COMPILER CONSTRUCTION

Instructor:
Mr. Sheraz Babar

1
Lecture 05

2
Three-pass Compiler
Source Front IR Middle IR Back machine
code End End End code

errors

 Intermediate stage for code

improvement or optimization
3
Three-pass Compiler
Source Front IR Middle IR Back machine
code End End End code

errors

 Analyzes IR and rewrites (or

transforms) IR
4
Three-pass Compiler
Source Front IR Middle IR Back machine
code End End End code

errors

 Primary goal is to reduce

running time of the compiled
code
5
Three-pass Compiler
Source Front IR Middle IR Back machine
code End End End code

errors

 May also improve space

usage, power consumption, ...
6
Three-pass Compiler
Source Front IR Middle IR Back machine
code End End End code

errors

 Must preserve “meaning” of the

code.
 Measured by values of named
variables
7
Optimizer
IR
IR Opt IR Opt IR Opt Opt IR
1 2 3 n

errors

 Modern optimizers are

structured as a series of
passes
8
Optimizer
IR
IR Opt IR Opt IR Opt Opt IR
1 2 3 n

errors

Typical transformations
 Discover & propagate some
constant value
9
Optimizer
IR
IR Opt IR Opt IR Opt Opt IR
1 2 3 n

errors

Typical transformations
 Move a computation to a less
frequently executed place
10
Optimizer
IR
IR Opt IR Opt IR Opt Opt IR
1 2 3 n

errors

Typical transformations
 Specialize some computation
based on context
11
Optimizer
IR
IR Opt IR Opt IR Opt Opt IR
1 2 3 n

errors

Typical transformations
 Discover a redundant
computation & remove it
12
Optimizer
IR
IR Opt IR Opt IR Opt Opt IR
1 2 3 n

errors

Typical transformations
 Remove useless or
unreachable code
13
Optimizer
IR
IR Opt IR Opt IR Opt Opt IR
1 2 3 n

errors

Typical transformations
 Encode an idiom in some
particularly efficient form
14
Role of Run-time System
 Memory management
 Allocate/deallocate
 Garbage collection
 Run-time type checking
 Error/exception processing
 Interface to OS – I/O
 Support for parallelism
 Parallel threads
 Communication and synchronization
15
Related to Compilers
 Interpreters (direct execution)
 Assemblers
 Preprocessors
 Text formatters (non-
WYSIWYG)
 Analysis tools
16
The End

17