A Mini Project report on

Development of Sustainable Process for Clean Energy

Generation using Iron Powder
By
SUYASH PESHAVE
SHUBHAM KODARE

Third Year, B.Tech.

Metallurgical and Materials Science
College of Engineering,
Pune Shivajinagar, Pune 411005

Dr. N. B. Dhokey
Professor
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Science,
College of Engineering, Pune Shivajinagar, Pune 411005

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled “Development of Sustainable Process for
Clean Energy Generation using Iron Powder” submitted by Suyash Peshave and
Shubham Kodare in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree
of Bachelor of Technology (Metallurgical Engineering) of College of Engineering Pune
affiliated to the Savitribai Phule Pune University, is a record of their own work.

Dr. N. B. Dhokey
Professor
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science
College of Engineering, Pune

Date:

Place:

2
 DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and
where others ideas or words have been included; we have adequately cited and
referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of
academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified
any idea/data/fact/source in our submission. We understand that any violation of the
above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal
action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.

Suyash Peshave Shubham Kodare

Date:

Place:

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................5
2.0 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................6
3.0 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION.......................................................................................7
4.0 PROOF OF CONCEPT.................................................................................................................9
5.0 AIM AND OBJECTIVES...........................................................................................................10
6.0 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS.....................................................................................................11
6.1 Enthalpy Calculation:..............................................................................................................11
6.2 Energy Balance....................................................................................................................... 13
6.3 Effect of surface of iron powder.............................................................................................13
7.0 DESIGN AND DRAWING.........................................................................................................15
7.1 Setup of Boiler fired with iron powder and air.......................................................................15
7.2 Setup of Gas turbine fired with iron powder and air..............................................................16
7.3 Setup for Iron powder as a fuel – Boiler assembly –With pure oxygen (Main Sketch)...........17
7.3.1 Roll of Sprayers in the reactor………………………………………………………………………………………18
7.4 Phase diagram of iron-oxygen system....................................................................................18
7.5 Regeneration of Iron powder from Rust................................................................................19
7.5.1 Way to generate H2 for reduction of rust……………………………………………………………………..19
7.5.2 Processes of regeneration of iron powder……………………………………………………………………20
7.6 Efficiency Calculations............................................................................................................ 21
8.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS.......................................................................................................22
9.0 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................23
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................25

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 1.0 ABSTRACT

It is becoming widely recognized that our society must transition to low-carbon

energy systems to combat global climate change, and renewable energy sources are
needed to provide energy security in a world with limited fossil-fuel resources. While
many clean power-generation solutions have been proposed and are being developed,
our ability to transition to a low-carbon society is prevented by the present lack of clean
and renewable energy carriers that can replace the crucial roles that fossil fuels play.
Due to their abundance, convenience and performance in global energy trade and
transportation. Any future low-carbon energy carriers that aim to displace or supplement
fossil fuels must have high energy densities for convenient trade and storage, and should
be consumable within efficient high-power density engines for transportation, heavy
machinery, and other off-grid energy applications.
Hydrogen and batteries have been widely studied but they are not suitable for use
as international energy-trading commodities and they cannot provide the energy density
and safety demanded by society. Iron powder as fuels, produced using low-carbon
recycling systems powered by clean primary energy, such as solar and hydrogen,
promise energy densities that are competitive to fossil fuels with low, or even negative,
net carbon dioxide emissions. To date, however, few practical high-power-density end-
use devices for generating heat or power from metal fuels have been proposed.

Fig. 1.1: Three pillars of Sustainability – Environment, Society & Economics [10]

This report proposes a novel concept for power generation in which iron powder
fuels are burned with oxygen in a combustor to provide clean, high-grade heat. The
metal-fuel combustion heat can be used directly for industrial or residential heating for a
development of sustainable process.

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 2.0 INTRODUCTION

Metal fuels, as recyclable carriers of clean energy, are promising alternatives to

fossil fuels in a future low-carbon economy. Because they are Fossil fuels are a
convenient and widely-available source of stored solar energy that has enabled our
modern society; however, fossil-fuel production cannot perpetually keep up with
increasing energy demand, while carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel
combustion cause climate change. Low-carbon energy carriers, with high energy
density, are needed to replace the multiple indispensable roles of fossil fuels, including
for electrical and thermal power generation, for powering transportation fleets, and for
global energy trade. Metals have high energy densities and metals are, therefore, fuels
within many batteries, energetic materials, and propellants.
Iron powder fuels can be burned with air or pure oxygen to release their chemical
energy at a range of power-generation scales. The iron-oxide combustion products are
solids that can be captured and then be recycled using zero-carbon electrolysis processes
powered by clean energy, enabling iron powder to be used as recyclable zero-carbon
solar fuels or electro fuels. A key technological barrier to the increased use of iron
powder as fuels is the current lack of clean and efficient combustor/reactor/engine
technologies to convert the chemical energy in iron powder fuels into motive or
electrical power (energy). This report overviews the concept of low-carbon iron fuels
and summarizes the current state of our knowledge regarding the reaction of iron fuels
with oxygen, to produce iron oxide and generation of heat, and the combustion of iron
powder fuels with air to form hot nitrogen.
While setting fire to an iron ingot is probably more trouble than it’s worth, fine
iron powder mixed with air is highly combustible. When you burn this mixture, you’re
oxidizing the iron. Whereas a carbon fuel oxidizes into CO 2, an iron fuel oxidizes into
iron oxide, which is just rust. The nice thing about rust is that it’s a solid which can be
captured post-combustion. And that’s the only byproduct of the entire process—in goes
the iron powder, and out comes energy in the form of heat and rust powder. Energy
density of Iron is 11.3 kWh/L, [1] which is better than gasoline. Although its specific
energy is a relatively poor 1.4 kWh/kg, meaning that for a given amount of energy, iron
powder will take up a little bit less space than gasoline but it’ll be almost ten times
heavier.
Metal fuels can be an important technology option within a future low-carbon
society. Iron powder fuels can be used to run heat treatment furnaces, thermal power
plants if given special attention & it is comparable or even better in some aspects with
respect to renewable power sources present today. Iron fuels would also eliminate a host
of other pollutant emissions created during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels that
impact human and environmental health, including carbon monoxide, unburned
hydrocarbons and particulate matter, or soot. Therefore this source deserves focused
attention to address these open questions.

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 3.0 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION

India has an ever-growing appetite for power & historically it is satisfied with use
of traditional methods of power generation mainly coal fired power plants. Hence, many
more of such power plants are sanctioned. However it is speculated that once
commissioned these will cause additional pollution. According to a study Operational
coal fired power plants already contribute to around 70% of India’s total power
generation which is bound to go upward in aforementioned scenario. [11] Every year India
faces problems due to pollution which has created a bad image of India in terms of
factors such as air quality. Most importantly pollution leads to loss of lives.
One of the ways to look at pollution is by calculating the carbon footprint of the
region or country. Carbon footprint tells us about the amount of carbon emission from
various activities in the country. Fig. 3.1 shows some estimates done by a study about
carbon footprint of India in upcoming years. The trend shown in the graph below is
quite haunting.

Fig. 3.1: Trend of CO2 emission in India from years 2001-02 to 2020-21 (Trend from
2001-02 to 2009-10 is based on data collected and 2010-11 to 2020-21 was estimated in
the report) [2]

Paris agreement of 2015 has set a target for each country and to fulfill the
commitments India has to start looking at alternative sources. Given the variety in socio-
economic terms evident in India, problems are plenty in each type of alternative
methods of power generation. We see protests day-in-day-out when it comes to setting
up of hydro or nuclear based power plants. India spans in tropical and sub-tropical
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region and thus, has a huge potential for solar based power generation. But this option
has lags in terms of efficiency, which translates to huge land requirement. India can’t
afford to use up land when it is already a scarce resource.
Considering all this India must start looking for cleaner, efficient and feasible
ways of power generation. One option to look at is power generation using metal
powder. If we look at the problems in options available this source overcomes most of
them. For example, the reactions involved in power generation are totally environment
friendly and byproduct formed is only water. The fuel used i.e. metal powder is totally
recoverable. However it may take time to industrialize this fuel and use it in all possible
applications as technology necessary for running a plant using metal powder is yet to be
developed.
In this mini project we have proposed a method to employ abovementioned
technology. Here we have shown with the help of simple calculations that the
technology can be a game changer in a fight against climate change.

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 4.0 PROOF OF CONCEPT

a) b)

Fig. 4.1: a) Comparison of different fuels as graph of energy density vs specific energy, b)
Histogram for energy densities for different fuels [1][3]

 Iron has energy density of about 11.3kWh/L which is better than gasoline and
carbon which are generally used as fuel in thermal power plants.
 But, its specific energy is relatively poor 1.4kWh/kg, meaning that for given
amount of energy, iron powder will take up a little bit space than gasoline but it’ll
be almost ten times heavier.
 Hence, one can use iron powder as fuel in industrial processes or thermal power
plants. Iron powder is easily available in abundant, Iron fuel can be burned to
form iron oxide, better known as rust. In this process, a large amount of thermal
energy are released that can be used in industrial processes. The
resulting iron oxide is a solid material, so it can be captured after the combustion
process. Hence, iron powder can be used as fuel.

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 5.0 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of the project is to produce clean energy from iron powder. The activities
are itemized as follows:-

 Enthalpy calculations (with adiabatic / without adiabatic)

 Effect of Surface of iron powder
 Energy Balance
 Design of burners for combustion
 Reduced iron particles collection chamber
 Find Efficiency of Process.

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 6.0 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

6.1 Enthalpy Calculation:

Table 6.1: List of Symbols used in the report
Symbol Meaning Symbol Meaning
Pre-exponential
H Enthalpy A0
factor
Heat capacity at
Cp Ea Activation energy
constant pressure
T Temperature R Gas constant
Adiabatic flame Enthalpy of
Tflame ∆Hf
Temperature formation
K Rate constant

Table 6.2: Thermodynamic data required for calculations [7]

Cp Values
∆Hf J/mole K
kJ/mole
a b × 10-3T c × 106 T-2
FeO -266 45.75 18.78 -0.08
H2O -241.8 30 10.71 0.033
Fe - 37.12 6.17 -
O2 - 29.96 4.18 -0.167
H2 - 26.88 3.59 0.11

Fe (s) + 1/2O2 (g) = FeO (s)…..………….……… (A)

To calculate adiabatic flame temperature we have,

Kirchhoff’s equation -
d (∆H) = ∆Cp dT………………………… (B)
n
On integrating equ B we get,
0 = ∆H0298.15 + ʃ Cp dT……………………………………………...…………….. (I)
0 = ∆H0298.15 + ʃ Cp, FeO dT
0 = - 266000 + ʃ (45.75 + 18.78 × 10-3 T – 0.08 × 106 T-2) dT
0 = - 266000 + [45.75 (Tflame - 298) + 18.78 × 10-3 (Tflame – 2982) /2 + 0.08 × 106 (1/Tflame-
1/298)]
266000 = 45.75 Tflame – 45.75 × 298 + 18.78 × 10-3 T2flame - 18.78 × 10-3 × 2982 + 0.08 ×
106/ Tflame - 0.08 × 106/ 298
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0 = 45.75Tflame + 18.78 × 10-3 T2flame + 0.08 × 106/ Tflame – (45.75 × 298 + 18.78 × 10-3 ×
2982 + 0.08 × 106/ 298 + 266000)
0 =18.78 × 10-3 T3flame + 45.75T2flame + 0.08 × 106 – 281569.7 T…………......… (II)
By solving equation (II) we get,
Tflame = 2840 K
Hence,
Adiabatic Flame Temperature of Equn A = 2840 K or 2567 oC.

FeO (s) + H2 (g) = H2O (g) + Fe (s)…………………….. (C)

ΔH0, Equn B = - 241.8 + 266
= + 24.2 kJ at standard state
To calculate adiabatic flame temperature we have,
0 = ∆Ho298.15 + ʃ ∆Cp dT…………………………………….….. (From using equn I)
0 = - 24200 + ʃ (37.12 + 6.17 × 10-3 T + 30 + 10.71× 10-3 T + 0.33 × 105 T-2) dT
0 = - 24200 + ʃ (67.12 + 16.88 × 10-3 T + 0.33 × 105 T-2) dT
0 = - 24200 + (67.12(Tflame – 298) + 16.88 × 10-3 (T2flame – 2982) - 0.33 × 105
(1/Tflame – 1/298))
0 = 67.12 Tflame + 16.88 × 10-3 T2flame - 0.33 × 105/ Tflame – (67.12 × 298 + 16.88 × 10-3 ×
2982 - 0.33 × 105/ 298 - 24200)
0 = 16.88 × 10-3 T3flame + 67.12 T2flame - 0.33 × 105 + 2810 T………..……….... (III)
By solving equation (III),
Tflame = 9.55 K
Hence,
Adiabatic Flame Temperature of Equn C = 9.55 K or -263.45oC

Similarly,
Table 6.2 Values of Enthalpy for Equn A & C higher temperatures

Temperature ∆H of Equn A ∆H of Equn C

(oC) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)

500 -266.33 20.19

700 -265.7 18.13

6.2 Energy Balance

1) Energy released in Equn A is -266 KJ/mol of FeO formed.

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 2) Energy consumed in Equn C per mole of FeO consumed is +24.2 KJ.
3) Net heat released= -266 + 24.2 = -241.8 KJ.

6.3 Effect of surface of iron powder

A single component sample of iron powders (with 1–3 or 4–10 μm particle size)
was tested in an oxygen atmosphere to study the oxidation reaction characteristics. The
test results are shown in the following Fig.6.1. As shown in Fig.6.1, the powders
exhibited an exothermic reaction peak well below the melting point of iron (1538 °C).
The initial exothermic peaks observed for iron power 1–3 μm at 325 °C and 4–10 μm at
200 °C were due to oxidation of the powder impurities. The reaction peak temperature
for 1–3 μm was 427.87 °C, with a total heat generation of 4844 J/g, and for 4–10 μm, it
was 488.92 °C, with a total heat generation of 5435 J/g.

Fig. 6.1: Heat flow vs temperature for iron powders [4]

For solids, whether the particles are spherical or jagged, the particle size is
important for performance evaluation. In this study, it is assumed that a particle size
refers to the diameter of a hypothetical sphere of the same mass. As shown in Fig., the
test results demonstrate that the temperature at which the reaction peaks increases with
the particle size. This is presumably caused by having a larger surface area per particle
that is readily exposed to the oxygen for a more complete oxidation. Furthermore, a
fixed total system volume, containing larger size particles will have a higher void
fraction than that of a system with small size particles. Therefore, larger size particles
require less initial heat to bring the reacting system up to its activation state, less
activation energy, compared to that of the smaller size particles leading to a larger

13
amount of net heat released by the exothermic reaction (larger ∆H). In other words, a
decrease in particle size requires a higher amount of instantaneous heat flowing into the
system to bring it to the activation state, and therefore it has a less net amount of heat
released by exothermic reaction (smaller ∆H).

Also, from Arrhenius equation,

K = A0e-Ea/RT……………….….…………… (D)
As surface area increase i.e. particle size decreases, the value of ‘A 0’ increase and
hence rate of iron oxidation reaction increases.
Also, it was found that the reactivity of iron powder depends on the particle size.
The iron 4–10 μm powders are less reactive in the oxygen and also in the mixture than
the iron 1–3 μm size. Their lower reactivity may be due to having relatively smaller total
active surface area of larger iron particles size compared to that of iron 1–3 μm size
particle.

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 7.0 DESIGN AND DRAWING

A detailed calculation on enthalpy change has been carried out in the previous
section. On oxidation of iron, there is surplus heat left out which can be usefully
converted into generation of electricity or mechanical work. In this report, we are
proposing three possible designs that can covert chemical energy formed from
combustion of iron to the usable form of energy.

7.1 Setup of Boiler fired with iron powder and air

Cyclone Separation
technology

Fig. 7.1: Proposed design 1

Iron powder and compressed air reacted together and burns inside the burner.
Then hot nitrogen and FeO particles passes through Cyclone Separation technology to
separate FeO particles. Then hot nitrogen passes from tubes of fire tube boiler for
production of electricity. As nitrogen and FeO particles are by-products so this is
environmental friendly process.

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7.2 Setup of Gas turbine fired with iron powder and air

Cyclone Separation
technology

Fig. 7.2: Proposed design 2

Iron powder and air reacted together and burns inside the burner located for
running of gas turbine. Hot nitrogen and FeO particles passes through Cyclone
Separation technology to separate FeO particles. Then hot nitrogen passes towards gas
turbine to run the turbine for production of electricity. As nitrogen and FeO particles are
by-products so this is environmental friendly process.

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7.3 Setup for Iron powder as a fuel – Boiler assembly –With pure
oxygen (Main Sketch)

Steam

Boiler
Water

Flame
FeO
Iron Burner
Collect
Powder

Pure O2

Fig. 7.3: Proposed design 3

In the first step iron powder with desirable particle size is filled in the container.
Then pure oxygen supply is started. As iron powder and oxygen mix and react together
as per the equn A and release heat in the form of flame heating and FeO particles. This
heat is used to heat the boiler and FeO is collected by means of Cyclone separation
technology.

Flame

Collection
of FeO
particles

Fig. 7.4: Cyclone Separation for separation of FeO particles 17

7.3.1 Roll of Sprayers in the reactor
 To regulate the flow of powder towards the reactor.
 To maintain the amount of reactant for the reaction.
 Helps in easy burning of iron powder by uniformly distributing it.

7.4 Phase diagram of iron-oxygen system

Fig. 7.5: Iron-oxygen phase diagram [8]

For figures 7.1 & 7.2, air is used as a source of oxygen for combustion. Air
contains 23% of oxygen by weight and we are operating the burner in the region
between 400 – 500oC for the maximum heat flow as shown in the above figure. From the
above figure, it is clear that stable product at temperature range between 400-500 oC and
23% of oxygen is FeO.

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 Fig. 7.6: Ellingham diagram for different oxide product [5]

For figure 7.3, pure oxygen is used as a source of oxygen for combustion. So it is
clear from the Ellingham diagram that the stable oxide product of iron between 400 –
500oC temperature range is FeO and not Fe2O3

7.5 Regeneration of Iron powder from Rust

To maintain the zero-carbon nature of the iron fuel, the recharging process has to
be zero-carbon as well.
7.5.1 Way to generate H2 for reduction of rust
Generating “Green hydrogen” using electrolysis of water: -
Green hydrogen is different than blue and grey hydrogen. It is produced through
electrolysis, in which machines split water into hydrogen and oxygen, with no other by-
products. Historically, electrolysis required so much electricity that it made little sense
to produce hydrogen that way. The situation is changing for two reasons. First,
significant amounts of excess renewable electricity have become available at grid scale;
rather than storing excess electricity in arrays of batteries, the extra electricity can be
used to drive the electrolysis of water, “storing” the electricity in the form of hydrogen.
Second, electrolysers are becoming more efficient. [10]

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7.5.2 Processes of regeneration of iron powder
There are a variety of different ways of using electricity to turn rust back into iron
as given in the equn C, three different technologies based on hot hydrogen reduction
(which turns iron oxide and hydrogen into iron and water) [12]:

 Mesh Belt Furnace: In the mesh belt furnace, the iron oxide is transported by a
conveyor belt through a furnace in which hydrogen is added at 800-1000°C. The
iron oxide is reduced to iron, which sticks together because of the heat, resulting
in a layer of iron. This can then be ground up to obtain iron powder.
 Fluidized Bed Reactor: This is a conventional reactor type, but its use in
hydrogen reduction of iron oxide is new. In the fluidized bed reactor, the reaction
is carried out at lower temperatures around 600°C. This avoids sticking of iron
and iron oxide, but time required for the reaction increases.
 Entrained Flow Reactor: The entrained flow reactor is an attempt to implement
flash iron making technology. This method performs the reaction at high
temperatures, 1100-1400°C, by blowing the iron oxide through a reaction
chamber together with the hydrogen flow to avoid sticking. This might be a good
solution, but it is a new technology and has yet to be proven.

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7.6 Efficiency Calculations
Let us calculate the difference in the efficiencies of boilers when coal is used and when
iron powder is used. Boiler has an efficiency of around 75-80%. [6]
For Pulverized coal fired boiler,
Coal as a fuel has an efficiency of 37%
So,
Efficiency of coal fired boiler = 0.37 × 0.8
= 29.6%

Now for Iron powder as fuel,

ΔHf, Equn A = -260 kJ/mol
Main problem is to enhance heat transfer rate in boiler tube.
ΔHf, Equn C = 24.2 kJ/mol.
Net heat supplied = 242 kJ/mol.
So,
Efficiency of iron powder fired boiler = 242 × 0.8/260

= 74.46 %
Hence,

Overall efficiency of boiler fired with coal = 29.6%

Overall efficiency of boiler fired with iron powder = 74.46%

The efficiencies calculated above doesn’t account for the heat losses that would
occur. Therefore practical efficiency of coal fired boiler drops down to around 20% and
similarly practical efficiency of iron powder fired boiler might drop down to 65-70%.

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 8.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS

 Iron powder can be used as alternative fuel which is sustainable than the
conventional fuels due to their high energy densities and the high collection and
recycling efficiencies enabled by the solid combustion products.
 Due to high exothermicity of iron powder, it provides ample opportunity to use it
as fuel to minimize carbon footprint and promise to make process self-
sustainable.
 Fine iron powder, of size less than 10 μm, has greater surface area which implies
higher flammability.
 Binary phase diagram of iron-oxygen system suggests that wustite phase (FeO) is
likely to form on oxidation of iron. It is hypothesized that those iron oxide
particles may be reduced inflight by hydrogen.
 The efficiency of coal fired boiler is around 20%. Whereas that of iron fuel
powder boiler would be around 65-70%.

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 9.0 REFERENCES

Journal reference

1. J.M.Bergthorsona, S.Goroshina, M.J.Soo, Corrigendum to Direct combustion of

recyclable metal fuels for zero carbon heat and power, applied energy, 15th Dec 2015.
Link – http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261915011071
2. Moti L. Mittal, Chhemendra Sharma, Richa Singh, Estimates of Emissions from Coal
Fired Thermal Power Plants in India.
Link – https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267687877 Estimates of Emissions
from Coal Fired Thermal Power Plants in India
3. Metal powders as recyclable zero emission energy carriers, Alternative fuels
laboratory.
Link - https://afl.mcgill.ca/AFL-Research.html
4. Dale H. Huang, Thanh N. Tran, Bao Yang, Investigation on the reaction of iron
powder mixtures as a portable heat source for thermoelectric power generators, Journal
of Thermal analysis and Calorimetry,2014.
Link - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10973-013-3619-9/figures/1
5. Article on Ellingham Diagrams, University of Cambridge.
Link - https://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/ellingham_diagrams/printall.php
6. P. Goldsworthy, The Coal Hand book: towards cleaner production: coal utilization,
2013.
Link - https://www.sciencedirect.com/topic/engineering/boiler-efficiency

Books

7. David R. Gaskell, Introduction to thermodynamics of materials, 4th Edition, Taylor &

Francis e-Library, 2009.
8. A. Ghosh, A. Chatterjee, Iron making & Steelmaking, 3rd edition, PHI learning
9. Jeff Carbeck, World economic forum, top 10 emerging technologies of 2020, special
report, 2020.

23
Articles in newspapers & internet

10. Samiksha Jain, 6 effective ways to build a sustainable business, blog on

Entrepreneur.com, October 23.
Link - https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/252029
11. Swati D’Souza, Transition from coal won’t be easy. India must ensure support for
people and communities dependent on the sector, Indian express, April 16th 2021.
Link - https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/transitioning-from-coal-wont-
be-easy-india-must-ensure-support-for-people-and-communities-dependent-on-the-
sector-7275473/
12. Evan Ackerman, Iron powder passes first industrial test as renewable Carbon
dioxide-free fuel, Energywise Blog, IEEE Spectrum, 13th Nov 2020.
Link - https://spectrum.ieee.org/energywise/energy/renewables/iron-powder-passes-
first-industrial-test-as-renewable-co2free-fuel
13. https://erik-engheim.medium.com/what-i-can-use-iron-as-a-fuel-7ad78ae417dd

Patents

14. James K. Mcnight inventor, powdered fuels dispersion and combustion devices
related, patent KR20090105916A.
Link –
https://patents.google.com/KR20090105916A/en?
q=Metal+powder+fuels&oq=Metal+powder+fuels

24
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep feelings of gratitude to our guide Dr. N. B. Dhokey, Professor of
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Pune, for the
valuable advice and guidance in the completion of this project work.
We are greatly indebted to him for instilling in us the idea and structure of this project
report. We would like to acknowledge our collaborators and colleagues, who have
constantly helped, encouraged, boosted our morale and have worked with us in
completing this dissertation work.

Sincerely,

Suyash Peshave
Shubham Kodare

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