Directions: Identify the following item whether Useful Effect or Harmful Effect of
the sun. Choose your answer from the box below and write it on the chart
provided.
Have you ever wondered if there is no soil on earth?
Can you imagine what would it look like?
The land is one of the most important things in our existence because this is the
place where we live. This is the place where we build our shelters, grow our foods
and make for a living. Here, we can find the soil that is essential in supporting
plant life that is vital to life on earth. It is the skin of the earth which is a complex
mixture of minerals, water, air, organic matter and countless organisms that are the
decaying remains of once-living things.
Most of the soil came from the particles of the rock combined with the minerals as
well as wood and artificial materials through contact with the earth’s atmosphere,
water and biological organisms. Soils are formed through a process called
weathering. It is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces and in the long run
turn into the soil when repeatedly exposed to different phenomena caused by the
action of rainwater, extremes of temperature, and biological activities.
Experiment Time:
Oh, My Glass!
Directions: Group the pupils into two teams. Read and understand the procedure
before performing the experiment. Prepare your answer in a separate sheet.
Materials: a transparent thin drinking glass, ice tubes/cubes, hot water
Procedure: The teacher will assist you in performing this activity
1. Fill half the transparent drinking glass with hot water.
2. Observe what happens. List down your observations in your notebook.
3. Put the ice tubes/cubes in the glass.
4. Observe what will happen. List down your observations in your notebook.
Guide Questions:
1. State the condition of the newly boiled water.
2. What is the condition of the ice?
3. Identify the property of matter that the drinking glass possesses?
4. What happened to the glass when you put the ice tubes/ cubes?
5. Why did this happen? What factor causes that to occur?
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct word to complete the thought of the
paragraph.
The ______soil_________ is a mixture of rock particles, minerals, wood, and
artificial materials through contact with earth’s atmosphere, water and biological
organisms. It is formed through the process of _______weathering________. It is
the ______breaking down_________ of rocks into smaller pieces caused by
several factors. There are three types of weathering: _______________,
________________, and _______________.
How do soils are formed?
Directions: Describe the process on how rocks turn into soil. Put a sign on the
blank if the statement is correct and sign if the statement is incorrect.
_______________1. Rocks are the toughest thing on earth that there is no single
element could break them through.
_______________2. The hardness of a rock decreases due to excessive exposure in
a changing weather temperature.
_______________3. The roots of the tree could penetrate in holes of the rock and
could it in the long run.
_______________4. Rocks multiply because they undergo reproduction process
just like human being.
_______________5. The pieces of boulder turn into soil many years after it was
broken down by several factors.
WEATHERING - It is the breaking down of rocks into
smaller pieces and in the long run turn into the soil
when repeatedly exposed to different phenomena
caused by the action of rainwater, extremes of
temperature, and biological activities.
Three (3) Types of Weathering
1. Physical Weathering (Mechanical Weathering)
Weathering happens when a rock is exposed to a
changing temperature and weather conditions.
Sometimes the breaking down of rocks is enhanced if
assisted by the water. Physical weathering happens
especially in places where there is little soil and few
plants grow, such as in mountain regions and hot
deserts. Either through repeated melting and freezing
of water (mountains and tundra) or through expansion
and contraction of the surface layer of rocks that are
baked by the sun (hot deserts).
a. Freeze-thaw occurs when water continually seeps
into cracks, freezes and expands, eventually breaking
the rock apart.
3. Biological Weathering
It pertains to the activities of living organisms that
b. Exfoliation occurs as cracks develop parallel to the contribute to the weathering process such as: a. The
land surface as a consequence of the reduction in penetration of the roots of the trees in the joints or
pressure during uplift and erosion. cracks of the rocks in order to find moisture. b. Many
animals, such as these Piddock shells, bore into rocks
for protection either by scraping away the grains or
secreting acid to dissolve the rock. c. Bacteria, algae,
and lichens produce chemicals that help break down
the rock on which they live, so they can get the
nutrients they need.
2. Chemical weathering This is caused by acid
rainwater reacting with the mineral grains in rocks to
form new minerals such as clay and soluble salts. This
chemical process occurs more rapidly at the higher
temperature, so warm, damp climates are best.
Chemical weathering (especially hydrolysis and
oxidation) is the first stage in the production of soils.
a. Solution - removal of rock in solution by acidic
rainwater. In particular, limestone is weathered by
rainwater containing dissolved CO2, (this process is
sometimes called carbonation).
b. Hydrolysis - the breakdown of rock by acidic water
to produce clay and soluble salts.
Let us study Figure 2 (Physical/ Mechanical
c. Oxidation - the breakdown of rock by oxygen and
Weathering Process) and Figure 3 (Chemical
water, often giving iron-rich rocks a rusty-colored
Weathering Process) below. Try to compare the details
weathered surface.
of the weathering process by looking at the factors that
causes the breaking down of rocks to happen.
1. The removal of rock in solution by acidic rainwater
___________________
2. The breakdown of rock by acidic water to produce
clay and soluble salts. ____________________
3. Weathering caused by the activities of living
organisms. ____________________
4. Weathering is caused by acidic water.
____________________
5. The breakdown of rock by oxygen and water
_________________
Directions: Choose the word from the box below that
is being described in each sentence. Write your answer
on the blank.
Directions: Trace with your marker the correct word
that is being described in each item in the word box
below. After tracing, write your answer in the blank
_________1. Occurs due to exposure changing
opposite its description.
temperature in mountains, tundra and hot desserts.
‘
__________2. The breaking of rocks is caused by
living organism such as tree, animals, algae and
bacteria.
___________3. The breakdown of rock is caused by
acidic water that produces clay and soluble salts.
____________4. The breakdown of rock is caused by
oxygen and water, often giving iron-rich rocks a rusty-
colored weathered surface.
____________5. Occurs as cracks develop parallel to
the land surface a consequence of the reduction in
pressure during uplift and erosion.
