CASE STUDY OF BLOOD GROUPING AND BLOOD

PRESSURE AMONG PEOPLE AROUND PARSHYANG,

POKHARA

A PROJECT WORK SUBMITTED TO

NATIONAL EXAMINATION BOARD, SANOTHIMI,
BHAKTAPUR, NEPAL
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
THE DEGREE OF GRADE XII IN BIOLOGY

BY:
SHUSHANT LUITEL
SHREE SHITALADEVI COMMUNITY SECONDARY
SCHOOL,
NEB REGISTRATION NUMBER:
POKHARA, NEPAL
 RECOMMENDATION

It is certified that Mr. Sijan Poudel has carried out the project work entitled “CASE STUDY
OF BLOOD GROUPING AND BLOOD PRESSURE AMONG PEOPLE” under my
supervision. I recommend the project in the partial fulfillment for the requirement of degree
of grade 12 in biology.

Signature :

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Name of supervisor: Prem Raj Gautam
Date :

STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “CASE STUDY OF BLOOD GROUPING
AND BLOOD PRESSURE AMONG PEOPLE” submitted to the Nepal Examination
Board(NEB) is an original piece of work under the supervision of Mr. Prem Raj Gautam
faculty member of Shree Shitaladevi Community Secondary School and is submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Grade XII, biology. This
project work has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of any degree till
the date.

Signature:
Name of Students: Sijan Poudel
Roll no: 38
Date:

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 EVALUATION

We certify that we have evaluated this project work entitled “CASE STUDY OF BLOOD
GROUPING AND BLOOD PRESSURE AMONG PEOPLE” submitted by Mr. Shushant
luitel and in our opinion, it fulfills all the specified criteria in the scope and quality as project
work for the partial fulfillment for the requirement of the degree of grade 12 in Biology at
NEB, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal.

Evaluation Committee

Prem Raj Gautam Durga Prasad Subedi

Supervisor HOD

Department of biology

Shree Shitaladevi Community

Secondary School, Pokhara-
12,Shitaladevi

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Date:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Mr. Prem Raj Gautam for
his admirable cooperation, inspirable guidance, caring, continuous support and valuable
suggestions throughout the process of project work.

Furthermore, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all my teachers, friends, college
staff who directly or indirectly helped me in completion of the study and skill development.

Specially, I would like to express my gratitude to the +2 Coordinator Mr. Durga Prasad Subedi
for all the support and homely environment throughout the work.

Additionally, I would like to thanks to all my family members, all my relatives and my dear
teachers for their unconditional support. Lastly, I would like to thanks to all the respondents, who
provided me the accurate first hand, data for my research work.

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 CONTENTS
Page No.
Recommendation
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii
Student’s Declaration
……………………………………………………………………………………………… iii
Evaluation
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……... iv
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………
……………… v
Contents
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………… vi

1. INTRODUCTION
………………………………………………………………………………………... 1,2
2.

Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………... 3
3.
Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………………
………… 3
4. Methods …………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………... 4
5. Results and Discussion
……………………………………………………………………………..….. 5
6. Pie Chart
Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………….6

vi
7. Conclusion
……………………………………………………………………………………………........... 7
References
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….. 8

vii
 Introduction
The presence or lack of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood
cells (RBCs) determines a blood type, also referred to as a blood group. Depending on the blood
group system, these antigens could be glycolipids, proteins, carbohydrates, or glycoproteins.
Some of these antigens can also be found on the surface of different kinds of cells found in
different tissues. Many of these antigens on the surface of red blood cells can originate from a
single allele (or a different gene) and combine to form a blood group system. An individual's
blood type (A, B, AB, and O, with + or − indicating RhD status) is determined for blood
transfusion suitability using the two most significant blood group systems, Rh and ABO. Serum
(fluid) antibodies against type B red cells are present in blood that contains red blood cells with type A
antigen on their surface. The red cells in type B blood will be destroyed by the recipient's blood
antibodies if type B blood is transfusioned into someone with type A blood. Similar to this, anti-A
antibodies in type B blood will kill type A red blood cells. Unless there is an incompatibility with another
blood group system that is also present, type O blood can be injected into people with type A, type B, or
type O blood. People with blood type AB can receive blood types A, B, or O.

Getting donated blood via a small tube inserted into an arm vein is a common medical procedure known
as a blood transfusion. This procedure has the potential to save lives by replenishing blood lost as a
result of trauma or surgery. If your body is unable to properly produce blood or certain components of
blood due to an illness, a blood transfusion may also be beneficial.

The force of blood flowing through blood vessels against their walls is known as blood pressure (BP). The
heart's action of pumping blood through the circulatory system is mostly responsible for this pressure.
The pressure in the brachial artery, where it is most frequently measured, is referred to as "blood
pressure" when it is used without qualification. Systolic pressure, or the highest pressure experienced
during a single heartbeat, is typically used to express blood pressure as the difference between the
minimum and maximum pressure experienced during a cardiac cycle. It is expressed in kilopascals (kPa)
or millimeters of mercury (mmHg) above the ambient air pressure. Mean arterial pressure is the average
pressure measured during a cardiac cycle, whereas pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic

1
and diastolic pressures. Among the vital signs that medical professionals use to assess a patient's health
are blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature. Adults
typically have a resting blood pressure of about 120 mmHg, or 16 kPa systolic over 80 mmHg, or 11 kPa
diastolic, also known as "120/80 mmHg." The device use to measure blood pressure is
sphygmomanometer.

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 Objectives of the study
1. To compare the blood pressure and blood group of different community members.
2. To be aware of each person's Rh factor.
3. To learn more about the various people's health conditions.
4. To determine whether or not they take medication on a regular basis.

Limitations of the study

1. Unable to manage a large number of people.
2. Makes information gathering more difficult because some people consider it to be sensitive.
3. Limited resources, both in terms of time and funding, restrict the depth study.

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 Methods/ Methodology

Both primary and secondary methods were applied for case study of blood grouping and
blood pressure among people around Parshyang, Pokhara. To achieve the objectives, four
different methods were adopted i.e., observation, questionnaire, interview and literature
review.

1.Primary method
When we went to see various people, we inquired about their blood pressure and blood
grouping and recorded the information appropriately. Method like interview, questionnaire,
and observation were carried out.

2.Secondary method
We spoke with locals to gather a variety of information regarding people's health
conditions. Additionally, data were gathered from the internet and various reference
sources, including books, pamphlets, and the like. Internet was the major source of
collecting data and information about it.

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 Result and Discussion

The below table represents the blood grouping and blood pressure of various people
of our community.
S.N Name Age Blood Group Blood Pressure Remarks
(mm hg)

1. Santosh Gurung 10 A+ 115/75 Normal

2. Chandra Bhattrai 27 AB+ 119/78 Normal

3. Aditya Pathak 38 A+ 125/85 High

4. Saurav KC 65 O- 105/60 low

5. Kushal Poudel 18 B+ 130/90 High

6. Sita Sharma 39 A+ 100/70 Low

7. Gita Aryal 60 B+ 118/90 Normal

8. Rita Bastola 72 A+ 127/89 High

9. Namita Magar 25 A+ 120/80 Normal

10. Sapnam Shrestha 69 A- 109/66 Low

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 Pie-chart Discussion

blood grouping Blood pressure

O-
10% 30%
AB+
10%
40%
A+
50%

B+
20%

A-
10%
30%

normal high low

The blood pressure and blood grouping of the people in the Parshyang Pokhara area are depicted in the
two pie-charts above.

When it comes to blood groups, the majority of people (50%) have A+, which is followed by B+ (20%).
The blood group percentages of A-, AB+, and O-are all 10%. However, in general, A+ blood group is more
common than O-blood group, which is uncommon and difficult to find. The blood group of a small
number of people in Parshyang is generally healthy.

Four individuals have normal blood pressure, which is 40%, high blood pressure, and low blood pressure,
which are both 30%. People's blood pressure is generally regarded as being in good health, with the
majority of people having normal blood pressure. Some young people have high blood pressure, while
the elderly have low blood pressure.

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 Conclusions

Our need to be observant and open-minded is highlighted by this type of project

work. It makes a big difference in our lives, makes things easier for us, and helps us
study better. We can discover a number of new things from this report. For learning
something new, this is the most effective method. Information regarding people's
daily activities and health status is available to us. In order to learn more about other
people, the study area should be expanded. During the course of the study, there were
some obstacles that we had to overcome in order to move forward and learn new
information.. When asked to participate in the survey, some people overreacted, but
we were able to persuade them and complete our task effectively. Moreover this
project activity has positive impact on us.
None of the respondents to the survey were found to be intoxicated. A child is obese, and
some people have breathing and cardiac issues. Of them all, a small percentage are found to
smoke frequently.

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 References

1. Aggrawal,S, A textbook of biology part 1 New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House

2. Ksheri Arvind , A Textbook of Biology, Vidyarthi Pustak Bhnadar
3. Ksheri Arvind , A Textbook of Biology practical, Vidyarthi Pustak Bhnadar
4. Koptal, R.L Introduction to Zoology, Rastogi Publication
5. 5. Landsteiner, K., Normal human blut scheinungen in Überagglutination,
Wien Klin Wochenschr., 14, 1132–1134 (1901)
6. ABO associations with blood pressure, serum lipids and lipoproteins, and
anthropometric measures: Borecki I.B., Eiston R.C., Rosenbaum P.A.,
Srinivasan S.R., and Berenson G.S. Hum Hered, 35(3), 161-170 (1985)