Project Based Learning

Health Issues
Related to Eating Habits
Diabetes Acid Reflux

Obesity Pica

by
 Diabetes Melitus Type II

Definition
What are the meaning of diabetes?

In diabetes mellitus type 2, there are primarily two problems. The pancreas
does not produce enough insulin — a hormone that regulates the movement of
sugar into the cells. And cells respond poorly to insulin and take in less sugar.

Diabetes mellitus type 2 to be known as adult-onset diabetes, but both type 1

and type 2 diabetes can begin during childhood and adulthood. Type 2 is more
common in older adults. But the increase in the number of children with
obesity has led to more cases of type 2 diabetes in younger people.

Causes
Cells in muscle, fat and the liver become resistant to insulin As a result, the cells
don't take in enough sugar.

The pancreas can't make enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy
range.
 Diabetes Melitus Type II

Symptoms

Increased thirst

Frequent urination

Increased hunger

Unintended weight loss

Fatigue

Blurred vision

Slow-healing sores

Frequent infections
 Diabetes Melitus Type II

Treatment

Lifestyle Modification
A balanced diet should focus on controlling carbohydrate
intake to manage blood sugar levels. Regular physical activity
helps improve insulin sensitivity, while maintaining a healthy
weight reduces the risk of insulin resistance, a hallmark of
Type 2 diabetes.

Oral Medification
Common oral medications include metformin, sulfonylureas,
and DPP-4 inhibitors. The choice of medication depends on
factors like the patient's blood sugar levels, medical history,
and potential side effects.

Insulin Theraphy
Insulin can be administered through injections or insulin
pumps. It helps regulate blood sugar by facilitating glucose
uptake into cells. The timing and dosage of insulin depend on
individual needs and can be adjusted over time.
 Diabetes Melitus Type II

Prevention

Maintain a Healthy Diet

Eating a balanced diet rich in fiber, whole grains, lean proteins,
and vegetables can help regulate blood sugar levels. Avoid
excessive consumption of sugary and processed foods.

Regular Exercise
Engaging in physical activity regularly can improve insulin
sensitivity and help manage weight. Aim for at least 150 minutes
of moderate-intensity exercise per week.

Monitor Blood Sugar

Regularly monitoring your blood sugar levels as recommended by
your healthcare provider can help detect any issues early and
make necessary adjustments to your lifestyle or medication.
 Obesity

Definition
abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to
health. A body mass index (BMI) over 25 is considered overweight,
and over 30 is obese.
 Obesity

Causes

Fast and convenience foods.

Fast food is often high in calories, unhealthy fats, and sugars. These foods
are typically low in essential nutrients and fiber, making them easy to
overconsume. Regular consumption of fast food can lead to weight gain and
obesity, especially when combined with a sedentary lifestyle

Sugar is in everything
Excessive sugar consumption, particularly in the form of
sugary drinks like soda and sweetened beverages, can
contribute to obesity. High sugar intake can lead to rapid
spikes and crashes in blood sugar levels, which may
increase hunger and cravings for more sugary foods

Psychological factors
Stress, depression, boredom, and anxiety can lead to emotional
eating, where individuals turn to food for comfort. This can result
in the consumption of calorie-dense, unhealthy foods,
contributing to weight gain

Hormones
Hormonal imbalances can influence weight regulation.
For instance, an imbalance in hormones like insulin and
leptin, which regulate hunger and metabolism, can lead
to increased appetite and reduced energy expenditure,
promoting weight gain
 Obesity

Symptoms

Breathlessness
Obesity can lead to shortness of breath, especially during physical
activity, as the extra weight can restrict lung expansion and make it
harder to breathe

Type 2 diabetes
Obesity is a primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Excess body
fat can impair insulin sensitivity and lead to elevated blood
sugar levels

Difficulity doing Physical Activity

Obesity can limit a person's ability to engage in physical activities
they enjoy, negatively affecting their overall quality of life.

Joint and Back Pain

The excess weight can place significant stress on the joints,
particularly in the knees, hips, and lower back. This can lead to chronic
joint pain and increase the risk of conditions like osteoarthritis
 Obesity

Treatment

Dietary changes
The dietary changes you personally need to make to lose weight
will be individual to you. Some people may benefit from cutting
portion sizes or snacks between meals. For others, it may be more
about changing what they eat than how much. Almost everyone
can benefit from eating more plants. Fruits, vegetables, whole
grains and legumes tend to be lower in fat and higher in fiber and
micronutrients

Increased activity
Everyone has heard that diet and exercise are both important to
weight loss and weight maintenance. But exercise doesn’t have to
mean a gym membership. Just walking at a moderate pace is one of
the most efficient types of exercise for weight loss

Weight loss surgery

If you have been diagnosed with class III obesity, bariatric surgery
may be an option for you. Surgery is a severe but highly effective
solution to long-term, significant weight loss. It works by changing
your biology instead of just your mind or your habits. All bariatric
surgery procedures alter your digestive system in some way. They
restrict the number of calories you can consume and absorb
 Obesity

Prevention

Healthy Diet
Preventing obesity starts with a balanced and nutritious diet. Reduce the
intake of high-calorie, low-nutrient foods and prioritize fruits, vegetables,
whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Portion control is crucial

Regular Physical Activity

Incorporate regular physical activity into your daily routine. Aim for at
least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week, along
with strength training. This helps burn calories, build muscle, and
maintain a healthy weight.

Lifestyle Changes
Make sustainable lifestyle changes such as getting enough sleep,
managing stress, and avoiding excessive screen time. These factors can
impact eating habits and physical activity levels, contributing to obesity
prevention.
 Acid Reflux

Definition
also known as gastroesophageal reflux (GER), is a medical condition
where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. This can cause a
burning sensation in the chest known as heartburn, as well as other
symptoms such as regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, and a sour taste in
the mouth. It is a common digestive disorder that can occur due to
various factors, including a weakened lower esophageal sphincter or
certain lifestyle and dietary choices. Chronic acid reflux can lead to
complications if not properly managed
 Acid Reflux

Causes
Obesity
Excess body weight can increase pressure on the
abdomen, pushing stomach contents into the
esophagus

Lifestyle Factors
Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and
lying down immediately after eating can
contribute to acid reflux

Pregnancy
Hormonal changes and increased pressure
on the abdomen during pregnancy can
lead to acid reflux

Medication
Some drugs, like certain painkillers, muscle relaxants, and
blood pressure medications, can relax the LES or irritate the
esophagus, causing acid reflux as a side effect
 Acid Reflux

Symptoms
Heartburn
Heartburn is a burning sensation in the chest that often
occurs after eating. It's caused by stomach acid flowing
back into the esophagus. People with acid reflux commonly
experience this discomfort

Regurtation
Regurgitation is when stomach contents, including acid,
come back up into the throat or mouth, leading to a sour or
bitter taste. It's a common symptom of acid reflux and can
be quite unpleasant

Burping and Belching

Frequent burping or belching, especially after meals, can
be a sign of acid reflux. This occurs as the body tries to
relieve the pressure caused by excess stomach gas and
acid
 Acid Reflux

Treatment

Lifestyles Modifications
Lifestyle changes like avoiding trigger foods (e.g., spicy or
fatty foods), eating smaller meals, and not lying down
immediately after eating can help reduce acid reflux
symptoms by minimizing stomach acid exposure to the
esophagus

Antacid
Over-the-counter antacids, such as Tums or Rolaids, can provide
temporary relief by neutralizing stomach acid. They are often used
for milder cases of acid reflux and heartburn

Proton Pump Inhibitor(PPIs)

PPI medications, like omeprazole (Prilosec) or
esomeprazole (Nexium), reduce stomach acid
production and are prescribed for more severe or
chronic acid reflux cases, providing long-term
symptom relief
 Acid Reflux

Prevention

Dietary Modifications
Prevent acid reflux by avoiding trigger foods and beverages such
as spicy foods, citrus, caffeine, and alcohol. These can relax the
lower esophageal sphincter and allow stomach acid to flow back
into the esophagus.

Elevate Your Head When sleeping

, use a wedge pillow or elevate the head of yur bed. This can help
prevent nighttime acid reflux by keeping your upper body
elevated, reducing the likelihood of stomach acid flowing into the
esophagus.

Eat Smaller, More Frequent Meals

Instead of large, heavy meals, opt for smaller, more frequent
meals throughout the day. This reduces the pressure on the lower
esophageal sphincter and can help prevent acid reflux episodes
 Pica

Definition
Pica is a behavioral disorder characterized by the persistent
consumption of non-nutritive, non-food substances over a
duration of at least one month. Individuals with pica may
ingest items such as dirt, chalk, hair, or paper, which have no
nutritional value and can be harmful to health. This condition
typically occurs in children, pregnant women, and individuals
with developmental disorders
 Pica

Causes

Nutritional Deficiency
Pica can result from a lack of essential nutrients in the diet,
leading individuals to seek out unconventional sources to fulfill
their nutritional needs.

Psychological Factors
Emotional stress, anxiety, or a history of trauma can contribute
to pica behaviors as a coping mechanism.

Developmental Disorders
Some individuals with autism spectrum disorder or intellectual
disabilities may exhibit pica as part of their condition.
 Pica

Symptoms

Ingestion of Non-Food Substances

The primary symptom is the persistent consumption of items like
soil, soap, or plastic, which are not meant for human consumption.

Digestive Issues
Pica can lead to digestive problems, such as constipation, bowel
obstructions, or nutritional imbalances.

Dental and Gastrointestinal Complications

Repeated ingestion of non-food items can damage teeth and cause
injuries or blockages in the digestive tract
 Pica

Treatment

Behavioral Therapy
Behavioral interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or
applied behavior analysis (ABA), are often used to address the underlying
causes and reduce pica behaviors.

Nutritional Counseling
Correcting nutritional deficiencies through dietary changes or
supplementation can be a part of the treatment plan

Medication
In some cases, medication may be prescribed to manage underlying
psychological conditions contributing to pica, like anxiety or obsessive-
compulsive disorder
 Pica

Prevention

Nutrition Education
Preventing pica, a disorder characterized by consuming non-food
items, begins with education. Provide comprehensive nutrition
education to individuals, particularly those at risk, to help them
understand the importance of a balanced diet.

Behavioral Therapy
For individuals already struggling with pica, behavioral therapy can be
effective. It focuses on identifying triggers and replacing the behavior
with healthier alternatives. This therapy can be instrumental in
preventing the recurrence of pica.

Childproofing
In cases of pica, especially among children or individuals with
developmental disabilities, childproofing the environment is essential.
Keep non-food items out of reach and sight to reduce the temptation
to consume them
 Conclusion
In all cases, early diagnosis, education, and a proactive
approach to healthcare are key. There is hope in the
continuous advancement of medical knowledge and
therapies, which empowers individuals to lead healthier
lives and manage these conditions effectively.
Additionally, support from healthcare providers, family, and
friends can be instrumental in helping individuals navigate
these health challenges with confidence and
resilience.Thus,we must keep our diet healthy for us to
avoid from getting health problem related to eating habits
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