering applications
• Summary
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Key benefits
Sensors

Fast and easy design process: Minimized cost during the life cycle
• Standardized products • Saves time and money during planning and execution
• Wide range of parameters covers one design • Reduces operating costs
• Zero engineering
• Faster and simplified project documentation Flexibility
• Flexible for last-minute changes • Flexibility towards varying load flows
• Possibility to connect different equipment/load
Quick delivery time due to standard dimensions & ratings • Upgrade of switchgear parameters without additional costs
• Product available on stock
• Quick dispatch Safety and reliability
• Minimized office process • Ferroresonance free
• No clarification delays • Low voltage signals
• No need to use VT fuses
• Secondary can be left open or short-circuited
• Easy and reliable connection to protection relays and meters
• Increased safety for personnel during testing and operation

January 17, 2024 Slide 59

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MV Sensors
Summary

Advanced measurement for smart application

• Next step in the evolution of primary measurement devices

• Known technology with lots of advantages

• Extensive experience, large global installed base

• Benefits in each step of project and whole life cycle

• Basic pillar for smart grids and switchgear digitalization

• Sensors compatible with wide range of IEDs

• First sensors for indoor metering applications and as next step outdoor
metering applications