BONGA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

TITLE: APPLICATION OF SECOND ORDER LINEAR ORDINARY

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN VIBRATION OF SPRINGS

A PROJECT PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO BONGA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF

NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF
MATHEMATICS

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCES IN MATHEMATICS

SUBMITTED BY:
No. NAME ID No.
1 MOHAMMEDAMIN BEDRU 1727
2 TIZAZU YIZENGAW 0558

ADVISOR: Mr. LELISE . (M.Sc.)

DATED: DECEMBER, 2023G.C.

BONGA, ETHIOPIA

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Contents
Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1
1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................1
1.1Background...................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of problems................................................................................................................1
1.3 Objective of Study........................................................................................................................2
1.3.1 General Objective.................................................................................................................2
1.3.2 Specific Objectives................................................................................................................2
1 .4Significance of Study....................................................................................................................2
1.5 Delimitation (Scope)....................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................3
2 Literature Review...............................................................................................................................3
2.1 Differential equation....................................................................................................................3
2.2 Classification of Differential Equations........................................................................................4
2.2.1 Order of a Differential Equation............................................................................................4
2.2.2 Degree of a Differential Equation.........................................................................................5
2.2.3 Linear / Non-linear Differential Equations............................................................................5
2.2.4 Initial Value Problem.............................................................................................................5
2.2.5 General form of Second Order Linear Differential Equation.................................................6
2.2.6 Boundary Value Problem......................................................................................................6
2.4 Application of second order linear ordinary differential (ODEs.).................................................7
2.5.1Vibrating springs........................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................................................9
3. Methodology of study.......................................................................................................................9
3.1 Period and Study of Area.........................................................................................................9
3.2 Source of Information Study design.............................................................................................9
3.3. Study design...............................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................................10
4. TIME SCHEDULE AND BUDGET PLANNING.......................................................................................10
4.1. Time Schedule..........................................................................................................................10

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 4.2. Budget planning........................................................................................................................11
REFERENCE..........................................................................................................................................12

iii
Acknowledgements

First we would like to thank almighty God, and then we express our deepest gratitude to our
advisor Ms. Lalise for his encourage and giving best direction in project developing. Also, we
would like to give thank to our friends for their valuable advice in ordered to perform this
work. Finally, we would like to offer a great gratitude to Bonga University, especially
Department of Mathematics staffs as well as students of our department, and also we like to
thank our family that helping us a lot in different direction from the beginning to till now.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1Background
Definition Differential equation (DE) is an equation containing the derivative of one or more
dependent variable(s) with respect to one or more independent variable(s). it is a
mathematical tool invented by (Isaac newton in 1676).The exact chronological origin and
history to the subjective of differential equation is a bit of a murky subject for a number of
reasons such has being secretiveness being private publication issues and being the nature of
the battle of mathematical and scientific discovery.

Differential equation can be divided in to two main classes such as:

1. Ordinary differential equation.

2. Partial differential equation.

An ordinary differential equation is differential equation that contains ordinary

derivatives of one or more dependent variable with respect to single independent variable
An partial differential equation is a differential equation that contains ordinary derivative of
one or more dependent variable .The ordinary differential equation that has order two is
called second order differential equation. The second order linear differential equation
2
d y
(SOLDE) contains the first derivative y’ and f ( x , y , y ' , y ' ' )=0 or y ' '= 2
=f (x , y , y ' ).
dx
1726 The term homogeneous was first applied to differential equations by Johann Bernoulli
in section 9 of his article De integraionibus aequatioum differatialium (on the integration of
differential equations).

The method consists of finding the general homogeneous solution Y c for the complementary
linear homogeneous differential equation

n n−1
a n ( x ) y + an−1 ( x ) y +…+ a0 ( x ) y=0

The physical phenomena such as vibrating springs, damped, forced vibrations are modeled by
second order linear differential equation.

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1.2 Statement of problems
Although there are several method for solving vibration of spring in physics and engineering
we will try to solve it by using second order linear ordinary differential equation application
because it is the most appropriate and simple method for solving vibration of spring systems

 The proposal will attempt to answer the following question

 How to define initial value problem, boundary value problem, existence and
uniqueness theorem of Second order linear ordinary differential equation?
 How to define Homogeneous linear ODEs?
 How to give some examples of second order linear ordinary differential
equation?
 How to show the application of second order linear ordinary differential
equations in vibration of spring?

1.3 Objective of Study

1.3.1 General Objective
The general objective of this project is to show the applications of second order linear
ordinary differential equations in vibration of springs.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this study are as follows:
 To define initial value problem, boundary value problem, existence and uniqueness
theorem of the second order linear ordinary differential equations.
 To define homogeneous linear ordinary differential equations of second order.
 Give some examples of second order linear ordinary differential equations.
 To show the application of second order linear ordinary differential equations in
vibration of springs.

1 .4Significance of Study
This project study will have the following significance:

 To help other investigator as backgrounds.

 It may also help for mathematics students as one reference.
 To create compromise idea of application of second order ordinary linear differential
equations in vibration of springs.

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1.5 Delimitation (Scope)
The scope of this study is limited to application of second order linear ordinary differential
equation and also some definitions, examples and general formula of homogeneous linear
ordinary differential equation (ODEs.).

CHAPTER TWO

2 Literature Review
2.1 Differential equation

An equation containing the derivatives of one or more unknown functions with respect to
one or more independent variables is said to be a differential equation (DE). On the other
hand an equation relating an unknown function and one or more of its derivative is called
differential equation.
A differential equation (DE) is a mathematical equation that relates some function with its
derivatives. In applications, the functions usually represent physical quantities, the
derivatives represent their rates of change and the differential equation defines a relationship
between the two. Because such relations are extremely common, differential equations play a
prominent role in many disciplines including engineering, physics, economics and biology. In
pure mathematics, differential equations are studied from several different perspectives,
mostly concerned with their solution that means the set of functions that satisfy the equation.
Only the simplest differential equations are solvable by explicit formulas; however, some
properties of solutions of a given differential equation may be determined without finding
their exact form. The subject of differential equations originated in the study of calculus by
Isaac Newton (1642–1727) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) in the seventeenth
century. Newton grew up in the English countryside, was educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, and became Lucasian Professor of Mathematics there in 1669. His epochal
discoveries of calculus and of the fundamental laws of mechanics date from 1665. While
Newton did relatively little work in differential equations as such, his development of the
calculus and elucidation of the basic principles of mechanics provided a basis for their
applications in the eighteenth century, most notably by Euler.

Henry Alfred Kissinger born Heinz Alfred Kissinger (May 27, 1923) is an American
diplomat and political scientist. He served as National Security Advisor and later

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concurrently as United States Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard
Nixon and Gerald Ford. Kissinger received the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize under controversial
circumstances, with two members of the committee resigning in protest. After his term, his
advice has been sought by world leaders including subsequent U.S. presidents.

2
d y dy
Example; 2 −2 +3 y =x
dx dx

2
d y dy dy
2
+ +8 y = +3 x=4 x , 0
d x dx dx

2.2 Classification of Differential Equations

We classify differential equation into two. Those are Partial Differential Equation and
Ordinary Differential Equation.

 ODE (Ordinary Differential Equations)

 An equation contains only ordinary derivatives of one or more unknown functions

with respect to a single independent variable.

2
d y dy 2
 2
−2 +3 y =x
dx dx

• PDE (Partial Differential Equations)

 An equation involving partial derivatives of one or more unknown functions of two or

more independent variables.

∂ u ∂u
 + =sinhxy
∂x ∂ y

2.2.1 Order of a Differential Equation

• The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative in the equation.
For example:

3
d y
 3
+2 xy=1 , is a third -order ordinary differential equation
dx

4
 2
d y
 2
+ y=sinx , is a second -order ordinary differential equation
dx

4
d y
 4
− y=coshx ,is a fourth order ordinary differential equation
dx

2
d y
 2
=x ,is a second -order ordinary differential equation
dx

2.2.2 Degree of a Differential Equation

• The degree of differential equation is the degree of the highest order derivative present
in the equation.

• The degree of differential equation must be free from the radicals and fractions.

• Examples:

( )
4 2 7
d y d y
 4
− 2
−2 y=cosh x is a first degree ODE.
dx dx

( ) √
2 3
d y dy
 y 2
= is a sixth degree ODE.
dx dx

2.2.3 Linear / Non-linear Differential Equations

• A differential equation is said to be linear if the following four properties have
been satisfied:

 Degree of D.E. = 1
 Exponent of each derivate = 1
 Exponent of each dependent variable = 1
dy
 No term contains product of dependent variable with its derivatives, e.g., y
dx
etc.
• A differential equation is said to be non-linear if it does not satisfy the above four
properties.

• Examples:
3 2
d y d y dy
3
+4 2 −2 + y=x 2 , is a linear differential equation.
dx dx dx

( )
3 2 2
d y d y
• 3
−5 2
+3 y=0 , is a non-linear differential equation.
dx dx

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 2
d y dy 2
• 2
+ − y =0, is a non-linear differential equation.
dx dx

2
d y dy
• y 2
+ −2 y=0, is a non-linear differential equation.
d x dx

2.2.4 Initial Value Problem

If a differential equation is required to satisfy conditions on the dependent variable and its
derivatives specified at one value of the independent variable, these conditions are called

initial conditions and the problem is called an initial value problem.

2
d y dy
(
a2 x ) 2
+ a1 ( x ) +a 0 ( x ) y=g ( x )
dx dx

Subject to the conditions y(x0) = y0 and y′(x0) = y1

2.2.5 General form of Second Order Linear Differential Equation

2
d y dy
a2( x ) 2
+ a1 ( x ) +a 0 (x) y=g(x )(2.1)
dx dx

If g(x) = 0, then equation (2.1) is called homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation
of second order. If a0(x), a1(x), a2(x) are constants, the ordinary differential equation is said
to have constant coefficients otherwise it is said to have variable coefficients.

2.2.6 Boundary Value Problem

If a differential equation is required to satisfy condition on the dependent variable and
possibly its derivatives specified at two or more values of the independent variable,
these conditions are called boundary conditions and the problem is called a boundary
value problem.

2
d y dy
a2( x ) 2
+ a1 ( x ) +a 0 ( x ) y=g ( x )
dx dx

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Subject to the conditions y(a) = y0 and y(b) = y1
It is called a boundary value problem (BVP). The prescribed values y(a) = y0and y(b)=y1 are
called boundary conditions.

2.2.7Existence and Uniqueness Theorem

2
d y dy
a2( x ) 2
+ a1 ( x ) +a 0 ( x ) y=g ( x )
dx dx

Subject to the conditions y(x0) = y0 and y′(x0) = y1.

If a2(x), a1(x), a0(x) and g(x) are continuous functions over the open interval I and x0εI, then
solution exits and it is unique

2.2.3 Second orders linear ordinary differential equations

Linear second order differential equations with constant coefficients are the simplest of the
higher order differential equations and they have many applications. They are of the general
form y ' ' + a y ' + py=F ( x ) with a∧ p constants and F ( x ) called the nonhomogeneous term, a
known function of x.. All general solutions are shown to be the sum of two quite different
parts one being a solution of the homogeneous equation called the complementary function
that of contains the expected two arbitrary constants of integration, and the other a special
solution called a particular integral that depends only on F (x)and contains no arbitrary
constants.

2.4 Application of second order linear ordinary differential (ODEs.)

The principal quantities used to describe the motion of an object are position (s), velocity (v),
and acceleration (a). Since velocity is the time derivative of the position, and acceleration is
the time derivative of the velocity, acceleration is the second time derivative of the position.

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Therefore, the position function s(t) for a moving object can be determined by writing
2
d s
Newton's Second Law, F net = ma, in the form F net=m 2
dt

, and solving this second‐order differential equation forms. Second order linear homogeneous
differential equations have a variety of applications in science and engineering. In this section
we explore of them the vibration of springs

2.5.1Vibrating springs
We consider the motion of an object with Mass M, at the end of aspiring that is either vertical
or horizontal on a level surface, Hook's Law, which say that if the spring is stretched
(compressed) y units from its natural length, then it exerts a force that is proportional to xi

Restoring force F=−Ky

Where k is a positive constant cooled the spring constant. If we ignore any external resisting
forces due to air resistance or friction, then the Newton's second law (force equal mass times
acceleration)

Newton's Second Law can be applied to this spring‐block system. Once the block is set into motion,
the only horizontal force that acts on it is the restoring force of the spring. Therefore, the equation

2
d s
F=ma becomes ¿) orm 2
+ kx=0
dt

This is homogeneous second order linear equation with constant coefficients.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3. Methodology of study
3.1 Period and Study of Area
The study will conduct in department of Mathematics College of natural sciences Bonga
University and also the time December 2024 G.C to February 2022 G.C. in the academic year
of 2024.

3.2 Source of Information Study design

The source of the study will relate documents to the project title (Books, Journals, research
papers, etc.…). The secondary data tools in this project was collected from internet, reference
book, on-line books and related book in library and digital library

3.3. Study design

This study will be employ documentary review design to application 0f second order linear
differential equation in vibration of springs.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4. TIME SCHEDULE AND BUDGET PLANNING

4.1. Time Schedule
In order to make work effectively, planning is very important. Every work is depending on
time. Therefore, in order to complete this project, time schedule is one of the basics necessary
preconditions which considered as one part of the project. This study is expected to be
complete in the given time. The following table outlines the activities to be done within 3
months.
Table 4.1: Time schedule of proposal
S.No. Time of implementation

December
Activities

February
January

1 Title selection 

2 Discussion with 
advisor
3 Collection materials 

4 Proposal 
preparation
5 Project 1 writing 

6 Project1 submission 
date
7 Presentation 

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 4.2. Budget planning
♦ Budget planning is very important to conduct project. While conducting the project
work is crucial to consider its benefits and the cost to be minimized. Therefore, the
benefits from conducting the project work should at least have set the cost. The
following minimum costs will be budgeted for the completion of this project.
Table 4.2: Table of budget planning of proposal
S/ Items Units Quantity Unit Price Total Cost
No Birr Cent Birr Cent
1 Pen Piece 3 30 00 90 00

2 Paper Ream 1 900 00 900 00

3 Photo copy Page 18 36 00 36 00

4 Print Piece 18 72 00 72 00
5 Mobile Card 8 25 00 200 00
6 Flash Piece 1 400 00 400 00
Grand Total 1698 00

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 REFERENCE
 .Dennis Gz (2013)A first course in Differential Equation. Ricard Stratton's Los
Angeles, united state of America.
 Yuksels (2014) Differential Equation for Engineering science, Queen's university
Canada.
 Dennis 2002, Advanced Mathematics for engineering seventh edition .
 KING. A.C, ordinary differential equation fourth edition Cambridge' university, 2010.
 Paul Dawning Differential EquationNewwan WI, Efroimsky m .the method of
variations of constant and multiple time scales in orbital mechanics ,chaos, An
Interdisciplinary Journal of Non- linear science 2003Jun,6:13(2):476_85
 .Kenkuty, Harcourt and Kreyszing Advanced Engineering Mathematics 2002.
 Arficoho D(2015) method for solving particularly solution of linear second order
ordinary differential equation, JApp computat Math 4:220.
 Simmons, G.F, Differential equation with Application and historical note ,1972
 James R.Barannal, William E, Boyce, Richard, C, Diprima, 2002, Elementary
differential equation and Boundary value problems_wileg.
 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 3016, Application of second order equation.

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