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Precalculus Q2 Module-3 Final-Copy

Mathematics (University of San Agustin)

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11
Pre-Calculus
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
Circular Functions

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Pre-Calculus – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 3: Circular Functions
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education, SDO CABANATUAN CITY

Schools Division Superintendent: TERESA D. MABABA, CESO V
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: ENRIQUE E. ANGELES JR., CESO VI

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Ismael A. De Lara
Editor: Lady Anne R. Bayan, PhD.
Naomi L. Caparas
Sarah R. Piñgol, PhD.
Melody J. Ramos
Cezainne C. Soriano
Reviewer: SDO Cabanatuan City
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What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written for the learners. After going
through this module, the learner is expected to:
1. illustrate the different circular functions (STEM_PC11T-IIb-1); and
2. use reference angles to find exact values of circular functions
(STEM_PC11T-IIb-2).

What I Know

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read and analyze the following items and determine the
letter of the correct answer from the given choices. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the reference angle of 3900?

A. 600 B. 450 C. 300 D. 100

√2 √2
2. If 𝑃(450 ) = ( , ), what is cos (1350)?
2 2
√2 √2
A. 2
B. − 2
C. 1 D. cannot be determined

3. Which quadrantal angle has a tangent function value of zero?

A. 2700 B. −2700 C. −1800 D. 900

𝜋 1 √3 𝜋
4. If 𝑃 (3 ) = ( , ), find tan ( 3 ).
2 2
1 √3 √3
A. B. C. D. √3
2 2 3

13𝜋
5. Which of the following is the exact value of csc ( )?
6
1 1
A. 2 B. −2 C. 2
D. − 2

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Lesson
Circular Functions
1
The origin of the trigonometric functions is actually found in astronomy
and the need to find the length of the chord subtended by the central angle of
a circle.
The Greek mathematician Hipparchus is believed to have been the first
to produce a table of chords in 140 B.C., making him the founder of
trigonometry in the eyes of many.

What’s In
The previous module focused on the unit circle, particularly on angle in
standard position, central and quadrantal angles, and coterminal angles.

Problem: Locate the terminal side of an angle 𝛽

𝜋
whose measure is 600 or 3 rad?

What we know: Relative to the measure of the

given angle, we know that angle 𝛽 is greater than 𝛽
zero degree but less than 900; or angle 𝛽 is
𝜋
greater than zero degree but less than 2 rad.
Hence, the terminal side of angle 𝛽 is located at
quadrant 1.
Figure 1

What’s New
Now, let us look at a new type of problem related to the previous one.

Problem: What are the trigonometric values of angle 𝛽 whose measure is 600
𝜋
or 3 rad in a unit circle?

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What we know: We can locate the terminal side of the angle 𝛽 in quadrant I.
We can also draw a unit circle with given 60
degrees.
But the problem requires us to give
the trigonometric values of the angle 𝛽.

What we need: To derive the trigonometric

values of angle 𝛽 we need to consider a
theorem stating the values of the six
trigonometric function. We need a circular
function!
Figure 2

What is It

A. Circular Functions on Real Numbers

In this section, we will determine the values of trigonometric functions
𝜋
of angles measuring between zero and 90 degrees (between 0 to 2 ). In deriving
the values of these trigonometric functions, we assume that these definitions
are special cases. That is:

Definition 1: Let angle 𝛽𝛽be an angle in standard position, and we use

𝑃 (𝛽) = (𝑥 , 𝑦) the point on its terminal side of 𝛽 that lies on the unit circle.
Define:
1
sin(𝛽) = 𝑦 csc(𝛽) = ,𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑦
1
cos(𝛽) = 𝑥 sec(𝛽) = ,𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
tan(𝛽) = 𝑥 cot(𝛽) = ,𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑦

The definition limits the circular function values to those angles in

quadrant I. You may ask “how about those circular function values of angles
located at other quadrants and their coterminal angles?” The next section will
answer this question.

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B. Reference Angle:

In general, if (𝜃1), (𝜃2 ) , (𝜃3 ),

and (𝜃4 ) as shown in Figure 3 with
P(𝜃1 ) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), then each of the
𝑥 −coordinate of P(𝜃2 ), P(𝜃3 ), and
P(𝜃4 ) is ± 𝑥1 , while the
𝑦 −coordinate is ± 𝑦1 . The correct
sign is determined by the location
of the angle. Therefore, together
with the correct signs, the value of
a particular circular function at an
angle 𝜃 can be determined by its
value at an angle (𝜃1)with measure Figure 3
𝜋
between zero and 90 degrees (between 0 to 2 ). The angle 𝜃1 is called the
reference angle of 𝜃.
The smallest acute angle that the terminal side of a given angle makes
with the x-axis is called reference angle. Regardless of which quadrant we
are in, the reference angle is always made positive. The reference angle is
always less than or equal to 90°, even for very large angles.

B.1. Finding the reference angle

1. If necessary, first "unwind" the angle: Keep subtracting 360

from it until it is between 0 and 360°. (For negative
angles add 360 instead).
2. Sketch the angle to see which quadrant it lies.

3. Depending on the quadrant, find the reference angle. You may

use the table below as guide.

Quadrant Reference angle for 𝜃

I Same as 𝜃

II 1800 - 𝜃

III 𝜃 - 1800

IV 3600 - 𝜃

Note: If you are working in radians, recall that 360° is equal

to 2𝜋 radians, and 180° is equal to 𝜋 radians.

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Example 1: Find the reference of the following angles.

(a) 450 (b) 1500 (c) 2400 (d) -250
𝜋 7𝜋 23𝜋 122𝜋
(e) (f) (g) (h)
3 4 6 14

Solutions:

(a) 450, because 450 is in the first quadrant its reference angle is itself.
(b) 300, Since 150o is in quadrant II then, 1800 - 𝜃 = 1800 - 1500 = 300.
(c) 600, Since 240o is in quadrant III then, 𝜃 − 1800 = 2400 - 1800 = 600.
(d) 250, the smallest positive coterminal angle of −250 is 3350. It is located
at Quadrant IV so, 3600 - 𝜃 = 3600 - 3350 = 250.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(e) (f) (g)
3 4 6
Observe that given angles in (e), (f), and (g) are in radian measures and
they are written in lowest term, so its reference angle will be the angle in first
quadrant whose denominator is exactly the same with the given angle.
𝜋 122𝜋 61𝜋
(h) , since in lowest term is
7 14 7

Reminder!
The circular function as defined previously can now be used for angle 𝜃
whose terminal side lies on quadrant II, III, and IV; as provided, we will
look for its reference angle 𝜃1.

C. Circular Functions of Special Angles

𝝅
(a) Multiple of 900 or rad
𝟐

To obtain the trigonometric function

values for special angles that is multiple of
𝜋
90 degrees or 2 rad, refer to Figure 4 on the
right.
Notice that A is a point on the
terminal side of angle in standard position
whose measure is 0o drawn in a unit circle.
Point A lies on the + 𝑥 axis. Thus, its
coordinates are (1 , 0). Points B, C, and D
follow the same order as A. Figure 4
From Definition 1, we obtained the trigonometric function of zero
degree as:
0
sin(0) = 0 cos(0) = 1 tan(0) = 1 = 0

1 1 1
csc(0) = 0 = udefined sec(0) = 1 = 1 cot(0) = 0 = undefined

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𝜋
Similarly, the trigonometric values of B(900) or B( 2 ), C(1800) or C(𝜋),
3𝜋
and D(2700) or B( 2 ) were obtained and are presented using the table below.

𝜷 in 𝜷 in sin cos
𝑷(𝜷) tan 𝜷 csc 𝜷 sec 𝜷 cot 𝜷
Radian Degree 𝜷 𝜷
𝜋
900 (0 , 1) 1 0 undefined 1 undefined 0
2
𝜋 1800 (−1 , 0) 0 -1 0 undefined -1 undefined
3𝜋
2700 (0 , −1) -1 0 undefined -1 undefined 0
2

Example 2: Find the value of the following:

(a) sin (5400) (b) tan (−4500) (c) sec (14400)

𝜋 7𝜋
(d) cos (− 2 ) (e) csc ( 2 ) (f) cot (−16𝜋)

Solutions:

(a) 0, because 5400 is located at −𝑥 −axis. (Reference: 1800)

(b) Undefined, because −4500 is located at −𝑦 − axis. (Reference: 2700)
(c) 1, because 14400 is located at +𝑥 − axis. (Reference: 00)
𝜋 3𝜋
(d) 0, because − 2 is located at −𝑦 −axis. (Reference: 2
)
7𝜋 𝜋
(e) -1, because is located at −𝑦 −axis. (Reference: 2 )
2
(f) Undefined, because −16𝜋 is located at +𝑥 −axis. (Reference: 0)

𝝅
(b) odd multiple of 450 or rad
𝟒

Consider Figure 5 and Figure 6 to

obtain the trigonometric function values
for angles measuring an odd multiple of
𝜋
450 or rad.
4

Notice that we have formed an

isosceles right triangle with legs 𝑥 and 𝑦
unit and a hypotenuse of 1 unit.

Thus 𝑥 = 𝑦 and by Pythagorean

theorem 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.
Figure 5

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𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
Since 𝑥 = 𝑦 , 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 , by substitution,
𝑥2 + 𝑥2 = 1
2𝑥 2 = 1
1
𝑥2 =
2
1
𝑥=
√2
√2
𝑥= =𝑦
2
Figure 6
𝜋 √2 √2 𝜋
Hence, P( )
4
=(2 , 2 ). The trigonometric function values of are
4
obtained and they are as follows:
√2
𝜋 √2 𝜋 √2 𝜋
sin (4 ) = 2
cos (4 ) = 2
tan ( 4 ) = 2
√2
=1
2
√2
𝜋 1 2 𝜋 1 2 𝜋
csc (4 ) = √2
= = √2 sec ( 4 ) = √2
= = √2 cot (4 ) = 2
√2
=1
√2 √2
2 2 2

Example 3: Find the value of the following:

(a) sin (−450) (b) tan (2250) (c) sec (8550)
47𝜋 59𝜋 101𝜋
(d) cos (− ) (e) csc ( ) (f) cot (− )
4 4 4
Solutions:
√2
(a)− 2
, The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant IV. The
𝑦 −coordinate is negative, so the sine function is also negative.

(b) 1, The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant III. The 𝑥 −
and 𝑦 − coordinates are both negative, so the tangent function is
positive.

(c)−√2, The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant II. The
𝑥 −coordinate is negative, so the secant function is also negative.
√2
(d) 2
, The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant I. The
𝑥 −coordinate is positive, so the cosine function is also positive.

(e) √2, The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant II. The
𝑦 −coordinate is positive, so the cosecant function is also positive.

(f) −1, The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant II. The
𝑥 coordinate is negative while the 𝑦 − coordinate is positive; so the
cotangent function is negative.

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𝝅
(c) angles whose reference is 60 0 or rad
𝟑
P(𝑥 , 𝑦)
𝜋
If an angle measures 600 or , its circular
3
function can be derived by considering a 300 – 600
– 900 triangle as presented in Figure 7 and Figure
8.

Recall the properties of a 300 – 600 – 900

triangle. It says: the side opposite to a 300 angle is
1
of the hypotenuse. Since the hypotenuse is 1 unit
2
1
and 𝑥 is the side opposite to it, so, 𝑥 = 2 unit. We Figure 7
can solve for 𝑦 using the Pythagorean Theorem:

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
1 2
( ) + 𝑦2 = 1
2
1
𝑦2 = 1 −
4
2 3
𝑦 =4
√3
𝑦= 2
𝜋 1 √3
Hence, P( ) = ( , ). The trigonometric Figure 8
3 2 2
𝜋
function values of obtained and they are as follows:
6
√3
𝜋 √3 𝜋 1 𝜋
sin (3 ) = 2
cos (3 ) = 2 tan ( 3 ) = 2
1 = √3
2
1
𝜋 1 2 2√3 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 √3
csc (3 ) = √3
= 3
= sec ( 3 ) = 1 = 2 cot ( 3 ) = 2
√3
= =
√ 3 √3 3
2 2 2

Example 4: Find the value of the following:

(a) sin (−1200) (b) tan (4800) (c) sec (−11400)
𝜋 49𝜋 68𝜋
(d) cos (− 3 ) (e) csc ( ) (f) cot (− )
3 3
Solutions:
√3
(a)− , The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant III. The
2
𝑦 −coordinate is negative, so the sine function is also negative.

(b)−√3, The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant II. The
𝑥 coordinate is positive while the 𝑦 − coordinate is negative, so the
tangent function is negative.

(c) 2, The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant IV. The
𝑥 −coordinate is positive, so the secant function is also positive.

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1
(d) , The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant IV. The
2
𝑥 −coordinate is positive, so the cosine function is also positive.
2√3
(e) The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant I. The
3
𝑦 −coordinate is positive, so the cosecant function is also positive.
√3
(f) , The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant III. The 𝑥 −
3
and 𝑦 − coordinates are both negative, so the cotangent function is
positive.

𝝅
(c) angles whose reference is 30 0 or rad
𝟔
𝜋
The circular function values of 600 or rad were presented above. On
3
𝜋
the other hand, if 𝜃 = 30𝑜 or rad we obtain another 300 – 600 – 900 triangle
6
as presented in Figure 9 and Figure 10.

Figure 9 Figure 10
𝜋 √3 1 𝜋 √3 1
Thus, if P (6) = (𝑥 , 𝑦), then 𝑥 = and 𝑦 = 2, so P (6) = ( 2 , 2).
2

𝜋
Below are the circular function values of 300 or 6 .

𝜃 sin cos tan csc sec cot

𝜋 1 √3 √3 2√3
300 or 6
2 √3
2 2 3 3

Example 4: Find the value of the following:

(a) sin (1500) (b) tan (−5100) (c) sec (7500)
𝜋 41𝜋 67𝜋
(d) cos (− 6 ) (e) csc ( ) (f) cot (− )
6 6

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Solutions:
1
(a) , The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant II. The
2
𝑦 −coordinate is positive, so the sine function is also positive.
√3
(b) , The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant III. The 𝑥 −
3
and 𝑦 − coordinates are both negative, so the tangent function is
positive.
2√3
(c) , The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant I. The
3
𝑥 −coordinate is positive, so the secant function is also positive.
√3
(d) , The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant IV. The
2
𝑥 −coordinate is positive, so the cosine function is also positive.

(e) 2 The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant II. The
𝑦 −coordinate is positive, so the cosecant function is also positive.

(f) −√3, The terminal side of the angle is located at quadrant II. The 𝑥 −
coordinate is negatve while the 𝑦 − coordinate is positive , so the
cotangent function is negative.

The tables below summarize the circular function values of special

angles.

𝜷 in 𝜷 in sin cos
𝑷(𝜷) tan 𝜷 csc 𝜷 sec 𝜷 cot 𝜷
Radian Degree 𝜷 𝜷
0 0 (1 , 0) 0 1 0 undefined 1 undefined
𝜋
900 (0 , 1) 1 0 undefined 1 undefined 0
2
𝜋 1800 (−1 , 0) 0 -1 0 undefined -1 undefined
3𝜋
2700 (0 , −1) -1 0 undefined -1 undefined 0
2

𝜃 sin cos tan csc sec cot

𝜋 1 √3 √3 2√3
300 or 6
2 √3
2 2 3 3
𝜋 √2 √2
450 or 4
1 √2 √2 1
2 2
𝜋 √3 1 2√3 √3
600 or 3 √3 2
2 2 3 3

Reminder:
It is not necessary to memorize the values of the circular function of
special angles. It is enough to determine the location of an appropriate
special right triangle in the unit circle.
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What’s More
Enrichment Activity 1:

Find the exact value of the following. Write your answers on a separate
sheet/s of paper.
17𝜋 21𝜋 37𝜋
1. cos( ) 2. tan(− ) 3. sec( )
2 4 6

4. cot(−10800 ) 5. sin(6600 ) 6. csc(−4950 )

Enrichment Activity 2:

Complete the table below. Write your answers on a separate sheet/s of paper.

𝜃 sin cos tan csc sec cot

1. -1350

2. 6300
11𝜋
3. −
6
25𝜋
4.
3

Enrichment Activity 3:

Perform as indicated. Write your answers on your answer sheet.

17𝜋
1. cos( ) + sin(−13𝜋) − tan(0)
2
21𝜋 25𝜋
2. tan (− ) − sec ( ) + sin(−300 )
4 3
𝜋 25𝜋
3. sec (6 ) {sin(4𝜋)} + cot ( )
3
5𝜋
4. tan(−7𝜋) + cot ( ) − cot(−450 ) − csc(−300 )
2
11𝜋 25𝜋
tan(− 6 )−csc( 3 )
5.
−cot(−450 )

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What I Have Learned

Give the coordinates of the following points. Write your answer on a

separate sheet/s of paper.

E
D
√2 √2
C( , )
2 2

F B

G A

I
H

What I Can Do
Mr. Renato Dela Cruz, a Trigonometry teacher, was asked by his
student about his age. Thinking that his student’s question might be an
opportunity to make his lesson in circular function quite interesting, he
𝜋
replied, “My age is thrice the sec(300 ) multiplied by 4 tan ( 3 ). Then, add the
result to the square of cos(−3𝜋). Finally, add again the result to the cubed of
the sum of 1 and tan(450 ) ". How old is Mr. Dela Cruz?

12

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Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read and analyze the following items and determine the
letter of the correct answer from the given choices. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the reference angle of 10200?

A. 600 B. 450 C. 300 D. 100

𝜋 √2 √2 29𝜋
2. If 𝑃 (4 ) = ( , ), what is cot (− )?
2 2 4
√2 √2
A. B. − C. 1 D. -1
2 2

√3
3. Which of the following angles has a tangent function value of − 3
?
𝜋 31𝜋 13𝜋 25𝜋
A. − 6 B. 6
C. 3
D. − 3

4. What is the exact value of sec (11700 ) ?

A. 0 B. 1 C. −1 D. undefined

7𝜋
5. What will be the result when you evaluate −2 sin (3300 ) + csc ( ) ?
6
1 1
A. 1 B. −1 C. 2
D. − 2

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Answer Key

5. −
3
√3
4. 3
3
√3

2. −3
3.
2
1
1. 0
Enrichment 3

3
, 3
2
2√3 √3 1
, 4.
2
, 3 , 3
1 √3 2√3
3.

2
,− 2
1. −
2. -1 , undefined, 0

√3 √2
,1

−√2
Enrichment 2

−
2
6.

√3
5.

3
B 5. undefined 4. A 5.

2√3
D 4. 3. D 4.
A 3. C 3.
D 2. -1 2. B 2.
A 1. 0 1. C 1.
Enrichment 1
Assessment What I Know
What's More

References:
Ascano, Joy, et.al, 2016. Precalculus Learners Material. Quezon City,
Sunshine interlinks Publishing House, Inc.
Cabral, Emmanuel, et.al, 2010. Precalculus, Quezon City, Ateneo De
Manila University Pres.
Ruvivar, Leonor A., 2011, Advance Algebra, Trigonometry and
Statistics, Quezon City, SIBS Publishing House, Inc.

14

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