ATAR Course eas Vee PV Ure ge) ‘Beale TASK FORCEContents Exponential Funtions 1d Euler's Number 1.1.1 The exponential function 1.2 Growth and Decay I Differentiation 1 2.1 Differentiation of Polynomials 2.2 Rules for Differentiation 22.1 TheChain Rule 22.2 The Product Rule 2.2.3 The Quotient Rule 2.3 Higher Derivatives Differentiation IT 3.1 Differentiating Exponential Functions 3.1.1 Differentiating e” ) 3.1.2 Differentiating. as 4.1 First Principles 4.2. Differentiating Trigonometric Functions 4.2.1 Derivative of sings) 4.22 Derivatives of basic trigonometrie functions Applications of Differentiation I 5.1 Equation of tangent 5.2 Stationary Points and Inflection Points 5.2.1 Inflection Points Applications of Differentiation II 61 Instantaneous Rate of Change and Optimisation 6.1.1 More Optimisation 6.2 ‘Small Changes/Increments 63 Marginal Value 64 Growth and Decay IT 10 10 13 "7 19 2 2 2 23 40 40 43 47 49 sl © O.T. Lee i7 Anti-Differentiation 55 7.1 Anti-differentiation of Polynomials 55 7.2. Anti-differentiation of (ax +6) form #1 58 73° Anti-derivative of ff)” 60. im art 74 Anti-derivative ofe™ and e 6 75 Anti-derivative of /"(x) e/) 63 7.6 Standard Trigonometric Integrals 64 | 8 Definite Integrals 66 | 8.1 Area undera curve 66 | 82. * The Riemann Integral 6 b 83 J f(x) de as Sum of Signed Areas 1 bE 8.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus I " 8.4.1 The Riemann Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Caleulus 75, 8.5. Properties of the Definite Integral 16 8.6 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus IT 9 8.7 More Properties of Definite Integrals 82 | 9 Applications of Integration 86 9.1 Gradient Function 86 9.2 Area undera Curve 88 9.2.1 Area trapped between curve and the x-axis 88 9.2.2 With the -axis as a boundary 9 9.3 Area of Regions Involving Two Curves 93 } 94 Area Functions 98 9.4.1 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus revisited 98 9.5 Integration & Rate of Change 101 95.1 NetChange 102 10 Reetilinear Motion 103 | 10.1 Rectilinear Motion and Differentiation 105 10.2 Rectilinear Motion and Integration i 11 Discrete Random Variables 115 ILI Definitions 1s 11.2 Properties of the Probability Distribution Function 116 11.3 Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable. 120 114 Discrete Uniform Distributions 127 11.5 Linear changes on Random Variables 129 11.5.1 Bffects of linear changes on the mean and the standard deviation 130 © OT. Lee ii12 13 14 15 16 17 ‘The Binomial Distribution 12.1 Bemoulli Variables 12.2. The Binomial Random Variable Logarithms 13.1 Introducing Logarithms 13.1.1 Logarithms to base 10 13.12 Change of Base 13.1.3 Graphs of Logarithmic Functions 13.2 Rules of Logarithms 13.3. Using Logarithms to solve Exponential Equations 13.4 Applications using logarithmic models ‘Natural Logarithms 14,1 Natural Logarithms 14.2 The Inverse Relationship between Logarithms and Exponentials 14.3 Solving expressions/equations with the use of natural logarithms 14.4 Differentiating Logarithmic Functions 14.4.1 Differentiating tn (x) 14.4.2 Derivative of in f(a) fe) f(x) 14.5 Anti-derivative of Continuous Random Variables 15.1 Definitions 15.2 Estimating Probabilities 15.3. The Probability Density Function 15.4 Linear Transformations on random variables The Uniform Distribution 16.1 The Discrete Uniform Distribution 162 The Continuous Uniform Distribution ‘The Normal Distribution 17.1 The Probability Density Function of a Normal Distribution 17.2 Calculating Normal Probabilities 17.2.1 Estimating Probabilities for Normal Variables 17.22 Calculating Probabilities for the Standard Normal Distribution Z ~ N(O, 1) 17.2.3 Standardisation of non-standard normal variables 17.3 Applications using the Normal Distribution 134 134 135 147 147 149 149 150 152 155 156 160 160 161 162 165 165 166 170 173 1B 173 176 183 185 185 185 © O.T. Lee iit18 Sampling 18.1 Samples 18.1.1 Simple Random Samples 18.12 Systematic of interval samples 18.1.3 Stratified Samples 18.14 Cluster Samples 18.1.5 Convenience Samples 18.1.6 Quota Samples 18.1.7. Setf-selection samples 18.2 Random and non-random samples 18.3 Bias * 183.1. Sources of Bias and Reducing Bias 18.4 Variability of random samples 19 Sample Proportion 19.1 Sampling distribution for sample proportion 19.2. The Central Limit Theorem 19.3 Approximating sample proportion # with the Normal Distribution 20 Point and Interval estimates fo 20.1 Point Estimates for population proportion x 20.1.1 Sampling distributions for sample proportion when zis not known Probability Distribution for jes 0 20.3 Interval Estimates for population proportion x 203.1 Confidence Intervals for x 20.2 20.3.2 Calculating Confidence Intervals for 20.4 Simulating Confidence Intervals for the Population proportion x 20.5 Level of significance (Extension) Answers Index 202 202 202 203, 203, 203, 204 204 208 204 205 205 208 212 212 213 218 221 221 21 222 227 227 27 232 235 239 261 © OT Lee iv01 Exponential Functions 01 Exponential Functions 1.1 Euler’s Number e * In this section we will introduce a special number called Euler’s number denoted by the lower case letter e In this task, we will explore how Euler’s number ¢ emerges from two expressions. Hands On Task 1.1 : 1. Consider the expression (+4) for 1>0, 7 Calculate the value of this expression for: (a) t= 10 (b) 1= 100 (c) = 1.000 (@) 10000 {e) = 100000 () += 1 000.000 (@) 1=10 (hy r= 10° () = 10" 2. Hence, find the value of (4) as 1 > « (as t becomes very large). 7 This limit is a special type of irrational number and is called a transcendental number and rounded to 30 decimal places is 2.718 281 828 459 045 235 360 287 471 357 This number is called Euler's number (after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler) and is denoted e. 3. Consider now the expression lim ( where a> 0. 10 Calculate the value of this expression for: (a) a=2 (b) a=2.5 (c) a @ 7 @)a=271 (Wa (g) a=2.8 (h) a=2.9 (@) a=3 4, Hence, find the value of lim ( 10 © OT Lee TMathematics Methods Units 3 & 4 A summary a Euler's number, e, is the limit to which (144) tends as > 20 1 1 ‘© The expression lim 1) -tasase. . role ‘The exponential function S y © Exponential functions take the form y =a’, where a> 0. ei © When a=, the function y= e' is commonly referred to 40 . | as the exponential function. ier « y=2" is an exponential function while y= e' is the exponential function, + ‘© The sketch of y = eis given in the accompanying a] diagram. The obvious points are (0, 1) and orzo Asympotey = 0 (1, 2)=(1, 2.7). The horizontal asymptote has equation y= 0. Example 1.1 4) We=4e™" Use an appropriate method to solve (to 4 D.P.): (a) & ‘Solution: (a) &=4 => x= 13863 Coat. 870128) (b) 20¢' Example 1.2 t Without the use of a calculator sketch the curve with equation y= 2e* — 1. Solution: In sketching the graph of exponential functions ‘Firstly identify the horizontal asymptote. The y =e curve has been translated one unit “downwards”. Hence, horizontal asymptote is now y = =I. b © Then identify at least 2 other points When x = 0. = 1 When x = -I, y=2e -1#2*2.7-1=4.4 © OT Lee1 Exponential Functions Exercise 1.1 1. Use an appropriate method to solve for x correct to 4 decimal places where appropriate bo @ é'= Ve 4 @ eas eile 0.05 -0.0te @e"=10 (©) le =Se () 100e =S0e 2. Sketch each of the following. Indicate at least two obvious points. State the equation of the horizontal asymptote. x -x oss @) 3 (b) y=e @yre @y=14e°" — @y=5- (yn-2te" 1.2. Growth and Decay I 7 he chy! > Hands On Task 1.2 In this task, we will explore a function that models continuous growth and decay. A colony of bacteria is being grown ina culture. The initial number of bacteria is 100. Let the number of bacteria at the end of the nth day be P,, 1. The colony grows in such a way that the number of bacteria at the end of each day is 10% more than the number of bacteria at the end of the previous day. (a) Verify that P, = 100(1.1)". (b) Given that a®'= 1.1, verify that a = 2.593 742 460. 2. The colony grows in such a way that the number of bacteria at the end of each hour is 10)% more than the number of bacteria at the end of the previous hour. : 24 (a) Verify that P, = 100(1.00416)"4". (b) Given that a®!= 1.00416, find a. 3. The colony grows in such a way that the number of bacteria at the end of each minute is ([45) % more than the number of bacteria at the end of the previous minute. (a) Verify that P, = 100 1.000069 4)!440" 0 (b) Given that a®! = 1.000 0694" finda. © OT Lee 3Mathematics Methods Units 3 & 4 4, The colony grows in such a way that the number of bacteria at the end of each second is (a) % more than the number of bacteria at the end of the previous second. 6400 (a) Verify that P, = 100(1,000 001 157)". 3 (b) Given that a®!= 1,000 001 157°, find a. 5. Use the calculated values of a to complete the following table. Population count by: | Pn P, = 100(@) ? on days P, = 100(1.1) P, = 100(2.593 742 460)" hours P, = 100(1.00416)""" minutes P,, = 100(1.0000694)' 40" 6400 seconds P,, = 100(1,000 001 157) 6. Comment on the value of a as the time interval between the “population count” decreases. Special Notes: « Incach of the above cases, the rate of increase of the bacteria population was the same, the equivalent of 10% per day. ‘The population count was taken over different time intervals. As the time interval decreased, from day to hour to minute to second, the value of a converges to a limit. Population count by days a= 25937424601 Population count by hours 708321497534 Population count by minutes a= 2.71644848697032 Population count by seconds a= 2,71732359027839 We could have reduced the time period to milliseconds, microseconds, etc. However, this would exhaust the capabilities of the calculators used. © Mathematically, it can be shown that as the time period is reduced to a state where the population count is taken continuously (every instant), a > e. «Hence, if the population count were to be taken continuously, for a population with an initial value of 100 and growing at a continuous rate of 10%, Pr, 1002" © OT Lee 401 Exponential Functions A summary © Ifa population grows continuously (exponentially) at a rate of 100k% per year, given by P= P, eM ), the initial population. the population at any time P,, is the population when * Ifa popul the population at any time 1 is given by P= P, e n decays continuously (exponentially) at a rate of 100k% per year, Example 1.3 A colony of whales grows exponentially (continuously) at a rate of 5% per year. In January 2010, there were 3 000 of these whales. (a) Find an expression for the whale population # years after January 2010, (b) Find when the whale population doubles. (©) Discuss the validity of this mathematical model in predicting the future whale population. Solution: (a) P=3:000e""" , where 120 (6) When the whale population doubles, P = 6 000 ——— Hence 3.000 e "= 6 000 E (ester teat => (= 13.86 Therefore, the whale population will double after 13.86 years, that is in the year 2023. (c) This models assumes that there is no upper limit to the whale population. However, in , the population will eventually peak and then decline because the food source will eventually get depleted Note: © The time taken for the whale population to double is called the doubling time. No matter what the original population is, the time taken for the population to double is always a constant. Example 1.4 ‘The amount R, in grams, of a radioactive substance X remaining at time # years is given by “0.011 6120. (a) Find the initial amount of X. (b) Find the continuous rate of decay for X. (c) Find the amount of X that has decayed after 100 years. (a) Find how long it will take for the amount of X to be halved. Solution: (a) Initial amount of X is 100 g. © OT Lee 3Mathematics Methods Units 3 & 4 (b) The continuous rate of decay of X is 0.01 x 100 = 1% per year. k -0.01(100) (©) When = 100, the amount remaining R = 100¢ = 36.79 g Therefore, the amount that has decayed = 100 — 36.79 = 63.2 g. (d) When the amount of X is halved, R = 50. .. Hence, 100e°" = 50 => 1 =693 Hence, it will take 69.3 years for the amount of X to be halved. Notes: + The time taken for X to be halved is called its half-life and is constant for whatever amount of Xs present. Example 1.5 In a certain outback area, the population of bilbys (an Australian marsupial), r years after 2000, is modelled by P = 350e”"", while the corresponding population of feral cats in the same region, / years after 2000, is modelled by P = 200e°* . When will the number of feral cats first outnumber the bilbys. Solution: When number of feral cats = number of bilbys 20069 = 3506 => 1= 18.65 Hence, the feral cats will outnumber the bilbys 18.65 years after 2000, that is, in the year 2019. Exercise 1.2 . 0.018 ~* 1, Australia’s population, (in millions), 1 years after 2004 is modelled by P= 200". (a) State the population of Australia in 2004. (b) State the continuous growth/decay rate used in this model. (©) Find Australia’s population 25 years after 2004 (@) Find how long it will take for Australia’s population to reach 30 million. (©) Find how long it will take for Australia’s population to double. 2. The population of a colony of feral goats grows continuously at a rate of 9% per year. The number of feral goats at the start of a study is 650. (a) Find an expression to model P, the number of feral goats, r years into the study. (b) Find the feral goat population after 4 years. (©) Find the time taken for the feral goat population to reach 1 000. (@) Find the time taken for colony to quadruple in size. © OT Lee 601 Exponential Functions 3. The population of a colony of koalas is being monitored. ‘The population P, after years “00! is modelled by P= 4.000¢ °"” (a) Find the initial population of this colony. (b) Find the exponential growth/decay rate of this colony. (©) Find the population after 5 years. (d) Find how long it,will take for the population to be halved, 4, A radioactive substance S, decays at a continuous rate of 1% per year. Initially, there was 50 g of this substance (a) Find an expression for 4, the amount of S, left after / years. (b) Find the amount of S that is left after 100 years. (c) Find the amount of S that has decayed after 50 years. (d) Find the time it will take for the amount of S to drop to | g. 5. The population of the United Kingdom (UK) at the start of 1981 was estimated to be 56 million. Its continuous growth rate was estimated to be 0.2% per year, The population of Papua New Guinea (PNG) was estimated to be 3.1 million at the start of 1981 with a continuous growth rate of 2.0% per year. (a) Find the population of PNG at the start of the year 2000. (b) Find when the population of PNG, first exceeds that of the UK. () Comment on the validity of your answer in (b) 6. The estimated population and continuous growth rate of China in 1981 were 991.3 million and 1.0% per year respectively. The corresponding figures for India in 1981 were 690.2 million and 2.3% per year respectively. ‘The corresponding figures for Pakistan in 1981 were 84.5 and 3.0% per year respectively. (@) Use an algebraic method to determine when the population of Pakistan first surpasses that of China, (b) Which of these 3 countries would be the most populous country in 2020. Justify your answer, 7. A nuclear accident occurred in 2000. The amount, A, of radioactive substance X, “0.031 remaining ¢ years after the accident is modelled by A= 68e . The amount, 4, of 0.0010 substance Y, remaining ¢ years after the accident is modelled by A = 40e (@) Which of these two substances is decaying at a faster rate. (b) Find when there will be equal amounts of X and Y. ‘*(c) Find when there will be twice as much of one substance as the other. 8. Ina certain ecosystem, organism A preys only on organism B. In a study conducted, the Oise population of A (thousands) at time ¢ months is modelled by P= 6.98e, £2 0. ~0.024 The population of B at time f months is modelled by P= 15.34e £20. (a) Find when the two populations are equal. (b) Comment on the validity of these models in terms of the predator-victim relationship between A and B. © OT.Lee 7Mathematics Methods Units 3 & 4 9. ‘The height H(i) of a particular species of gum tree, for a particular stage of its life, is modelled by = 102", where 1 is the number of years into this stage of its life. (a) Find the continuous growth rate ofthe tree if its height when = 10 is 25.4 m. 4#(b) Find the height increase in the 10th year [use the growth rate in part (a)] (c) Ifthe growth rate was double that in part (a), find its height when r= 10 and comment on your answer. (a) Find the average rate of growth in the first 10 years ofthis stage [use the growth rate in part(a)}. 10, The weight HV (tonnes) of a certain whale, during a certain stage of its life, is i modelled by 1”=0.5e", where fis the number of years into this stage of its life. (a) Find the continuous growth rate of this whale if its weight when f= 3 is 3.5 tonnes, (b) Find the weight increase in the 3rd year of this stage [use the growth rate in part (a)] (c) Find the average rate of increase in the first 3 years of its life in this stage. [use the growth rate in part (a)). 11. The concentration C (mg/mL) of drug compound X in the blood stream of a patient, is modelled by C= Ae” where 1 is time in hours after the intravenous introduction of the drug (into the patients bloodstream). ‘The drug concentration after 2 hours and after 10 hours are 1.67 mg/mL and 0.81 mg/mL respectively. (a) Find the initial concentration of the drug and the continuous rate with which the drug concentration declines. (b) Find when the concentration drops to less than 0.5 mg/mL. 12. The number N of “mature” fishin a pond is modelled by N= ae’ where fis the time in | months after Ist January 2008, 6 months and 12 months after Ist January 2008, the number of “mature” fish in this pond was estimated to be 7 490 and 12 480 respectively. (a) Find the number of “mature” fish on 1st January 2008 and the continuous rate with which the number of fish in this pond is growing. +(b) When the “mature” fish population reaches 15 000, 60% of the “mature” fish is harvested. Assuming that the population growth rate remains the same throughout, find the fish population 18 months after Ist January 2008. 13, The half-life of a radioactive substance decaying exponentially is 70 days. After 10 days, only 55g of the substance remained, Find the initial amount of the radioactive substance. 1 14. The half-life of a radioactive substance decaying exponentially is 120 years. After 5 years, only 190g of the substance remained. Find the initial amount of the radioactive substance. 15. The half-life ofa radioactive substance decaying exponentially is 500 hours. Initially only 500g of the substance was manufactured. Currently there is only 20g of the substance left. How long ago was the substance manufactured? 16. 25g of a radioactive substance has decayed within the first 12 hours. Find how much would have decayed after the first hour if the half-life of this substance is 15 hours. ‘Assume that the radioactive substance undergoes exponential decay. © OT Lee 802 Differentiation 1 [o2 Differentiation I ' 2.1 Differentiation of Polynomials ‘+ The following results (from previous units) are quoted without proof. > Given that a and b are constants and m and n are real numbers: Sen 4 (ax" bx")= ans" ') + bmx"') Example 2.1 Use Pascal’s triangle or the Binomial Theorem to expand and then differentiate 3 5 with respect tox: (a) y= (1 +x) @ y-x0=»)- (© y= Gd 2 Solution: 3 Cae = 143x43x +x DG de Sra (=x) 3 =x\(1-4r+6r -4¢ +3') 3 ax 4 +6 a tx by dc ) y x = 6x + 30x" — 24x" + 72° _ (42x) (choy a = 14323) 4322)? + 247% 2 Soe =x +r +124 8% ox 6x? +8 BIS Notes: ‘ Inthis chapter, we will develop rules for differentiating these finctions without the need 10 expand them. © OT .LeeMathematics Methods Units 3 & 4 2.2. Rules for Differentiation 2.2.1 The Chain Rule AK Hands On Task 21 In this task, we will develop a rule for differentiating powers of polynomials. 1. Considery=(2e-+ 1). Letw=2x +1. (@) Find % and a (b) Verify that y= 1” and hence find 2 (©) Verify that & ae 8r+4, (d) Comment on your answers in (a) and (). 2. Consider now, y=(I—2)°. Letu= (a) Verify that y ; 1-2). (b) Find and * ax t3x - dy (©) Find y in terms of wand hence 7. (d) Verify that Bd 5 + 6-34, du de 3. Consider y= (- B ang He Verify that y = (b) Find & and =. (a) Verify that y (0) Find 2 and dy dui 22 (c) Find y in terms of w and hence &. (@) Verify that dude PS 4. Use your observations in Questions 1, 2 and 3 to suggest an algebraic rule that dy dy du eepanetn Ol, ge connects” “and TF 5. Check the accuracy of your rule on the following: 5 (a) y= (r+) with w=4x+1 0 (b) y= (1-2), with w= 1-2 aye anes (© y=@ +1! withu=7+1 @ y=(-x) with u=1-2°, 6. Given that y = (1 +x)", verify that # 4(1+a). 7. Given that y= (1 = 20, verify that 2 = 5(1 = 29)" (3), 8. Given that y= (x ~ 1)", verify that 4 = 6x - 1)' x 2x). © OT Lee 1002 Differentiation 1 A summary # Given that y= f(w) and w= g (x) then: a ae de du de This is known as the chain rule for differentiation. * Notice the following: ee eeting wees, oe we would get — ak cee ae Example 2.2 Use the chain rule to find 4, using the suggested substitution u (@) y=(1+x) we w=1+x — (b) y=(1—3x) use w= 1-30". Solution: du (a) w= 1+ 1 (=) u=1+x - Rewrite you = sy dw Since Desa dk du dx Basis 1=sd+a)" du Bins a, &) « =¢ Rewrite y aw © si » ince 2 » de Notes: + After some practice, a more mechanical technique can be used as shown, yen 4 aM ar) x(t pr Derivative of expression within bracket © OTLee iMarhemaries Methods Units 34 Example 2.3, 4 Find & for (a) y= - 1) () y= (1-4) dc x Solution: @ y-@ = s =5¢0 -1)' x Gr) = 15x @ - 1) Exercise 2.1 1. Use the ule 2 = 4M to find: ear 10 (a) y=(et1) ,use w=xt1 (b) y=(1-x) use w=1-x (©) y=Qx+1) use w= 2x41 © y=C1 =x), ws u=1-x2 3 09> es geen ts y= (2-7 ape u-Za1 @ y= (+20), use u=1+27 (ht) ye QI) ,use wae =I @ya6_ 2st was-2 Oy 9" suse w= 2. Use the chain rule to differentiate y with respect to x: Oya ©) y= oxy @) y=Grx ve Ey @® y= as +H (8) y= (+i @) y=@42") @ y=@ =e 3. Use the chain rule to find: @ farsxy @) Zo-2+x © fortes _@ Laney 4, Use the chain rule to find f’(x): es ets reve 1 Cire T = Zi VIC) ae (b) FO) ce Of (Ore) @) f@&) ey 5. Find y’ @ =< or @s- ve d+vxy ltxtx? © OT Lee 1202 Diferentiation 1 *6. Differentiate with respect to ¢: @v=Vie? v= A Owaine ine (+4) l+t l+t 7. Given that (()=(1+7) , find f'(0). Hence, find f’(1). 8. Given that /() = = find f"(0). Hence, find f"(1) 9. Given that f()= (I~ 2), find ¢such that /"(#) = 0. 10. Given that /(0) = (#4 ~ 1)* ~ 1, find ¢such that "(2 = 0. 2.2.2 The Product Rule 7 hy A) Hands On Task 2.2 In this task, we will explore a rule for differentiating products of polynomials. 1. Consider y = (2x + 1)(3x +1). Let u=2x+ Land v= 3x+1 ay “du dv Expand (2x + 1)Gx+1). Hence, find & ) Find & and © (a) Expand (- )QBx + 1). ence ind (b) Find 7 and 7 (c) Find (4) BS (uf) and comment on your answer. dx a 2. Consider y= (x= 1)? 1). Letu=x —1andv=x -1. (a) Expand (x = 1)(x° — 1). Hence, find 2 (b) Find a and 2 (6) Bind | 2S ee (ase | enclose ont iyoun niger dx dx 3. Consider y= (1+ 2x (I~ 2x°). Let w= 1+ 2x" and y= 1-28". @ Find &, () Find ana & a donde . du dv (c) Find | —xv]+ — | and it [ Hg (2) «(0x2 ceteris parc 4, Given that y =u x v, where w and v are expressions in x, use your observations in Questions 1, 2 and 3 above, to describe using appropriate symbols, a rule for % © OT Lee 3Mathematics Methods Units 3 & 4 A. summary © Given that y =u x v, where w= f(x) and v= g(x), 2 = (So) (ae) de (de de ‘This is called the product rule for differentiation. © Note the pattern embedded in this rule: yeuxy e. (40) + wt) a (de , de i differentiate u, differentiate v, } leave v leave u Example 2.4 Use the product rule to find x (@) y=Qx+ NGx+1) 0b) y=(e + DO - 1). Solution: (a) y=(2e+ 1)(5x+ 1) a. [Aernfoct Ty AGe+ 1) =2Sxt 1) + (xt 15 ) ya += =(8 +e =) f 2. [Ze'-]e- peat [fer] (2-1) 422 (x7 +1) © OTLee 1402 Differentiation 1 Example 2.5 Use the chain rule and product rule to find *. Bee 2 an @ y=Qx+I@ -1) (0) y=(e+ D&E - 1) Solution: e 3.2 () y=(Qx+ I —1) 2. [agevle: D+ r+ ve] = Ber IY OG =I) +Qrt yi (2x) = 60x41" D+ 2@e+ 1)" ennclies =22x+ 1) B@ - 1) +a2x+ D] = =2(2x+1) [5x +x—3] eer in fectored form ) @+ne@ 1)" a: a Leno’? +64 nf £e2-p =@ 1) +64 NS @ eo} =D)? sate Dee 1)” aliases ot == 1) [@ -1)43@+ 1) cae =@-1) "pe tr-1] Solace tem Exereise 2.2 1. Use the product rule to find dy/dx. You may leave your answers in an unsimplified form (a) y=(®—2)3x+1) (b) y=(1 —x)(2x +3) © y=a+ Za) (@) y=(tx4x¥4-x) (© y=(1+ Vey») Dy-astyitens) * @ y+ THe +H tty y= (et Sy 4) 2. Use the product rule to find 4 £9 (a) Zeeenhers2) () Sa- nese *() Set exenarsiy *(d) Lee snes ey © OT.Lee 15Mathematics Methods Units 3 & 4 3. Find y’ (a) y=Qx+ 1)" +2) () y=(1- 2x43)” © y=0429"@-1) (@ y=(1 + 3x) 3-28 4, Differentiate with respect to @ sO=@H =) ©) f= 0r+ I e+2)" © sO=0- 570429" @ flo=0429"0-9 "@) WO= (144) +2)" *() v= (1430 50 429" *@ PO)= (143) 1 +29" ¥(h) P= (+51 +62) 5. Differentiate with respect to 1. @ v= +ya-"y y 6. Use the product rule to find dy/dt. @ y=@r DEH” ( y= 2 (+t? t-1 = ey ane Oar, Oya 7. Use the product rule to find y’ @ y=@+De-1)" y= +1) "GD i 2 Oy= @y-—4y a a-ey 8. Given that f(x) =(x+1) (1x). Find "(x). Henee, find "(0). 9. Given that f(x) =(1—x°)(1+2x)". Find f"(x). Hence, find ’(1) 10, Given that ¢) = (1 +2)(1 =), find »"(0. Hence, find r such that v'() = 0 *11. Given that P(d) = (1 — Sra +2f). Find P'(f). Hence, find r such that P’(1) = 0. 12, Given that s()= (1 +20°"(1 =). Find s‘(). Hence: find ¢ such that s“(#) = 0. © OT Lee 1602 Differentiation 1 2.2.3. The Quotient Rule © Given that y=“ , where u=/(x) and v= g(x), v This is known as the quotient rule for differentiation. * Note the pattern embedded in this rule. a i — subtract {pees — dirterentiate vd de denominator dee f differentiate square denominator numerator first ‘+ Remember that quotients can also be differentiated using the product rule, Example 2.6 Use the quotient rule to find 2; (a) y= 1+ at It Solution: @ yo =F - COO=04 NC) FR ererkng )asng te product le I-t at (0? 2 y+ y-p _ 0-p+049) a i (0? Pe OC NG 9G) aed =(-9 +0 +909 . (0? (0-9 0-940 +9)=20-9° dy _ -2PY-D-(-9-4) ey ae Vette ED eee dt a-2ry _ (1-27) +4001-9) (i-2? 2 Har (l-2F? © OT Lee 7Mathematics Methods Units 3 & 4 Example 2.7 Use the quotient rule and the chain rule to find * (a) y= ia a () y= an Solution: dg _ 0+920-)CDI-0— oro dt ee _ -20+90-)-0-07 ser in = (+ \unfactored form _ (-ni-20+)-0-9) (ety? = Os0-3ed _ ier) fancwer in | (+0? sy factored term = wP(-I)-0-: 21) on- o. S 2. (14+ 20°C Def apes (2) tie 202—h=1g+2) Pet om (+20* = = + 2[-(1+2)- 40-9) +20" [ancwer in| = 582 alien (+20 Exercise 2.3, 1. Use the quotient rule to differentiate each of te following with respect to: @u () ax’) © e+) ) Aan © Met © ety” (@ -We-1)" a) a - 2. Use the quotient rule to find f"(x)- soa _- _ dex @so- OFO- FR OFO- Te 3 ei oso-FZ- OF@-Te OSO- () £@)= ae 3. Use the quotient rule to find »’. You may leave your answers in an eee form. @ ay wos Or Ta oF Or qaF ory One (y= “y= or Oye Gu Ww y= “ue Oe goa © OT-Lee 1802 Diferemtation | 4, itis with respect to . You may leave your answers in an unfactored form. 72 6 Gar YGF © oF o 2 -4t G=ary? © oy? 2 (297 Ola 5. Differentiate with respect to x. You may leave your answers in an unfactored form. 3» (+ 2xy @-4x)* @ Oars Oe Tost l+x (eae, Se —* h & (g) x (hy ee) *6, Find dy/d@. You may leave your answers in an unfactored form. 1+0 1-0 @y ) ie 7. Given that f(x) = —, find: (a) f'@) (b) xsuch that 7’(x) =0. 14x 8. Given that f(x) = find: (a) f"(0) (b) xsuch that /’(x) = 0. *9, Given that v(t) = find: (a) v') (b) fsuch that v'()=0 t (1+21)" *10. Given that (1) = ao find: (a) v‘(0) (b) ¢such that v"(Q) = 0 +07 23 Higher Derivatives . & or y' or f’(x) is called the first derivative of y or f(x) with respect to x. ‘The derivative of the first derivative is called the second derivative of y or f(x) dns ca Ga 7 with respect tox. This is denoted “oF »" or f(x) oF ("Cs © The derivative of the second derivative is called the third derivative of y or f(x) es a: » or s(x) or f%(x) or y". with respect tox. This is denoted &¥ * In general, the nth derivative of y or (x) with respect to x, is denoted LY ory or & Pd or fx). [(~) is the Roman numeral equivalent of the Arabic numeral denoted by n.] © OT Lee 19Mathematics Methods Units 3 & 4 Example 2.8 Given that f(@)=(1 +x), find f"(x) and f(x) Solution: Fo)= (148) Hence, F') =301 4x) 2x) = 6x(1 43°) ‘Therefore P(e) =T +e +620 +2) Qn] = a +e (© y-&+ i +s y= 2) +40 1 e+ = ae bp (h) @ (e) y= 4e* (xt)? Da Ie (ae =x? y ee 3. Find & You may leave your answers in an unfactored form. : (@ y=te" ) y=2Pe” ©y-U+he @ yah © i : (g) y=fle hy) y 4, For each of the following, find: (i) "(2) (i) xsuch that f"(x) = 0: (@) foy=2e @se)=rie" +5, For each of the following, find the value(s) of f"(x) that correspond to f"(x) = 0: @ fay=ve ) fay= (1+ ne. © OT Lee 22f 03 Differentiation It 3.2 Differentiating e/ Ft) * Consider : Letu=f(2). Hence, y=e", Using the chain rule: : w _ hu de du de re"x f(s) = sf) of. ‘© Note the pattern, e Yo] atttereniate -r@e Example 3.2» Find /'(x) if (@) f@)=e" 4! () f@)= xe". Solutions @ f@Q=e => so) can ef Manet © f@=xe" => fix)=ix eM texQne” we tate? Tee =e" (1+2x ) Exercise 3.2 1. Find y'. @yreP yr eM | ynsPh= y= de? Wyre yy @y-ver™ oy Het 2. Find dv/dt. : @rv=Peo -wvsatne! © x h A *3. For each of the following find the value(s) of P(t) that correspond to P()=0: @ PO=-eF ) P=te". © OT Lee 23Mathematics Methods Units 3 & 4 04 Differentiation IL 4.1 First Principles « In this section, we will review the concept of the derivative using first principles. « The derivative of f(x), denoted f'(x) or 4 f(x), is defined as: rie ea Le+h)- f()} fQ)= GIO jim] orn | Example 4.1 2 Use the definition of the derivative to find the derivative of: (a) 5x (b) ‘Solution: (@) Let f@)=5. S(x+hy Hence, f(x) = i Gerad h () Lety) = ay, 1 1 aes xh? 2x? He a 5 oa ee) 1 = alent = tim | h90| 2x7 (x+ Arh tim| 2H22*)_) «jig | 28+ 90] DhxPr(x+ hy? | AO] 2x2(0r4+ hy? 2x 1 nS eae © OTLee 2404 Differentiation 111 Example 4.2 Without the use of a CAS calculator, find the derivative of y= e'« Solution: From Chapter 1: Example 4.3 ho Identify the function that is being differentiated in lim r5 Axt hyo + al Hence, evaluate this limit. ‘Solution: sues Rewrite lim 0 esate) h0 a aise: Coarse ashi =cae)) a in| feof) h0| h i) h 5 Clearly, f(@) = 20". s Hence, the function that is being differentiated is f(x) =-2x . 5 Therefore, lim [a=] Stas, hy) h dk 4 =-10x © OT Lee 25Mathematics Methods Units 3 & 4 Example 4.4 Without the use of a CAS/graphic calculator, find the exact value of lim =) Solution: T (2s), [MLE Rewrite lim| V4 1 | as_tim rool 30 (en )- Compare tim ee 0 h (+4) 4 4 Clearly, jim] SS sl Exercise 4.1 1. Without the use ofa calculator, use first prineiples to differentiate the following: 3 2 @ 5 (b) x2 ox (@ 3x -2x Oe 2. Evaluate each of the following limits by identifying the function being differentiated. 4 @ tim [eat =] (b) in|? ho h 0 3h aer+h) (@ lim [een | erin a A b>) A 3. Find the exact values of each of the following: . | (h+2)2—4 (h-29 +8 oy (a) jn| 9 | (6) lim [apes © im| Se 130] io io] h-3 2+h 2 (ap tin [25 ey tc | Ce |e x90] z 0! h =) h © OT Lee 2604 Differentiation LIL 4.2. Differentiating Trigonometric Functions ‘* A list of important trigonometric limits is given below (x must be in radians): lim cos(x) x90 Se milscon(e) 0 is ein) x90 x 0 =I [This implies that for small x, sin(x) = x] «tim 22@)_ 1 (This implies that for small x, tan(x) ~ x] ro x AT be i 5 oe Hands On Task 4.1 In this task, we will explore the development of some of the trigonometric limits listed above. 1. Use your CAS calculator to verify the following limits (x is in radians): (tim cos(x) =1 (6) tim $28) <9 Ge) tim S22) 1 (4) tim MO) = 1, x90 10k m0 x 0 x 2, The result for tim 2 can gtso be determined using B x90 x geometry. The accompanying diagram shows a sector of . accircle OAC, with OA = OC being the radius, and a central angle of size x radians. Triangle OAB is a right angled triangle. @ A Clearly: Area of triangle OAC < Area of sector OAC < Area of triangle OABY (2) Use this result to show that sin(x) < x < tan(x). x 1 sin(x) (b) Hence, show that 1 < < and cos(x) < <1 sin() ~ costa) (©) Hence, find tim S12) x30 x 3. The result for tim 1=£°5C) can also be obtained algebraically. 0x Rewrite lim £25) as. tim [t so, Hence find lim +08. 0x rooLx x 02 © OT Lee 27Mathematics Methods Units 3 & 4 4.2.1, Derivative of sin (x) # To find the derivative of sin (x), where x is in radians, we adopt the following | procedure. © Let f(x) =sin (x), Using first principles: d _ 4 | sine +h) -si 3] de 2 ent ese) aint) sin(x) i ho) h . erie [use cos(/t) + cos(x)sin(h) al 10 h = Jim | seedentaatecosensnt) =) h = lim | steaensty lla seta tO} A h oe [sco] S20") 2 Using the results h+0| h Te [sou] oh pool oh = cos (x) im #90) = h0! 4.2.2 Derivatives of basic trigonometric functions # Listed below are some commonly used results involving trigonometric functions: singo)=eose Kcostx) =—sin(x) © OT Lee 28