All Tutorial

Master of Engineering
(Mechanical)
MME504: Pumps, Compressors, Turbines and Drives

Tutorial
Topic 1
Historical Background and Present State of Development
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Objectives
• About the unit
• Quizzes
• Knowledge-based questions
• Case studies
• Questions/Feedback
Let’s talk about the unit first…
Learning outcomes (these are the unit outcomes for the entire course)
On successful completion of this unit, students are expected to be able to:
• Make judgment about the function of pumps, compressors and drives
• Determine best practice on necessary calculations in order to select
the applications of pumps, compressors and their associated drives
• Evaluate and make Difference between types of pumps, compressors
and drives
• Optimize some of the applicable codes and standards appertaining to
pumps and compressors
• Invent the economic factors in selecting various types and sizes of
pumps, compressors and drives and the impact on CAPEX and OPEX
costs
• Synthesis on the future design and applications of pumps, compressors
and drives
Unit Content
• Topic 1: Historical background and present state of development
• Topic 2: Theory of turbomachines
• Topic 3: Pump classification and applications
• Topic 4: Pumps operation
• Topic 5: Compressors operation
• Topic 6: Turbines operation
• Topic 7: Drives
• Topic 8: Turbomachines selection
• Topic 9: Pump Selection
• Topic 10: Relevant International codes and standards
• Topic 11: Noise, maintenance and condition monitoring of turbomachines
• Topic 12: Unit Review
Required Textbooks
Assessments
Expectations
Now let’s focus on Topic 1
Historical Background and Present State of
Development
Topics
The following topics have been discussed in the pre-recorded lecture of Topic
1:
• Greek and Roman machines
• The middle ages
• The renaissance
• The post renaissance
• The nineteenth century to the present
• General classification of turbomachines
• Theoretical limitations
Any questions?
Quiz Questions
Quiz 1
The Archimedean screw was first invented by the ancient Egyptians.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 1
The Archimedean screw was first invented by the ancient Egyptians.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 2
The main drawback of the Hero engine was _______.
Quiz 2
The main drawback of the Hero engine was _______.
Answer:
inefficiency
Quiz 3
During the dark ages, science was hindered all over the world.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 3
During the dark ages, science was hindered all over the world.
a) True
b) False
Inventions such as waterwheels flourished in the Middle East during this

period.
Several combinations of Archimedean screws, undershot and overshot
waterwheels were developed.
Quiz 4
___________ is the main reason for science development during the
renaissance.
a) the decline of religion beliefs

b) the experimental method
c) the rapid spread of knowledge
d) None of the above
Quiz 4
___________ is the main reason for science development during the
renaissance.
a) the decline of religion beliefs

b) the experimental method
c) the rapid spread of knowledge
Quiz 5
The first centrifugal pump was made of _______.
a) wood
b) iron
c) glass
d) brass
Quiz 5
The first centrifugal pump was made of _______.
a) wood
b) iron
c) glass
d) brass
Quiz 6
Fourneyron overcame the problems in Burdin’s design by combining the
principles of ______ with ______ to build his model.
Quiz 6
Fourneyron overcame the problems in Burdin’s design by combining the
principles of ______ with ______ to build his model.
Answer:
turbine technology
waterwheels
Quiz 7
Of the inventions developed during the 19th century, only the _____ ______ is
still in use.
Quiz 7
Of the inventions developed during the 19th century, only the _____ ______ is
still in use.
Answer:
Pelton wheel
Quiz 8
Rotary dynamic pumps are classified based on _________.
Quiz 8
Rotary dynamic pumps are classified based on _________.
Answer:
the shape of the impeller
Quiz 9
Current hydraulic turbines have reached their design efficiency limits.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 9
Current hydraulic turbines have reached their design efficiency limits.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 10
Benoit Fourneyron introduced the principle of continuity.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 10
a) True
b) False
Then what is the correct answer?
Quiz 10
a) True
b) False
Then what is the correct answer?

Leonardo da Vinci
Knowledge-based Questions
Question 1
Why was the development of centrifugal pumps slow during the post
renaissance era?
Answer 1
The slow development in centrifugal pumps in this era was attributed to the
high-speed drivers required to drive centrifugal pumps, which were not
available at this time.
Question 2
What were the design flaws of the Burdin’s design?
Answer 2
The design flaws were:
– Lack of casing
– Clearances were not sufficiently small
– Runner blades were not well-shaped hydraulically or aerodynamically
Question 3
Incompressible fluid turbines are designed based on what conditions?
Answer 3
Incompressible fluid turbines are designed based on the conditions controlling
fluid flow, such as:
– Head or pressure across the machine
– Volumetric flow rate
Question 4
What are the efficiency criteria for any turbomachine?
Answer 4
The efficiency criteria are:
1. The ratio between:
‒ fluid energy transformed by the turbine and its rotational energy, or
‒ energy delivered to the shaft of the pump and the total energy transformed
by it.
2. The energy distribution across the flow path.
‒ A flow with non-evenly distributed energy causes energy losses that are
wasted to uniformly distribute energy between the reservoirs.
Question 5
What are the functions of displacement dynamic pumps?
Answer 5
• Move the fluid from one location to another (inlet and outlet of the pump).
• Increase the fluid pressure.
Case Studies
Archimedes' Water Screws
Watch the following video and answer the question:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khuBBA6-Txw
In the salt pits in Sicily, discuss the Archimedean screw being used?
Archimedes' Water Screws
• They still use the Archimedean screw identical to the ones used in the
ancient times; made of wood and sealed by bitumen.
Hero’s Engine
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyFMexBTpLs
Compare and contrast the Hero’s engine shown in the video with the ancient
one described in the lecture.
Hero’s Engine
• They are quite similar, but the ancient Hero engine was heated with wood
fire.
Efficiencies of Archimedean Screw Vs Waterwheels for Energy
Generation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oa1E3OS92h8
1. What is the video about?

2. Name various machines introduced in the video.
3. What is/are the most efficient machine/s of those introduced in
the video?
4. Why do you think the machine/s mentioned in Q.3 has/have more
efficiency?
Generation
1. The video is about comparison of efficiency between low and no
head micro hydro systems
2. The following machines were introduced in the video:
‒ Archimedes Micro Hydro
‒ Overshot Waterwheel
‒ HydroCat
3. The most efficient: Archimedes Micro Hydro and overshot
waterwheel (both has efficiencies >65%)
Generation
4.
• Archimedes screw is efficient mainly due to its geometry. The Screw has to
be leaning; it does not work straight up. If the Screw would be straight up
instead of at an angle, then liquid would go down in circles, with nothing to
stop it, just like in a spiral water slide. The fact that is it at an angle causes
the screw to form pockets inside, where water just stands in place. Rotating
it causes these pockets to move up, with the water sloshing up the pipe.
• Overshot waterwheel uses gravity to improve output as well as the water
itself, thus overshot waterwheels are much more efficient than undershot
designs as almost all of the water and its weight is being used to produce
output power.
http://mechstuff.com/amazing-archimedean-screw/
http://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/hydro-energy/waterwheel-design.html
Comparison of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan Turbine
Watch the following video and answer the questions:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0BLOKEZ3KU
• Under what conditions should Pelton and Francis turbines be used?

• What is the preferred turbine?
• What is the direction of fluid low for Kaplan turbine?
Comparison of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan Turbine
• Pelton turbine should be used at high head and low flow rate.
• Francis turbine is used at medium head and medium flow rate.
• The most preferred hydraulic turbine is the Francis turbine.
• Fluid flows parallel to the axis of rotation (axial flow).
Objectives
Objectives achieved:
 About the unit
 10 Quizzes
 5 Knowledge-based questions
 4 Case studies
 Questions/Feedback
References
• G. F. Round, Incompressible Flow Turbomachines: Design, Selection,
Applications, and Theory
End of Topic 1
Any questions or comments?
(Mechanical)

Tutorial
Topic 2
Theory of Turbomachines
Objectives
• Quizzes
• Worked Examples
Topics
The following topics have been discussed in the pre-recorded lecture of
Topic 2:
1. Thermodynamics and fluid 10. Similitude
mechanics 11. Dimensionless numbers and Π-
2. Units and nomenclature products
3. Equations of fluid mechanics 12. Dimensionless performance
4. Turbomachine performance and variables and similarity for
rating turbomachinery
5. Rating and performance for liquid 13. Compressible flow similarity
pumps
14. Specific speed and specific
6. Compressible flow machines diameter
7. Typical performance curves 15. Correlations of machine type
8. Machine and system and the Cordier diagram
9. Dimensionality Any questions?
Quiz Questions
Quiz 1
In the study of turbomachinery, temperature reflects __________.
a) the average stress in the fluid

b) the internal energy of the fluid
c) mass per unit volume of the fluid
Quiz 1
In the study of turbomachinery, temperature reflects __________.
a) the average stress in the fluid

b) the internal energy of the fluid
c) mass per unit volume of the fluid
Quiz 2
The following units are BG units except _____.
a) Kelvin
b) ft
c) lb
d) slug
Quiz 2
The following units are BG units except _____.
a) Kelvin
b) ft
c) lb
d) slug
Quiz 3
Fluid mechanics analyses depends on the natural laws governing
________.
Quiz 3
Fluid mechanics analyses depends on the natural laws governing
________.
Answer:
Newtonian fluids
Quiz 4
The conservation of mass means that there is no mass transfer involved.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 4
The conservation of mass means that there is no mass transfer involved.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 5
In turbomachine design, mechanical losses are accounted for by
efficiency.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 5
In turbomachine design, mechanical losses are accounted for by
efficiency.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 6
Different performance tests are used for compressible and
incompressible flow machines.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 6
Different performance tests are used for compressible and
incompressible flow machines.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 7
In power curves of turbomachines, it is very desirable that the maximum
power occurs close to _________.
Quiz 7
In power curves of turbomachines, it is very desirable that the maximum
power occurs close to _________.
Answer:
the point of rating
Quiz 8
A ______ curve takes into account the frictional losses in the piping and
represents a relationship between the energy used, flow rate, and
system characteristics.
a) power
b) efficiency
c) system
d) performance
Quiz 8
A ______ curve takes into account the frictional losses in the piping and
represents a relationship between the energy used, flow rate, and
system characteristics.
a) power
b) efficiency
c) system
d) performance
Quiz 9
____________ determines the validity of mathematical relationships that
represent a physical process.
Quiz 9
____________ determines the validity of mathematical relationships that
represent a physical process.
Answer:
The principle of dimensional homogeneity
Quiz 10
Which dimensionless numbers are used to determine the machine size
and speed using the specified flow and pressure?
Quiz 10
Which dimensionless numbers are used to determine the machine size
and speed using the specified flow and pressure?
Answer:
Specific speed and specific diameter.
Quiz 11
______ diagram is used for initial design and selection of turbomachines.
a) efficiency
b) Cordier
c) resistance
d) power
Quiz 11
______ diagram is used for initial design and selection of turbomachines.
a) efficiency
b) Cordier
c) resistance
d) power
Question 1
Cavitation may occur in the entry region of a pump. Explain.
Answer 1
Cavitation occurs due to vapor bubbles imploding in the high-
pressure region.
• The fluid can be boiled either by increasing temperature or decreasing
pressure below its vapor pressure.
• Pressure is lower in the entry region of pumps and if it falls below the
vapor pressure of the operating fluid at given temperature, the fluid
starts boiling.
• Vapor bubbles form, travel to high pressure region and then implode
(external pressure is higher than the internal pressure of the bubbles)
causing a lot of noise, vibrations and wear.
Question 2
Briefly explain how a performance rating test of a fan is conducted?
Answer 2
Turbomachine performance and rating:
A schematic of a fan performance test facility
Fluid Machinery: Application, Selection, and Design (Second Edition)
Answer 2 cont.
• The air discharge from the fan enters flow box (plenum chamber).
• The flow passes through the plenum.
• This flow path is aligned with sensors that measure pressure.
• Compressibility can be measured using a thermocouple

along with the Pitot-static probe at the fan discharge.
• The pressure change across the fan is measured to
calculate the pressure added by the fan.
• The test also measures the power supplied to the fan.
• This is done by measuring the electrical power or the
torque of the fan impeller with the shaft speed of
rotation.
Answer 2 cont.
Question 3
What are the factors affecting the performance curves of
turbomachines?
Answer 3
Performance curves of turbomachines are different and depends on:
• The machine size
• Rotating speed
• Design details
• Fluid being handled
Question 4
Mention three characteristics of specific speed and specific diameter.
Answer 4
• They are used to determine the machine size and speed using the
specified flow and pressure.
• They are also used to characterize several turbomachine parameters.
• They can vary from zero to infinity.
• At normal operation, they are specified at best efficiency.
• For compressible machine, Ns and Ds are calculated using the
isentropic head and the inlet volume flow, .
• As they are calculated at BEP, a unique value of Ns and Ds is assigned
to each geometrically similar turbomachine family.
Worked Examples
Worked Example 1
Problem:
A fan is tested over the following range:
0 ≤ 𝑄𝑄 ≤ 100 m3 /s
0 ≤ ∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 ≤ 1500 Pa
0 ≤ 𝑃𝑃 ≤ 100 kW
with the design point performance (BEP) of Q = 80 m3 /s; ∆pT =
1000 Pa; and P = 90 kW. The fan diameter is D = 1.2 m, the speed is
N=103 rad. s −1 (980 rpm), and the air density is ρ = 1.2 kg⁄m3 .
Find the dimensionless variables.
Worked Example 1
Problem cont.
Given:
Q = 80 m3 /s ∆pT = 1000 Pa
P = 90 kW D = 1.2 m
N = 103 rad. s −1 (980 rpm) ρ = 1.2 kg⁄m3
Find:
𝑄𝑄
a) Flow coefficient, 𝜑𝜑 =
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3
∆𝑝𝑝
b) Head coefficient, Ψ = 2𝑇𝑇 2
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 𝐷𝐷
𝑃𝑃
c) Power coefficient, 𝜀𝜀 = 3 5
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 /𝜌𝜌
a) Efficiency, ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = =
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
Worked Example 1
Solution:
The normalizing factors to be used to form the dimensionless variables
are:
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3 =
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 2 𝐷𝐷2 =
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 3 𝐷𝐷5 =
Given:
Q = 80 m3 /s;
∆pT = 1000 Pa
P = 90 kW
D = 1.2 m
N = 103 rad. s −1 (980 rpm)
ρ = 1.2 kg⁄m3
Worked Example 1
Solution cont.
are:
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3 = 177 m3 ⁄s
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 2 𝐷𝐷2 = 18,181 kPa (18332.35 kPa)
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 3 𝐷𝐷5 = 3270 kW (3262.83 kW)

Given:
Q = 80 m3 /s;
∆pT = 1000 Pa
P = 90 kW
D = 1.2 m
N = 103 rad. s −1 (980 rpm)
ρ = 1.2 kg⁄m3
Worked Example 1
Solution cont.
The design point (BEP) values of 𝜑𝜑, Ψ, ε, and ɳ 𝑇𝑇 are calculated as follows:
𝑄𝑄
Flow coefficient, 𝜑𝜑 =
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3
∆𝑝𝑝
Head coefficient, Ψ = 2𝑇𝑇 2
𝑃𝑃
Power coefficient, 𝜀𝜀 = 3 5
Efficiency, ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = =
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
Ψ𝜑𝜑
Recheck ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = Given:
𝜀𝜀 Q = 80 m3 /s;
∆pT = 1000 Pa
P = 90 kW
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3 = 177 m3 ⁄s D = 1.2 m
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 2 𝐷𝐷2 = 18,181 kPa (18332.35 kPa) N = 103 rad. s −1 (980 rpm)
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 3 𝐷𝐷5 = 3270 kW 3262.83 kW ρ = 1.2 kg⁄m3
Worked Example 1
Solution cont.
The design point (BEP) values of 𝜑𝜑, Ψ, ε, and ɳ 𝑇𝑇 are calculated as follows:
𝑄𝑄 80
𝜑𝜑 = = = 0.452,
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3 177
∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 1000
Ψ= = = 0.055,
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁2 𝐷𝐷2 18,181
𝑃𝑃 90
𝜀𝜀 = = = 0.0279,
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁3 𝐷𝐷5 3270
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 /𝜌𝜌 80×1000
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = = = = 0.89
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃 90
Given:
Ψ𝜑𝜑 0.055×0.452 Q = 80 m3 /s;
Recheck ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = = = 0.89
𝜀𝜀 0.0279 ∆pT = 1000 Pa
P = 90 kW
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3 = 177 m3 ⁄s D = 1.2 m
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 2 𝐷𝐷2 = 18,181 kPa (18332.35 kPa) N = 103 rad. s −1 (980 rpm)
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 3 𝐷𝐷5 = 3270 kW 3262.83 kW ρ = 1.2 kg⁄m3
Worked Example 2
Problem:
In the previous example, what will be the BEP performance of this design
at the following different size and speed:
𝐷𝐷 = 2.5 ft
𝑁𝑁 = 1800 rpm = 188.5 𝑠𝑠 −1
ρ𝑔𝑔 = 0.074 lb/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 3 and 𝜌𝜌 = 0.0023 slug/ft 3
Note that: 1 lb = 0.03108 slug
Worked Example 2
Problem:
Given:
D = 2.5 ft
N = 188.5 rad. s −1 (1800 rpm)
ρ𝑔𝑔 = 0.074 lb/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 3
𝜌𝜌 = 0.0023 slug/ft 3
Find: Q, ΔpT, P, ηT
Worked Example 2
Solution:
are:
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3 = _____ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓⁄𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 2 𝐷𝐷2 = ____ lb/ft 2
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 3 𝐷𝐷5 = ___________ft. lb/s
Given:
D = 2.5 ft
N = 188.5 rad. s −1 (1800 rpm)
𝜌𝜌 = 0.0023 slug/ft 3
Worked Example 2
Solution cont.
are:
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3 = 2945 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓⁄𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 2 𝐷𝐷2 = 510 lb/ft 2
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 3 𝐷𝐷5 = 1.504 × 106 ft. lb/s
Given:
D = 2.5 ft
N = 188.5 rad. s −1 (1800 rpm)
𝜌𝜌 = 0.0023 slug/ft 3
Worked Example 2
Solution cont.
are:
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3 = 2945 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓⁄𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 2 𝐷𝐷2 = 510 lb/ft 2
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 3 𝐷𝐷5 = 1.504 × 106 ft. lb/s
Using the calculated 𝜑𝜑, Ψ, ε, and ɳ 𝑇𝑇 in the previous example:
𝑄𝑄 = 𝜑𝜑(𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷 3 ) 𝑄𝑄
𝜑𝜑 = 3 = 0.452,
∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 = Ψ(𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 2 𝐷𝐷2 ) 𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷
∆𝑝𝑝
𝑃𝑃 = 𝜀𝜀(𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 3 𝐷𝐷5 ) Ψ = 2𝑇𝑇 2 = 0.055,
𝑄𝑄∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = 𝜀𝜀 = 3 5 = 0.0279,
𝑃𝑃 𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 𝐷𝐷
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = = = 0.89
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
Worked Example 2
Solution cont.
are:
𝑄𝑄
𝜑𝜑 = = 0.452,
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3 = 2945 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓⁄𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3
∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇
Ψ= = 0.055,
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁2 𝐷𝐷2
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 2 𝐷𝐷2 = 510 lb/ft 2 𝜀𝜀 =
𝑃𝑃
= 0.0279,
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁3 𝐷𝐷5
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 3 𝐷𝐷5 = 1.504 × 106 ft. lb/s ɳ 𝑇𝑇 =

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝑃𝑃
=
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 /𝜌𝜌
𝑃𝑃
= 0.89
Using the calculated 𝜑𝜑, Ψ, ε, and ɳ 𝑇𝑇 in the previous example:

𝑄𝑄 = 𝜑𝜑(𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷 3 ) = 0.452 × 2945 = 1325 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 3 ⁄𝑠𝑠 = 79,250 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 = Ψ(𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 2 𝐷𝐷2 ) = 0.055 × 510.8 = 28.1 lb⁄ft 2
lb
𝑃𝑃 = 𝜀𝜀(𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 3 𝐷𝐷5 ) = 0.0279 × 1.504 × 106 = 41,950 ft.
s
𝑄𝑄∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 1325×28.1
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = = = 0.890
𝑃𝑃 41,950
According to the scaling rules, ηT should be conserved in the resizing process, so this last
calculation serves as a check on the other results.
Worked Example 3
Problem:
A commercially available fan has BEP performance Q = 350 ft 3 /s, ∆pT =
100 Ibf/ft 2 , and ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = 0.86. Density is 0.00233 slug⁄ft 3 , and speed and
size are 𝑁𝑁 = 485 𝑠𝑠 −1 and 𝐷𝐷 = 2.25 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓.
a) At what speed will the fan generate 20 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2 at BEP?
b) What will the flow rate be at that speed?
c) Calculate the required motor horsepower.
d) Estimate the fan efficiency at that speed.
Worked Example 3
Problem cont. Find:
Given: a) N for ∆pT = 20Ibf/ft 2
ft3
Q= 350 b) Q at that N
s
∆pT = 100 Ibf/ft 2 c) Required P
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = 0.86 d) ɳ 𝑇𝑇
D = 2.25 ft
−1 Equations:
N=485 rad. s 𝑄𝑄
Flow coefficient, 𝜑𝜑 =
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3
ρ = 0.00233 slug⁄ft 3 ∆𝑝𝑝
Head coefficient, Ψ = 2𝑇𝑇 2
𝑃𝑃
Power coefficient, 𝜀𝜀 = 3 5
Efficiency, ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = =
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
Worked Example 3
Solution:
To form the dimensionless variable Ψ :
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 2 𝐷𝐷2 = 0.00233 × 4852 × 2.252 lb/ft 2 = 2774.6 lb/ft 2
Using to calculated Ψ:
Ψ= = = 0.036,
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁2 𝐷𝐷2 2774.6
To form dimensionless variable 𝜑𝜑,

𝑄𝑄 350 Given:
𝜑𝜑 = = = 0.064
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3 485∗2.253 Q=
ft3
350 s
∆pT = 100 Ibf/ft 2
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = 0.86
D = 2.25 ft
N = 485 rad. s −1
ρ = 0.00233 slug⁄ft 3
Worked Example 3
Solution cont.
For ∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 = 20 lbf⁄ft 2 :
a) Required speed
𝑁𝑁 =
b) At the new speed, flow rate:
𝑄𝑄 =
Given:
ft3
Q = 350 s
∆pT = 100 Ibf/ft 2
𝑄𝑄 ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = 0.86
𝜑𝜑 = = 0.1425 D = 2.25 ft
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3
∆𝑝𝑝 N = 485 rad. s −1
Ψ = 2𝑇𝑇 2 = 0.036 ρ = 0.00233 slug⁄ft 3
Worked Example 3
Solution cont.
For ∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 = 20 lbf⁄ft 2 :
a) Required speed
𝑁𝑁 = = = 214.6 rad 𝑠𝑠 −1
𝜌𝜌Ψ𝐷𝐷2 0.00233∗0.036∗2.252
b) At the new speed, flow rate:

𝑄𝑄 = 𝜑𝜑𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3 = 0.1425 ∗ 217.2 ∗ 2.253 = 156.47 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 3 ⁄𝑠𝑠
Given:
ft3
Q= 350
𝑄𝑄 s
𝜑𝜑 = = 0.1425 ∆pT = 100 Ibf/ft 2
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3 ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = 0.86
∆𝑝𝑝
Ψ = 2𝑇𝑇 2 = 0.036 D = 2.25 ft
N = 485 rad. s −1
ρ = 0.00233 slug⁄ft 3
Worked Example 3
Solution cont.
c) Required power:
Power at BEP can be calculated using ɳ 𝑇𝑇 as follows:
𝑄𝑄∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 =
𝑃𝑃
P
Power coefficient, ε =
ρN3 D5
𝑄𝑄 Given:
𝜑𝜑 = = 0.1425
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷3 Q= 350
ft3
∆𝑝𝑝
Ψ = 𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁2𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷2 = 0.036 s
∆pT = 100 Ibf/ft 2
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 /𝜌𝜌 ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = 0.86
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = =
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃 D = 2.25 ft
P
ε= N = 485 rad. s −1
ρN 3 D5 ρ = 0.00233 slug⁄ft 3
Worked Example 3
Solution cont.
c) Required power:
𝑄𝑄∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 350∗100
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = = 0.86 =
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
lb
P = 40,697 ft.
s
P 40,697
Power coefficient, ε = = = 0.00266
ρN3 D5 0.00233∗4853 ∗2.255
Required power to produce ∆pT = 20 lbf⁄ft 2 :
Worked Example 3
Solution cont.
c) Required power:
𝑄𝑄∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 350∗100
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = = 0.86 =
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
lb
P = 40,697 ft.
s
P 40,697
Power coefficient, ε = = = 0.00266
ρN3 D5 0.00233∗4853 ∗2.255
Required power to produce ∆pT = 20 lbf⁄ft 2 :

𝑃𝑃 = 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀𝑁𝑁 3 𝐷𝐷5 = 0.00266 ∗ 0.00233 ∗ 214.63 ∗ 2.255
lb 3527.57
= 3527.57 ft. = hp = 6.41 hp
s 550
Worked Example 3
Solution cont.
d) Fan efficiency at new speed N = 214.6 rad/s and new flow rate Q =
156.47 ft3/s (For ∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 = 20 lbf⁄ft 2 )
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 =
Given:
ft3
Q = 350
s
∆pT = 100 Ibf/ft 2
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = 0.86
D = 2.25 ft
N = 485 rad. s−1
ρ = 0.00233 slug⁄ft 3
𝑄𝑄
𝜑𝜑 = = 0.1425
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷 3
∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇
Ψ= = 0.036
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 2 𝐷𝐷2
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = =
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
Worked Example 3
Solution cont.
d) Fan efficiency at new speed N = 214.6 rad/s and new flow rate Q =
156.47 ft3/s (For ∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 = 20 lbf⁄ft 2 )
𝑄𝑄∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇 156.47∗20
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = = = 0.88
𝑃𝑃 3527.57
Given:
ft3
Q = 350
s
∆pT = 100 Ibf/ft 2
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = 0.86
D = 2.25 ft
N = 485 rad. s−1
ρ = 0.00233 slug⁄ft 3
𝑄𝑄
𝜑𝜑 = = 0.1425
𝑁𝑁𝐷𝐷 3
∆𝑝𝑝𝑇𝑇
Ψ= = 0.036
𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 2 𝐷𝐷2
ɳ 𝑇𝑇 = =
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
References
• T. Wright, P. Gerhart, Fluid Machinery: Application, Selection, and
Design, 2nd Edition. 2009
Any question/comments/feedback?
Objectives
 About the unit
 11 Quizzes
 3 Worked Examples
End of Topic 2
(Mechanical)

Tutorial
Topic 3
Pump Classification and Applications
Objectives
• Quizzes
• Worked Examples
Topics
1. Pump classification
2. Pump applications including:
– Water supply, sewage treatment, drainage and irrigation, fire pumps and
water pressure booster systems
– Chemical industry, oil wells, petroleum industry, pulp and paper mills and
food and beverage pumping, metering, solids pumping, hydraulic presses
– Mining
– Marine pumps
– Refrigeration, heating, and air-conditioning
– Nuclear and steam power plants
– Cryogenic liquefied gas service
– Aerospace
– Portable transfer of hazardous liquids
Quiz Questions
Quiz 1
The most basic pump classification procedure is based on:
a) applications
b) materials of construction
c) liquids handled by the pump
d) their orientation in space
e) None of the above
Quiz 1
The most basic pump classification procedure is based on:
a) applications
b) materials of construction
c) liquids handled by the pump
d) their orientation in space
e) None of the above
Quiz 2
In drinking water supply pumps, the flow rate depends on ________.
Quiz 2
In drinking water supply pumps, the flow rate depends on the number of
consumers.
Quiz 3
The most used liquid available for fire fighting is firefighting foam.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 3
The most used liquid available for fire fighting is firefighting foam.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 4
______ and ______ are the most essential factors in the choice of oil field
pumps, because of their remote locations.
Quiz 4
Reliability and long service life are the most essential factors in the choice of
oil field pumps, because of their remote locations.
Quiz 5
Solid-liquid mixtures that are usually destined to landfills are called ______
and __________ pumps are usually used to handle such mixtures.
Quiz 5
Solid-liquid mixtures that are usually destined to landfills are called slurries
and centrifugal pumps are usually used to handle such mixtures.
Quiz 6
Pumping conditions in mining services are based on the type of mine.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 6
Pumping conditions in mining services are based on the type of mine.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 7
Freshwater-drain-collecting-tank pumps are also called:
a) condenser-exhausting pumps
b) atmospheric-drain-tank pumps
c) engine freshwater cooling pumps
Quiz 7
Freshwater-drain-collecting-tank pumps are also called:
a) condenser-exhausting pumps
b) atmospheric-drain-tank pumps
c) engine freshwater cooling pumps
Quiz 8
In refrigeration, _______ is any liquid which transfers heat solely by a change
in its temperature without a change in its physical state.
Quiz 8
In refrigeration, brine is any liquid which transfers heat solely by a change in
its temperature without a change in its physical state.
Quiz 9
The secondary cycle that consists of turbo generator, condenser, and boiler-
feed pumps is very different in nuclear power plant compared to
conventional ones.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 9
The secondary cycle that consists of turbo generator, condenser, and boiler-
feed pumps is very different in nuclear power plant compared to
conventional ones.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 10
The main design consideration/s for selecting a pump that can handle
cryogenic liquids:
a) Should be able to pump at low NPSH

b) Construction material that can withstand low temperatures
c) Varying shrinkage rates
d) All of the above
Quiz 10
The main design consideration/s for selecting a pump that can handle
cryogenic liquids:
a) Should be able to pump at low NPSH

b) Construction material that can withstand low temperatures
c) Varying shrinkage rates
d) All of the above
Question 1
Discuss design considerations for a sewage pump. Which type of pump/s can
fulfill these requirements?
Answer 1
• Sewage pumps should be:
- Able to handle solid laden liquids or problem material such as grit, rags,
stringy trash etc. with varying chemical compositions.
• The conventional sewage pumps are the most suitable ones for such
applications. A conventional sewage pump can be described as an end-
suction, volute-type centrifugal with an overhung impeller of either the
non-clog or the radial- or mixed-flow type.
• Non-clog impellers are designed to pass the largest solids possible for the
pump size.
• The conventional non-clog impeller contains two blades, although some
manufacturers are now offering a single-blade (“bladeless”) impeller.
• The bladeless impeller has no vane tips to catch trash but on the other
hand, it is inherently out of balance due to lack of symmetry.
Answer 1 cont.
• Archimedean screw pumps can also be used for sewage pumping
applications.
• They have practical limitation as to pumping head (maximum 25 ft or 7.6
m).
Question 2
What are the possible components of a fire protection system?
Discuss various factors responsible for variations in fire protection systems at
different locations.
How can the efficiency of a fire protection system be assured?
Answer 2
• Fire protection systems are composed of:
– Fire detection system that activates an alarm
– On the second level, the detection and warning system is combined with
a first degree of fire fighting (with a sprinkler installation)
– The third level is a combination of detection, warning, sprinkler and
extinguishing systems (water, inert gases, foam)
Answer 2 cont.
• The variations in fire protection systems greatly depends upon:
– Type and significance of the fire risk
– Site conditions
– National regulations
• The efficiency of a fire protection system can be assured by:
– Provision of water supply, which will supply the required flow at the
required pressure and be continuously available during the time
necessary to extinguish the particular type of fire.
Question 3
What is the main consideration while selecting a pump for chemical
handling?
What materials are the chemical handling pumps made up of?
Why is it important to carry out careful analysis of the chemical to be
handled? Analyze various considerations for such chemicals.
Answer 3
• The construction material of the pump must be able to withstand the
chemical being handled.
• Pumps can be made of cast iron, ductile iron, carbon steel, and aluminum
or copper-base alloys which can handle some chemical solutions,
• Most chemical pumps are made of stainless steel, Hastelloy, the nickel-
base alloys, titanium and zirconium.
• Pumps are also available in carbon, glass, porcelain, rubber, lead, and
whole families of engineering polymers.
Answer 3 cont.
• The type of corrosive liquid to be pumped determines which material is
most suitable for the pump construction and hence, a careful analysis of
the chemical to be handled is the first step in selecting the proper
materials for pump construction.
– Major and minor constituents: affect corrosion rates
– Concentration: % by weight, sometimes very small amounts may affect corrosion rates, i.e.
high-silicon iron with or without fluorides
– Temperature: corrosion and thermal shock, max., min. and operating temperatures should
be used to avoid ambiguity (ambient temperature differs largely based on geographic
location)
– Acidity and alkalinity: especially when solution alters between acidic and alkaline
conditions
– Solids in suspension: % by volume or weight, erosion and corrosion
– Aerated or non-aerated: oxidation
– Transferring or recirculating: possible build-up of corrosion product
– Inhibitors or accelerators: Inhibitors reduce corrosivity; accelerators increase it.
– Purity of product: discoloration r solution breakdown due to contamination
– Continuous or intermittent duty: Intermittent maybe more detrimental if pump remains
half full of corrosive during downtime.
Question 4
Compare centrifugal and reciprocating pumps for hydraulic presses.
Answer 4
• Centrifugal pumps shows better efficiency with full load than
reciprocating pumps.
• However, there are long idle times in press operations.
• During this idle time, losses are only about 10% of full load for
reciprocating pumps and 60 to 70% for centrifugal pumps.
• The total combined losses in installations with reciprocating pumps are
less than half the losses in centrifugal pump plants.
Answer 4 cont.
Question 5
Which pump is used for pumping LNG? What are the advantages of this
current design of LNG pump?
Answer 5
• A novel approach to pumping LNG was introduced in 1959 with the
application of the submerged electric-motor-driven pump.
• As LNGs are excellent di-electrics, part of pump stream can be re-directed
for cooling motor and lubricate bearings.
• No need to can or treat the windings with anything other than specially
selected varnishes
This design offers several advantages, such as:
• No cool-down requirement on pumps installed in tanks
• High reliability because of corrosion and humidity protection, no shaft
seals
• Low hazard
• Minimal differential shrinkage problems due to close - coupled design
• Utilization of rejected heat according to designer choice
Question 6
What are the conditions that should be taken into consideration when
designing a marine pump?
Answer 6
• They should withstand dynamic loads resulting from vessel motion.
• They should withstand the hot, humid, and corrosive environments.
• They must operate within a range of flow rates to accommodate the
different vessel conditions and speeds.
• Minimum possible size and weight for the given application.
Case Studies
Case Study 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UN3hU_9xD4M&t=1297s
06:06-08:00
21:08-22:00
Case Study 1 – Question 1
What are the main components of submersible wastewater pumps?
Case Study 1 – Answer 1
• The pump consists of a rotating impeller inside a stationary housing in
addition to the impeller driver, which is an electric motor.
What kind of impeller is shown in the animation while explaining major
components (6:08-6:59)? Why this particular type is used for the given
application?
• 2 blades open impeller as it can handle low to medium pressure,
screened or unscreened liquid and has high capacity.
How does the operation of submersible wastewater pumps shown in the
video differ from other centrifugal pumps?
• It differs in that solids must pass through the pump and the pump
remains submerged in the operating liquid.
What are the requirements for pump chambers and what are they made of?
• Pump chambers are made of concrete, fiberglass, polyethylene, coated
steel.
• They must be leak proof and water tight.
• It must also have buoyancy prevention, structure loading, and other
characteristics based on the local codes.
Case Study 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkVdq2LcpV8
Up to 02:23
Mention at least two types of mining pumps featured in the video.
• Diesel driven self priming pumps
• Vertical turbine pumps
• Booster pumps
• Submersible slurry pumps
• Highwall pumps
• Dirty water pumps
• Multistage pumps
• Positive displacement pumps
• Horizontal split case pumps
References
• T. Wright, P. Gerhart, Fluid Machinery: Application, Selection, and Design,
2nd Edition. 2009
• Centrifugal Pump Handbook, 3rd Edition. Sulzer Pumps, 2010
Objectives
 10 Quizzes
 2 Case Studies
End of Topic 3
(Mechanical)

Tutorial
Topic 4
Pumps Operation
Objectives
• Quizzes
• Worked Example
• Case study
Topics
• Radial flow pumps
• Mixed flow pump
• Axial and semi-axial pumps
• Centrifugal pumps
• Series and parallel connection
• Displacement rotary pumps
• Flow control
• Automatic Priming
Any questions?
Quiz Questions
Quiz 1
Profile losses are a type of ________ loss.
a) head
b) leakage
c) disk friction
d) mechanical
Quiz 1
Profile losses are a type of ________ loss.
a) head
b) leakage
c) disk friction
d) mechanical
Quiz 2
Blade tip velocities (u) are always______________.
a) Tangential to the stream lines at any point in the flow

b) Tangential to the circles centered at the shaft
c) Normal to the circles centered at the shaft
Quiz 2
Blade tip velocities (u) are always______________.
a) Tangential to the stream lines at any point in the flow

b) Tangential to the circles centered at the shaft
c) Normal to the circles centered at the shaft
Quiz 3
Internal leakage losses occur as a result of flow through
a) Stuffing boxes
b) Outer seals
c) Wearing rings
Quiz 3
Internal leakage losses occur as a result of flow through
a) Stuffing boxes
b) Outer seals
c) Wearing rings
Quiz 4
Losses from the rotating parts are the only friction losses in centrifugal
pumps.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 4
Losses from the rotating parts are the only friction losses in centrifugal
pumps.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 5
The flow through an impeller is divided into two components: ______ and
_______.
a) Horizontal and vertical

b) Tangential and normal
c) Meridional and peripheral
Quiz 5
The flow through an impeller is divided into two components: ______ and
_______.
a) Horizontal and vertical

b) Tangential and normal
c) Meridional and peripheral
Quiz 6
Mixed flow pumps are used when higher specific speeds (compared to
those used with radial flow pumps) are required.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 6
a) True
b) False
Quiz 6
a) True
b) False
Quiz 7
In case of an axial flow propeller, the inlet and outlet velocity vectors have a
common base.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 7
In case of an axial flow propeller, the inlet and outlet velocity vectors have a
common base.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 8
Only identical pumps can be connected in series.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 8
Only identical pumps can be connected in series.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 9
In vane pumps, vanes sealing is maintained using springs pushing vanes into
the casing.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 9
In vane pumps, vanes sealing is maintained using springs pushing vanes into
the casing.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 10
The type of flow control that mostly used with research laboratory pumps
is:
a) Speed regulation
b) Regulated flow bypass
c) Throttling
d) Impeller blade adjustment
Quiz 10
The type of flow control that mostly used with research laboratory pumps
is:
a) Speed regulation
b) Regulated flow bypass
c) Throttling
d) Impeller blade adjustment
Question 1
Give an example of the effect of fluid properties on the pump performance.
Answer 1
• Any changes in the fluid properties, e.g. density and viscosity, affects
pumps characteristics.
• For example, when viscosity increases:
– The head required for a given flow rate increases.
– The efficiency decreases
– The power increases
Question 2
Which is more preferred in pumping systems: one large pump or multiple
pumps?
Answer 2
• The decision to choose one or multiple connected pumps depends on:
– Cost.
• If the flow rate is variable, it’s better to install multiple pumps, so when
the flow is reduced, the additional pumps are disconnected.
Question 3
Describe the operation of a peristaltic pump.
Answer 3
• In these positive displacement pumps, only the tube comes into contact
with the fluid.
• The fluid is sucked into the pump and is held between two rollers called
shoes.
• The top shoe rotates clockwise causing the fluid to be expelled in front
of it.
• The tube then springs back to its original position.
• Meanwhile, the bottom shoe starts to squeeze the tube.
• This action causes the positive displacement of the fluid.
Can you think of any applications of peristaltic pumps?
Answer 3 cont.
• In these positive displacement pumps, only the tube comes into contact
with the fluid.
• The fluid is sucked into the pump and is held between two rollers called
shoes.
• The top shoe rotates clockwise causing the fluid to be expelled in front
of it.
• The tube then springs back to its original position.
• Meanwhile, the bottom shoe starts to squeeze the tube.
• This action causes the positive displacement of the fluid.
Can you think of any applications of peristaltic pumps?
• Pharmaceutical and food industries where fluid must not be
contaminated.
Worked Examples
Worked Example 1
Tests on a centrifugal pump produced the H-Q and efficiency data shown in
the next slide. Two such pumps are connected to run in series and parallel.
The external resistance against which the pumps are to work is represented
by the system curve in the same figure.
Determine:
1. The discharge when two pumps are working in parallel at current
operating point
2. The discharge when two pumps are working in series
3. The power required for both
Worked Example 1
Determine:
operating point
Worked Example 1
Determine:
operating point
Worked Example 1
Solution:
1. The current operating point is the point of intersection of H-Q and
system curves is at:
H = 6.5 m, Q = 0.012 m3/s, and efficiency = 74%
When two similar pumps are connected in parallel, total discharge for the
parallel connection would be twice that of a single pump at the same H:
Qparallel = 2Q = 0.024 m3/s at 6.5 m Head
2. The point of intersection of H-Q and system curves of series connection
is at:
Hseries = 11.6 m, Qseries = 0.0153 m3/s, and efficiencyseries = 76%
Worked Example 1
3. Power:
• In case of parallel connection:
𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾
𝑃𝑃parallel = = 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 6.5 ∗ 0.012/0.74
ɳ
= 1034.02 watts = 1.03 kW
• In case of series connection:
𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾
𝑃𝑃series = = 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 11.6 ∗ 0.0153/0.76
ɳ
= 2291 watts = 2.29 kW
Worked Example 2
The inner and outer diameters of a centrifugal pump impeller are 18 cm and
36 cm respectively. The vane angle at inlet is 20º and that at outlet is 30º.
The speed of operation is 1450 rpm.
Water enters the impeller radially. The flow velocity remains constant.
Determine the work done by impeller per kg of water.
Worked Example 2
Case Studies
Case Study 1 – Questions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guATpg2drs4
02:35-04:10
10:00-11:35
a) Describe the direction of the flow in axial and radial flow pumps.
b) Analyze the amount of pressure and discharge each type of pump
(radial, axial and mixed flow) can handle.
c) What is an open impeller used for? Comment about its efficiency.
Case Study 1 – Answer a)
• In radial flow pumps, the liquid flows in the radial or outward direction
from the suction eye.
• In axial flow pumps, the liquid moves in the direction parallel to the
pump shaft.
Case Study 1 – Answer b)
• Radial flow pump: Uses maximum amount of centrifugal forces that the
impeller develops and hence are capable of higher discharge pressures
but can handle less discharge.
• Axial flow pump: Liquid is moved mainly by the propeller action of the
impeller and hence discharge pressure is lower than radial flow pump
but can handle a large amount of discharge.
• Mixed flow pump: Takes advantage of both, centrifugal force and
propeller action of the impeller vanes to move the liquid and hence can
develop large discharge pressure and can handle a large quantity of
liquid.
Case Study 1 – Answer c)
• It is used for liquids that contain suspended solids.
• Open impellers are less efficient as compared to closed impellers since
the flow of liquid is not directed between the vanes.
References
• G. F. Round, Incompressible Flow Turbomachines: Design, Selection,
Objectives
 10 Quizzes
 1 Worked Example
 1 Case study
End of Topic 4
(Mechanical)

Tutorial
Topic 5
Compressors Operation
Objectives
• Quizzes
• Worked Example
• Case study
Topics
• Dynamic compressors
• Centrifugal compressors
• Axial compressors
Quiz Questions
Quiz 1
In the past, the most popular drivers for the compressors were:
a) Electric motors
b) Generators
c) Steam turbines
d) Gas turbines
Quiz 1
In the past, the most popular drivers for the compressors were:
a) Electric motors
b) Generators
c) Steam turbines
d) Gas turbines
Quiz 2
Centrifugal compressors are used for:
a) High horsepower applications

b) Low horsepower applications
c) Medium horsepower applications
Quiz 2
Centrifugal compressors are used for:
a) High horsepower applications

b) Low horsepower applications
c) Medium horsepower applications
Quiz 3
Centrifugal compressors can be classified based on the number of stages.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 3
Centrifugal compressors can be classified based on the number of stages.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 4
Multistage configuration is usually arranged in the overhung style.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 4
Multistage configuration is usually arranged in the overhung style.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 5
Which of the following drivers are less popular due to high CAPEX & OPEX
although they have attractive efficiency?
a) Steam turbines
b) Electric motors
c) Gas turbines
Quiz 5
Which of the following drivers are less popular due to high CAPEX & OPEX
although they have attractive efficiency?
a) Steam turbines
b) Electric motors
c) Gas turbines
Quiz 6
______ is the ratio of the static head converted in the impeller to the total
head produced by the stage.
a) Reaction
b) stonewall
c) Surge
d) Choke
Quiz 6
______ is the ratio of the static head converted in the impeller to the total
head produced by the stage.
a) Reaction
b) stonewall
c) Surge
d) Choke
Quiz 7
Centrifugal compressors have a relatively ____ performance curve, while
axial compressors have a ___ performance curve.
a) Flat, steep
b) Steep, flat
Quiz 7
Centrifugal compressors have a relatively ____ performance curve, while
axial compressors have a ___ performance curve.
a) Flat, steep
b) Steep, flat
Quiz 8
During a surge in axial compressors, gas moves in reverse, opposing the
incoming flow.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 8
During a surge in axial compressors, gas moves in reverse, opposing the
incoming flow.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 9
For radial vanes, the impeller tip velocity and the relative velocity would be
equal and aligned at the exit.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 9
For radial vanes, the impeller tip velocity and the relative velocity would be
equal and aligned at the exit.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 10
Which sideload is added by way of a blank section between stages with the
stream mixing point immediately ahead of the impeller inlet?
Second sideload
First sideload
a) First sideload
b) Second sideload
c) None of the above
Quiz 10
Which sideload is added by way of a blank section between stages with the
stream mixing point immediately ahead of the impeller inlet?
First sideload Second sideload
a) First sideload
b) Second sideload
c) None of the above
Question 1
Explain why steam turbines are no longer the most common drivers for
centrifugal compressor.
Analyze the advantages and limitations of various drive options.
Answer 1
• The steam turbines became more expensive because of the surge in
energy prices.
• On-site Emission
• Efficiency of energy conversion (fossil fuel to steam vs. fossil fuel to
electricity)
Recommended reading: Schwarz, G., & Keller, H. TURBINE REPLACEMENT BY ELECTRIC DRIVE SYSTEMS PROVIDES SIGNIFICANT BENEFITS
Answer 1 cont.
Drive Type Advantage Limitations
Steam Turbine Speed match, reliability, Energy cost (OPEX)

simplicity, ease of operation
Electric Motors More efficient, less OPEX Constant speed
Gas Turbines Excellent efficiency with High CAPEX and maintenance cost,
exhaust heat recovery, wide standardized (cannot be custom
range of power and speed engineered), some applications require a
speed matching gear – resulting in added
complexity, increased CAPEX and decreased
reliability
Question 2
Based on the Topic 5 Pre-recording 5.1 discussion, determine which of the
following centrifugal compressors should be selected, considering the
highest efficiency as the main selection criteria. Why?
A: 500 cfm, 116 psi compressor with impeller reaction, Ri = 0.5
B: 500 cfm, 116 psi compressor with impeller reaction, Ri = 0.75
• Reaction is defined as the ratio of the static head converted in the

impeller to the total head produced by the stage.
2+𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐β2
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 =
4
Answer 2
Reaction is the ratio of the static head converted in the impeller to
the total head produced by the stage.
• Reaction reflects the relationship of dividing the effort to increase the
pressure in the compressor stage between the impeller and the diffuser.
• The increase in the reaction reflects an increase in the efficiency.
• So, compressor B should be selected because it has more reaction than
compressor A making it more efficient
Question 3
A: Validate: The increase in the reaction reflects an increase in the
efficiency.
B: What effect does the blade angle have on reaction and subsequently on
stage efficiency?
C:
Answer 3
A: Validate: The increase in the reaction reflects an increase in the
efficiency.
‒ Usually, for a given stage, an impeller is more efficient than the diffuser.
‒ Increase in reaction indicates an increase in static head being converted
inside the impeller (more efficient part) which results in increased
efficiency.
Answer 3 cont.
B: What effect does the blade angle have on reaction and subsequently on
the stage efficiency
2+𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐β2
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 =
4
‒ So, with decreasing blade angles, reaction increases and efficiency
increases in turn as well.
Question 3 cont.
C: If efficiency improves with decreasing blade angle, why don’t we use
backward – leaning blades with minimum blade angle?
Base your judgment on the following diagram and equations.
Answer 3 cont.
C:
• From the diagram, it can be seen that as the outlet angle, β2, is
decreased, the tangential component of the absolute velocity, Vu2, is
decreased.
• A decrease in Vu2 will decrease the value of the work input coefficient, ζi.
• The head coefficient, μ decreases with decrease in the work input
coefficient, ζi.
• It is obvious that for a lower head coefficient μ, the output head is
decreased.
• The stage efficiency η increases to offset the lowered ζ. However, in real
life this is not enough to make up the difference and the output head of
a higher reaction stage is indeed lower.
Question 4
Evaluate possible results of surge in axial compressors.
Answer 4
• During surge, gas moves in reverse, opposing the incoming flow.
• The collision of the two flows produces very high noise.
• Surge can increase temperatures that sometimes causes melting of the
blades.
Worked Examples
Worked Example 1
Problem:
Assume a compressor with:
• Impeller efficiency = 0.90
• Diffuser efficiency = 0.60
Calculate an ideal stage efficiency for a radial and a 45-degree backward-
leaning impeller.
Worked Example 1
Solution: Impeller efficiency = 0.90
1. For the radial impeller: Diffuser efficiency = 0.60
• β2 = 90°
• Using:
2+cotβ2 2+cot90
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = = =0.5
4 4
Which means 50% of static head is converted inside the impeller.
Hence, diffuser converts remaining 50% of static head.
• The ideal stage efficiency:
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 × impeller efficiency + 𝑅𝑅𝑑𝑑 × diffuser efficiency
= 0.50 × 0.90 + 0.50 × 0.60
= 0.45 + 0.30 = 0.75
Worked Example 1
2. For a 45-degree backward-leaning impeller: Impeller efficiency = 0.90
• β2 = 45° Diffuser efficiency = 0.60
• Using:
2+cotβ2 2+cot45
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = = = 0.75
4 4
Which means 75% of static head is converted inside the impeller.
Hence, diffuser converts remaining 25% of static head.
• The ideal stage efficiency:
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 × impeller efficiency + 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 × diffuser efficiency
= 0.75 × 0.90 + 0.25 × 0.60
= 0.68 + 0.15 = 0.83
Worked Example 2
Problem:
Size a centrifugal air compressor using the sizing procedure.
Given:
• 𝑄𝑄1 - 6171 cfm inlet volume
• 𝑤𝑤𝑚𝑚 - 437.5 lb/min
• 𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤 - 28.46 molecular weight
• 𝑃𝑃1 - 14.7 psia inlet pressure
• 𝑡𝑡1 - 90.0°F inlet temperature
• 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 - 550°R absolute inlet temperature
• 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 - 54.29 specific gas constant (ft-𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑓𝑓 )/(𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 -mole°R)
Add the following conditions to complete the application:

k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Solution:
Step 1. Calculate the polytropic exponent:
𝑛𝑛 =
𝑄𝑄1 - 6171 cfm inlet volume

𝑤𝑤𝑚𝑚 - 437.5 lbs/min
𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤 - 28.46 molecular weight
𝑃𝑃1 - 14.7 psia inlet pressure
𝑡𝑡1 - 90.0°F inlet temperature
𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 - 550°R absolute inlet temperature
𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 - 54.29 (ft-𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑓𝑓 )/(𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 -mole°R)
k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Solution cont.
Step 1. Calculate the polytropic exponent:
𝑛𝑛−1 1.395−1 1
= × = 0.378
𝑛𝑛 1.395 0.75
𝑛𝑛
= 2.646
𝑛𝑛−1
𝑛𝑛 = 1.608 𝑄𝑄1 - 6171 cfm inlet volume
k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 1. Calculate pressure ratio:

k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 1. Calculate pressure ratio:
40
𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 =
14.7
𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721 pressure ratio

k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 2. Calculate the total required polytropic head:
Assume: Compressibility factor, Zavg = 1
𝑛𝑛
𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721, = 2.646
𝑛𝑛−1
T1 t1 + 460°R = 550°R
k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 2. Calculate the total required polytropic head:
𝐻𝐻𝑝𝑝 = 1 × 54.29 × 550 × 2.646 2.721.378 − 1

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
= 36,338.4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − overall polytropic head
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑛𝑛
𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721, = 2.646
𝑛𝑛−1
T1 t1 + 460°R = 550°R
k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 3. Determine the number of stages, z, using 10,000 ft-lb/lb head per
stage.
𝐻𝐻𝑝𝑝
𝑧𝑧 =
10,000
Calculate a new head per stage using no. of stages:
36,338.4
𝐻𝐻𝑝𝑝 =
Z
𝑛𝑛
𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721, = 2.646
𝑛𝑛−1
T1 t1 + 460°R = 550°R
k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 3. Determine the number of stages, z, using 10,000 ft-lb/lb head per
stage.
𝐻𝐻𝑝𝑝 36,338.4
𝑧𝑧 = = = 3.63 stages (round off 𝑓𝑓 to 4)
10,000 10,000
Calculate a new head per stage using four stages:
36,338.4
𝐻𝐻𝑝𝑝 =
4
𝐻𝐻𝑝𝑝 = 9085 ft − lb/lb
𝑛𝑛
𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721, = 2.646
𝑛𝑛−1
T1 t1 + 460°R = 550°R
k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 4. Calculate a tip speed to produce the head per stage, use polytropic
head coefficient, μp = 0.48.
→ 𝑢𝑢2 = 𝐻𝐻𝑝𝑝 × 𝑔𝑔/𝜇𝜇𝑝𝑝
𝑛𝑛
𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721, = 2.646
𝑛𝑛−1
T1 t1 + 460°R = 550°R
k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 4. Calculate a tip speed to produce the head per stage, use polytropic
head coefficient, μp = 0.48.
→ 𝑢𝑢2 = 𝐻𝐻𝑝𝑝 × 𝑔𝑔/𝜇𝜇𝑝𝑝
32.2 .5
𝑢𝑢2 = (9085 × ) = 780.7 fps impeller tip speed
0.48
𝑛𝑛
𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721, = 2.646
𝑛𝑛−1
T1 t1 + 460°R = 550°R
k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 4. From the following diagram and inlet volume, select initial impeller
diameter.
𝑑𝑑2 = ____inches impeller diameter
𝑛𝑛
𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721, = 2.646
𝑛𝑛−1
𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 - 6171 cfm inlet volume
T1 t1 + 460°R = 550°R
k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 4. From the following diagram and inlet volume, select initial impeller
diameter.
𝑑𝑑2 = 17.3 inches impeller diameter
𝑛𝑛
𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721, = 2.646
𝑛𝑛−1
𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 - 6171 cfm inlet volume
T1 t1 + 460°R = 550°R
k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 4. Calculate initial speed, N, and use conversion factors of 12 in./ft and
60 sec/min.
𝑑𝑑2 = 17.3 inches impeller diameter
Use the conversion factors of 12 in./ft and 60 sec/min.
60×12×780.7
𝑁𝑁 = 𝑢𝑢2 = 780.7 fps
𝜋𝜋×17.3
𝑁𝑁 = 10342 rpm shaft speed 𝑤𝑤𝑚𝑚 - 437.5 lbs/min
k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 5. Calculate volume into the last impeller.
z = no. of stages
n = polytropic exponent
𝑢𝑢2 = 780.7 fps

k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 5. Calculate volume into the last impeller.
6171
𝑄𝑄𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 1−1/4 1/1.608
= 3869 cfm volume at last stage
(2.721 )
𝑛𝑛 = 1.608, z = 4 stages, 𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721

k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 5. Calculate value of the flow coefficient.
𝛿𝛿 = _______ first stage flow coefficient

𝛿𝛿 = ________ last stage flow coefficient
𝑄𝑄𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 3869 cfm

k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 5. Calculate value of the flow coefficient.
700×6171
𝛿𝛿 =
10342×17.33
𝛿𝛿 = 0.081 first stage flow coefficient
700×3869
𝛿𝛿 =
10342×17.33
𝛿𝛿 = 0.051 last stage flow coefficient 𝑄𝑄𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 3869 cfm
k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 5. Using the flow coefficients just calculated and following plot, the
corresponding efficiencies may be looked up:
𝛿𝛿 = 0.081 first stage flow coefficient
𝛿𝛿 = 0.051 last stage flow coefficient
𝛿𝛿 = 0.081, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.79
𝛿𝛿 = 0.051, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.79
So, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.79 average efficiency
𝑄𝑄𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 3869 cfm

k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 6. Recalculate the polytropic exponent using new efficiency η𝑝𝑝 =
0.79:

𝑛𝑛 = 1.559 𝑤𝑤𝑚𝑚 - 437.5 lbs/min
k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 6. Calculate the discharge temperature:
𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721, n = 1.559,

k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 6. Calculate the discharge temperature:
𝑇𝑇2 = 550 × 2.721.359 = 787.8°𝑅𝑅

𝑡𝑡2 = 787.8 − 460°R = 327.8°F discharge temperature
𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721, n = 1.559,

k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 6. Calculate the power required, recomended 1% for mechanical
losses.
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
Hp = 36,338.4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
1 hp = 550 ft-lb/s × 60 s/min = 33000 ft-lb/min k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Worked Example 2
Step 6. Calculate the power required, recomended 1% for mechanical
losses.
437.5×36,338.4
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝 = + .01𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝
33000×0.79
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝 = 609.8 + 6.1
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝 = 615.9 hp total horsepower for the compressor
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
Hp = 36,338.4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
1 hp = 550 ft-lb/s × 60 s/min = 33000 ft-lb/min 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 - 54.29 (ft-𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑓𝑓 )/(𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 -mole°R)
k = 1.395, 𝑃𝑃2 = 40 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝, η𝑝𝑝 = 0.75
Case Studies
Case Study 1
Watch the video and respond to the question.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-bbAoxZmBg
How do some compressors change the flow direction?
Case Study 1
Answer:
Through diffusers with vanes or pipes.
References
1. R. N. Brown, Compressors: Selection and Sizing
Available through Google Books (select free sample):
https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=irfr-Kd1nvEC
Objectives
 10 Quizzes
 2 Worked Example
 1 Case study
End of Topic 5
(Mechanical)

Tutorial
Topic 6
Turbines Operation
Objectives
• Quizzes
• Worked Examples
• Case study
Topics
1. Classification of turbines
2. General operating conditions
3. Impulse turbines
4. Radial flow turbine
5. Axial flow turbines
6. Control and governing of turbines
Quiz Questions
Quiz 1
Which turbines typically have specific speeds greater than 100?
a) Francis Turbines
b) Pelton Wheels
c) Kaplan Turbines
Quiz 1
Which turbines typically have specific speeds greater than 100?
a) Francis Turbines
b) Pelton Wheels
c) Kaplan Turbines
Quiz 2
Typically, turbines operate best at ______ with ________.
a) constant speed, flow control based on the head across the turbine
b) variable speed based on the flow across the turbine, constant static
head
c) constant speed, constant flow
Quiz 2
Typically, turbines operate best at ______ with ________.
a) constant speed, flow control based on the head across the turbine
b) variable speed based on the flow across the turbine, constant static
head
c) constant speed, constant flow
Quiz 3
For impulse turbines, specific speed doesn’t depend on the nozzle
diameter.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 3
For impulse turbines, specific speed doesn’t depend on the nozzle
diameter.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 4
The efficiency of the Pelton wheel can be changed by changing the flow
through the nozzle by altering the effective jet area.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 4
The efficiency of the Pelton wheel can be changed by changing the flow
through the nozzle by altering the effective jet area.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 5
In impulse turbines, ________ is the circle to which the jet axis is
tangential.
Quiz 5
In impulse turbines, the pitch circle is the circle to which the jet axis is
tangential.
Quiz 6
Francis turbines work more efficiently at half load.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 6
Francis turbines work more efficiently at half load.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 7
The propeller turbines have larger runners as compared to the Kaplan
turbines to accommodate blade angle shifting mechanism.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 7
The propeller turbines have larger runners as compared to the Kaplan
turbines to accommodate blade angle shifting mechanism.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 8
A gear is used in a combinator to control the relationship between runner
blade angle and guide vane angle.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 8
A gear is used in a combinator to control the relationship between runner
blade angle and guide vane angle.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 9
Machines connected in parallel are governed through static governors.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 9
Machines connected in parallel are governed through static governors.
a) True
b) False
Quiz 10
____ ______ reduce excessive flywheel effects occurring in high-head
plants.
Quiz 10
Relief valves reduce excessive flywheel effects occurring in high-head
plants.
Question 1
a) What is an impulse turbine?
b) Evaluate with appropriate reasoning: why Pelton wheels are suitable
for high heads only?
Answer 1
a) An impulse turbine is a turbomachine in which kinetic energy from one
or more fast-moving jets is converted to rotational mechanical energy
delivered to the shaft of the machine.
Answer 1 cont.
b) Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine. These turbines operate at
atmospheric pressure and hence have to harness the enormous
energy of gushing water. So, higher the kinetic energy, higher the
turbine speed and higher the turbine output. Fluid gets its kinetic
energy when the gravitational potential energy is transformed into
kinetic energy.
1
𝐺𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔𝐻 and 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑣2
2
• From conservation of energy principle, as fluid starts flowing down,
the GPE starts getting transformed into KE.
• Efficiency is maximum when 100% of GPE is transformed into KE.
1
• So, 𝑚𝑔𝐻 = 𝑚 𝑣 2 , which gives 𝑣 = 2𝑔𝐻
2
• Thus, higher is the head, higher is the velocity and higher is the power
output.
Answer 1 cont.
b) Alternatively, Bernoulli’s principle can also be used:
Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine. These turbines operate at atmospheric
pressure and hence have to harness the enormous energy of gushing water.
So, higher the kinetic energy, higher the turbine speed and higher the turbine
output. Fluid gets its kinetic energy when the gravitational potential energy is
transformed into kinetic energy.
Headwater
1 1 Pressure, P1 = Patm
Fluid at rest: v1 = 0
Elevation, H1 = H Applying Bernoulli’s Principle at 1-1 and 2-2:
1
𝑃1 + 𝜌 𝑣21 + 𝜌𝑔𝐻1
2
H 1
= 𝑃2 + 𝜌 𝑣22 + 𝜌𝑔𝐻2
2
1
𝜌𝑔𝐻 = 𝜌 𝑣2
2
2 2 𝑣= 2𝑔𝐻
Pressure, P2 = Patm
Fluid velocity, v2 = v
Elevation, H2 = 0
Question 2
Validate the following statement:
All rotary pumps can be operated in reverse to act as turbines and all
rotary turbines can be operated in reverse to act as pumps.
Answer 2
The first part of this statement is true but second part is not always true.
• Reverse-running centrifugal pumps (also called pumps as turbines or
PAT) are a solution for generating and recovering power in small and
micro hydropower situations. Pumps are relatively simple machines,
inexpensive (compared to a hydraulic turbines), and readily available
worldwide [2].
• Although, Reversible pump- turbines are becoming popular in pumped
hydro energy storage plants [3], the second part is not true in the case
of impulse turbines where reversing of the flow going back in to the
nozzle is not possible.
Worked Examples
Worked Example 1
Problem:
Determine the specific speed of the turbine for the data available at a
location as given below.
• Head available: 800 m
• Power estimated: 40000 kW
• Speed required: 500 rpm
Also indicate the suitable type of turbine.
Worked Example 1
Given:
H = 800 m, P = 40000 kW = 40000000 W, N = 500 rpm
Find:
Specific speed and type of turbine.
Formula:
Worked Example 1
Given:
H = 800 m, P = 40000 kW = 40000000 W, N = 500 rpm
Find:
Formula:
Solution:
400001/2
𝑁𝑠 = 500 × = 23.5
8005/4
Worked Example 1
Given:
H = 800 m, P = 40000 kW = 40000000 W, N = 500 rpm
Find:
Formula:
Solution:
400001/2
𝑁𝑠 = 500 × = 23.5
8005/4
Pelton wheel is a suitable turbine.
Worked Example 2
Problem:
A Pelton wheel is designed to run at 500 rpm and the head across the
machine varies from 500 to 550 m. When operating at 500 m, the overall
efficiency is 80%. The wheel/jet diameter ratio is 12. Cv for the jet is 0.98.
What should be the jet diameters at heads of 500 and 550 m?
Also determine the power produced by the turbine for each head.
Worked Example 2
Given:
H = 500 – 550 m, N = 500 rpm, ηo = 80% for H = 500 m, D/d = 12, Cv = 0.98
Find:
Jet diameter (d) and Power (P) at 500 m and 550 m of heads.
Formula:
206 𝐷
=
𝑁𝑠 𝑑
𝑈
𝜑=
2𝑔𝐻 𝐷
𝑈= 𝜔 ×
2
𝑉𝑗 = 𝐶𝑣 2𝑔𝐻
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑗 𝑉𝑗
𝑃 = 𝛾 𝑄 𝐻 𝜂𝑜
Worked Example 2
Given:
Solution:
Assuming that the turbine is operating close to its maximum efficiency,
specific speed can be calculated from:
206 𝐷
=
𝑁𝑠 𝑑
And specific speed can be used to determine

speed factor φ from the speed factor vs
specific speed plot.
Worked Example 2
Given:
Solution cont.
Assuming that the turbine is operating close to its maximum efficiency,
specific speed can be calculated from:
206 𝐷
=
𝑁𝑠 𝑑
Ns = 17.2
Φ = 0.455
And specific speed can be used to determine

speed factor φ from the speed factor vs
specific speed plot.
Worked Example 2
Given:
Solution cont.
Φ = 0.455
We know that:
𝑈
𝜑=
2𝑔𝐻
So, bucket velocity U can be determined.
Worked Example 2
Given:
Solution cont.
Φ = 0.455
We know that:
𝑈
𝜑=
2𝑔𝐻

𝑚
𝑈 = 𝜑 2𝑔𝐻 = 0.455 2 × 9.81 × 500 = 45.1
𝑠
2𝜋𝑁
𝜔= =
60
𝐷
Also, 𝑈 = 𝜔 × . So, 𝐷 = ___ and d =____.
2
Worked Example 2
Given:
Solution cont.
Φ = 0.455
We know that:
𝑈
𝜑=
2𝑔𝐻

𝑚
𝑈 = 𝜑 2𝑔𝐻 = 0.455 2 × 9.81 × 500 = 45.1
𝑠
2𝜋𝑁
𝜔= = 52.36 rad/s
60
𝐷 2𝑈 2 ×45.1
Also, 𝑈 = 𝜔 × . So, 𝐷 = = = 1.72 m
2 𝜔 52.36
Worked Example 2
Given:
Solution cont.
Φ = 0.455
We know that:
𝑈
𝜑=
2𝑔𝐻

𝑚
𝑈 = 𝜑 2𝑔𝐻 = 0.455 2 × 9.81 × 500 = 45.1
𝑠
2𝜋𝑁
𝜔= = 52.36 rad/s
60
𝐷 2𝑈 2 ×45.1
Also, 𝑈 = 𝜔 × . So, 𝐷 = = = 1.72 m. D/d = 12, so d = D/12
2 𝜔 52.36
= 0.14 m.
Worked Example 2
Given:
Solution cont.
Jet velocity,
𝑉𝑗 = 𝐶𝑣 2𝑔𝐻 =
Volumetric flow rate,
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑗 𝑉𝑗 =
Power produced by the wheel,
𝑃 = 𝛾 𝑄 𝐻𝜂𝑜 =
Worked Example 2
Given:
Solution cont.
Jet velocity,
𝑉𝑗 = 𝐶𝑣 2𝑔𝐻 = 0.98 2 × 9.81 × 500 = 97.1 m/s
Volumetric flow rate,
𝜋 𝜋
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑗 𝑉𝑗 = 𝑑 2 × 𝑉𝑗 = 0.142 × 97.1 = 1.49 m3 /s
4 4
Power produced by the wheel,
𝑃 = 𝛾 𝑄 𝐻𝜂𝑜 = 9.81 × 1000 × 1.49 × 500 × 0.8 = 5.84 MW
Worked Example 2
Given:
Solution cont.
When head changes to 550 m at the same wheel speed, the speed factor
changes.
For 550 m Head:
𝑈
𝜑=
2𝑔𝐻
So, specific speed from the plot,

Ns =
Nozzle diameter can be determined from:
206 𝐷
=
𝑁𝑠 𝑑
Worked Example 2
Given:
Solution cont.
changes.
For 550 m Head:
𝑈 45.1
𝜑= = = 0.434
2𝑔𝐻 2×9.81 ×550
So, specific speed from the plot,

Ns = 22
206 𝐷
=
𝑁𝑠 𝑑
Worked Example 2
Given:
H = 500 – 550 m, N = 500 rpm, ηo = 80% for H = 500 m, D/d = 12, Cv =
0.98, D = 1.72 m
Solution cont.
changes.
For 550 m head:
Ns = 22
206 𝐷
=
𝑁𝑠 𝑑
𝐷 × 𝑁𝑠
So, 𝑑 = = 0.18 m
206
Worked Example 2
Solution cont.
For 550 m head:
New Jet velocity,
𝑉𝑗 = 𝐶𝑣 2𝑔𝐻 =
New Volumetric flow rate,
𝜋 2
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑗 𝑉𝑗 = 𝑑 × 𝑉𝑗 =
4
New Power produced by the wheel,
𝑃 = 𝛾 𝑄 𝐻𝜂𝑜 =
Comment:
Worked Example 2
Solution cont.
For 550 m head:
New Jet velocity,
𝑉𝑗 = 𝐶𝑣 2𝑔𝐻 = 0.98 2 × 9.81 × 550 = 101.8 m/s
New Volumetric flow rate,
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑗 𝑉𝑗 = 𝑑 × 𝑉𝑗 = 0.182 × 101.8 = 2.59 m3 /s
4 4
New Power produced by the wheel,
𝑃 = 𝛾 𝑄 𝐻𝜂𝑜 = 9.81 × 1000 × 2.59 × 550 × 0.8 = 11.2 MW
Comment:
The main reason for marked increase in power is marked increase in the jet velocity due
to decrease in nozzle area. Here, efficiency is assumed constant but slight increase in
specific speed can decrease the efficiency and then power won’t increase much.
Worked Example 3
Problem:
At a location investigations yielded the following data for the installation of a hydro plant.
Head available = 250 m, power available = 50,000 kW. The speed chosen was 650 rpm.
A model study was proposed. In the laboratory head available was 30 m. It was proposed
to construct a 1/6 scale model.
Determine the speed and dynamometer capacity to test the model. Also determine the
flow rate required in terms of the prototype flow rate.
Use the following dimensionless parameters:
𝑄
Flow coefficient, 𝜑 =
𝑁𝐷3
𝑔𝐻
Head coefficient, Ψ = 2 2
𝑁 𝐷
𝑃
Power coefficient, 𝜀 = 3 5
𝜌𝑁 𝐷
Specific speed,
Worked Example 3
Solution:
Given:
Hp = 250 m, P = 50000 kW, Np = 650 rpm, Hm = 30 m, Scale = 1/6th
• Specific speed of the proposed turbine:
𝑁√𝑃
𝑁𝑠 = =
𝐻 5/4
• The specific speed of the model should be the same. As two unknows
are involved another parameter has to be used to solve the problem.
Scale is 1/6th.
• So, Dp = 6 * Dm
Worked Example 3
Solution:
Given:
Hp = 250 m, P = 50000 kW, Np = 650 rpm, Hm = 30 m, Scale = 1/6th
• Dimensional specific speed of the proposed turbine:
𝑁√𝑃 650 √50000000
𝑁𝑠 = = = 77.05
𝐻 5/4 60 2505/4
• The specific speed of the model should be the same. As two unknows
are involved another parameter has to be used to solve the problem.
Scale is 1/6th.
• So, Dp = 6 * Dm
Worked Example 3
• Choosing head coefficient, (as both heads are known): Given:
Hp = 250 m,
P = 50000 kW,
Np = 650 rpm
Hm = 30 m
Scale = 1/6th
𝑁𝑚 =
Worked Example 3
• Choosing head coefficient, (as both heads are known): Given:
Hp = 250 m,
P = 50000 kW,
Np = 650 rpm
Hm = 30 m
30 Scale = 1/6th
𝑁𝑚 = ⦋ × 6502 (62 )⦌ 0.5 = 1350.9 𝑟𝑝𝑚
250
Worked Example 3
• Substituting in the specific speed expression: Given:
𝑁√𝑃 Hp = 250 m,
𝑁𝑠 = P = 50000 kW,
𝐻 5/4
Np = 650 rpm
Hm = 30 m
Scale = 1/6th
Nm = 1350.9 rpm
Ns =101.8
Worked Example 3
• Substituting in the specific speed expression: Given:
𝑁√𝑃 Hp = 250 m,
𝑁𝑠 = P = 50000 kW,
𝐻 5/4
Np = 650 rpm
Hm = 30 m
1350.9√𝑃𝑚 Scale = 1/6th
77.05 = Nm = 1350.9 rpm
60×305/4
Ns =101.8
𝑃𝑚 = 57743.54𝑊 = 57.74 𝑘𝑊
Worked Example 3
• The flow rate ratio can be obtained using flow coefficient: Given:
Hp = 250 m,
P = 50000 kW,
Np = 650 rpm
Hm = 30 m
Scale = 1/6th
Nm = 1350.9 rpm
𝑄𝑚 Ns =101.8
=
𝑄𝑝
Worked Example 3
• The flow rate ratio can be obtained using flow coefficient:
Given:
Hp = 250 m,
P = 50000 kW,
Np = 650 rpm
Hm = 30 m
𝑄𝑚 𝑁𝑚 𝐷𝑚3 1350.9 1 Scale = 1/6th
= = × 3 = 0.009 Nm = 1350.9 rpm
𝑄𝑝 𝑁𝑝 𝐷𝑝3 650 6
Ns =101.8
So, Qm = 0.009Qp
Case Studies
Case Study 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0p03UTgpnDU
1:40-3:40
Evaluate the following statement:
Optimum operation of the Kaplan turbine can be achieved with the
pitching of the blades.
Case Study 1 - Answer
The water flow varies over time. For efficient operation of a Kaplan
turbine, it is important to ensure that relative velocity of fluid flow is at
optimum angle of attack at all cross-sections of the blade. Pitching of
blade ensures that the blade is still in optimum angle of attack even under
varying flow.
References
1. G. F. Round, Incompressible Flow Turbomachines: Design, Selection,
2. E. Frosina, D. Buono, and A. Senatore, A performance prediction
method for pumps as turbines (PAT) using a computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) modeling approach, Energies, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 103,
2017.
3. G. Olimstad, T. Nielsen, and B. Borresen, Dependency on runner
geometry for reversible-pump turbine characteristics in turbine mode
of operation, in Journal of Fluids Engineering, 2012, vol. 134, p.
121102.
Objectives
✓ 10 Quizzes
✓ 2 Knowledge-based questions
✓ 3 Worked Examples
✓ 1 Case study
✓ Questions/Feedback
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Master of Engineering

MME504: Pumps, Compressors, Turbines and Drives

Inventions such as waterwheels flourished in the Middle East during this

a) the decline of religion beliefs

a) the decline of religion beliefs

Then what is the correct answer?

Then what is the correct answer?

1. What is the video about?

Watch the following video and answer the questions:

• Under what conditions should Pelton and Francis turbines be used?

MME504: Pumps, Compressors, Turbines and Drives

a) the average stress in the fluid

a) the average stress in the fluid

A schematic of a fan performance test facility

Fluid Machinery: Application, Selection, and Design (Second Edition)

• Compressibility can be measured using a thermocouple

𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 2 𝐷𝐷2 = 18,181 kPa (18332.35 kPa)

𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 3 𝐷𝐷5 = 3270 kW (3262.83 kW)

Note that: 1 lb = 0.03108 slug

𝜌𝜌𝑁𝑁 3 𝐷𝐷5 = 1.504 × 106 ft. lb/s ɳ 𝑇𝑇 =

Using the calculated 𝜑𝜑, Ψ, ε, and ɳ 𝑇𝑇 in the previous example:

To form dimensionless variable 𝜑𝜑,

b) At the new speed, flow rate:

Required power to produce ∆pT = 20 lbf⁄ft 2 :

Required power to produce ∆pT = 20 lbf⁄ft 2 :

MME504: Pumps, Compressors, Turbines and Drives

a) Should be able to pump at low NPSH

a) Should be able to pump at low NPSH

MME504: Pumps, Compressors, Turbines and Drives

a) Tangential to the stream lines at any point in the flow

a) Tangential to the stream lines at any point in the flow

a) Horizontal and vertical

a) Horizontal and vertical

= 1034.02 watts = 1.03 kW

• In case of series connection:

= 2291 watts = 2.29 kW

MME504: Pumps, Compressors, Turbines and Drives

a) High horsepower applications

a) High horsepower applications

Steam Turbine Speed match, reliability, Energy cost (OPEX)

Electric Motors More efficient, less OPEX Constant speed

• Reaction is defined as the ratio of the static head converted in the

1. For the radial impeller: Diffuser efficiency = 0.60

• β2 = 45° Diffuser efficiency = 0.60

Add the following conditions to complete the application:

𝑄𝑄1 - 6171 cfm inlet volume

𝑄𝑄1 - 6171 cfm inlet volume

𝑄𝑄1 - 6171 cfm inlet volume

Assume: Compressibility factor, Zavg = 1

𝐻𝐻𝑝𝑝 = 1 × 54.29 × 550 × 2.646 2.721.378 − 1

𝑑𝑑2 = ____inches impeller diameter

𝑢𝑢2 = 780.7 fps

𝑛𝑛 = 1.608, z = 4 stages, 𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721

𝛿𝛿 = _______ first stage flow coefficient

𝑄𝑄𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 3869 cfm

𝑄𝑄𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 3869 cfm

𝑄𝑄1 - 6171 cfm inlet volume

𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721, n = 1.559,

𝑇𝑇2 = 550 × 2.721.359 = 787.8°𝑅𝑅

𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 2.721, n = 1.559,

How do some compressors change the flow direction?

MME504: Pumps, Compressors, Turbines and Drives

And specific speed can be used to determine

And specific speed can be used to determine