Biomedical Sensors

Biomedical Electronics Course

EEG/EMG/Monitoring System
Lecture 6
20 March 2024
Prof. Amira Salah Ashour

1
Electroencephalography
(EEG)
 Electroencephalography (EEG)

•Electroencephalogram (EEG) was first measured in humans by Hans

Berger in 1929.

•Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity

along the scalp.

•It measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows

within the neurons of the brain.

•It is most often used to diagnose epilepsy, which causes abnormalities

in EEG readings.

•It is also used to diagnose sleep disorders, coma, and brain death.
EEG Electrodes
There are two system of electrode placement:
❑10-20 international system: includes 21 electrodes.
❑10-10 international system: includes 64 electrodes.
EEG Electrodes
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
The EEG basic waveforms are the Delta, Theta, Alpha, and Beta
rhythms.
EEG waveforms

Delta wave Theta wave Alpha wave Beta wave

*Occurs at a * Occurs at a frequency of 8 *Occurs at a

frequency of *Occurs at a to 12 cycles per second in a frequency of
0.5 to 3.5 frequency of 4 regular rhythm
13 to 30 cycles
cycles per to 7 cycles per
per second.
second. second. * Presents only when you
are awake but have your
eyes closed
* Associated
*Occurs only * Most
with anxiety,
in young common in *Disappears when you
depression, or
children children and open your eyes or start
mentally concentrating the use of
during sleep. young adults.
sedatives.
Electroencephalography (EEG)

.
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
EEG device consists of the following components:
❑Electrodes
❑Amplifiers
❑Filters
❑Recording unit
Analog EEG
Digital EEG
Electromyogram (EMG)
 Electromyogram (EMG)

Electromyography (EMG) is a technique for evaluating and recording the

electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.

EMG is performed using an instrument called an electromyograph.

An electromyograph detects the electrical potential generated by the

muscle cells when these cells are electrically or neurologically activated.

Measured EMG potentials range between less than 50 μV and up to 20

to 30 mV depending on the muscle under observation.
 Electromyogram (EMG)

An EMG measures the electrical activity

of the muscles at rest and during
contraction.

Nerve conduction studies measure how

well and how fast the nerves can send
electrical signals.

Body temperature can affect the results

of this test.
Electromyogram (EMG)
Electromyogram (EMG)
EMG is used clinically for the diagnosis of
neurological and neuromuscular problems.

There are two kinds of EMG in widespread use:

❑Surface EMG electrode: may be used to

monitor the general picture of muscle
activation

❑Intramuscular (needle and fine-wire)

EMG: a needle electrode or a needle
containing two fine-wire electrodes is
inserted through the skin into the muscle
tissue
Simple Block diagram (EMG)
 Properties of an ideal pre-amplifier

High common mode rejection ratio

Very high input impedance

Short distance to the signal source

Strong DC signal suppression

 Monitoring
Bed -Side Monitor
Patient Monitoring

In medicine, monitoring is the observation of a disease, condition or

one or several medical parameters over time.

It can be performed by continuously measuring certain parameters by

using a medical monitor.

Transmitting data from a monitor to a distant monitoring station is

known as telemetry or biotelemetry.

Vital signs (often shortened to just vitals) are used to measure the
body’s basic functions
Patient Monitoring
•Vital measurements are taken to help assess the general physical
health of a person, give clues to possible diseases.

•There are four primary vital signs: body temperature, blood

pressure, pulse (heart rate), and breathing rate (respiratory rate).
Patient Monitoring in ICU
Simple Block Diagram of Patient Monitoring

Automatic
control

Patient Transducers equipment Computer DBMS

Clinician Display
Reports

Mouse and
keyboard
Bed-Side Monitor Circuit
Measuring Parameters
Cardiac monitoring: Electrocardiography Cardiac output

Blood pressure and blood flow

Respiratory monitoring: respiratory rate

Blood glucose monitoring

Childbirth monitoring

Body temperature monitoring

Central Monitor
Central Monitoring
Bedside Monitors
Physiological data

Hard wire Remote Link

From other beds

Central Monitor Console
Central Monitoring
Bio-telemetry
Bio-Telemetry

•The term telemetry is derived from the two Greek terms: “tele”
and “metron”, which mean “remote” and “measure”.

•In general, a physical variable or quantity under measurement,

whether local or remote is called a measurand.

•Telemetry is a technology that allows the remote measurement

and reporting of information of interest to the system designer or
operator.

•Literally, biotelemetry is the measurement of biological

parameters over a distance.
Elements of Telemetry
Elements of Telemetry
1. Transducer or Sensor:
Converts the physical variable to be tele-metered into an electrical quantity.

2. Signal Conditioner-1:
Converts the electrical output of the transducer (or sensor) into an electrical signal
compatible with the transmitter.

3. Transmitter:
Its purpose is to transmit the information signal coming from the signal conditioner-1 using
a suitable carrier signal to the receiving end.
Elements of Telemetry
The transmitter may perform one or more of the following functions:
(i) Modulation: Modulation of a carrier signal by the information
signal.
(ii) Amplification: As and if required for the purpose of
transmission.
(iii) Signal Conversion: As and if required for the purpose of
transmission.
(iv) Multiplexing: If more than one physical variables need to be
tele-metered simultaneously from the same location, then either
frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) or time-division
multiplexing (TDM) is used.
Elements of Telemetry
The receiver: Its purpose is to receive the signal(s) coming from the
transmitter (located at the sending end of the telemetry system) via
the signal transmission medium and recover the information from the
same.

It may perform one or more of the following functions:

❑ Amplification
❑ Demodulation
❑ Reverse Signal Conversion
❑ De-multiplexing
Elements of Telemetry
Signal Conditioner-2: Processes the receiver output as necessary to
make it suitable to drive the given end device.

End Device: It appears at the end of the system. It may perform one of
the following functions:
❑Analog Indication
❑Digital Display
❑Digital Storage
❑Data Processing
❑Closed-Loop Control
Subsystems of Telemetry System

Measurement Subsystem
It comprises the transducer (or sensor), signal conditioner and the end device, like any
conventional measurement system.

Communication Subsystem
It comprises the transmitter and receiver along with the transmission medium linking
the two, like any communication system.
References
MEDICAL ELECTRONICS, presentation, Mr. Deepak P.,
Associate Professor, ECE Department, SNGCE
Any Questions!