CHAPTER 7 Coordinate Geometry

Geometri Koordinat

7.1 Division of a Line Segment Textbook: pp. 176 – 183

Pembahagi Tembereng Garis
A. Find the coordinates of point P which divides the line segment AB in the stated ratio.
Cari koordinat titik P yang membahagikan tembereng garis AB dalam nisbah yang dinyatakan. LS7.1.2 PL2

NOTES
Coordinates of point P
y
Koordinat titik P Given A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), the
B(8, 6)
 
3(–4) + 1(8) , 3(2) + 1(6) coordinates of point P which divides
3 = the line segment AB in the ratio m : n is
1 P
1+3 1+3 Diberi A(x1, y1) dan B(x2, y2), koordinat

 
A(– 4, 2) 4 12 titik P yang membahagikan tembereng
= – , garis AB dalam nisbah m : n ialah
x 4 4
O

AP : PB = 1 : 3
= (–1, 3) 
P nx1 + mx2 , ny1 + my2
m+n m+n 
1. AP : PB = 1 : 2 2. AP : PB = 3 : 2
y
y

B(7, 4) A(–11, 5)

A(–2, 1) P
x P B(4, 0)
O x
O

Coordinates of point P Coordinates of point P

Koordinat titik P Koordinat titik P


= 2(–2) + 1(7) , 2(1) + 1(4)
1+2 1+2  
= 2(–11) + 3(4) , 2(5) + 3(0)
3+2 3+2 

= 3, 6
3 3  
= – 10 , 10
5 5 
= (1, 2) = (–2, 2)

3. AP : PB = 3 : 1 4. AP : PB = 1 : 4 y
y

B(8, 6) A(0, 4)
P
P
x
O
x
O
A(– 4, –2)

B(10, –6)
Coordinates of point P Coordinates of point P
Koordinat titik P Koordinat titik P

= 1(–4) + 3(8) , 1(–2) + 3(6)
3+1 3+1  
= 4(0) + 1(10) , 4(4) + 1(–6)
1+4 1+4 
= 20 ,
4 4
16
 =  10
5 5
, 10

= (5, 4) = (2, 2)

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 B. Find the midpoint M of each of the following line segments AB.
Cari titik tengah M bagi setiap tembereng garis AB berikut. LS7.1.2 PL2

NOTES
y
Midpoint M A midpoint divides a line segment in
B(6, 5) Titik tengah M the ratio of 1 : 1, that is m = n = 1.
Titik tengah membahagikan tembereng

A(– 4, 1)
M =  –4 2+ 6 , 1 +2 5  garis dalam nisbah 1 : 1, iaitu m = n = 1.

x
O = (1, 3) Midpoint =
Titik tengah x 1 + x2 , y1 + y2
2 2 
1. y y
2.
B(–9, 3)
B(6, 4)
x
M O
A(–3, 1) M
x
O

A(–1, –7)
Midpoint M Midpoint M
Titik tengah M Titik tengah M


= –3 + 6 , 1 + 4
2 2  
= –1 – 9 , –7 + 3
2 2 

= 3, 5
2 2  = (–5, –2)

C. The point M divides the line segment AB in the stated ratio. Find the values of h and k.
Titik M membahagikan tembereng garis AB dalam nisbah yang dinyatakan. Cari nilai h dan nilai k. LS7.1.2 PL3

(a) M is the midpoint. (b) AM : MB = 2 : 3 3h + 2(–4)

M ialah titik tengah.
=2
2+3
y y
–4 + h = 1 3h – 8 = 10
B(– 4, k) 3h = 18
B(h, 7) 2
–4 + h = 2 h =6
M(1, 3) h=6 M(2, 1)
x
3(–3) + 2k
O
=1
x k+7 =3 2+3
O
A(– 4, k) 2 A(h, –3) 2k – 9 =5
k+7=6 2k = 14
k = –1 k =7

1. M is the midpoint. y 2. AM : MB = 1 : 2
y
M ialah titik tengah. B(h, 6) B(10, k)

M(1, 1) x
O M(4, 5)

A(–5, k) A(h, 1)
x
O

–5 + h = 1 k+6 =1 2h + 1(10) = 4 2(1) + 1(k) = 5

2 2 1+2 1+2
–5 + h = 2 k+6=2 2h + 10 = 12 2 + k = 15
h=7 k = –4 2h = 2 k = 13
h=1

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 D. The point R divides the line segment PQ in the ratio of m : n. Find m : n and the value of k.
Titik R membahagikan tembereng garis PQ dalam nisbah m : n. Cari m : n dan nilai k. LS7.1.2 PL3

1. y 2. y
y
Q(11, 9) P(–12, 8)
Q(11, 7) R(k, 6)
R(7, k)
R(7, k)
x
P(1, 2) x O
O Q(8, –2)
x
O
P(–5, –3)
n(8) + m(–2) = 6
n(1) + m(11) = 7 n(–5) + m(11) = 7 m+n
m+n m+n
n + 11m = 7m + 7n 8n – 2m = 6m + 6n
–5n + 11m = 7m + 7n 8m = 2n
4m = 6n
4m = 12n
m:n=3:2 m:n=1:4
m:n=3:1
k = 4(–12) + 1(8)
k = 2(2) + 3(7) k = 1(–3) + 3(9) 1+4
3+2 3+1
25 = – 40
= = 24 5
5 4 = –8
=5 =6

E. Solve each of the following problems.

Selesaikan setiap masalah berikut. LS7.1.3 PL4
1. y The diagram shows a garden ABC. P and Q divide AC and BC
C(5, 17) in the ratio of 2 : 1 respectively. A footpath is built to connect
Q P and Q. Find
Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan sebuah taman bunga ABC. P dan Q
membahagikan AC dan BC masing-masing dalam nisbah 2 : 1. Satu
P B(14, 11) lorong dibina untuk menyambungkan P dan Q. Cari
(a) the coordinates of P and Q.
koordinat P dan Q.
(b) the ratio of PQ : AB.
nisbah PQ : AB.
A(2, 2)
x
O

(a) Coordinates of P/Koordinat P (b) Distance of AB/Jarak AB

2+1 
= 1(2) + 2(5) , 1(2) + 2(17)
2+1  = (14 – 2)2 + (11 – 2)2
= 122 + 92
= (4, 12) = 15 units/unit

Coordinates of Q/Koordinat Q Distance of PQ/Jarak PQ


= 1(14) + 2(5) , 1(11) + 2(17)
2+1 2+1  = (8 – 4)2 + (15 – 12)2
= 42 + 32
= (8, 15) = 5 units/unit

∴ PQ : AB = 5 : 15
=1:3

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 2. y The diagram shows five towns, A, B, C, D and E, which are
D(10, 12) connected by straight roads AB, ACD, BCE and DE respectively.
B(4, 9) Given C is the midpoint of AD and BC : CE = 1 : 4. Find the
coordinates of
C Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan lima buah bandar, A, B, C, D dan E, masing-
masing disambungkan oleh jalan raya lurus AB, ACD, BCE dan DE. Diberi
E C ialah titik tengah AD dan BC : CE = 1 : 4. Cari koordinat
A(2, 4)
(a) town C. (b) town E.
x bandar C. bandar E.
O

(a) Coordinates of town C (b) Let the coordinates of town E = (h, k).
Koordinat bandar C Katakan koordinat bandar E = (h, k).


= 2 + 10 , 4 + 12
2 2  1(h) + 4(4) = 6
1+4
1(k) + 4(9) = 8
1+4
= (6, 8) h = 14 k=4
The coordinates of town E are (14, 4).
Koordinat bandar E ialah (14, 4).

7.2 Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines Textbook: pp. 184 – 191
Garis Lurus Selari dan Garis Lurus Serenjang
A. Determine whether the straight lines AB and CD are parallel.
Tentukan sama ada garis lurus AB dan CD adalah selari atau tidak. LS7.2.1 PL2

(a) A(3, 2), B(6, 8) (b) A(0, 8), B(3, –1) NOTES
C(5, 0), D(10, 20) C(–3, 1), D(–1, –5) y 2 – y1
• m=
x 2 – x1
(a) mAB = 8 – 2 = 6 = 2 (b) mAB = –1 – 8 = –9 = –3 • Two straight lines with the
6–3 3 3–0 3 gradients m1 and m2 are
20 – 0 20 –5 – 1
mCD = = =4 mCD = = –6 = –3 parallel if and only if m1 = m2.
Dua garis lurus dengan
10 – 5 5 –1 – (–3) 2
kecerunan m1 dan m2 adalah
mAB ≠ mCD mAB = mCD selari jika dan hanya jika
m1 = m2.
AB is not parallel to CD. AB is parallel to CD.
AB tidak selari dengan CD. AB adalah selari dengan CD.

1. A(2, 1), B(6, 5) 2. A(0, 12), B(6, 0) 3. A(4, –2), B(12, 1)

C(–3, –1), D(2, 4) C(–5, 0), D(0, 10) C(–2, 5), D(14, 11)

mAB = 5 – 1 = 4 = 1 mAB = 0 – 12 = –12 = –2 mAB = 1 – (–2) = 3

6–2 4 6–0 6 12 – 4 8
mCD = 4 – (–1) = 5 = 1 mCD = 10 – 0 = 10 = 2 mCD = 11 – 5 = 6 = 3
2 – (–3) 5 0 – (–5) 5 14 – (–2) 16 8
mAB = mCD mAB ≠ mCD mAB = mCD
AB is parallel to CD. AB is not parallel to CD. AB is parallel to CD.
AB adalah selari dengan CD. AB tidak selari dengan CD. AB adalah selari dengan CD.

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 B. Determine whether each of the following pairs of straight lines are parallel.
Tentukan sama ada setiap pasangan garis lurus berikut adalah selari atau tidak. LS7.2.1 PL2

(a) l1 : y = 3x – 1 (b) l1 : y + 2x = 3 NOTES

y
l2 : 6x + 2y = 8 l2 : x + = 7
3 6 Convert the equation of a straight
(a) l1 : y = 3x – 1 line in the general form, ax + by = c,
m1 = 3 (b) l1 : y + 2x = 3 and the intercept form, x + y = 1,
y = –2x + 3 a b
l2 : 6x + 2y = 8 m1 = –2 to the gradient form, y = mx + c,
y = –3x + 4 so that the gradient can be found
x + y
m2 = –3 l2 : =7 easily.
3 6
2x + y = 42 Tukarkan persamaan garis lurus dalam
m1 ≠ m2
y = –2x + 42 bentuk am, ax + by = c, dan bentuk
l1 is not parallel to l2. m2 = –2 pintasan, x +
y
= 1, kepada bentuk
l1 tidak selari dengan l2. a b
kecerunan, y = mx + c, supaya
m1 = m2 kecerunan dapat dicari dengan mudah.
l1 is parallel to l2.
l1 adalah selari dengan l2.

1. l1 : y = 2x + 1 2. l1 : 3x + 2y = 5 3. l1 : 5y = 3x – 10
l2 : 4x – 2y = 7 y y
l2 : x + = 1 l2 : x + = 1
4 6 15 9
l1 : y = 2x + 1 l1 : 3x + 2y = 5 l1 : 5y = 3x – 10
m1 = 2 y = –3x + 5 y = 3x – 2
2 2 5
l2 : 4x – 2y = 7 m1 = – 3 m1 = 3
2 5
2y = 4x – 7 x y
l2 : + = 1 x y
y = 2x – 7 4 6 l2 :
15 9
+ =1
2 6x + 4y = 24
m2 = 2 3 y=–9x+9
y=– x+6 15
m1 = m2 2 m2 = – 9
3 15
m2 = –
l1 is parallel to l2. 2 m1 ≠ m2
l1 adalah selari dengan l2. m1 = m2
l1 is not parallel to l2.
l1 is parallel to l2. l1 tidak selari dengan l2.
l1 adalah selari dengan l2.

C. It is given that PQ is parallel to RS. Find the value of k and the gradient of PQ.
Diberi bahawa PQ adalah selari dengan RS. Cari nilai k dan kecerunan PQ. LS7.2.1 PL3

1. P(0, 10), Q(k, –2) 2. P(7, 6), Q(5, 2k)

 
R(36 + k, 15), S(12, –9)
(a) P(5, 8), Q(2, k) R(–2, 0), S 1, 3k
R(1, 15), S(–3, k + 3), 2
mPQ = mRS mPQ = mRS
(a) mPQ = mRS
–2 – 10 = –9 – 15 3k – 0
k – 8 = (k + 3) – 15
k–0 12 – (36 + k) 2k – 6 = 2
2–5 –3 – 1
4(k – 8) = 3(k – 12) 24k = 12(–24 – k) 5–7 1 – (–2)

 
k = –8
k = –4 3(2k – 6) = –2 3k
2
mPQ = –4 – 8 mPQ = –2 – 10 = 3 k=2
2–5 –8 – 0 2
=4 mPQ = 2(2) – 6 = 1
5–7

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 y
3. PQ : kx – 4y = 8 4. PQ : x + = 1
(b) PQ : y = 3x – 7 2k 8
y
RS : x + = 1 k 
RS : 3x + 2 + 1 y = 5  RS : 4x + (5k – 2)y = 9
k 5 x y
kx – 4y = 8 + =1
2k 8
 4 x – 2
(b) mPQ = 3 k
y=
x + y =1  
y=– 4 x+8
k
mPQ = k
 
k 5 4 mPQ = – 4
y = – 5x + 5 k
k 3x + 2
k +1 y=5 4x + (5k – 2)y = 9
5
 
5k
y = – 3k x +
mRS = –
k 2+k 2+k y=  4
2 – 5k 
x+ 9
5k – 2
mPQ = mRS
5
mRS = – 3k
2+k   mRS = 4
2 – 5k
3=– mPQ = mRS mPQ = mRS
k
k=– 5
3
k = – 3k
4 2+k   –4 = 4
k 2 – 5k
k(2 + k) = –12k k= 1
k = –14 2
mPQ = – 7 mPQ = –8
2

D. Find the equation of a straight line which is parallel to the given straight line.
Cari persamaan garis lurus yang selari dengan garis lurus yang diberi. LS7.2.1 PL4

y y = 2x + 3 NOTES
m=2
y = 2x + 3 The equation of a straight line
The equation of the straight line which is with gradient m and passes
parallel to y = 2x + 3 and passes through (3, 1) is through (x1, y1) is
(3, 1) Persamaan garis lurus dengan
O
x Persamaan garis lurus yang selari dengan y = 2x + 3 kecerunan m dan melalui (x1, y1)
dan melalui (3, 1) ialah ialah
y – 1 = 2(x – 3) y – y1 = m(x – x1)
y = 2x – 5

1. y y = 3x – 2
m=3
y = 3x – 2 The equation of the straight line which is parallel to y = 3x – 2 and passes through
(– 4, 2) (–4, 2) is
x
Persamaan garis lurus yang selari dengan y = 3x – 2 dan melalui (–4, 2) ialah
O
y – 2 = 3[(x – (–4)]
y = 3x + 14

2. y 4y + x = 25
1
y = – x + 25
4y + x = 25 4 4
1
m=–
4
The equation of the straight line which is parallel to 4y + x = 25 and passes
(5, 1) through (5, 1) is
x Persamaan garis lurus yang selari dengan 4y + x = 25 dan melalui (5, 1) ialah
O
1
y – 1 = – (x – 5)
4
4y + x = 9

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 E. Determine whether the straight line AB is perpendicular to the straight line CD.
Tentukan sama ada garis lurus AB adalah berserenjang dengan garis lurus CD atau tidak. LS7.2.1 PL2

(a) A(–2, 1), B(0, 7) (b) A(3, 1), B(7, 3) NOTES

C(–1, 5), D(2, –4) C(5, 3), D(8, –3) Two straight lines with
the gradients m1 and
(a) mAB = 7–1 =3 (b) mAB = 3 – 1 = 1 m2 are perpendicular to
0 – (–2) 7–3 2 each other if and only if
m1 × m2 = –1.
mCD = –4 – 5 = –3 mCD = –3 – 3 = –2 Dua garis lurus dengan
2 – (–1) 8–5 kecerunan m1 dan m2 adalah
1
mAB × mCD = 3(–3) ≠ –1 mAB × mCD = (–2) = –1 berserenjang antara satu
2 sama lain jika dan hanya jika
AB is not perpendicular to CD. AB is perpendicular to CD. m1 × m2 = –1.
AB tidak berserenjang dengan CD. AB adalah berserenjang dengan CD.

1. A(11, –2), B(2, 1) 2. A(0, –2), B(12, 1) 3. A(–4, 1), B(6, –2)
C(4, –5), D(1, 4) C(3, –2), D(1, 6) C(1, –7), D(4, 3)
1 – (–2) mAB = 1 – (–2) = 1 –2 – 1 3
mAB = =–1 mAB = =–
2 – 11 3 12 – 6 4 6 – (–4) 10
4 – (–5) mCD = 6 – (–2) = –4 3 – (–7) 10
mCD = = –3 mCD = =
1–4 1–3 4–1 3

3 
mAB × mCD = – 1 (–3) mAB × mCD = 1 × (–4) = –1
4 mAB × mCD = –   
3 10
10 3
= 1 ≠ –1 AB is perpendicular to CD. = –1
AB is not perpendicular to CD. AB adalah berserenjang dengan AB is perpendicular to CD.
AB tidak berserenjang dengan CD. AB adalah berserenjang dengan
CD. CD.

F. Determine whether each of the following pairs of straight lines are perpendicular.
Tentukan sama ada setiap pasangan garis lurus berikut adalah berserenjang atau tidak. LS7.2.1 PL2

(a) l1 : y = 3x + 2 (b) l1 : 4y = 2x + 3
l2 : 6x + 2y = 5 y
l2 : x + =1
5 10
(a) l1 : y = 3x + 2 (b) l1 : 4y = 2x + 3
m1 = 3 1 3
y= x+
l2 : 6x + 2y = 5 2 4
1
5 m1 =
y = –3x + 2
2
m2 = –3 x y
l2 : + =1
5 10
m1 × m2 = 3(–3) ≠ –1
y = –2x + 10
l1 is not perpendicular to l2. m2 = –2
l1 tidak berserenjang dengan l2.
1
m1 × m2 = (–2) = –1
2
l1 is perpendicular to l2.
l1 adalah berserenjang dengan l2.

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 y
1. l1 : 5x – 3y = 2 2. l1 : x + = 1 3. l1 : ty = x + at2
l2 : 3x + 5y = 8 3 2 l2 : y + tx = 2at + at2
l2 : 3x + 2y = 12
l1 : 3y = 5x – 2 y l1 : ty = x + at2
l1 : x + = 1
 
5 2
y= x– 3 2 y = 1 x + at
3 3 2x + 3y = 6 t
5 2 m1 = 1
m1 = y=– x+2
3 3 t
2
l2 : 3x + 5y = 8 m1 = – l2 : y + tx = 2at + at2
3
5y = –3x + 8 y = –tx + 2at + at2
3 l2 : 3x + 2y = 12
y=– x+ 8 3
m2 = –t
5 3 y=– x+6
m2 = –
3
3
2 m1 × m2 = 1 (–t) = –1
5 m2 = – t
2 l1 is perpendicular to l2.
 3 – 5  = –1
5 3
m 1 × m2 =
  
2 3 l1 adalah berserenjang dengan l2.
m1 × m2 = – – =1
3 2
l1 is perpendicular to l2. l1 is not perpendicular to l2.
l1 adalah berserenjang dengan l2. l1 tidak berserenjang dengan l2.

G. Determine the gradient of a straight line that is perpendicular to the given straight line.
Tentukan kecerunan garis lurus yang berserenjang dengan garis lurus yang diberi. LS7.2.1 PL3

3x + 5y = 8
y 8
y=–3x+
5 5 TIPS
3 m1 × m2 = –1
m=– –1
5 m1 =
m2
Gradient of the perpendicular line,
x Kecerunan garis berserenjang, or/atau
O –1
3x + 5y = 8 5
m = –1 =
m2 =
m1
3 3
–
5
1. y 2. y 3. y

x
O
3y = 2x x
O
x y
– – –– = 1 3x + 4y = 6
4 7
x
O

3x + 4y = 6
3y = 2x x – y =1
3 3
2 4 7 y=– x+
y= x 4 2
3 m = – (–7) = 7 3
2 4 4 m=–
m= 4
3
Gradient of the perpendicular Gradient of the perpendicular
Gradient of the perpendicular line,
line, line,
Kecerunan garis berserenjang, Kecerunan garis berserenjang,
Kecerunan garis berserenjang, –1 4
–1 3 m= =– –1 4
m= =– 7 7 m= 3 =
2 2 – 3
4 4
3

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 7.3 Areas of Polygons Textbook: pp. 192 – 199
Luas Poligon
A. Find the area of each of the following triangles.
Cari luas bagi setiap segi tiga berikut LS7.3.2 PL2

NOTES
(a) y Area of triangle ABC
• Area of a triangle with vertices
B(3, 7) Luas segi tiga ABC
(x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3)

A(8, 4)
= 
1 8 3 1 8
2 4 7 –1 4  Luas segi tiga dengan bucu (x1, y1),
(x2, y2) dan (x3, y3)
x x2 x3 x1
1
= | 56 – 3 + 4 – 12 – 7 + 8 | 
= 1 1
2 y1 y2 y3 y1 
x 2 x y + x2 y3 + x3 y1
O
C(1, –1)
= 1 | 46 | 
= 1 1 2
2 – x2 y1 – x3 y2 – x1y3 
2 • When the coordinates of vertices
= 23 unit2 are taken in clockwise rotation,
negative value appears in the
modulus sign.
(b) y Area of triangle PQR Apabila koordinat bucu diambil ikut
Luas segi tiga PQR arah jam, nilai negatif muncul dalam
R(–3, 5)
 
1 3 –3 6 3 tanda modulus.
Q(6, 4) = • When the coordinates of vertices
2 –2 5 4 –2 are taken in anticlockwise rotation,
1 the positive value of area is
x = | 15 – 12 – 12 – 6 – 30 – 12 |
O 2 obtained.
P(3, –2) Apabila koordinat bucu diambil lawan
= 1 | –57 | arah jam, nilai positif bagi luas
2 diperoleh.
= 28.5 unit2

1. y 2. y 3. y
C(0, 7) P(– 4, 6)
B(4, 5)

B(5, 2) A(3, 1)
x x
x O O
O
R(2, –2)
C(–11, –2)
A(–3, –3) Q(–9, –3)

Area of triangle ABC Area of triangle PQR Area of triangle ABC

Luas segi tiga ABC Luas segi tiga PQR Luas segi tiga ABC
= 1 
–3 5
2 –3 2
0 –3
7 –3  = 1 –4 –9 2 –4
2 6 –3 –2 6  = 1 
3 4 –11 3
2 1 5 –2 1 
1 1
= |–6 + 35 – 0 + 15 – 0 + 21| = 1 |12 + 18 + 12 + 54 + 6 – 8| = | 15 – 8 – 11 – 4 + 55 + 6 |
2 2 2
= 32.5 unit2 = 47 unit2 = 26.5 unit2

100 LS 7.3.2 PL 1 2 3 4 5 6

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 B. Find the possible values of k.
Cari nilai-nilai yang mungkin bagi k. LS7.3.2 PL4
1. A(2, 4), B(5, 8), C(6, k) 2. A(–2, –1), B(1, 3), C(3, k)
Area of triangle ABC = 32 unit2 Area of triangle ABC = 10 unit2
Luas segi tiga ABC = 32 unit2 Luas segi tiga ABC = 10 unit2

1
2  24 5
8
6
k
2
4 
= 32 
1 –2
2 –1
1
3
3
k
–2
–1= 10

| 16 + 5k + 24 – 20 – 48 – 2k | = 64 | –6 + k – 3 + 1 – 9 + 2k | = 20
| 3k – 28 | = 64 | 3k – 17 | = 20
3k – 28 = 64 or/atau 3k – 28 = –64 3k – 17 = 20 or/atau 3k – 17 = –20
3k = 92 3k = –36 3k = 37 3k = –3
k = 92 k = –12 k = 37 k = –1
3 3

C. Find the area of each of the following quadrilaterals.

Cari luas bagi setiap sisi empat berikut. LS7.3.3 PL2

y
A(4, 5)

D(–2, 3) B(9, 3) NOTES

x
O Area of a quadrilateral with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)
C(5, –2) and (x4, y4)
Luas sisi empat dengan bucu-bucu (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)
Area of quadrilateral ABCD/Luas sisi empat ABCD dan (x4, y4)

 
x x2 x3 x4 x1
=
1 4 –2 5 9 4 = 1 1  
2 y1 y2 y3 y4 y1
2 5 3 –2 3 5
1 = 1 | x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y1 – x2y1 – x3y2 – x4y3 – x1y4|
= | 12 + 4 + 15 + 45 + 10 – 15 + 18 – 12 | 2
2
= 1 | 77 |
2
= 38.5 unit2

1. y 2. y 3. y

C(3, 6)
R(2, 6) F(–6, 3)
B(9, 5)
Q(5, 4)
x D(0, 2)
O E(4, –1)
P(6, 2) x
O
x
S(–2, 0) O G(–3, – 4) A(4, –2)
H(1, –5)

Area of quadrilateral EFGH Area of quadrilateral ABCD

Area of quadrilateral PQRS
Luas sisi empat EFGH Luas sisi empat ABCD
Luas sisi empat PQRS
=
2 0
1 –2 6
2
5
4
2 –2
6 0  = 
1 4 –6 –3 1
2 –1 3 –4 –5 –1
4
 =
1 0

2 2 –2 5
4 9 3
6
0
2 
1 1
1 = | 12 + 24 + 15 – 1 – 6 + 9 = | 20 + 54 + 6 – 8 + 18 – 15 |
= | –4 + 24 + 30 – 10 – 8 + 12 | 2 2
2 + 4 + 20|
1
= | 75 |
= 1 | 44 | 1
= | 77 | 2
2 2
= 37.5 unit2
= 22 unit2 = 38.5 unit2

101 LS 7.3.2 PL 1 2 3 4 5 6 LS 7.3.3 PL 1 2 3 4 5 6

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 7.4 Equations of Loci Textbook: pp. 200 – 205
Persamaan Lokus
A. Sketch the locus and find the equation of the locus of a moving point P(x, y) such that its distance
from a fixed point A is a constant.
Lakar lokus dan cari persamaan lokus bagi titik bergerak P(x, y) dengan keadaan jaraknya dari titik tetap A adalah sama.
LS7.4.1 PL2

NOTES
(a) A(0, 0) ; AP = 3 units/unit (b) A(4, 2) ; AP = 6 units/unit
(a) y (b) y • The locus of a moving point P
which moves such that P is at a
P(x, y) constant distance, j, from a fixed
P(x, y) 6
3 point, A(h, k), is a circle with
x A(4, 2) centre A and a radius of j.
A(0, 0) x Lokus bagi satu titik P yang
O
bergerak dengan keadaan P
berada pada jarak malar, j, dari
satu titik tetap, A(h, k), ialah satu
Equation of the locus of P: Equation of the locus of P: bulatan berpusat A dan berjejari j.
Persamaan lokus bagi P: • The equation of the locus of
Persamaan lokus bagi P: 2 2 2 point P is
(x – 0)2 + (y – 0)2 = 32 (x – 4) + (y – 2) = 6 Persamaan lokus bagi titik P ialah
x2 + y2 = 9 x2 – 8x + 16 + y2 – 4y + 4 = 36
x2 + y2 – 8x – 4y = 16 (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = j2

1. A(0, 0) ; AP = 7 units/unit 2. A(3, 1) ; AP = 5 units/unit 3. A(5, –4) ; AP = 3 units/unit

Equation of the locus of P: Equation of the locus of P: Equation of the locus of P:

Persamaan lokus bagi P:
(x – 0)2 + (y – 0)2 = 72
x2 + y2 = 49
Persamaan lokus bagi P: Persamaan lokus bagi P:
(x – 3)2 + (y – 1)2 = 52 (x – 5)2 + [y – (–4)]2 = 32
x – 6x + 9 + y2 – 2y + 1 = 25
2
x – 10x + 25 + y2 + 8y + 16 = 9
2

x2 + y2 – 6x – 2y = 15 x2 + y2 – 10x + 8y + 32 = 0

B. Express each of the following equations of circles in the form (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = j 2. Hence, state the
coordinates of the centre and the radius of the circle.
Ungkapkan setiap persamaan bulatan berikut dalam bentuk (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = j2. Seterusnya, nyatakan koordinat pusat dan
jejari bulatan itu. LS7.4.1 PL3

x2 + y2 – 6x + 8y – 39 = 0 NOTES
Use the method of completing the squares separately for
x2 + y2 – 6x + 8y – 39 = 0 the x and y terms to express the equation in the form
x2 – 6x + 9 – 9 + y2 + 8y + 16 – 16 – 39 = 0 (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = j2.
(x – 3)2 + (y + 4)2 – 9 – 16 – 39 = 0 Gunakan teknik penyempurnaan kuasa dua secara berasingan
bagi sebutan x dan sebutan y untuk mengungkapkan
(x – 3)2 + [y – (–4)]2 = 64 persamaan dalam bentuk (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = j 2.
(x – 3)2 + [y – (–4)]2 = 82 Centre/Pusat = (h, k)
Coordinates of the centre = (3, –4) and/dan
Koordinat pusat = (3, –4)
Radius/jejari = j
Radius/Jejari = 8

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 1. x2 + y2 – 8x = 84 2. x2 + y2 + 12x – 4y + 15 = 0
x2 + y2 – 8x = 84 x2 + y2 + 12x – 4y + 15 = 0
x – 8x + 16 – 16 + y2 = 84
2
x + 12x + 36 – 36 + y2 – 4y + 4 – 4 + 15 = 0
2

(x – 4)2 – 16 + (y – 0)2 = 84 (x + 6)2 + (y – 2)2 = 25

(x – 4)2 + (y – 0)2 = 100 (x + 6)2 + (y – 2)2 = 52
(x – 4)2 + (y – 0)2 = 102
Coordinates of the centre = (–6, 2)
Coordinates of the centre = (4, 0) Koordinat pusat = (–6, 2)
Koordinat pusat = (4, 0)
Radius/Jejari = 5
Radius/Jejari = 10

C. Find the equation of the locus of a moving point P(x, y) that satisfies the given condition. Hence,
represent the locus graphically.
Cari persamaan lokus bagi titik bergerak P(x, y) yang memuaskan syarat yang diberi. Seterusnya, wakilkan lokus itu secara
grafik. LS7.4.1 PL3

Given the points A(–2, 1) and B(7, 1). Point P moves such that PA : PB = 1 : 2.
Diberi titik A(–2, 1) dan titik B(7, 1). Titik P bergerak dengan keadaan PA : PB = 1 : 2.

PA = 1
Write the ratio PA : PB = 1 : 2.
Tulis nisbah PA : PB = 1 : 2. PB 2

Cross multiply
PA 2
PB
=
1 2
2     Square both sides of the equations.
Kuasa duakan kedua-dua belah persamaan.
Darab silang 4 × PA = 1 × PB
2 2

4{[x – (–2)]2 + (y – 1)2} = (x – 7)2 + (y – 1)2

4(x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 – 2y + 1) = x2 – 14x + 49 + y2 – 2y + 1 y
4x2 + 4y2 + 16x – 8y + 20 = x2 + y2 – 14x – 2y + 50
3x2 + 3y2 + 30x – 6y – 30 = 0
x2 + y2 + 10x – 2y – 10 = 0 Write the equation A(–2, 1)
in general form. P(x, y)
2 2 1 2
x + 10x + 25 – 25 + y – 2y + 1 – 1 – 10 = 0 Tulis jawapan
2 2 (–5, 1) B(7, 1)
(x + 5) + (y – 1) = 36 dalam bentuk am. x
O
[x – (–5)]2 + (y – 1)2 = 62
The locus of P is a circle with centre (–5, 1) and a radius of 6 units.
Lokus bagi P ialah bulatan berpusat (–5, 1) dan berjejari 6 unit.

1. Given the points A(2, 0) and B(2, 8). Point P moves such that PA : PB = 1 : 3.
Diberi titik A(2, 0) dan titik B(2, 8). Titik P bergerak dengan keadaan PA : PB = 1 : 3.

 PA
PB 
= 1
2 2

3
9 × PA2 = PB2
9[(x – 2) + (y – 0)2] = (x – 2)2 + (y – 8)2
2

9x2 – 36x + 36 + 9y2 = x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 – 16y + 64

8x – 32x + 8y2 + 16y – 32 = 0
2

x2 – 4x + y2 + 2y – 4 = 0
x2 – 4x + y2 + 2y – 4 = 0
x – 4x + 4 – 4 + y2 + 2y + 1 – 1 – 4 = 0
2

(x – 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 9
(x – 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 32
The locus of P is a circle with centre (2, –1) and a radius of 3 units.
Lokus bagi P ialah bulatan berpusat (2, –1) dan berjejari 3 unit.

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 2. Given the points A(–3, 0) and B(7, 0). Point P moves such that PA : PB = 2 : 3.
Diberi titik A(–3, 0) dan titik B(7, 0). Titik P bergerak dengan keadaan PA : PB = 2 : 3.
2 2
  
PA = 2
PB 3
9 × PA2 = 4 × PB2
9{[x – (–3)]2 + (y – 0)2} = 4[(x – 7)2 + (y – 0)2]
9x2 + 54x + 81 + 9y2 = 4x2 – 56x + 196 + 4y2
5x2 + 110x + 5y2 – 115 = 0
x2 + 22x + y2 – 23 = 0
x2 + y2 + 22x – 23 = 0
x2 + 22x + 121 – 121 + y2 – 23 = 0
(x + 11)2 + (y – 0)2 = 122
The locus of P is a circle with centre (–11, 0) and a radius of 12 units.
Lokus bagi P ialah bulatan berpusat (–11, 0) dan berjejari 12 unit.

D. Find the equation of the locus of a moving point P(x, y) such that it is always equidistant from
two fixed points, A and B.
Cari persamaan lokus bagi titik bergerak P(x, y) dengan keadaan jaraknya sentiasa sama dari dua titik tetap, A dan B.
LS7.4.1 PL2

A(–3, 6), B(7, 10)

PA = PB
PA2 = PB2
[x – (–3)]2 + (y – 6)2 = (x – 7)2 + (y – 10)2 NOTES
(x + 3)2 + (y – 6)2 = (x – 7)2 + (y – 10)2 PA = PB means PA : PB = 1 : 1.
x + 6x + 9 + y2 – 12y + 36 = x2 – 14x + 49 + y2 – 20y + 100
2
PA = PB bermaksud PA : PB = 1 : 1.
20x + 8y – 104 = 0
5x + 2y – 26 = 0
The equation of the locus of point P is 5x + 2y – 26 = 0.
Persamaan lokus bagi titik P ialah 5x + 2y – 26 = 0.

1. A(–1, 4), B(3, –4)

PA = PB
PA2 = PB2
[x – (–1)]2 + (y – 4)2 = (x – 3)2 + [y – (– 4)]2
(x + 1)2 + (y – 4)2 = (x – 3)2 + (y + 4)2
x + 2x + 1 + y2 – 8y + 16 = x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 + 8y + 16
2

8x – 16y = 8 The equation of the locus of point P is x – 2y = 1.

x – 2y = 1 Persamaan lokus bagi titik P ialah x – 2y = 1.

2 . A(–3, –2), B(5, 0)

Midpoint of AB Gradient of the perpendicular bisector
Titik tengah bagi AB Kecerunan pembahagi dua sama serenjang
–1
 
= = –4
= –3 + 5, –2 + 0 1
2 2
4
= (1, –1)
The equation of the locus of point P is
mAB = 0 – (–2) = 1 Persamaan lokus bagi titik P ialah
5 – (–3) 4 y – (–1) = –4(x – 1)
y + 1 = –4x + 4
4x + y = 3

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 2. y The diagram shows a triangle EGH. Side EG intersects the
G(–6, 12) y-axis at point F.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan segi tiga EGH. Sisi EG bersilang dengan
paksi-y pada titik F.
F(0, 6) (a) Given EF : FG = 2 : 3, find
Diberi EF : FG = 2 : 3, cari
E (i) the coordinates of E.
koordinat E.
x
O (ii) the equation of the straight line EH.
H(–2, –2) persamaan garis lurus EH.
(iii) the area, in unit2, of the triangle EGH.
luas, dalam unit2, segi tiga EGH.
[7]

(b) A point P moves such that its distance from point H is always two times its distance from point G. Find
the equation of the locus of P.
Titik P bergerak dengan keadaan jaraknya dari titik H sentiasa dua kali jaraknya dari titik G. Cari persamaan lokus bagi P.
[3]
(a) Let/Katakan E(h, k).
(i) 3h + 2(–6) = 0 3k + 2(12) = 6
3+2 3+2
3h – 12 = 0 3k + 24 = 30
3h = 12 3k = 6
h=4 k=2
The coordinates of E are (4, 2).
Koordinat E ialah (4, 2).
(ii) Equation of the straight line EH:
Persamaan garis lurus EH:
y–2
= –2 – 2
x–4 –2 – 4
3(y – 2) = 2(x – 4)
3y – 6 = 2x – 8
3y = 2x – 2
(iii) Area of triangle EGH
Luas segi tiga EGH
= 1 4 –6 –2 4
2 2 12 –2 2 
1
= | 48 + 12 – 4 + 12 + 24 + 8 |
2
= 50 unit2

(b) Let/Katakan P(x, y).

PH = 2PG
PH2 = 4PG2
(x + 2)2 + (y + 2)2 = 4[(x + 6)2 + (y – 12)2]
x + 4x + 4 + y2 + 4y + 4 = 4x2 + 48x + 144 + 4y2 – 96y + 576
2

3x + 3y2 + 44x – 100y + 712 = 0

2

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