Cambodia Npa Efa Cambodian

raCrdæ a Pi ) alkm< ú C a
EpnkarCati
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
2003-2015
karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña TaMgGs;KñasMrab;karGb;rM
GKÁelxaFikardæan K>C>G>T
GKarelx 80 mhavifIRBHneratþm PñMeBj
TUrs½BÞ ³ 023 722 512
GIuEml ³ efa_cambodia@bigpond.com.kh
mati k a
GkSrkat; ni g GkSrsM K al; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> iii
bBa¢ I t arag ni g rU b >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> iv
bu B V k fa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> v
esckþ I e pþ I m >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> vii
EpnTI R beTskm< ú C a >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 1
Bt’ m ansegç b GM B I R beTs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 2
segç b erOg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 4
1 karGb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a³bri b TGPi v DÆn_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 10
1>1 TidæPaBénPaBRkIRk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 10
1>2 ckçúvis½yEpñkPUmisa®sþ nig RbCasa®sþ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 11
1>3 ckçúvis½yTIpSarBlkmµ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 14
1>4 karelIkeLIgBIkarGb;rM¼GnÞak;PaBRkIRk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 15
1>5 ckçúvis½yénkarGPivDÆsgÁmTUlMTUlay >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 17
1>6 TidæPaBeynD½r >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 18
1>7 EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©sgÁmkic©d¾TUlMTUlayrbs;raCrdæaPi)al
nig karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 19
1>8 karebþCJacitþrbs;RbeTskm<úCaedIm,IsMerc[)ankarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ³
bribTénEpnkarCatisIþBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 21
1>9 c,ab;Gb;rM >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 22
2 karGb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a enAkm< ú C a ³ ki c © k arcm,gEdlRtU v
RbQmmu x edaHRsay >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 24
2>1 vDÆnPaBCaCMhandMbUgeq<aHeTArkkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
naqñaM 2000-02 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 24
2>2 karRbQmnaeBlGnaKtedIm,IsMerckarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 27
3 karsM e rckarGb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a enAkñ ú g RbeTskm< ú C a ³
EpnkarCayu T § s a®sþ ni g tRmU v karFnFan >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>35
3>1 esNarIy:UeKalneya)ay nig yuT§sa®sþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña >>> 35
3>2 esNarIy:UedIm,IsMerckarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 38
i
3>3 karsMerckarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ³ yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþCak;Esþg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>39
3>4 PaBCaédKUsMrab;ksagEpnkar nig karGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña >>>>>> 67
3>5 tRmUvkarFnFan >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 69
4 karksagsmtß P aB kartamdanRtY t Bi n i t ü ni g karBi n i t üeLI g vi j
Epnkarskmµ P aBGb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 80
4>1 karBRgwgkartamdanRtYtBinitü p>y>G nig k>K>v>G sMrab;karvaytémøkar
GnuvtþEpnkar¼dMeNIrkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 80
4>2 karerobcMRbB½n§tamdanRtYtBinitü nig vaytémøtamEpñk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 84
4>3 karRKb;RKg nig karGnuvtþRbB½n§tamdanRtYtBinitü >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 85
4>4 karykcitþTukdak;elIkarEklMG nig BRgwgkartamdanRtYtBinitükar
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 86
4>5 karelIkkMBs;kareRbIR)as;Bt’manénkartamdanRtYtBinitü >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 88
4>6 ynþkarrdæ)alsMrab;tamdanRtYtBinitüBt’man >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 88
4>7 tRmUvkarksagsmtßPaB >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 89
4>8 evTikaGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRbcaMqñaM >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 90
4>9 tYnaTIrbs;GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña >>>>>> 91
4>10 eKaledAtamdanRtYtBinitü >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 92
4>11 eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ nig kartamdanRtYtBinitükarGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;Kña >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 95
]bsm<½n§ 1 ³ karviPaKsßanPaBvis½yGb;rM >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 100
]bsm<½n§ 2 ³ eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_sMrab;RbeTskm<úCa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>129
]bsm<½n§ 3 ³ kareFVIcMeNalRbCaCnkm<úCaqñaM 1998-2013 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>135
]bsm<½n§ 4 ³ karcMNaycrnþ nig mUlFntamEpñkrg ¬tarag 1-5 ¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 137
]bsm<½n§ 5 ³ Rkbx½NÐhirBaØb,TaneKalneya)ayGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
kareFVIcMeNalkarsikSa ¬ tarag k-C ¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>142
]bsm<½n§ 6 ³ GnuRkwtüsþIBIkarbegáItKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ¬KCGT¦ nig
karerobcMsmasPaBKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña>>>>>>>>157
ii
GkSrkat; ni g GkSrsM K al;
k>K>v>G kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM
k>s>G kmµviFIskmµPaBCaGaTiPaB
K>c>r>m KMeragcMNayry³eBlmFüm
K>C>G>T KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
K>G>T>x KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;extþ-Rkug
K>G>T>X KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;XMu¼sgáat;
K>G>T>s KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;Rsuk¼xNÐ
b>B>K>G RbB½n§Bt’manRKb;RKgGb;rM
p>y>G EpnkaryuT§sa®sþGb;rM
p>y>k>k EpnkaryuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
G>k>s GgÁPaBsMrab;ksagsmtßPaB
G>K>k>t karGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUc
G>K>f GgÁPaBRKb;RKgfvika
G>b>b>v karGb;rM nig bNþúHbNþal bec©keTsviC¢aCIv³
G>b>s>k GegátRbCasa®sþ nig suxPaBenAkm<úCa
G>s>K karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
GPi>K>k>t karGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc
G>B>s>b GRtaBiténkarsikSaenAbzmsikSa
G>y>k RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
G>l>r>s GnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;karerIseGIgRKb;rUbPaBRbqaMgnwg®sþI
G>s>m GgÁkarshKmn_mUldæan
eGds_ CMgWbMpøajRbB½n§karBarsrIragÁ
yUeNsáÚ GgÁkarGb;rM viTüasa®sþ nig vb,Fm’énshRbCaCati
yUnIeshV mUlniFishRbCaCatisMrab;kumar
iii
bBa¢ I t arag ni g rU b
rUb ³
rUbTI 1>1 ³ cMnYnRbCaCnkm<úCatamRkumGayu
rUbTI 1>2 ³ kareFVIcMeNalcMnYnRbCaCnkñúgv½ysikSa qñaM 2000-2013
tarag ³
taragTI 1>1 ³ karcUlsikSaenAbzmsikSaEbgEcktamePT 2001-02
taragTI 1>2 ³ kareFVIcMeNalcrnþsMrab;vis½yGb;rMqñaM 2001-15 ¬lanerol ¦
taragTI 1>2 ³ EpnkarhirBaØb,Tanry³eBlEvg 2002-2015
taragTI 3>3 ³ témøcMNaycrnþsrubsMrab;dMeNIrkarkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig tamEpñktUc²
taragTI 3>4 ³ taragtémøcMNaycrnþsrubsMrab;dMeNIrkarkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nigtamEpñktUc²
taragTI 3>5 ³ karcMNaymUlFnsrubrbs;RksYg G>y>k sMrab;dMeNIrkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
taragTI 3>6 ³ EpnkarcMNayry³mFümsMrab;vis½yGb;rMqñaM 2002-06
taragTI 4>1 ³ kartamdanRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþtamEpñk¼karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
taragTI 4>2 ³ GaMgDIkaT½rGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñasMxan;²
taragTI 4>3 ³ muxsBaØabrimaNRkumeKaledAkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña 2002-2015
taragTI 4>4 ³ KMrUcMNat;fñak;tamextþ-RkugelIGRtaBiténkarsikSaenAbzmsikSa GRtaKg;vgS
GRtaGkçrkmµyuvCn
iv
bu B V k fa
RbeTskm<úCa)anQancUleTAkñúgdMNak;kalmYyfµIeToténkarGPivDÆn_vis½yGb;rM EdlcaM)ac;RtUv
epþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIkarBRgwgmUldæanGb;rM nigKuNPaBsikSa enAkñúgRkbx½NÐénkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©Cati
EdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§d¾TUlMTUlay . Cackçúvis½ysMrab;ry³eBlEvg eyIgpSarP¢ab;yuT§saRsþGb;rMCamYynwg
yuT§saRsþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk tamry³kareFVIsmahrNkmµEpnkarhirBaØb,Tanvis½yGb;rM CamYynwgEpnkar nig
karRKb;RKgcMNaysaFarN³TUeTA. enAkñúgbrikarN_enH raCrdæaPi)al)ancat;TukkarGb;rMCayuT§saRsþcMbg
kñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkdUcEdl)anKUsbBa¢ak;kñúgEpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic© 5 qñaMelIkTI2 fa{kMeNIn
esdækic©RbkbedaycirPaB karGPivDÆn_sgÁmkic© nig GPi)alkic©l¥ KWCaktþabMeBj[KñaeTAvijeTAmkenAkñúgkar
kMNt;eCaKC½yénskmµPaBedIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk} .
kñúgn½yenH karBRgwgRbB½n§Gb;rM nig karbNþúHbNþalFnFanmnusSRbkbedayKuNPaB nig man
CMnajx<s;BitCamansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas; sMrab;EklMGmUldæanFnFanmnusSEdlCaEpñkmYyCMruj[km<úCaGac
RbNaMgRbECg)anRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB CamYynwgédKUÉeTotenAkñúgBiPBelakEdleKkMBugEteFVIdMeNIrya:g
elOneTAmux enAkñúgcrnþsklPavUbnIykmµ nigtMbn;PavUbnIykmµ . TnÞwmnwgenaH eyIgk¾mankareCOCak;Edrfa
esdækic©EdldMeNIrkar)anl¥KWesdækic©EdlmankarbNþúHbNþal kareRbIR)as; nigkarRKb;RKgnUvmUlFnbBaØa
RbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBx<s; .
karEklMGKuNPaBvis½yGb;rM nwgpþl;[RbCaCnnUvcMeNHdwgCamUldæanya:geRCARCHnigpþl;nUv
kalanuvtþPaB sRmab;karBRgIkCMnajenAkñúgvis½ydéTeTot Edlmansar³sMxan;sMrab;karRsUbyknUvbec©kviTüa
nigcMeNHdwg nigcMeNHeFVIx<s;²EfmeTot . CagenHeTAeTotkMeNInénlT§PaBTTYlkarGb;rM nig»kasTTYlkar
bNþúHbNþalRbkbedaysmFm’ CaBiessKW»kasTTYlkarGb;rMmUldæanry³eBl 9 qñaM KWCaktþad¾sMxan;mYy
EdlnwgCYynaMRKYsarRkIRkbMputenAkm<úCa[qøgrYcputBIPaBRkIRk ehIyrs;enA)anRbkbedaysuxumalPaBenA
kñúgsgÁm .
EpnkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kñary³eBlEvgenH KWCaÉksareKalneya)ayyuT§saRsþ d¾sMxan;Edlman
eKaledAGPivDÆescdækic©-sgÁmkm<úCa kñúgry³eBlEvg [kan;EtmanlkçN³TMenIb nigrIklUtlas;eLIg .
cMNucsMxan;CamUldæanRKwHénEpnkarenH KWkarFanafa kumar nig yuvCnkm<úCaTaMgGs; mankalanuvtþPaBesµI²Kña
kñúgkarTTYlkarGb;rMmUldæankñúgRbB½n§ nigeRkARbB½n§ edayminRbkan;GMBIkMritCIvPaB ePT PUmisaRsþ kaysm,Ta
nigCnCatieLIy . enAkñúgkarbþÚrebþCJ edIm,IsMerc[)annUvyuT§saRsþenHraCrdæaPi)alsUmbBa¢ak;CafµImþgeTotnUv
karebþCJacitþd¾mutmaMrbs;xøÜncMeBaHGnusBaØarbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIsiT§ikumar nig evTikaGb;rMBiPBelakenA
TIRkugdaka RbeTseseNhÁal; enAqñaM 2000 Edl)anelIkeLIgGMBITisedAénkarQaneTAsMerc[)annUvkar
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAqñaM 2015 .
CakarBit eyIgTTYlsÁal;fa EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenH KWCaParkic©TTYlxusRtUvrbs;
RbeTsCatinImYy² . k¾b:uEnþya:gNak¾eday sMrab;RbeTsRkIRkdUcCaRbeTskm<úCa eyIgBitCaRtUvkarya:gcaM)ac;
v
bMputnUvkic©shRbtibtþikar nigkarCYy]btßmÖKaMRTBIshKmn_Cati nigGnþrCati edIm,IsMerc[)antamTisedA
Rbkbedaymhic©taenH . kñúgn½yenH karGb;rMminEmnRKan;EtCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig
kILab:ueNÑaHeT EtvaKWCakic©karrbs;RbCaBlrdæRKb;rUb nig rbs;RKb;tYGgÁénkarGPivDÆn_ . dUecñH karxitxMedIm,I
sMerc)annUvkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaBitCaTamTar[mannUvPaBCaédKURbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBenAkñúgkMritepSg²
CaeRcIn rYmTaMgPaBCaédKUrvagRksYg-sßanb½nBak;B½n§ nigrvagraCrdæaPi)alCamYynwgmata-bita shKmn_
EpñkÉkCn Gñkpþl;CMnYy nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alTaMgLaypgEdr . enAelImUldæanenH ÉksarEpnkard¾TUlM
TUlayenH )andak;ecjnUveKalkarN_mYyya:gsMxan;EdlpSarP¢ab;GaTiPaBéncMNayrbs;raCrdæaPi)aleTA
nwgkarGb;rMmUldæan edayKYbpSMCamYynwgkarelIkkMBs;PaBCaédKUrvagEpñksaFarN³ nig EpñkÉkCnenAkñúg
karGb;rM nig karbNþúHbNþalkñúgdMNak;kalx<s;bnþbnÞab;eTAeTot .
raCrdæaPi)almanCMenOfa EpnkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñaenH nwgbgðajGMBIeKalneya)ay nig yuT§saRsþ
R)akdRbCaRbkbedaycirPaB edIm,IseRmc[)annUvkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña enAkñúgqñaM 2015 xagmux . kar
dwknaM nig karebþCJad¾mutmaMrbs;raCrdæaPi)alcMeBaHPaBCaédKUenA kñúgvis½yGb;rM kMBugEtCH\T§iBlCaviC¢manya:g
xøaMgkøaeq<aHeTArkkarxitxMedIm,IksagFnFanmnusS nig mUlFnbBaØakm<úCa . smiT§plFM²TaMgLayén
karGnuvtþn_kmµviFIkMENTMrg;kñúgvis½yGb;rMEdleyIgsMerc)anenAkñúgry³eBlknøgmkenH KWCaskçIPaBEdl
qøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjya:gCak;c,as;GMBIPaBkan;EtRbesIreLIgénkMritsmtßPaBFnFanmnusSrbs;Cati nig qnÞHya:g
dac;Nat;rbs;raCrdæaPi)alkñúgkarQaneq<aHeTArkkarsMerceKalbMNg nig eKaledAénkarGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;KñaenAqñaM 2015 RsbtamkarkMNt;énevTikaGb;rMBiPBelak TIRkugdaka qñaM 2000 .
tamry³karbgðajEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenH raCrdæaPi)almanbMNgKUsbBa¢ak;GMBIkarebþCJacitþ
ya:gmutmaMrbs;xøÜn kñúgkarxitxMFanapþl;FnFan[)anRKb;RKan;dl;vis½yGb;rM nig karbNþúHbNþal . kñúgeBlCa
mYyKñaenHEdr eyIgk¾sUmeFVIkarGMBavnavdl;shKmn_GnþrCati nig édKUGPivDÆn_rbs;eyIgTaMgGs; sUmemtþapþl;
nUvkarKaMRT[)ankan;EteRcIneLIgEfmeTot dl;karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña edIm,I[eKaledAenHGacsMerceTA)an
ya:gqab;rh½stamEtGaceFVI)an .
{karGb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a ¡ TaM g Gs; K ñ a sM r ab; k arGb; r M ¡ }
naykrdæ m ®nþ I
vi
esckþ I e pþ I m
karerobcMEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña CakarrYmbBa©ÚlKña nig BRgIkbEnßmnUvKMnitpþÜcepþImEpnkar
esdækic©sgÁmmYycMnYnrbs;raCrdæaPi)al . eKalneya)ayGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig dMeNIrkareFVIEpnkar
nig eKaledARtUv)anyklMnaMtamEpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© sgÁmkic©km<úCaelIkTI2EdlkMNt;ecjnUv
eKalneya)ay nig yuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_EdlKaMRTdl;GñkRkIRk .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenH k¾)anmkBIlMnaMCayuT§sa®sþénEpnkaryuT§sa®sþkat;bnßy
PaBRkIRk qñaM 2002 EdlEcgGMBIGnþraKmn_CalkçN³RbB½n§ nig cMeKaledAsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
enAkm<úCaedayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgeKalneya)ayyuT§sa®sþ nig eKaledAhirBaØb,Tanvis½yGb;rMry³eBlmFüm
nig EvgEdlRtUv)ankMNt;y:agc,as;las;pgEdr . EpnkarenHk¾CakarbBa¢ak;CafµInUvkarebþCJacitþrbs;
raCrdæaPi)alcMeBaHktikasBaØamYycMnYnrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiBak;B½n§nwgsiT§irbs;kumar nig kar
pþl;karGb;rMpgEdr .
dMeNIrkarerobcM nig eFVIEpnkarsMrab;EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñary³eBlEvgenH KW)anEp¥kelI
eKalkarN_énkarbBa©ÚlKñay:agmanRbsiT§PaBrvageKalneya)ayGb;rMry³eBlmFüm yuT§sa®sþ nig
kmµviFIGaTiPaBEdlmanEcgenAkñúgEpnkaryuT§sa®sþGb;rM kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM nig GnþraKmn_Gb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;Kñary³eBlEvg . edayELk p>y>G nig k>K>v>G suuT§EtEp¥kelIkmµviFIEpnkarrMkilénkMEN
TMrg;tamry³karEksMrYlyuT§sa®sþ nig kmµviFIRbcaMqñaM EdlCMrujedaykarBinitüeLIgvijrYmRbcaMqñaMelIkar
Gnuvtþkargartamvis½yEdleFVIedayraCrdæaPi)al nig m©as;CMnYy nig GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCaédKUnana .
RsbeBlCamYyKñaenH EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaBRgIkTMhMénGaTiPaBeKalneya)ay nig
kmµviFIhYsBITMhMén k>K>v>G ry³eBlmFüm edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarBRgIkkarGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc nig
k¾dUcCakmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ nig eRkApøÚvkar Gkçrkmµ nig karbNþúHbNþalCMnajpgEdr . dUcKñaenHEdr
kareFVIEpnkar karRtYtBinitütamdan nig hirBaØb,TanelIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña dUcEdl)anerobrab;enA
kñúgÉksarenH rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgviFIsa®sþTUlMTUlaymYy EdlbBa©ÚlkarrYmcMENkrbs;raCrdæaPi)alRksYg
epSg² GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig RkumsgÁmsIuvilpg .
´sUmeqøót»kasenH edIm,IEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHm®nþIbec©keTsCan;x<s;rbs;RksYgBak;B½n§nana
Edl)anbMeBjkargary:agl¥itl¥n;kñúgkarerobcMEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenH. ´k¾sUmpþl;karekat
sresIrrbs;´dl;Rkumkargarvis½yGb;rMrbs;m©as;CMnYy GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCaédKUxagvis½yGb;rM nig
vii
TIRbwkSabec©keTsnana Edl)anpþl;eyabl;CayuT§sa®sþ nig Bt’manRtLb;vijtaMgBIedImrhUtdl;
cb;dMeNIrkarerobcMEpnkar .
raCFanIPMñeBj/ éf¶TI 16 Ex ]sPa qñaM2003

]bnaykrdæm®nþI rdæm®nþIRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
tu l eLaH
viii
EpnTI R beTskm< ú C a
1
Bt’ m ansegç b GM B I R beTs
Bt’mansegçbGMBIRbeTs qñaM
RbCasaRsþ ¬1¦
cMnYnextþ¼Rkug 24
cMnYnRsuk¼xNÐ 185
cMnYnXMu¼sgáat; 1>621
cMnYnPUmi 13>406
cMnYnRKYsar 2>188>663
épÞdIsrub ¬ Ban;KILÚEm:RtRkLa¦ 181 035
cMnYnRbCaCnkñúgmYyKILÚEm:RtRkLa 64
RbCaCnTUTaMgRbeTs 13/099 lan 2000
PaKryRbCaCnenATIRbCMuCn 15>7 1998
PaKryRbCaCnenAtMbn;CnbT 84>3 1998
PaKryRbCaCnCaRsI 51>8 1998
PaKryRbCaCnGayu 3-5 qñaM 9>2 1998
GRtakMeNInRbCaCnRbcaMqñaM 2/5 90-99
PaKrykMlaMgBlkmµenAkñúgksikmµ 75>3 1998
GRtaGkçrkmµmnusSeBjv½y ¬15 qñaMeLIgeTA¦srub 67 1998
GRtaGkçrkmµmnusSeBjv½ynarI ¬15 qñaMeLIgeTA¦ 57 1998
GRtaGkçrkmµmnusSeBjv½yburs ¬15 qñaMeLIgeTA¦ 80 1998
sßanPaBesdækic©sgÁm ¬2¦
plitplCatisrub¬Caduløar ¦ 260 1999
plitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬Caduløar ¦ 297 1997
RKYsarEdlsßitenAeRkambnÞat;RkIRk 36° 1999
karGb;rM ¬3¦
cMnYnsalametþyüsikSa 1>015 2001-2
cMnYnsalabzmsikSa 5>741 2001-2
cMnYnsalaGnuviTüal½y 534 2001-2
cMnYnsalaviTüal½y 163 2001-2
2
GRtaBiténkarsikSaenAbzmsikSasrub 87>0 2001-2
GRtaBiténkarsikSaenAbzmsikSarbs;sisSRsI 84>2 2001-2
GRtaBiténkarsikSaenAbzmsikSarbs;sisSRbus 90>0 2001-2
GRtaKg;vgSenAfñak;TI 6 srub 47>8 2000-1
GRtavtþmansisSenAbzmsikSasrub 67>6 2000
GRtavtþmansisSenAbzmsikSarbs;sisSRsI 66>5 2000
GRtavtþmansisSenAbzmsikSarbs;sisSRbus 67>6 2000
suxPaBkumar nig GaharUbtßmÖ ¬4¦
GRtamrNPaBrbs;Tarksrub ¬PaKBan;¦ 95>0 2000
GRtamrNPaBrbs;TarkRsI ¬PaKBan;¦ 82>2 2000
GRtamrNPaBrbs;TarkRbus ¬PaKBan;¦ 102>8 2000
GRtamrNPaBrbs;kumarGayueRkam 5 qñaMsrub ¬PaKBan;¦ 125>0 2000
GRtamrNPaBrbs;kumarIGayueRkam 5 qñaM ¬PaKBan;¦ 132>8 2000
GRtamrNPaBrbs;kumaraGayueRkam 5 qñaM ¬PaKBan;¦ 110>1 2000
PaKryénkumarxVHTm¶n; ¬mFüm nig F¶n;F¶r -2SD¦srub 45>2 2000
PaKryénkumarIxVHTm¶n; ¬mFüm nig F¶n;F¶r -2SD¦ 46>3 2000
PaKryénkumaraxVHTm¶n; ¬mFüm nig F¶n;F¶r -2SD¦ 44>3 2000
PaKryénkumarRkin ¬mFüm nig F¶n;F¶r ¦srub 44>6 2000
PaKryénkumarIRkin ¬mFüm nig F¶n;F¶r ¦ 45>9 2000
PaKryénkumaraRkin ¬mFüm nig F¶n;F¶r ¦ 43>3 2000
PaKryénkumarsÁmsÁaMg ¬mFüm nig F¶n;F¶r ¦srub 15>0 2000
PaKryénkumarIsÁmsÁaMg ¬mFüm nig F¶n;F¶r ¦ 14>6 2000
PaKryénkumarasÁmsÁaMg ¬mFüm nig F¶n;F¶r ¦ 15>4 2000
RbPB
¬1¦ CMerOnTUeTAnUvRbCasa®sþkm<úCa 1998
¬2¦ viTüasßanCatisißti 1997 / 1999 / 2000
¬3¦ RbB½n§Bt’manRKb;RKgGb;rM 2000 -2001
¬4¦ GegátRbCasa®sþ nig suxPaBenAkm<úCaqñaM 2000
kMNt;cMNaM ³ GaMgDIkaT½rEdl)aneRCIserIstamlMdab;fñak;extþ-Rkug RtUv)anpþl;enAkñúgtarag 4>4.
3
segç b erOg
karerobcMEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña enH)andkRsg;BIKMnitpþÜcepþImEpnkarGPivDÆn_déTmYycMnYn
eTotrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa . dMeNIrkareFVIEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenHRtUv)anyklMnaMtam
EpnkarGPivDÆn_sgÁmkic© esdækic©km<úCaelIkTI 2 EdlraCrdæaPi)al)anGnum½tkñúgqñaM 2002 eday)andak;
ecjnUveKalneya)ay nig yuT§sa®sþKaMRTGñkRkIRk . EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenHk¾)anyklMnaMtam
EpnkaryuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkqñaM 2002 pgEdr EdlEcgGMBIGnþraKmn_CalkçN³RbB½n§ nig cMeKal
edAsMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenARbeTskm<úCaedayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgeKalneya)ayGb;rM yuT§sa®sþ nig eKal
edAhirBaØb,TanEdl)ankMNt;y:agc,as;pgEdr .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenHeqøIytbedaypÞal;eTAnwgTsSn³vis½yGPivDÆn_EpñkRbCasa®sþ
m:aRkUesdækic© nig sgÁmTUlMTUlaysMrab;ry³eBl 10-15 qñaMxagmuxenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa . lkçN³
Biessd¾TUlMTUlayénbribTGPivDÆn_sMrab;kareFVIEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña KWmanerobrab;enAkñúgEpñkTI 1
énEpnkarenH . edayELkkarGnuvtþGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñacaM)ac;RtUvBicarNaeTAelIGnÞak;énkarGb;rM
PaBRkIRkEdlmanRsab;kñúgkarrYmcMENkeFVI[manvismPaBxaglT§PaBTTYlesvaGb;rMsMrab;RKYsarRkIRk
bMput .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenHk¾)anEp¥kelIBt’manGMBItRmUvkarkñúgkareFVI[RbB½n§Gb;rM karbNþúH
bNþalkan;EtmanlkçN³eqøIytbeTAnwgTIpSarBlkmµEdlecHEtERbRbYl nig minc,as;las; nig TsSn³
vis½ym:aRkUesdækic© . elIsBIenHeTotEpnkarskmµPaBenHk¾RtUv)anerobcMeLIgy:agCak;lak;edIm,IedaH
Rsay]bsKÁEpñkesdækic© nig vb,Fm’mYycMnYnpgEdr CaBiess]bsKÁEdleFVI[cMnYnnarI nig CnCati
PaKtic)ancUleronenAkñúgsalabzmsikSa mFümsikSa nig karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§mancMnYntictYc .
EpnkarenHk¾)ankMNt;nUvsar³sMxan;mYyelItRmUvkarksagsmtßPaB edIm,IBiPakSaelIkarGnuvtþ
Epnkar[mankareCOCak;x<s;eTAGnaKt . tRmUvkarksagsmtßPaBenHnwgRtUvelIkeLIgenARKb;lMdab;
fñak;énKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña CaBiessKW sgát;Fn;eTAelIkarBRgwgtYnaTIrbs;KN³kmµaFikar
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAfñak;mUldæan edIm,IsMerceKaledAEdl)ankMNt; ¬1¦karksagEpnkarCatiGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ¬2¦karpSBVpSaydMeNIrkarGnuvtþ nig nItiviFI ¬3¦karGnuvtþ ¬4¦kartamdanRtYtBinitü .
karpþl;fvikaeTAelItRmUvkarksagsmtßPaBRtUv)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgEpñkTI 3 énEpnkarenH .
dMeNIrkarerobcM nig eFVIEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ry³eBlEvgenHKWEp¥kelIeKalkarN_énkar
bBa©ÚlKñarvagGaTiPaBeKalneya)ayyuT§sa®sþ nig kmµviFIvis½yGb;rMry³eBlmFümEdlmanEcgkñúg
EpnkaryuT§sa®sþGb;rM kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM nig GnþraKmn_karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ry³eBlEvg . eday
ELkp>y>G nig k>K>v>G KWEp¥keTAelIkmµviFIrMkilénkarGnuvtþkMENTMrg;tamry³karEksMrYlyuT§sa®sþ nig
4
kmµviFIRbcaMqñaM EdlCMrujedaykarBinitüeLIgvijCarYmRbcaMqñaMtamvis½y EdleFVIeLIgedayraCrdæaPi)al Gñk
pþl;CMnYy nig GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCaédKUnana .
epþImecjBIkarvaytémøkarGnuvtþkargarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña qñaM 2000 karBinitüeLIgvijEpnkar
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRbcaMqñaMnwgGnum½tykeKalkarN_Rbhak;RbEhlKña . lkçN³BiesssMxan;mYyén
dMeNIrkareFVIEpnkar nig tamdanRtYtBinitükarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgBRgIkdMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl;
GñkBak;B½n§ edIm,IBRgwgkarcUlrYmrbs;raCrdæaPi)al RksYgepSg² GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig sgÁmsIuvil
EdlEp¥kelIkmµviFIRsavRCavRbtibtþienAtammUldæand¾TUlMTUlay .
karerobcMbegáItEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenH RtUvBicarNaeTAelIkarviPaKsßanPaBvis½yGb;rM
TUlMTUlaymYy nig karkMNt;bBaðaRbQmmuxsMxan;²sMrab;karGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña . EpñkTI 2
énEpnkarenH erobrab;GMBIkarrIkcMerIndMbUgEdlTTYl)aneq<aHeTAsMerceKalbMNg nig eKaledAGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;Kñakñúgry³eBlbIqñaMknøgmk . ry³eBlBIqñaM 2000-02 eXIjmankarEklMGKYr[kt;sMKal;
kñúgkarcUlsikSakñúgry³eBlR)aMbYnqñaMdMbUgénkarGb;rMmUldæan karekIneLIgy:agxøaMgnUvRbsiT§PaBépÞkñúg
¬GRtaeLIgfñak;rbs;sisS¦ nig karekIncMnYnsisSmkBIRKYsarEdlRkIRkbMputrYmTaMgkumarICnbT nig CnCati
PaKticpgEdr .
viFankareKalneya)aybzmsMrab;sMerc)ankarrIkcMerInTaMgenH KWGnþraKmn_CalkçN³RbB½n§ nig
cMeKaledAkñúgkarkat;bnßybnÞúkcMNayrbs;RKYsarRkIRk . EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRtUv)anEp¥kelIkar
snµt nig viFankarmYycMnYnEdlrYmbBa©ÚlKña nig BRgIkyuT§sa®sþkat;bnßykarcMNaysMrab;karTTYlesva
Gb;rMmUldæan . EpnkarenHk¾)anEp¥kelIkarsnµtcMeBaHkarekIneLIgCalMdab;nUvR)ak;bMNac;dl;buKÁlikGb;rM
nig karpøas;bþÚreTArkkarpþl;R)ak;bMNac;Ep¥kelIkarGnuvtþkargar nig karelIkTwkcitþEdlkMNt;eKaledA
sMrab;RKUbeRgón ¬R)ak;]btßmÖeTAsalaenACnbTdac;Rsyal¦ k¾dUcCaeKalneya)aydMeLIgzan³ nig
bNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIKuNbMNac;pgEdr .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenH k¾RtUv)anerobcMy:agCak;lak; edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaRbQmmux
ry³eBlmFüm nig ry³eBlEvgmYycMnYnsMrab;karGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB .
eKaledA nig vtßúbMNgTUeTARtUv)anbBa©ÚlenAkñúgEpñkrgnImYy² ¬dUcCakarGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUc karGb;rM
mUldæan .l. ¦ enAkñúgEpñkTI 3 . tYelxCak;lak; ¬dUcCaGRtaBiténkarsikSaenAbzmsikSa 95° enAqñaM
2005¦ RtUv)anerobrab;enAkñúgtarag4>2 edIm,IsRmbsRmYlkartamdanRtYtBinitü. tYelxenHnwgtRmUv[
mankarEklMG[)aneRcIntamry³dMeNIrkarGnuvtþEpnkarkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaCalkçN³GnþrRksYg .
edayELkEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgGnum½tykyuT§sa®sþCak;lak;nana edIm,Ipþl;»kasGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;KñakñúgtMbn;Edlbc©úb,nñenACnbTdac;Rsyal nig tMbn;Edlmin)anTTYlesvaGb;rMtamry³RbB½n§
eFVIEpnkarcMruHmYy . bBaðaRbQmTIBIr KWRtUvGnum½tykyuT§sa®sþnana EdlsMerc)annUvtulüPaBRbkb
5
edayRbsiT§PaBmYyrvaglT§PaB nig karEklMGKuNPaB rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarBRgIkkarGPivDÆ nig KaMBar
kumartUc karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ kmµviFIGkçrkmµ nig kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalCMnajeRkApøÚvkarEdlCaeKaledAfµI .
RbkarsMxan;KWfa KuNPaBenAkñúgbribTenHRtUv)ankMNt;fa nwgTTYl)anpleRcInenAkñúgRbsiT§PaBGb;rM
edayrYmTaMgkarkMNt;lkçN³énRbsiT§PaB[)anTUlMTUlay EdlRtUvKitTaMgkarGnuvtþenAkñúgfñak;eron nig
karsikSarbs;sisS . bBaðaRbQmsMxan; k¾manEcgenAkñúgEpñkTI 2 énEpnkarenHEdr .
edIm,IerobcMEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñamYyEdlR)akdRbCa raCrdæaPi)al)anGnum½telIesNarIy:U
hirBaØb,TanmYycMnYnenAkñúgbribTeFVIEpnkarGb;rMTUTaMgvis½ymYy EdlkareRKagkarcMNaysMrab;karGPivDÆ
nig KaMBarkumartUc nig karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ cMeBaHFnFanshKmn_ nig FnFanÉkCn edaybegáIn[manPaB
eCOCak;BIédKUÉkCn¼rdæedIm,IGnuvtþkmµviFIEdl)anesñIsuM.FnFanrbs;rdænwgRtUveRKagTuksMrab;shKmn_
Tn;exSaykñúgkarpþl;esvaGb;rM enAkñúgkarGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUc nig karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ .
eKalkarN_hirBaØb,TanTUlMTUlayEdlKaMRTdl;esNarIyU:hirBaØb,TandUc)anerobrab;xagelIRtUv
eKarBeTAtamEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenaH KWfakarcMNayrbs;raCrdæaPi)alnwgpþl;GaTiPaBx<s;
bMputcMeBaHkarGnuvtþGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig kmµviFIGPivDÆn_RKUbeRgónBak;B½n§ . kmµviFIEdlenAesssl;
nig vis½yrgnananwgRtUvRKb;RKg nig pþl;hirBaØb,Tantamry³PaBCaédKUsaFarN³ ÉkCnEdlkMBuglUt
las; rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGñkpþl;esvaGb;rMrbs;RksYgBak;B½n§déTeTot ¬]>RksYgsuxaPi)alsMrab; GPi>K>k>t ¦
EpñkÉkCn nig GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk nig GnþrCati .
karsnµtGMBIeKalneya)ay nig hirBaØb,TansMrab;GnuvtþEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenH RtUv)an
erobrab;segçbenAkñúgEpñk 3>2 énEpnkarenH . eKaledAdMbUg KWedIm,IsMerc[)anlT§PaBTTYl)anCa
saklnUvkarGb;rMmUldæanR)aMbYnqñaMRbkbedayKuNPaBx<s;enAqñaM 2010 RsbeBlCamYynwgkareRCIserIs
BRgIkkarpþl;rbs;vis½yrgdéTeTot CaBiesskarGb;rMkumartUc nig karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ . EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;KñaenHnwgrYmbBa©ÚlKña nig BRgIkkarEklMGRbsiT§PaBépÞkñúgbc©úb,nñrYmTaMgGRtaeLIgfñak;x<s;enAfñak;
bzmsikSa nig qøgPUmisikSafñak;mFümsikSabzmPUmi .
yuT§sa®sþTaMgenH nwgRtUvKYbpSMbEnßmCamYynwgyuT§sa®sþfµIEdlkarcMNaymanRbsiT§PaBsMrab;
karBRgIkeKalviFIEbbcMruH nig GnþrRksYg edIm,IGnuvtþkmµviFIGPivDÆn_ nig KaMBarkumartUc[)ansMercenAqñaM
2015 . EpnkarenH k¾rYmbBa©ÚlkmµviFIsmahrNkmµeRkARbB½n§ nig kmµviFIsmmUledIm,IFana[)ankarvil
RtLb;cUleronvijrbs;sisSe)aHbg;karsikSa . EpñkGnþrRksYgxøHénkarGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc nig kar
Gb;rMeRkARbB½n§ EdlminRtUv)anKiteTenAkñúgEpnkarhriBaØb,TanCarYmKWmanerobrab;segçbenAkñúgEpñk3>5 .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñak¾nwgGnum½tykviFankarry³eBlmFüm nig Evg edIm,IEklMGKuNPaB
Gb;rMmUldæankñúgRbB½n§ nig eRkARbB½n§pgEdr. cMNucsMxan;éneKalneya)ayenHKWedIm,IrkSacMENk
6
mYyx<s;énkarcMNayrbs;raCrdæaPi)alelIkarGb;rMmUldæan[)anRbEhl 70° kñúgmYyqñaMkñúgry³eBlén
EpnkarenH. cMNucsMxan;TIBIrénEpnkarenHKWedIm,IrkSacMENkx<s;énkarcMNayeRkABIR)ak;ebovtS ¬cenøaH
45-55°¦ kñúgGMLúgry³eBlénEpnkartamry³kareFVIEpnkarditdl; nig niytkmµénbTdæancat;taMg
buKÁlikEdl)anRBmeRBógKña nig karkMNt;kMeNInR)ak;ebovtSvis½yGb;rM[RsbCamYynwgkMENTMrg;
R)ak;ebovtSm®nþIraCkarTUlMTUlay .
RsbeBlCamYyKñaenH EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRbemIlemIleXIjkarBRgIkKMnitpþÜcepþIm Ep¥k
elIkarGnuvtþkargarrbs;m®nþIRKb;RKg nig RKUbeRgónkñúgvis½yGb;rMelIeKaledAEdleTIbdak;[GnuvtþenA
eBlfµI²enH KWRtUv)anerobcMeLIg edIm,IFanakarcat;taMgesµIPaBKña nig karGnuvtþkargar[RbesIreLIgrbs;
buKÁlikmanbTBiesaF nig lkçN³sm,tþienAkñúgtMbn;Edlbc©úb,nñmin)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_ . karsnñidæan
EpñkRbtibtþihirBaØb,Tan nig fvika KWmanpþl;CUnkñúg]bsm<½n§ 5 .
lkçN³Biess nig eKaledAd¾TUlMTUlayénEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenHmanerobrab;segçbenA
kñúgEpñkTI 3>3 . eK)an):an;sµanfa karcUlsikSaCamUldæannwgekIneLIgdl; 3/8 lannak; enAqñaM 2007
¼08 EdlnwgenAefrkñúgkMritenHRtwmqñaM 2015 enAeBlEdlkMeNInRbsiT§PaBépÞkñúg nig karrkSalMnwg
GayucUlsalaeronrbs;kumarcab;epþImmanRbsiT§PaB . karcUlsikSaEpñkGb;rMkumartUc nig karGb;rMeRkA
RbB½n§RtUv)an):an;sµanfanwgekIndl; 280 000 nak; nig 15 000 nak;kñúgmYyqñaM kñúgGMLúgeBlénkar
Gnuvtþ b¤ dMeNIrkarEpnkar . viFankarry³eBlxøIedIm,IRsUbykkMeNIny:agqab;rh½sénkarcUlsikSahYs
GayuenAkñúgGMLúgqñaM 2003-08 nwgrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarrkSafñak;eronBIrevn nig kareRbIR)as;RKUbeRgón nig
karBRgIkkarbeRgónfñak;KYb .
EpnkarenHk¾):an;sµankarekIneLIgCalMdab;pgEdrnUvem:agbeRgóntamsalabzmsikSa nig
mFümsikSacab;BIqñaM 2007 eLIgeTAenAeBlEdlkarcUlsikSafñak;bzmsikSa nig mFümsikSabzm
PUmicab;epþImmanlMnwg . eK)an):an;sµanfa BIqñaM 2007 eTAmuxsmtßPaBTTYlrbs;fñak;eronEdlmannwg
GnuBaØat[mankarENnaMCabeNþIr²nUvkarsikSaeBjem:agRBwk resol nig karENnaMkarbeRgóneBj
mYyéf¶sMrab;RKUbeRgónfñak;bzmsikSa nig mFümsikSaPaKeRcIn. kareFVIEpnkarGMBIkarpÁt;pÁg;¼tRmUvkarRKU
k¾nwgRtUv)anEklMGpgEdredIm,IFanafa lMnaMénkarcUlsikSaEdlkMBugpøas;bþÚrrvagfñak;bzmsikSa nig mFüm
sikSaRtUv)aneqøIytby:agmanRbsiT§PaB .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenH Ep¥kelIPaBCaédKUGnþrRksYgbc©úb,nñ nig kic©shRbtibtþikarCa
mYyGñkpþl;CMnYy GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig sgÁmsIuvil sMrab;kareFVIEpnkar nig karGnuvtþ. karerobcM
CaédKUbc©úb,nñnwgRtUvBRgwgbEnßmeTot dUcmanerobrab;enAkñúgEpñk 3>4 .
7
cMNaysrubénkarGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña rYmTaMgrdæ)alpg karGb;rMkumartUc karGb;rM
mUldæan karGb;rMkñúgRbB½n§ karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ nig kmµviFIGkçrkmµ nig karGPivDÆRKUbeRgónnwgekIneLIgBI
419Ban;lanerol ¬kñúgqñaM 2002¦ eTA 855Ban;lanerol ¬kñúgqñaM 2015¦. cMENkÉkarcMNayelIvis½y
Gb;rMrYmTaMgkarGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña edayKYbpSMTaMgmUlniFi rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
RksYgepSgeTotrbs;raCrdæaPi)al GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig karrYmviPaKTanBIÉkCn matabitasisS
nwgFøak;cuHBI90° ¬kñúgqñaM 2002¦ eTA66° ¬kñúgqñaM 2015¦ . RbkarenHKWRsbeTAtameKalneya)ay
rbs;raCrdæaPi)al¼RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa edIm,IBRgIkkMritGb;rMeRkaymUldæanEdlnwgRtUvTTYl
hirBaØb,Tan tamry³PaBCaédKUsaFarN³ nig minEmnsaFarN³. cMENkénkarcMNaysaFarN³minEmn
saFarN³ Edl)an)a:n;sµansMrab;vis½yrgnana KWmanbgðajkñúg]bsm<½n§ 4 tarag 4 nig 5 .
eK)an):an;sµanfa karrYmcMENkrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa cMeBaHcMNaycrnþénkarGnuvtþ
G>s>K nwgekIneLIgBIRbEhl 329 Ban;lanerol ¬83 landuløarGaemrik¦ kñúgqñaM 2002 eTARbEhl
805 Ban;lanerol ¬203 landuløarGaemrik¦ kñúgqñaM 2015 . kar)a:n;sµanTaMgenHRtUv)ancat;TukfaGac
eTArYcedaysarcMENkénkarcMNaycrnþelIvis½yGb;rMEdl)an)a:n;sµannwgmanCaGtibrma 24° kñúgqñaM
2010 Føak;cuHmkRtwm 21° kñúgqñaM 2015 .
enAeBlCamYyKñaenH karcMNaymUlFn¬epþatelIsmÖarrUbv½nþbEnßm nig karksagsmtßPaB¦
RtUv)an)a:n;sµanfanwgekIneLIgBI 94/7 Ban;lanerol kñúgmYyqñaM ¬24 landuløar Gaemrik¦ kñúgqñaM 2002
eTA 233/3 Ban;lanerol kñúgmYyqñaM ¬59 landuløarGaemric ¦ enAqñaM 2015 . eK)anRbemIleXIjfa
RtwmqñaM 2010 karvinieyaKTunGaTiPaBnwgRtUvvinieyaKeTAelIkarksagsalabzmsikSa nig mFümsikSa
edaymankarpøas;bþÚrsmÖarrUbv½nþGb;rMfñak;eRkaymFümsikSa Edlmantémøx<s;CagenHbnÞab;BIqñaM 2010 .
karBinitütamdankarGnuvtþEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nwgRtUvEp¥kelIkarBinitüeLIgvijkar
GnuvtþkargarrYmRbcaMqñaMrbs; k>K>v>G edayraCrdæaPi)al RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa Gñkpþl;CMnYy nig
GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnana . viFIsa®sþkmµviFIrMkil nwgGnuBaØat[mankarEksMrYlRbcaMqñaMéneKaledAGnuvtþn_
kargarrbs;vis½y nig yuT§sa®sþrbs;kmµviFI edayBicarNaeTAelIbTBiesaFEdl)aneronsURt . GKÁelxa
Fikardæan K>C>G>T rYmCamYynwgRkumkargar nig naykdæanCMnajrbs;RksYgBak;B½n§nwgkarsRmbsRmYl nig
RKb;RKgdMeNIrkartamdanRtYtBinitükarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña .
CaEpñkmYyénkarBRgwgRbB½n§tamdanRtYtBinitürbs;karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñary³eBlmFüm nig
karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñary³eBlEvg KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñanwgcat;viFankarnana edIm,I
BRgwgRbB½n§Bt’manGMBIkarBinitü nig RKb;RKg extþ-Rkug nig Rsuk-xNÐ . edIm,IFana[manPaBTTYlxus
RtUvTUlMTUlaysMrab;karGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña K>C>G>T nwgBRgwgkarerobcMpøas;bþÚrBt’manCamYy
8
K>G>T>x / K>G>T>s / K>G>T>X nig RkumsgÁmsIuviltamry³evTikaGb;rM RbcaMqñaM karBieRKaHeyabl;fñak;
extþ-Rkug nig fñak;Catikñúgsnñi)atGb;rMRbcaMqñaMrbs;RksYgBak;B½n§ .
lkçN³BiesssMxan;mYyéndMeNIrkarBinitütamdankarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña KWkarbegáInkarykcitþ
Tukdak;cMeBaHkarvaytémøkmµviFIEklMGKuNPaB edayEp¥kelIsþg;daGb,brmafµIénlT§pleronsURt
skmµPaB nig karcUlrYm Edl)ankMNt;eBlsMrab;ENnaMkñúgqñaM 2003-04 . karBinitütamdanKuNPaB k¾
nwgbBa©ÚlTaMgkarBRgIkkarRsavRCavRbtibtþitammUldæaneday K>C>G>T GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig RkumRKb;
RKgkmµviFIRTg;RTaytUcdéTeTot edIm,IFanafa karvaytémøGMBIplb:HBal;énkMENTMrg;Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;
KñarYmbBa©ÚltfPaBkMritmUldæan nig kMritsalaeron¼fñak;eron . cMNucenHKWmanerobrab;BisþarkñúgEpñk 4>4
énEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña .
9
EpnkarCati Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
1 karGb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a ³ bri b TGPi v DÆn_
1>1 TidæPaBénPaBRkIRk
karvaytémøCaeRcIn)ancg¥úlbgðajBIkMriténPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa . tamkar)a:n;sµan)an[dwgfa
snÞsSn_karvaytémøCaeRcIn )ancg¥úlbgðajBIkMriténPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa . tamkar)a:n;sµan)an[dwgfa
snÞsSn_GegátBIPaBRkIRkenAqñaM 1999 man 36° ¬TidæPaBénPaBRkIRkqñaM1999¦ . eTaHbICakareRbób
eFobrgVas;énPaBRkIRkxus²KñamankarlM)akk¾eday k¾GRtaénPaBRkIRkhak;dUcCaBuMmankarERbRbYlCa
dMukMPYneLIycab;taMgBIqñaM 1997 mk . PaBRkIRkmanGRtax<s;enAtamtMbn;CnbTEdlmanRbCaBlrdæ
RkIRkRbEhlCa 90/5° . RbCaBlrdæRkIRkepSgeTotrs;enAtamtMbn;TIRkugepSgeTot ¬7/2°¦ nig rs;enA
raCFanIPñMeBj ¬2/3°¦. Gegátesdækic©sgÁmkic©km<úCa naeBlfµI²enH ¬1999¦ )anbBa¢ak;BItYelxTaMg
enH . R)ak;cMNUlRbcaMqñaMCamFümenAtamtMbn;CnbTmanticCagmYyPaKbIénR)ak;cMNUlrbs;RbCaBlrdæ
rs;enAraCFanIPñMeBj ¬kñúgmYyqñaMRbCaBlrdæenAtamtMbn;CnbTrk)anEt197 duløarshrdæGaemrik bu:eNÑaH
cMENkÉRbCaBlrdærs;enAraCFanIPñMeBjvijrk)andl;eTA 691 duløarshrdæGaemrik¦ .
RbeTskm<úCaeFVIkareRbóbeFobsnÞsSn_PaBRkIRkCamYynwgRbeTsGas‘anepSgeToteXIjfa kar
eRbóbeFobsMrab;RbeTskm<úCamanlkçN³minGMeNaypleLIy . ]TahrN_ ³ tamedayeRbIsnÞsSn_PaB
CnRkIRk EdleFVIeLIgedaykmµviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCatiRbcaMenAkm<úCa)an[eXIjfa tYelxénPaBRkIRk
enHmandl;eTA 42>5° . ebIeRbóbeFobEttYelxénRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ nig
GasuI)a:suIhVicmanEt 25° . kareronmin)ancb;bzm sikSa lT§PaBTTYl)anesvasuxPaBGnam½y nig
GaharUbtßmÖkumarxSt;exSay CaktþasMxan;EdlbNþal[ snÞsSn_PaBRkIRkenAkm<úCamankMritTab .
karbegáInlT§PaBTTYl)anesvaGb;rMmUldæanenAtamtMbn;CnbT KWCaGaTiPaBcm,gkñúgkarkat;bnßyGRta
PaBRkIRkrbs;mnusS .
PaBRkIRkenAtamtMbn;CnbT¼TIRkugmanlkçN³minsuIKñaeT. ]TahrN_ ³ snÞsSn_PaBRkIRkenA
tMbn;TIRkug¬16° énRbCaCnTaMgGs;¦ KWman 34>2° . pÞúyeTAvijtYelxenAtamtMbn;CnbTman 44>9°
sMrab; 84° énRbCaCnTaMgGs;. snÞsSn_epSg²eTot)anbEnßm[manPaBminsuIKñaTaMgenH . kareRbIR)as;
CaTUeTAkñúgmñak;²enAtMbn;TIRkugeRcInCagBIrdgénkareRbIR)as;rbs;RbCaBlrdætamCnbT . RbCaBlrdætam
TIRkugmanGayukalmFümelIsR)aMqñaMeRcInCagRbCaBlrdærs;enAtamtMbn;CnbT nig TTYl)ankMritGb;rM
k¾x<s;CagRbCaBlrdærs;enAtamtMbn;CnbTEfmeTotpgEdr . karcMNay nig lT§PaBTTYl)ankarGb;rM
KWCaktþasMxan;mYysMrab;RbCaBlrdærs;enAtamCnbT. cMENkRbCaBlrdæenAraCFanIPñMeBjRtUvcMNayelI
karGb;rMeRcInCagRbCaBlrdæenACnbT 12 dg .
10
karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña³ bribTGPivDÆn_
karGegátnaeBlfµI²enH ¬rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa qñaM 1999¦ )anbgðajBIshsm<½n§TMnak;

TMngrvagPaBEdlgayrgeRKaH ¬CaBiesssnþisuxes,óg¦ nig karsMerc)ankarGb;rM nig karcUleron.
]TahrN_³ RbEhlCa 550 XuMEdlgayrgeRKaH GRtaGkçrkmµsMrab;GayuBI 10 eTA 14 qñaM man RbEhlCa
63° eRbóbeFobeTAnwgGRtaGkçrkmµTUTaMgRbeTsCamFümman 68° enaH . smamaRtRbCaCnEdlrs;
enAXuMEdlgayrgeRKaHmin)aneTAeronenaHmancMnYn 50° eRbóbeFobeTAnwgcMnYnRbCaBlrdæTUTaMgRbeTs
EdlCamFümmanRtwmEt45°bu:eNÑaH . tYelxTaMgenH )anbgðajfa kmµviFIpþl;es,ógsMrab;sala CaBiess
sMrab;fñak;x<s;²enAbzmsikSa nig enAGnuviTüal½yGacmanplRbeyaCn_CaviC¢mansMrab;eFVI[sisScUl
sikSakan;EteRcIn nig karrkSaTuksisSanusisSEdlmkBIRKYsarRkIRk[)anKg;vgS .
GaTiPaBsMxan;²bIRtUv)anrkeXIjeRkayBI)anBiPakSarYcehIy . GaTiPaBTImYy KWBRgIkesvaGb;rM
CaBiesskarpÁt;pÁg;fñak;GnuviTüal½y . GaTiPaBTIBIr KWkat;bnßycMNayedIm,I[mankarcUleronenAbzm
sikSa nig GnuviTüal½y . GaTiPaBTIbIenaH KWkarRtYtBinitüeKalneya)ayEbgEckFnFanedaysmFm’
rYmmankardak;snÞsSn_PaBRkIRkCaviC¢manmYYycMnYneTAkñúgKMeragcMNayrbs;rdæaPi)alelIesvaGb;rMCa
mUldæan .
1>2 ckçúvis½yEpñkPUmisa®sþ nig RbCasa®sþ
RbCaCnkm<úCaRbEhlCa 13 lannak; dUcEdl)aneFVIcMeNalBICMerOnRbCaCnqñaM 1998 enaH)an
EbgEckTak;TgeTAnwgRkumGayuedayqøúHbBa©aMgBIkar)at;bg;CIvitya:gexøacpSakñúgsm½yExµrRkhm
naTsvtS qñaM 70 nig s®gÁamsIuvilCabnþbnÞab; . TidæPaBePT nig GayukalmanPaBminRbRktIdUcEdl)an
bgðajCUnkñúg rUbsaCIRCugRbCaCn Edl)anmkBICMerOnRbCaCnTUTaMgRbeTsnaqñaM 1998 .
rUbTI 1>1 xageRkam KUsbBa¢ak;BItYelxminRbRktIxøH²énRkumGayuRbCaCnkm<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ
enH . RbCaBlrdæEdlmanGayueRkamBI 20 qñaMcuHmanesÞIrEtBak;kNþalénRbCaCnTaMgGs; edaymankar
Føak;cuHminRbRktIkñúgRkumGayu 0-4qñaM. edaysarEtmanGRtasøab;x<s;kñúgTsvtSqñaM 70 RbCaBlrdæmYy
cMnYntUcEdlmanRkumGayuBI 40+ CaBiessbursenaH)anbnSl;TukkumarmYycMnYntUcEdl)anekItenAkñúg
sm½yenaH Edl\LÚvenHBYkeKsßitenAkñúgRkumGayuBI 20 dl; 24 qñaM . ebIsrubRbCaCnTaMgGs; ®sþIman
eRcInCagburs PaKeRcInedaysarEtGRtasøab;xusKña)anb:HBal;dl;burskñúgTsvtSqñaM 70 enaH . bc©úb,nñ
enH®sþIeBjv½ymanRbEhlCa 52° ehIy Cag 80° rs;enAtamtMbn;CnbT nig tMbn;dac;Rsyal .
11
rUbTI 1>1 ³ cMnYnRbCaCnkm<úCatamRkumGayu RbPB ³ CMerOnRbCaCnqñaM 1998

GRtakMeNInRbCaCn)anFøak;cuHsnSwm²BI 2/7° kñúgmYyqñaM enAqñaM 1990 eTA 2/5° kñúgmYyqñaM enA
qñaM1998 edaysarEtGRtasøab;x<s;rbs;kumarenAEtbnþGayukalCamFümTab nigGRtamankUnx<s; . GRta
mankUn)anekIneLIgenAedImTsvtSqñaM 90 enAeBlEdlCIvitRKYsarenAkm<úCa)anrYcputBIs®gÁamsIuvil . b:uEnþ
eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday k¾GRtamankUnenH)anFøak;cuHCabeNþIr²ehIy . tamGRtaRbCaCnnaeBlbc©úb,nñ
enHcMnYnRbCaCnnwgekIneLIgBI 11>4lannak;rhUtdl;RbEhlCa 14 lannak; enAqñaM 2005 xagmuxenH .
kMeNInRbCaCnx<s;nwgmanenAtamtMbn;CnbT GRtaénlT§PaBmankUnsrub 5/3 tamtMbn;CnbT nig GRta
énlT§PaBmankUnsrub 4/2 tamtMbn;TIRkug EdlCaktþarYmcMENkeFVI[GRtaPaBRkIRkenAEtmankMritx<s; .
edayeyageTAtamCMerOnRbCaCnqñaM 1998 EpnkarGPivDÆn_vis½yGb;rM)aneqøIytbpÞal;eTAnwg
RsTab;RbCasa®sþbc©úb,nñ nig eFVIcMeNalsMrab;qñaM 2002-2015 . RbkarenHmankarBüakrN_fa kumar
cUleronenAsalabzmsikSamancMnYn 2 175 668 nak; ¬mankumara 1 104 380 nak; nig kumarI
1 071 288 nak;¦ kñúgqñaM 2000 tarag]bsm<½n§ 3 ³ cMnYnRbCaBlrdæ nig kar)a:n;sµan EdlTak;TgeTAnwg
Gayu qñaM 1998-2013 nwgFøak;cuHdl;kMritTab dl;cMnYn 2 018 500 nak; ¬mankumara 1 024 252 nak;
nig kumarI 994 248 nak;¦ RtwmqñaM 2005 ehIybnÞab;mknwgekIneLIgesµIcab;BIeBlenaHteTA . mkRtwmqñaM
2008 xagmuxenHsisS EdlmanGayuBI 6 dl; 11 qñaM nwgekIneLIgelIsBItYelxqñaM 2000 .
karFøak;cuHtamkar)a:n;sµandUcKñakñúgRkumGayu 6-11 qñaM nwgbnþdl;GnuviTüal½y bnÞab;mk
dl;viTüal½y edayminbBa©ÚlGayuBI 3 dl; 5 qñaMeLIy dUecñHkMritx<s;bMputenAkñúgRkumGayu 12-14 qñaM
dUcEdl)an)a:n;sµansMrab;qñaM 2004 xagmuxenH nwgFøak;cuHesµIrhUtdl;qñaM 2009 ehIybnÞab;mknwgekIn
12
eLIgrhUtdl;tYelxqñaM 2004 mþgeTotkñúgqñaM 2012 . karBüakrN_TaMgenHmanbgðajCUnenAkñúgrUbPaBTI

1>2 . TidæPaBry³mFüménEpnkarskmµPaBnwgrYmbBa©ÚlviFankarEdlmanRbsiT§PaB ¬]TahrN_ ³ kar
eRbIfñak;eronBIrevn nig kareRbIR)as;RKUbeRgón ¦ edIm,ItRmUveTAtamcMnYncUlsikSaenAsalabzmsikSaelIs
kMNt; nig edIm,IeCosvagkarsagsg;fñak;eronelIscMnYn .
kar)a:n;sµanBIcMnYnRbCaCnkñúgv½ysikSa
rUbPaB1>2 ³ cMeNalcMnYnRbCaCnkñúgv½ysikSa³qñaM 2000-2013

RbPB ³RksYg G>y>k ³ b>K>K>B>K>G 2002
ckçúvis½yRbCasa®sþEdlmancMnYnRbCaCn 20° ekIneLIgelIry³kaldb;qñaMenaHnwgbEnßmtRmUvkar

sMrab;esvaGb;rM nig kargar . cMnYnRbCaCnEdlmanGayuBI 0 dl; 14 qñaM manRbEhlCa 42° énRbCaCn
TaMgGs; nig TMngCaekIneLIgrhUtdl; 1 eTA 1>5 lannak;kñúgry³eBldb;qñaM edaymantRmUvkareRcInbMput
enAtamtMbn;CnbT. sm<aFEdlekIneLIgelIesvaGb;rMbzmsikSaEdlmanRsab; nig tRmUvkarkñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;
karGb;rMbEnßmsMrab;fñak;viTüal½yKWmanCak;Esþg. kmµviFIGb;rMEdlCaeKaledABiess edIm,IeFIV[sßanPaB
esdækic© nig sgÁmrbs;®sþImanlkçN³kan;EtRbesIreLIg edayBicarNafa®sþImanRbEhl 52° énRbCaCn
srub ehIy®sþITaMgenHmanGRtaGayukalmFümx<s;Cagburs . karsMerctulükarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB
kñúgkareqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkarénesvaGb;rMEdlkMBugEtekIneLIg . karbegáInRbsiT§PaB nig KuNPaBGb;rM
nwgCa]bsKÁcm,gsMrab;TsvtSxagmuxenH .
13
r)aMgPUmisa®sþmYycMnYntUcTb;sáat;lT§PaB nig karpþl;CUnesval¥. dg;sIuetRbCaCnmanRbmaNCa

64 nak; kñúgmYyKILÚEm:RtRkLa¬edayeRbóbeFobnwgsaFarNrdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanitLav dg;sIuet
RbCaCnmanRbmaNCa 19 nak;kñúgmYyKILÚEm:RtRkLa nig enAevotNam dg;sIuetRbCaCnmanRbmaNCa
210 nak;kñúgmYyKILÚEm:RtRkLa¦ . TwkCMnn;FMEdlmanCaerOy²RbcaMqñaM nig RbB½n§ehdæarcnasm<½n§pøÚvmin
sßitesßrenaH bgðajBI]bsKÁkñúgkarpþl;esvasMxan;²CaGaT× TwkCMnn;FMkñúgqñaM 2000 manCaPsþútagCak;Esþg
Rsab; . PUmiPaKeRcInenATUTaMgRbeTskñúgcMeNamPUmi 5 000 mansalabzmsikSa Edlmanfñak;eronRKb;
cMnYnBIfñak;TI 1 dl; 6 eTaHbICaesÞIrEtBak;kNþaléncMnYnPUmiTaMgenHBMumansalabzmsikSaRKb;kMritfñak;
k¾eday . manPaBminsIuKñaeRcInrvagtMbn;CnbT nig tMbn;TIRkugkñúgkareq<aHeTArklT§PaB nig KuNPaBesva
Gb;rMCamUldæanenaH . smamaRtPUmiCnbTtictYcmanGnuviTüal½y nig viTüal½yenAkñúgPUmirbs;xøÜn . r)aMg
lT§PaBTaMgenHbNþal[manGRtaRtYtfñak; nig e)aHbg;karsikSax<s;enAkñúgfñak;bzmsikSa nig mankar
rIkcMerInbnþicbnþÜcenAkñúgviTüal½y.
karRKbdNþb;l¥kñúgkarGb;rMbzmsikSakñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMknøgmkenH )anbgðajBIkareRbIR)as;
smÖarsikSa)ankan;EtRbesIreLIg. cMnYnsalabzmsikSa)anekIneLIgBI 350 eTA400 salakñúgry³eBl
b:unµanqñaMfµI²enH . salamFümsikSamancMnYnRbmaNCa 700 . pleFobsisS RKUenAbzmsikSaman
RbmaNCa 52 nig enAmFümsikSaman 22 ¬eRbóbeFobeTAnwgsaFarNrdæ RbFibetyüRbCamanitLav
pleFobsisSRKUman 28 enAbzmsikSa 15 enAmFümsikSa¦ . sniTankmµ nig RbsiT§PaBéneKalneya
)ayBRgaybuKÁlikenAviTüal½yKWCabBaðabnÞan; . kareRCIserIs nig karrkSaRKUEdlTTYl)ankarbNþúH
bNþal[eTAbeRgónenAsalatamtMbn;dac;RsyalenAEtCabBaðasMxan; . GaTiPaBnwgRtUvbegáIt nig
GnuvtþesckþIENnaMkarBRgaybuKÁlikRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB rYmmankarelIkTwkcitþsMrab;RKUenAtamtMbn;dac;
Rsyal nig BRgaybuKÁlikminbeRgón[eTAbeRgónvij .
1>3 ckçúvis½yTIpSarBlkmµ
ksikmµenAEtCavis½ymYyEdlelceFøaCageK ehIy)anRsUbykkMlaMgBlkmµeRcInCag 80° eTA
eTot . enAtamtMbn;CnbTmankMlaMgBlkmµ 89° Caksikr b¤ CasmaCikRKYsar EdlminTTYl)ankéRm .
enAtamTIRkugmankMlaMgBlkmµRbmaNCaBIrPaKbIeFVIkarpþl;esvakmµ b¤ vis½ykmµnþsalkmµxñattUc eday
sarEtkarvinieyaKbreTskñúgRsuk)anrIkcMerIneLIgenAedIm nig Bak;kNþalTsvtSTI 90 enaHmk. pÞúyeTA
vijkmµkrmkBICnbTmanRbmaN 11° b:ueNÑaHeFVIkarkñúgvis½ypþl;esva CaBiessnieyaCikraCrdæaPi)al .
sm<aFRbCasa®sþ)anBRgwgesckþIRtUvkarbnÞan;sMrab;karbegáItkargar . mankarBüakrN_fa kMlaMg
BlkmµnwgekIneLIgRbmaNCa 200 000kñúgmYyqñaM²mkRtwmqñaM 2010. karekIneLIgénTMhMkMlaMgBlkmµ
Epñkksikmµ)anbNþal[mankarFøak;cuHCaTUeTAkñúgplitPaBksikmµry³eBlb:unµanqñaMfµI²enH . sßanPaB
14
enH)aneFVI[kan;EtF¶n;F¶redayPaBminR)akdRbCaecHEtekIneLIgenAkñúgckçúvis½yTIpSarBlkmµ.
karvinieyaKbreTsedaycMeBaH)anFøak;cuHkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMfµI²enH . b:uEnþeTaHbICavis½yeTscrN_kMBug
bgðajBIkMeNInEdlGacnwgmaneCaKC½yk¾eday k¾kþIsgÇwmsMrab;]sSahkmµkat;edrmanlkçN³minKYr[Tuk
citþesaH ¬]sSahkmµbegáItkargarenAtMbn;TIRkugnaeBlfµI²enH ¦.
ckçúvis½yTIpSarBlkmµminR)akdmann½yfa ynþkarRtUvkarerobcMTukCaeRscEdlbegáInkareqøIytb
eTAnwgRbB½n§bNþúHbNþal nig Gb;rM . RbkarenHmansBaØaNtRmUvkarxøaMgsMrab;karbNþúHbNþalCak;lak;
¬]TahrN_ ³ karRKb;RKg kMuBüÚT½r KNenyü PasabreTs¦ enAtamtMbn;TIRkug . kmµviFIEdlerobcMeLIg
edayRkumh‘unÉkCn nig GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al)anbegáItkarGb;rMbec©keTsbc©úb,nñ nig karpÁt;pÁg;karbNþúH
bNþalviC¢aCIv³EdlmanCag 90° . kareRbIR)as;edayeRCIserIsrUbPaBbg;éfø nig ]btßmÖFnFanrdæsMrab;
karpÁt;pÁg;karbNþúHbNþalÉkCnpSarP¢ab;eTAnwgBt’man nig karRsavRCavTIpSar¼karbNþúHbNþal EdlRtUv
)anBRgwgCaviFankarsMxan;sMrab;BRgwgsBaØaNTIpSar .
enAtamtMbn;CnbT kmµviFIGb;rMmUldæanEdlmanKuNPaBl¥ kmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ nig kmµviFIGkçrkmµ
manlkçN³sMxan;bMputsMrab;plitPaBksidæanl¥ . cMENkenAtamtMbn;TIRkugvij karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³
Cak;lak;TamTar[manry³eBlxøI kmµviFInanaRtUv)anykcitþTukdak;ya:gl¥ edIm,IsRmYleTAtamtRmUvkar
kMlaMgBlkmµEdlpøas;bþÚr . karxitxMRbwgERbgnabc©úb,nñkñúgkarerobcMviTüasßanbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³eLIg
vij edaymansV½yPaBTUlay nig karcUlrYmrbs;nieyaCk)anbgðaj[eXIjfa TTYl)aneCaKC½ykñúgkar
CMruj[mankarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³EpñktRmUvkarCMnaj . karbNþúHbNþalenHnwgeqøIytbeTAnwgesckþIRtUv
karkñúgkarRbkbGaCIBeRkApøÚvkar nig karRbkbGaCIBedayxøÜnÉgpgEdr .
raCrdæaPi)alRtUvmantYnaTI TImYyeFVIkareRCIserIs nig pÁt;pÁg;kmµviFI . karcUlrYmrbs;smasPaB
rdækñúgkmµviFIbgðajnUvPaBsmehtuplc,as;las; ¬]TahrN_ ³ kmµviFIbec©keTs nig bec©kviTüa
ÉkeTsPavUbnIykmµ¦ . TIBIr raCrdæaPi)alRtUvmantYnaTIBRgwgkarFanara:b;rgKuNPaB nig kareFVIniytkmµ
sMrab;PaBCaédKUÉkCn¼rdæEdlkMBugrIkcMerIn . TIbI raCrdæaPi)alRtUvmantYnaTICMruj nig ksagsmtßPaB
rbs;GñkpÁt;pÁg;karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³TaMgÉkCn nig rdæ . mUlniFiCatisMrab;karbNþúHbNþalEdlekorKr
esckþIRtUvkarP¢ab;eTAnwgmIRkU\NTan KWCa]TahrN_viC¢manmYyénGnþraKmn_ Edl)aneFVIEpnkarl¥rbs;
raCrdæaPi)al .
1>4 karelIkeLIgBIkarGb;rM¼GnÞak;PaBRkIRk
karpþl;hirBaØvtßúTUeTAsMrab;RbB½n§Gb;rM enAEtBwgBak;ya:gxøaMgelIviPaKTanpÞal; nig minpÞal;rbs;
RbCaBlrdæsMrab;éføGb;rM . karGegátepSg²CaeRcInEdl)an)a:n;sµanelIkarcMNayenH k¾dUcCar)aykarN_
Gegátesdækic©sgÁm)anbgðajfa sisSmñak;²bg;éføsalaRbcaMEx eRkApøÚvkarCamFüm 3 500 erolenA
15
salabzmsikSa 8 000 erolenAGnuviTüal½y nig 10 200 erol enAviTüal½y. témøenHmin)anrab;

bBa©Úl karcMNayepSg² dUcCa sMelokbMBak; smÖarsikSa . l.
GegátfµI²enH k¾)anbgðajpgEdrfa RbCaBlrdæ ¬CaBiessRbCaBlrdæEdlFUrFar¦ suxcitþcMNay
luysMrab;FanakarGb;rMEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;. GegáttamRKYsarTUTaMgRbeTs ¬qñaM 1997 ¦ )anbgðajfa
matabitasuxcitþcMNayeRcInCag 10dg sMrab;karsikSaÉkCnEdlmanKuNPaB edayELkenAviTüal½y
Etmþg . RbkarenHTMnghak;dUcCa matabitaRbemIleXIjfa karFana[manlT§PaBkan;EtxøaMgeq<aHeTArk
karGb;rMtammhaviTüal½yEdleBareBjeTAedaykarRbkYtRbECgKña ¬CaBiessenAmhaviTüal½y sakl
viTüal½yTMenIb²¦ bgðajBIkarvinieyaKEdlmanRbeyaCn_ .
eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday k¾karpþl;hirBaØvtßúpÞal;xøÜnCaeRcInedaymin)aneFVIniytkmµsMrab;karGb;rM
enaH)anbNþal[manGnÞak;PaBRkIRk¼karGb;rM. ]TahrN_ ³ tYelxsisSRkIRkenAbzmsikSa maneRcInCag
cMnYnsisSmFümsikSa b¤ sisSenA]tþmsikSa . enHCakarBitenAkm<úCa ³ sisSRkIRkcMnYn 20° eronenAbzm
sikSamanRtwmEt 2° bu:eNÑaHEdlmanRbPBecjBI 20° éncMnYnRbCaBlrdæEdlRkIRkbMput)aneronenA
mFümsikSa . pÞúyeTAvij sisSmFümsikSaTUTaMgRbeTs cMnYn 61° manRbPBmkBI 20° éncMnYnRbCa
BlrdæGñkmanbMput . tYelxsisSRkIRkenA]tþmsikSamansUnü cMENkÉtYelxRbCaBlrdæGñkmanbMput Edl
man 20° enaH mandl;eTA 57° eronenA]tþmsikSa .
karviPaKenH)anelIkeLIgnUvbBaðaRKb;RKg nig eFVIEpnkarhirBaØb,TansMxan;²mYycMnYn. TImYy KW
mankarEvkEjkBiPakSaKña edIm,IéllkTukmYycMENkFMénFnFanrdæsMrab;karGb;rMmUldæan[)andl;sisS
RkIRkbMput . TIBIr Fanakat;bnßyéføsalasMrab;karGb;rMviTüal½y kMriténkarcMNayeRkApøÚvkar nig pøÚvkar
sMrab;salaeron nig RKUbeRgónmin[raldalelIskMrit EdlsisSGacmanlT§PaBbg; nig dak;kMrit[)an
RtwmRtUv . kñúgkal³eTs³xøHGacmankrNIelIkElgbg;éfø salaedaysMraMgsMrab;karGb;rMbzmsikSa nig
mFümsikSa.
ktþaepSgeTotEdlmanenAkñúgGnÞak;PaBRkIRk¼karGb;rM KWCaesckþIRtUvkarsMrab;kumarRKb;v½y
sikSaEdlCaerOy² ekµgRsIRtUvcUlrYmcMENkkñúgkargarRKYsar nigkarrkR)ak;cMNUlkñúgRKYsar. ]TahrN_³
tamkarGegátesdækic©sgÁmkm<úCanaeBlfµI²enH¬1999¦ )an)a:n;RbmaNfa kumarRKb;v½ysikSacMnYn1>6
lannak; min)ancUleroneBjema:geLIy ehIy 25° énkumarRKb;v½ysikSaTaMgenaH)anTTYlxusRtUvkñúg
kargarrkR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;RKYsarEdlCaktþacm,g . pÞúyeTAvijmanEt 8° bu:eNÑaHxVHxatkarpÁt;pÁg;Epñk
Gb;rMsmRsbEdlCa]bsKÁcm,gsMrab;BYkeKkñúgkarTTYl»kaseronsURt.
16
1>5 ckçúvis½yénkarGPivDÆsgÁmTUlMTUlay
kareFVIkmµviFI nig EpnkarGb;rM TamTar[mankarykcitþTukdak;dl;bBaðasgÁmepSgeTot CaBiess
bBaðasuxPaBkumar GaharUbtßmÖ nig \T§iBld¾xøaMgkøarbs;CMgWeGds_. ]TahrN_ ³ kgVHGaharUbtßmÖ
sMrab;kumar )anekIneLIgBI 38° dl; 40° kñúgTsvtSknøgmkenH. esÞIrEtmYyPaKR)aMénkumar)anTTYlrg
karQWcab; edaysarkgVHGaharUbtßmÖd¾F¶n;F¶r . elIsBIenaHeTAeTotRbEhlCa 70° éncMnYnRbCaCnTUTaMg
RbeTsBuMmanlT§PaBeRbIR)as;Twks¥at nig RbEhlCa 85° BuMmanGnam½yRKb;RKan;eLIy .
RbkarenHmanPsþútagGnþrCati)ancg¥úlbgðajfa bBaðasuxPaBTaMgenHGacman\T§iBlminl¥dl;
kareronsURtrbs;sisSenAsalaeron . Twkmins¥atbgá[maneraKrakrus EdlCH\T§iBlminl¥dl;vtþman
sisS . pÞúyeTAvij kmµviFIGb;rMGaharUbtßmÖRKYsar nig pÁt;pÁg;mIRkUsarCatibEnßmEdlCaEpñkmYyénkareFVI
EpnkarGb;rM¼suxPaBrYm GacnaMmknUvlT§plviC¢man .
mankrNImYysMrab;kareRbIR)as;bNþajsalabzmsikSa EdlecHEtekIneLIgenaH[eTACaEpñk
mYykñúgkareFVIEpnkarsuxPaBrYmdUcEdl)anesñIeLIg . bNþajKøInIksuxPaBTUTaMgRbeTsmanRtwmEtmYy
PaKbIénTMhMrbs;salabzmsikSaEtbu:eNÑaH . kMritpÁt;pÁg;buKÁlikrbs;KøInIksuxPaB manRbEhlCa 17
nak;kñúg 100 000nak; eRbóbeFobeTAnwg80nak;kñúg 100 000nak;sMrab;salabzmsikSa. kmµviFI
BiesaFn_ sMrab;pþl;es,ógdl;salabzmsikSabc©úb,nñ KWCa]TahrN_l¥mYyrbs;viFIsa®sþenH .
kareFVIEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;GnaKtnwgGacTamTar[mankarykcitþTukdak;bEnßmeTotelIbBaða
rIkraldalénCMgWeGds_enAkm<úCa . enAqñaM 1998 mankar)a:n;RbmaNfa manmnusScMnYn180 000 nak;
¬b¤3>7° énRbCaBlrdæEdlmanlT§PaBrYmePT¦ )anpÞúkemeraKeGds_ . bc©úb,nñenHmanmnusSRbEhlCa
6 000 nak; EdlTTYlrgkarQWcab;edaysarCMgWeGds_enAkm<úCa . RbkarenHBMumanTinñn½yc,as;karNa
mYy)anelIkBIRKUbeRgónenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeT bu:EnþtamkarsikSaRsavRCavmYy naeBlfµI²enH)anbgðajfa
yuvCnenAkm<úCaRbmaNCa 25° )anTTYlrgeRKaHya:gxøaMgBI\riyabfrYmePT ¬smaKmGPivDÆn_®sþIkm<úCa
qñaM 1995 ¦ . tambTBiesaFGnþrCati)anbgðajfa bursEdlmanmuxrbrviC¢aCIv³ ehIymanCIvPaBFUrFa
¬rYmTaMgRKUbeRgónpgEdr¦ sßitenAkñúgRkumRbfuyRbfan .
bBaðaCMgWeGds_mansar³sMxan;sMrab;kareFVIEpnkaresvabeRgónry³eBlEvg. CMgWeGds_GaceFVI[
GRta)at;bg;FnFanmnusS nig GvtþmankñúgkarbeRgónekIneLIg . karratt,aténemeraKeGds_GacbEnßm
cMNaybNþúHbNþalRKU nig esvabeRgón RbsinebIkarratt,atenHkøayeTACabBaðacm,genaH . dUcKñaenH
Edr enAkñúgRbeTsxøHRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgónCakEnøgEdlekItmanGakb,kiriyapøÚvePTRbkbeday
eRKaHfñak; . edaykarvinieyaKÉkCn nig rdæmanlkçN³sMxan;sMrab;karGb;rMenAmFümsikSa nig karGb;rM
eRkaymFümsikSa viFankarTImYyGacnwgCakmµviFIyl;dwgGMBICMgWeGds_EdlmaneKaledAsMrab;vis½y
Gb;rM. viFankarTIBIrGacCakarRsavRCavbEnßm\T§iBlemeraKeGds_elIkarksagEpnkarGb;rMsþIBIkarviPaK
17
sßankarN_Gb;rMCMgWeGds_dMbUgEdlpþÜcepþImeLIg edayRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa ExkBaØa qñaM 2000¦ nig

RksYgsßab½nBak;B½n§ .
1>6 TidæPaBeynD½r
enAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rMmanvismPaB®sþIy:agFMeFg . smamaRtekµgRsIenAkñúgkMritx<s;énRbB½n§Gb;rMbzm
sikSa)anFøak;cuHKYr[kt;sMKal; . dUcEdl)anbgðajCUnkñúgtarag 1>1 xageRkam cMnYnekµgRsI)anFøak;cuHBI
47° enAfñak;TI 1 mk 45>1° enAfñak;TI 6 . tYelxTUTaMgRbeTsenHmankarxusKñaeTAtamtMbn;epSg² .
]TahrN_ enAextþ]tþrmanC½y smamaRténkarcUleronrbs;kumarI)anFøak;cuHBI 46>5° enAfñak;TI 1 eTAdl;
36>8° enAfñak;TI 6 . CagenHeTAeTotekµgRsImancMnYnmYyPaKbIéncMnYnsrubb:ueNÑaHenAsalamFüm
sikSa. tamBitKmøateynD½rénkarcUlsikSaenAmFümsikSabzmPUmiman 0>63 nig Føak;cuHmk 0>30 enA
]tþmsikSa .
tarag 1>1 karcUlsikSaenAbzmsikSaEbgEcktamePT 2001-2002
RbPB ³ RksYg Gyk¼b>B>K>G 2002

lT§plTaMgenHekItecjBIktþamYycMnYn dUcCa sgÁm vb,Fm’ nig esdækic©. TImYy ³ eTaHbICaekµgRsI
)ancUlsikSaenAGayuesµIKñaCamYynwgekµgRbusk¾eday k¾ekµgRsIRtUve)aHbg;ecalkarsikSamunekµgRbusEdr
eBalKWenAeBlcUldl;v½yRKb;kar nig mankarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHRKYsar.RbkarsMxan;bMput KWfakarcMNay
enHTak;TgeTAnwgkarbegáInkarTTYlxusRtUv . TIBIr ³ manr)aykarN_fa «BukmþayPaKeRcInmincg;vinieyaK
eTAelIkarGb;rMrbs;kUnRsIeT EdlCaktþasMxan;mYyenAeBlEdl«BukmþayRtUvcMNayeRcInelIkarGb;rMrbs;
kUnxøÜn CaBiessenAkMritmFümsikSa . eKGacelIkykGnþraKmn_eKalneya)ayyuT§sa®sþmYycMnYnsMrab;
Fana[mansmFm’ cMeBaHlT§PaBcUleronmkBicarNa nig GacQaneTACMhanGnuvtþn_enAcugqñaM 2003 .
18
vismPaBeynD½rk¾ekItmanRbhak;RbEhlKñaenAkñúgesvaGb;rM. RKUbeRgónePTRbusman cMnYn 63°

enAbzmsikSa nig 73° enAmFümsikSa. enAkñúgCYrfñak;RKb;RKg nig rdæ)al bursmancMnYn 73° éncMnYn
srub . enAbNþamnÞIrGb;rMextþ nig kariyal½yGb;rMRsuk bursmancMnYn 80° éncMnYnsrub. ®sþIeRcInEt
manmuxtMENgTab² dUcCa elxaFikarinI nig buKÁlikKaMRT . ktþasMxan;edIm,IBicarNaeTAelIbBaðaenH KWfa
®sþImancMnYntictYcEdlmansBaØab½RtCan;x<s; nig manlkçN³sm,tþiviC¢aCIv³RKb;RKan;sMrab;muxtMENg
Can;x<s; nig tMENgCaRKUbeRgón ehIyGñkTaMgenaH KWCaKMrUd¾l¥sMrab;narIv½yekµgenAtamCnbT nig
tMbn;dac;Rsyal . fVIt,itEtcMnYnRKUbeRgónCaRbusmaneRcInCagRKURsIenARKb;kMritTaMgGs;k¾eday KYrEt
kt;sMKal;[dwgfa snÞsSn_KmøateynD½rrvagRKURbus nig RKURsIenAkñúgtMbn;TIRbCMuCnmanelIsBI 1>0 . kar
epþatGarmµN_x<s;bMputrbs;RKURsIenAkñúgtMbn;TIRbCMuCn)anbBa©aMg[eXIjGMBIpñt;vb,Fm’ EdlRsþIenAtMbn;dac;
RsyalKWCaCngayrgeRKaH . bTdæanvb,Fm’TaMgenHnwgkøayeTACakarRbQmd¾sMxan;edIm,IGPivDÆn_eKal
neya)ayeLIgvij . enAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn yuT§sa®sþry³eBlEvgKWkarFana[mansmFm’cMeBaHlT§PaB
cUlsikSaenAfñak;mFümsikSa nig fñak;eRkaymFümsikSaedaypSarP¢ab;eTAnwgviFankarCaviC¢manry³eBlxøI
kñúgkarCMrujelIkkMBs;[manbuKÁlikePTRsI EdlmansmtßPaBRKb;RKan; .
1>7 EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©sgÁmkic©d¾TUlMTUlayrbs;raCrdæaPi)al nig karGb;rM

sMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñary³eBlEvgRtUvyktamlMnaMEpnkarCayuT§sa®sþrbs;raCrdæaPi)al
sMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nig EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© sgÁmkic©elIkTI 2 EdlRtUv)anerobcMrYcral;enAcenøaH
qñaM 2001-2003. cMNucsMxan;éneKalneya)ayd¾TUlMTUlayenHKWkarkat;bnßy]bsKÁénkarcMNay
elIlT§PaBTTYl)ankarGb;rMmUldæanRbkbedayKuNPaBx<s;sMrab;TaMgGs;Kña tamry³kardak;bBa©Úlkar
GPivDÆCaRbB½n§ ¬]TahrN_ ³ karbBaÄb;Elg[mankarbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkar ¦ CamYynwgGnþraKmn_kat;bnßy
PaBRkIRk ¬]TahrN_ ³ karelIkTwkcitþ[CnRkIRk RkumCnCatiPaKtic nig ekµgRsIcUleron ¦ .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñary³eBlEvg k¾RtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlCamYynwgEpnkaryuT§sa®sþGb;rM nig
kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM EdlRtUv)anerobcMeLIgedayraCrdæaPi)alenAqñaM2001 nig RtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlCamYy
nwgEpnkar nig kmµviFIEdlRtUv)anerobcMeLIgsMrab;ry³eBlcenøaHqñaM2001-2006 . yuT§sa®sþ nig
kmµviFI TaMgenHBwgEp¥kelIviFIsa®sþTUTaMgEpñksMrab;kMENTMrg;vis½yGb;rMtamry³enH yuT§sa®sþ kmµviFI nig
hirBaØb,TanRtUv)anEksRmYlCaerogral;qñaM edayBicarNaeTAelIkarGegátplb:HBal;RbcaMqñaM nig lT§pl
énkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvijRbcaMqñaMelIkmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM EdleFVIeLIgedayraCrdæaPi)al m©as;CMnYy nig
GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al .
19
dMeNIrkarkMENTMrg;vis½yGb;rMbc©úb,nñ EdlnwgRtUvdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgdMeNIrkarerobcMEpnkarGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;Kñary³eBlEvg )andak;bBa©Úlkic©RBmeRBógsþIBIkarshkarCaédKUCak;lak; nig eKalkarN_
rvagRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa nig édKUGb;rMrbs;xøÜn . cMNucsMxan;²kñúgdMeNIrkarshkarCaédKU nig
TMnak;TMngrvagvis½yGb;rM nig kMENTMrg;d¾TUlMTUlayrbs;raCrdæaPi)alRtUv)ansegçbCUndUcxageRkam ³
cM N u c sM x an; ² éndM e NI r karkM E NTM r g; v i s ½ y Gb; r M q ñ a M 2 000¼2002
X karerobcM nig karGnuvtþ k>s>G sMrab;karGb;rMbzmsikSa edayepþateTAelIkarkat;bnßybnÞúk
cMNayrbs;CnRkIRk nig karCMrujelIkkMBs;RbsiT§PaBépÞkñúgenAedImqñaM 2000 .
X karerobcMeKalneya)ayGb;rMdMbUg nig Rkbx½NÐCayuT§sa®sþ EdlCaEpñkmYyénEpnkaryuT§sa®sþ
beNþaHGasnñsMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenABak;kNþalqñaM 2000 .
X RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa )anerobcMsikçasalasþIBIbTBiesaFGnþrCatiTak;TgnwgviFIsa®sþ
TUTaMgEpñk sMrab;kMENTMrg;vis½yGb;rM enABak;kNþal¼cugqñaM 2000 EdlmankarGeBa¢IjcUlrYmBI
sMNak;raCrdæaPi)al Gñkpþl;CMnYy nig GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al .
X eKalkarN_sþIBIkic©RBmeRBógCapøÚvkarcMeBaHkarshkarCaédKUkñúgkarGb;rM EdlerobcMeLIgeday
RkumBieRKaHeyabl; kñúgenaHmanRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa Gñkpþl;CMnYy nig GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al
enAedImqñaM 2001 CamYynwgkardMeNIrkareLIgvijnUvRkumkargarvis½yGb;rMrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy .
X karRtYtBinitüeLIgvij nig karvaytémørYmelIEpnkarGb;rMCayuT§sa®sþ nigkmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM Edl
enAcugbBa©b;sMerc)anr)aykarN_vaytémørYmsþIBIkmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM nig EpnkarshkarnaeBl
GnaKt RBmTaMgkic©RbCMutumUlCan;x<s;sþIBIkarGb;rMEdlRtUv)anerobcMeLIgenABak;kNþalqñaM 2001 .
X sm<½n§mitþGñkpþl;CMnYysMxan;² )anerobcM nig GnuvtþkmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rMEdlmanKMrUcMruH nig kmµviFI
CMnYysMrab;karksagsmtßPaBbEnßmenAedImqñaM 2002 .
X RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa nig Gñkpþl;CMnYy¼GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al )anerobcMr)aykarN_sþIBIpl
b:HBal;énPaBRkIRk karGnuvtþkargarenAkñúgvis½yGb;rM karBinitüeLIgvijkmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM nig kar
garrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy¼GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al EdlCaEpñkmYyénkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvijelIkarGnuvtþ
kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rMCaelIkdMbUgenAcug qñaM 2002 .
X karerobcMEpnkarCayuT§sa®sþsMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkCaelIkdMbUg nig K>c>r>m edayeRbIR)as;eKal
neya)ay nig TisedACayuT§sa®sþEdlmanenAkñúgEpnkarKaMRTvis½yGb;rMqñaM 2002¼06 enAcugqñaM
2002 .
X karbegáItelxaFikardæaneynD½rCapøÚvkaredIm,ICYyKaMRTbBaðaeynD½renAkñúgRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig
kILa ehIyraCrdæaPi)alCYyRTRTg;karsakl,gnanaedIm,IrkSakumarI[sikSa[)aneRcIn .
20
1>8 karebþ C J a ci t þ r bs; R beTskm< ú C aedI m ,I s M e rc[)ankarGb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a ³

bribTénEpnkarCatisþIBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
raCrdæaPi)al)anebþCJaKaMRT nig BRgwgEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña . cMNucsMxan;²énkarebþCJa
rbs;raCrdæaPi)alcMeBaHeKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig eKalkarN_nanarYmman³
T karvaytémøEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaqñaM 2000 )anpþl;nUvemeronbTBiesaFd¾mantémø
sMrab;karerobcMEpnkarGb;rMCayuT§sa®sþ EpnkarKaMRTvis½yGb;rMry³eBlmFüm nig EpnkarGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;Kñary³eBlEvg edayBicarNaeTAelIsnñisITBiPBelaksþIBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;
Kña :¬y:umeTon ¦ qñaM1990.
T snñisITGasuI):asuIhVicsþIBIkarvaytémøEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaqñaM 2000 Edlman
RbeTsmYycMnYncUlrYm dUcCaRbeTsenAGasuIbUB’a GasuIxagt,Úg GasuIkNþal nig GasuI):asuIhVic
EdlRtUv)anerobcMeLIgenATIRkug)agkkkñúgExmkra qñaM 2000 edIm,IBinitüemIleLIgvijelI
vDÆnPaBCati vDÆnPaBkñúgGnutMbn; nig tMbn; nig kic©karEdlRtUvRbQmmuxedaHRsay nig edIm,I
erobcMRkbx½NÐskmµPaBsMrab;tMbn;GasuI):asuIhVic .
T evTikaGb;rMBiPBelakenATIRkugdaka RbeTseseNhÁal; kalBIEx emsa qñaM 2000 TTYl)an
Tinñn½yBIfñak;tMbn; karsikSaRsavRCav r)aykarN_ kic©RbCMutumUl nig kic©BiPakSanana ehIy
shKmn_BiPBelak)anGnum½teRbIR)as;Rkbx½NÐ skmµPaBTIRkugdaka ³ karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña³
kareqøIytbeTAnwgkarebþCJacitþrYmrbs;eyIg ¬qñaM 2000¦.
T FnFanGnþrCatisMrab;G>s>K ³ karebþCJacitþTIRkug daka nig karcMNayrbs;BiPBelak. karRtYt
BinitüeLIgvijenAcugTsvtS)ankt;sMKal;BIkarbraC½yrbs;shKmn_BiPBelakEdl)ansnüafa
sMerceKaledA Edl)ankMNt;kñúgqñaM 1990 enAqñaM2000 ehIyshKmn_BiPBelakminGaceFVI
xusdUckñúgTsvtSqñaM 90 )aneToteT .
RsbtamkarebþCJacitþcMeBaHEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñarbs;xøÜn raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anecj
GnuRkwtümYyEdlcuHhtßelxaedaysemþc h‘ u n Esn naykrdæm®nþIénraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCakalBIéf¶TI 27
ExsIha qñaM 2001 sþIBIkargarrbs;KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;Cati fñak;tMbn;extþ¼Rkug
fñak;Rsuk¼xNÐ nig fñak;XMu¼sgáat; EdlRtUvsRmbsRmYlenAfñak;CatiedayGKÁelxaFikardæanGcié®nþy_én
KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñadwknaMedayGKÁelxaFikarmYyrUb Edlmanzan³tYnaTIsmmUleTA
nwgGKÁnayk ehIyEdlmanGKÁelxaFikarrg 2 rUbeTotCaCMnYykar. GnuRkwtüenH)ankMNt;BItYnaTI
Parkic©rbs;KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña .
21
GnuRkwtüenHtRmUv[begáItKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAfñak;extþ-Rkug Rsuk-xNÐ nig XuM-

sgáat; . RbkarenHbgá[mankareFVIvimCÄkarGPi)alkic©kan;EteRcIn[eTAfñak; extþ-Rkug Rsuk-xNÐ nig XuM-
sgáat; ehIyedaymanTMenomTMlab;RbéBNIpøas;bþÚrviC¢aCIv³ nig kareRbóbeFobTinñn½y tamry³kMrg
salaeronpgenaH KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñaman»kasfµIkñúgkarFana[mancrnþBt’manBIrTis
¬eTAvijeTAmk¦ ³ BIshKmn_ nig salaeron eTAfñak;Cati nig BIfñak;BiPBelak fñak;tMbn; nig fñak;Cati
mkshKmn_ salaeron nig mCÄmNÐlsikSaepSgeTot .
karGegátd¾TUlMTUlaymYy RtUv)aneFVIeLIgCaEpñkmYyénkarBinitüeLIgvijelIEpnkarKaMRTvis½y
Gb;rMqñaM 2001 nig qñaM 2002 nig dMeNIrkarerobcMEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña edIm,IvaytémøBITsSn³rbs;
matabitasisS nig RKUbeRgóncMeBaHkmµviFI k>s>G qñaM 2001 EdlmandUcCa karkat;bnßycMNayrbs;
matabitasisSelIkarGb;rMCamUldæan fvikasMrab;smÖar]beTsbeRgón nig ÉksarsikSarbs;sisS karelIk
kMBs;tmøaPaBfvikasalaeron karelIkkMBs;KuNPaBénkarbeRgón nig eronkarCMruj[matabitasisS
cUlrYmkan; EteRcIn kñúgkargarfñak;bMb:nsMrab;sisSsalabzmsikSa. lT§pl nig karviPaKTaMgenHRtUv
)anelIkykeTAmkBiPakSaenAeBlRtYtBinitüeLIgvijelIEpnkarKaMRTvis½yGb;rMqñaM 2002 .
tamr)aykarN_rbs;RKUbeRgóncMnYn 87° nig matabitasisScMnYn 72° )an[dwgfa karvay
témøCMhandMbUg)anCMruj[mankarEkERbmuxmat;salaeronfµI CaBiesskarERbRbYlkan;Etc,as;EfmeTot
dUcCabrisßansalaeronCaedIm . GñkeqøIytb)ankt;sMKal;elIkarelIkkMBs;kareRbIR)as;smÖar]beTs
beRgón . tamr)aykarN_BImatabitasisS ¬63°¦ nig RKUbeRgón ¬41°¦ )an [dwgfaman GKarsikSa
GNþÚgTwk rbgsalaeron nig bgÁn;Gnam½yfµI b¤ eTIbnwgCYsCul . matabitasisS nig RKUbeRgón )an
BicarNafa fñak;bMb:n)anrYmcMENkkñúgkarbegáIncMeNHdwgdl;sisSanusisS ehIytamr)aykarN_BIGñkpþl;
Bt’mancMnYn 82° )an[dwgfa sisSanusisSEdl)aneronenAkñúgfñak;bMb:nenHmankarrIkcMerIny:agxøaMg .
1>9 c,ab;Gb;rM
KMnitpþÜcepþImEkTMrg;rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa enAkñúgbribT k>K>v>G nig G>s>K nwgRtUv)an
KaMRT nig BRgwgbEnßmtamry³karGPivDÆc,ab; nig bTdæanGb;rM . c,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØkm<úCakMNt;[mankar
Gb;rMedayminbg;éføry³eBl 9 qñaM enAtamsalardæ . karGPivDÆc,ab;Gb;rMEdlmanvisalPaBFMTUlaynwg
begáIt[manbTdæan nig c,ab;EdlmanqnÞ³c,as;las; edIm,IGnuvtþc,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØ[Fana)annUvKuNPaB nig
esvaGb;rMenARKb;kMritTaMgGs; .
c,ab;Gb;rM)ankMNt;sþg;daEdlRsbKñaeTAnwgc,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØ nig c,ab;GnþrCati Edlkm<úCa CaPaKIrdæ
mYyenAkñúgGnusBaØasþIBIsiTi§kumar nig GnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;RKb;rUbPaBerIseGIgRbqaMgnwg®sþI edIm,I
kat;bnßyKmøatRKb;RbePT ¬ vb,Fm’ eynD½r sgÁm PUmisa®sþ ¦ . c,ab;Gb;rMnwgCaKMeragENnaM edIm,IKaMRT
22
karEkTMrg;Gb;rM edaybBa¢ak;BIGNtiþtYnaTI nig karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;naykdæanTaMgGs;kñúgRksYgGb;rM

yuvCn nig kILa .
elIsBIenHeTAeTot c,ab;Gb;rMnwgelIkkMBs;KMnitpþÜcepþImeKalnya)ayGPi)alkic© dUcCa vimCÄkar
kmµviFIsikSa fvika nig karcUlrYmBIRKb;PaKITaMgGs;rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgmatabita nig shKmn_enAkñúgkarRKb;RKg
Gb;rM elIkkMBs;PaBTn;Pøn; nig TMnYlxusRtUvenAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM .
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2 karGb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a enAkm< ú C a ³

ki c © k arcm,gEdlRtU v RbQmmu x edaHRsay
2>1 vDÆnPaBCaCMhandMbUgeq<aHeTArkkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanaqñaM 2000-2002
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenH KWCaeKalmYysMrab;vas;sÞg;vDÆnPaBrbs;km<úCaeq<aHeTArkkar
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña. dMeNIrkarerobcMEpnkarenH KWCa»kassMrab;qøúHbBa©aMgelIkarvaytémøGMBIkarGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;KñanaqñaM 2000 nig BinitüemIleLIgvijelIyuT§sa®sþsMrab;karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñakñúgbribT
énkargarGPivDÆn_Cati nig GnþrCatiEdlBak;B½n§nwgBt’manfµI² . dMeNIrkarerobcMEpnkarenH k¾pþl;»kas[
raCrdæaPi)aleFVIkarBicarNaelI\T§iBlénkar)a:n;sµan nig esNarIyU:sMrab;eKalneya)aykMENTMrg;ehdæa
rcnasm<½n§ FnFan nig PaBCaédKU .
karBinitüeLIgvijelIvDÆnPaBénkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenABak;kNþalTsvtS¬1995¦ nig
r)ay karN_vaytémøGMBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaqñaM 2000 rbs;km<úCa )anbgðajBIsmiT§iplsßanPaB nig
kic©kar EdlRtUvRbQmmuxedaHRsayTak;TgnwgeKaledAyu:meTonTaMgR)aMmYykñúgbribTRbvtþisa®sþ nig
karvivtþ rbs;km<úCa. r)aykarN_vaytémøkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaqñaM 2000 k¾manbBa©ÚlpgEdrnUvTinñn½y
EdlRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILaRbmUl)an ehIyPaKeRcIn KWTTYl)anBIRbB½n§Bt’manRKb;RKgGb;rM. lT§pl
sMxan;²énr)aykarN_vaytémøkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaqñaM2000RtUv)ansegçbCUnenAkñúgRbGb;xageRkam ³
segç b lT§ p lsM x an; ² énr)aykarN_ v aytémø k arGb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a qñ a M 2000
X vDÆnPaBeq<aHeTAsMerceKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñamanel,ÓnyWt CaBiessskmµPaBkarGPivDÆ nig
KaMBarkumar EdlCaTUeTAmankMritRtwmmetþyüsikSapøÚvkar. kmµviFIsMrab;kumarGayu0-3qñaMBuMmankMNt;
c,as;las; nig mancMnYntictYc.
X tMbn;dac;RsyalCaTUeTATTYl)anRbeyaCn_tictYcBIkarGb;rM . snÞsSn_sþIBIkarGb;rMsuT§EtmankMritTab.
lT§plsikSarbs;sisSmankMritTab CaBiessenAtMbn;dac;RsyaledaymancMnYnekµgRsIe)aHbg;ecalkar
sikSaeRcInCagekµgRbus.
X Gkçrkmµ nig karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ minTTYl)ankarykcitþTukdak;eBjeljedayxøwmsar nig tamry³RbB½n§
karpSBVpSaysþIGMBICIvitrs;enAd¾l¥RbesIr . CagenHeTAeTot kmµviFIEdlmanRsab;enAmankMritTaMgxøwmsar
nig visalPaB .
X karGb;rM nig bNþúHbNþal bec©keTsviC¢aCIv³manEtenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug. karbNþúHbNþalEdlkMBugGnuvtþ
sBVéf¶min)aneFVI[yuvCnmankarcab;GarmµN_eT cMENkCMnajEdlTTYl)anBIkarbNþúHbNþalmineqøIytb
eTAnwgtRmUvkarTIpSareT .
X KuNPaBénkarGb;rMCamUldæanCaTUeTAmankMritTab ehIylT§PaBTTYl)ankarGb;rMRbkbedayKuNPaB
k¾enAmankMrit . GñkEdlrs;enAtMbn;dac;Rsyal nig tMbn;PñM CnRkIRk nig CnCatiPaKtic RBmTaMgCnBikar
enAEtminTTYl)an»kas nig bTBiesaFn_Gb;rMkñúgRKb;rUbPaBTaMgGs; .
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kic©karcm,gEdlRtUvRbQmmuxedaHRsay
karviPaKsßanPaBGb;rMTak;TgnwgkarrIkcMerIneq<aHeTAsMerceKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñamanpþl;
CUnenAkñúg]bsm<½n§TI 1. yuT§sa®sþTUeTAEdlRtUvGnuvtþ KWfaEpnkarkmµkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRtUv)andak;
bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkmµviFIkMENTMrg;tamEpñk EdlmanlkçN³TUlMTUlay kñúgenaHrYmmaneKalneya)ay nig yuT§
sa®sþsMrab;karGb;rMeRkaymUldæanpgEdr . ]TahrN_ ³ eKalneya)ayrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
edIm,IBRgwgPaBCaédKUrdæ¼ÉkCnsMrab;karpþl;hirBaØvtßú nig karRKb;RKgkarGb;rMeRkaymUldæanRtUverobcM
tak;EtgeLIg edIm,IbBa¢ak;eLIgvijBIGaTiPaBcMNayrbs;raCrdæaPi)alsMrab;GnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
nig edIm,IFanafa hriBaØb,Tanrbs; raCrdæaPi)alsMrab;bzmsikSa nig mFümsikSabzmPUmiRtUv)ankarBar .
kñúgTidæPaBkMENTMrg;tamEpñkd¾TUlMTUlayenH mansegçbGMBIlkçN³BiessénkarrIkcMerInenAkm<úCa
kñúgry³eBlCagbIqñaMknøgmkenHdUcCa ³
karFana[manlT§PaBesµIKñakñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rMCamUldæanRbkbedayKuNPaB
TcMnYnsisScuHeQµaHcUleronenAbzmsikSa )anekIneLIgBI 2/1 lannak; dl; 2/7 lannak;kñúg
cenøaHqñaM 1998¼2001 kñúgenaHcMnYnekµgRsIenACnbT CnBikar nig CnCatiPaKtic k¾)anekIn
eLIgpgEdr.
Tkarsagsg; nig karbMBak;smÖardl;fñak;eronrab;Ban;fñak;enAsalabzmsikSa CaBiesskñúgtMbn;
EdlCYbRbTHkarxVHxat.
T karelIkkMBs;KuNPaB nig karbeRgónrbs;RKUbeRgón tamry³karbNþúHbNþalviRkwtkarkñúg
GMLúgeBlbMeBjkargardl;RKUbzmsikSa nig RKUmFümsikSaRbEhl 60 000 nak; nig karbegáIn
karbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgónBI 6 000 eTA 10 000 nak;kñúgmYyqñaM²enAcenøaHqñaM 1998 ¼2001.
T kMeNIncMnYnesovePAsikSasMrab;;sisSbzmsikSa nig mFümsikSabzmPUmitaMgBIqñaM 1997
edayQandl;cMNuceKaledA eBalKWsisSmñak;TTYl)anesovePAsikSamYyk,al²RKb;muxviC¢a
TaMgGs;.
TkMeNInkmµviFIGkçrkmµmnusSeBjv½y nig kmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ CaBiesssMrab;RkumCnRkIRk Tn;
exSayenACnbT tamry³PaBCaédKUd¾rwgmaMrvagGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig
kILa .
eKalneya)ayhirBaØb,TanGb;rMsMrab;KaMRTCnRkIRk
TkarlubbM)at;ecalviPaKTanmatabitasisSenAeBlcab;epþImqñaMsikSafµIsMrab;fñak;TI 1-6 enAqñaM
2001 )aneFVI[cMnYnsisScUlsikSaenAbzmsikSaekIneLIgBI 2/35 lannak; dl; 2/68 lan
nak; kñúgry³eBl 12 ExcugeRkay .
25
T karlubbM)at;ecalviPaKTan matabitasisS enAeBlcab;epþIm qñaMsikSafµI sMrab;fñak;TI 7-9 )an

eFVI[cMnYnsisScUlsikSaenAmFümsikSabzmPUmiekIneLIgBI 0/39 lannak; dl; 0/46 lannak;
eBalKWekIneLIg 20°.
T kareRbIR)as;fvikadMeNIrkarsalaeronEdlmancMnYnRbEhl 35 Ban;lanerolenAqñaM 2002 BI
mUlniFiraCrdæaPi)alsMrab;salabzmsikSa nig mFümsikSabzmPUmiRtUv)anerobcMeLIg edIm,I
TUTat;CMnYsviPaKTanmatabitasisS nig edaHRsaykarcMNayelIsmÖarsikSasMxan;² .
T kareRbIR)as;mUlniFisMrab;kmµviFIsþarmUldæansmÖarsalaeronTUTaMgRbeTs enAkñúgtMbn;TwkCMnn;
nig tMbn;xVHxatEdlmancMnYnCag 160 Ban;lanerol ¬BI 30 Ban;laneroleTA 35 Ban;lan
erolkñúgmYyqñaM¦ enAcenøaHqñaM 2000¼05 .
karbegáIn»kasTTYlkarGb;rMenAmFümsikSabzmPUmi
T karbegáIn»kasGb;rMmFümsikSabzmPUmi CaBiessenAtMbn;CnbTEdlmankarxVHxat edayenA
kñúgeKaledARtUvmansisScMnYn 842 000 lannak;eronenAfñak;TI 7-9 kñúgcenøaHqñaM 2005¼06 .
T karbegáIncMnYnesovePAsikSaEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;sMrab;mFümsikSabzmPUmi[Qandl;cMNuc
eKaledA eBalKWenAfñak;TI 7-9 sisSmñak;TTYl)anesovePAsikSamYyk,al²RKb;muxviC¢a nig enA
fñak;TI 10-12 sisSBIrnak;TTYl)anesovePAsikSamYyk,al²RKb;muxviC¢a .
T karGPivDÆkmµviFIsikSabMNinCIvitfµIsMrab;mFümsikSabzmPUmiEdlkñúgenaHrYmman BlrdæviC¢a
brisßan CMgWeGds_ nig muxviC¢aepSgeTotTak;TgnwgsgÁmRtUv)anerobcMeLIg nig RtUvGnuvtþkñúgqñaM
sikSa 2002-2003 .
T karBRgwgRbB½n§tamdanRtYtBinitükarsikSa nig karRbLgrbs;sisSenAfñak;TI 9 kñúgenaHrYmman
karbegáInsnþisux karRKb;RKgTinñn½y nig karbBa©ÚllT§plRbLg nig lT§plsikSarbs;sisSeTA
kñúgkMuBüÚT½renAcenøaHqñaM 1999¼2001 .
karBRgwgskmµPaBksagsmtßPaBsMrab;kareFVIvimCÄkaresvaGb;rM
T kareFVIvimCÄkarfvikasMrab;dMeNIrkarsalabzmsikSa nig salamFüsikSaeTA[mCÄmNÐlRKb;
RKgfvikaRsukcMnYn 185 CamYynwgkarRKb;RKgbec©keTs nig hirBaØvtßú sMrab;buKÁlikRksYgGb;rM
yuvCn nig kILa cMnYnCag 1 000 nak; enAqñaMsikSa 2000¼01 .
26
T kareFVIvimCÄkarbnþelIkarRKb;RKgRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgón[eTAmCÄmNÐlRKb;RKg
fvikacMnYnRbEhl 60 enAqñaMsikSa 2001¼02 EdlRtUvpþl;karbNþúHbNþalkarRKb;RKgdl;fñak;
RKb;RKgrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa cMnYnRbEhl 300 nak; .
T kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalGMBIkargarRKb;RKgsMrab;nayksalabzmsikSa nig nayksalamFüm
sikSa cMnYnRbEhl 6 000 nak;enATUTaMgRbeTs enAcenøaHqñaM 2000¼2 .
T karbegáItRbB½n§kMuBüÚT½rRKb;RKgBt’man nig EpnkarkmµEpñkGb;rMsMrab;TIsñak;kark,alma:suInfñak;
kNþal nig GaCJaFrmnÞIrGb;rMextþ¼Rkug edaymanbMBak;eRKÓgbrikçardl;kariyal½yRbEhl 50
nig pþl;karbNþúHbNþalkñúgeBlbMeBjkargardl;buKÁlik enAcenøaHqñaM 1998-2001 .
T karksagsmtßPaB edIm,I[mankarFanaKuNPaB nig karTTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkarcMeBaHkmµviFIGb;rM
tamry³karerobcMsþg;daGb,brmasMrab;salaeron RbB½n§eFVIetsþCMnajenAkñúgkmµviFIGb;rM nig
bNþúHbNþalbec©keTsviC¢aCIv³ nig RbB½n§RKb;RKgkarRbLg nig karGnuBaØat[cUleronenAkñúg
karGb;rMmUldæanenAcenøaHqñaM 1998¼ 2002 .
2>2 karRbQmnaeBlGnaKtedIm,IsMerckarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
2>2>1 karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIviFIsa®sþGnþrRksYg
EpnkarCatisþIBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña KWCaRkbx½NÐsMrab;dwknaMskmµPaB[mankarrIkcMerIn nig
manRbB½n§edIm,IsMerckarebþCJacitþrbs;RbeTsnImYy² cMeBaHTidæPaBTaMgR)aMmYyénkarGb;rMmUldæan Edlman
lkçN³bMeBjKña nig manTMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmk dUc)anbBa¢ak;CUnenAkñúgRkbx½NÐskmµPaBenATIRkug
dakaqñaM 2000 ³ karGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUcbzmsikSa bMNinCIvit nig CMnajkargarGkçrkmµmnusSeBjv½y
smFm’eynD½r nig KuNPaB .
enAkñúgGnuRkwtüEdlcuHhtßelxaedaysemþcnaykrdæm®nþIénraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa sþIBIkarbegáIt
KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaqñaM 2002 kMBugEtvivtþtamry³dMeNIr
karBieRKaHeyabl; EdleKalbMNgFananUvPaBminpøas;bþÚrrvagEpnkaryuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nig
EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©sgÁmkic©elIkTI 2. edaymankarENnaMBIGKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCati
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña RkumkargarTaMg 6 )ancuHRsg;Bt’manBIm®nþIGb;rM GñkdwknaM shKmn_ «Bukmþay
RKUbeRgón nig sisSanusisS edIm,IRbmUlTsSn³ nig esckþIRtUvkarrbs;BYkeKBIesvaGb;rM nig dak;bBa©Úl
TsSn³ nig esckþIRtUvkarTaMgenHeTAkñúgesckþIRBagEpnkarskmµPaBGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña. kic©BieRKaH
eyabl;déT eTotbnþeFVICamYyRksYgBak;B½n§ GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al shKmn_ nig Gñkpþl;CMnYy .
27
dMeNIrkarEpnkarkmµRsbKñarvag G>s>K nig k>K>v>G RtUv)anEklMGedaydak;bBa©ÚlTinñn½y

mUldæan Éksar nig karsnµtEpnkarkmµeTAkñúgRbB½n§Bt’manRKb;RKgGb;rM nig RtUv)anEklMGedaykar
BieRKaHeyabl;EdleRKageFVIenAkñúgdMeNIrkarBinitük>K>v>G eLIgvijenA ExkBaØa qñaM2002. karEkTMrg;Gb;rM
)anQanelIsBIkarGb;rMmUldæan ¬edayepþateTAelIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña¦ rYmTaMgkarGb;rM nig bNþúH
bNþalbec©keTsviC¢aCIv³mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi nig ]tþmsikSa . pÞúyeTAvij edIm,IFananUvRbsiT§PaBrYm
rvageKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig Epñkrg PaBCaédKU nig FnFan KnøwHnanaenAkñúgvis½yGb;rMCaktþa
sMxan;bMput¬dUcCaEpñkkumartUc nig GkçrkmµmnusSeBjv½y¦ ehIy)anqøúHbBa©aMgBIsmasPaB nig TMhMkargar
énKN³kmµaFikarCati nig RkumkargarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ehIyvak¾CavisalPaBénkarBieRKaHeyabl;
Tak;TgnwgEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñapgEdr .
RbkarenH CaeKalkarN_sMxan;mYyénkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña Edl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgeKaledA
Rkugdaka EdlfaEpñkTaMgGs;énvis½yGb;rMmanTMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmk . PaBTn;exSayenAkñúgEpñkrg
NamYynwgman\Ti§BlelIlT§PaBénRbB½n§TaMgmUlkñúgkarsMerceKaledATaMgGs;. ]TahrN_ ³ eKaledA
sklkmµénkarcUleron nig smiT§plénkarsikSaminGacsMerc)aneLIy ebIsinCamin)anykcitþTukdak;
elIbBaðaKuNPaBGb;rM nig karpþl;karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§[)aneRcIn . »kasTTYlkarGb;rMrbs;kumarIRtUv)an
elIkkMBs; RbsinebI«BukmþaymankarGb;rMx<s; b¤ TTYl)ankmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ . kmµviFIGb;rMkumartUc)an
CMruj[kumarmankareRtómxøÜnsMrab;cUlsalaeron .
kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rMmanbMNgsMerceKaledAmYycMnYnenAkñúgeKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña qñaM
2015 bu:Enþmin)anGnuvtþelIEpñkcaM)ac;TaMgGs; edIm,IFanaskmµPaBnanaenAkñúgeKaledATaMg 6 énkarGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;Kña EdleFVI[eKaledATaMgenaHGacsMerc)aneLIy . EpnkarrMkil k>K>v>G )anviPaKelIkar
snµteKaledA nig karGnuvtþnanaEdlBicarNaeTAelI ³
T raCrdæaPi)al)anebþCJafanwgpþl;karGb;rMmUldæan 9 qñaM dl;kumarEdlsßitenAkñúgv½ysikSaTaMgGs;
mann½yfa kumarTaMgGs;RtUvTTYlkarGb;rMtamry³karGb;rMkñúgRbB½n§ b¤ eRkARbB½n§ .
T skþanuBlénkarsMerceKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña rYmTaMgeKaledAenAkñúgRbB½n§nwgRtUvGn;
fy RbsinebIeKaledATaMg 6 minRtUv)ancat;TukCaeKaledAbMeBjbEnßmKñaeTAvijeTAmk .
T kareFIVcMeNalnanasMrab;EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRtUvEp¥kelItfPaB nig eqøIytbtam
tRmUvkar k¾dUcCaRsbeTAtameKalneya)aypgEdr .
dMeNIrkarBinitüeLIgvijCabnþbnÞab;Fana[mankardak;bBa©ÚldMeNIrkarEpnkarkmµGb;rMry³
eBlmFüm nig ry³eBlEvg .
28
eKalneya)ayyuT§sa®sþ nig eKaledArYmrvag p>y>G / k>K>v>G nig G>s>K RtUv)anBRgwg eday

eRbIR)as;RbPBÉksar nig RbB½n§Bt’manRKb;RKgGb;rMdUcKña. ÉksarEpnkarTaMgBIrenH)anepþatsMxan;
eTAelIkarvaytémøkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaqñaM 2000 Edl)anelIkeLIgBIsar³sMxan;mYycMnYnTak;TgeTA
nwgsmFm’énkarcUleron¬kumar nig CnCatiPaKtic ¦ GRtaRtYtfñak; nig GRtae)aHbg;karsikSamankMritx<s;
nig karFanakarBRgayRKUbeRgónEdlmanbTBiesaFn_RbkbedaysmFm’. ninñakarsMrab;bBaðaTaMgenH nig
GaMgDIkaT½rGnuvtþsMrab;EpñkepSg²eTotRtUv)anBnül; ek,aHk,ayenAkñúgkarBinitü k>K>v>G eLIgvijqñaM
2002 { r)aykarN_bMeBjkargarvis½yGb;rM } . r)aykarN_enHnwgRtUveRbICamUldæansMrab;tamdanRtYt
BinitüenAkñúgCMhandMbUgénEpnkarGb;rMsMrab; TaMgGs;Kña .
2>2>2 karFanaKuNPaBEpnkarbBa©Úlp>y>G k>K>v>G eTAnwgG>s>K

RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa )anTTYlsÁal;fa karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;RtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,I
FanakarsMerccitþtamlkçN³eKalneya)ay [RsbtamlT§plsikSaEdl)anEklMG . etIkmµviFI k>K>v>G
smRsbtamktþaKuNPaBdUcCa smtßPaBkarRbkYtRbECgrbs;RKUbeRgón karKaMRTviC¢aCIv³ smÖar]beTs
smRsb nig RKb;RKan;TMhMfñak;eron nig ema:gbeRgóntamrebobNa ? salaPaKeRcInmin)anbMeBjtam
ema:gbeRgónGb,brmaEdl)ankMNt;mYyqñaMsikSaeT . kartamdanRtYtBiinitüCaRbcaMedayepþatkarykcitþ
Tukdak;BIsmtßPaBelIkarRbkYtRbECgEpñksikSa nig bMNinkareRbIR)as;CMnajenAkñúgfñak;eronTak;TgeTA
nwgkarbMb:nCaRbcaM kareFVIsvnkmµ[)aneTogTat;elIKuNPaB nig sþg;daminTan;)anbkRsayenAkñúgkmµviFI
nana EdlGacGnuvtþ)anTUTaMgRbeTs)anenAeLIy. karksagelIemeronEdl)aneron)anepþatsMxan;elI
karEklMGKuNPaBGacCMruj[mankarGPivDÆTak;TgeTAnwgyuT§sa®sþEklMGKuNPaBGb;rM .
yuT§sa®sþénEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñakñúgeKalbMNgTTYl)annUvRbsiT§PaBEdlrMBwgTukmYy
edIm,IQaneTArkkarelIkMBs;karcuHeQµaHcUleronenAbzmsikSafñak;CatiEdlpþl;»kasRBmTaMg Fanafa
smasPaB KuNPaBRtUv)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgry³eBlmFümeTAry³eBlEvg. karBinitüeLIg vij k>K>v>G
eFVI[eKGacføwgEføgTinñn½yBt’manCaerogral;qñaM . ktþaEdlTak;TgeTAnwgKuNPaBGb;rM man ³
k¼ karkat;bnßyPaBkkkujenAkúñgfñak;
x¼ karkat;bnßykarbeRgónBIrevn
K¼ karbegáInema:gbeRgónbEnßm
X¼kartamdanRtYtBinitütamfñak;eronelIsmtßPaBsikSaEdleFVVI[mankareronbMb:nbEnßm
g¼ karpþl;FnFanfvika[)anRKb;RKan; edIm,IFanafa RKUbeRgónTaMgGs;mankarGPivDÆviC¢aCIv³rbs;
xøÜn
29
c¼ karCMruj[manbrisßansikSakumaremRtI
q¼karksagbTBiesaFn_sMrab;km<úCabEnßmeTotenAtamkMrgsalaeron edIm,IFanafa RKUbeRgón
TaMgGs;)anTTYlbTBiesaFn_viC¢aCIv³tamry³kareFVITMnak;TMngkñúgkMrgsalaeronCaRbcaM .
C¼kareFVIsvnkmµ nig viPaK[)aneTogTat;elIlT§plsikSarbs;sisS. dMeNIrkartamdanRtYt
Binitü karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwigepþateTAelIkarvaytémøkarsikSa nig lT§plsikSarbs;sisS
EdlkarbegáItnwgRtUveRbIR)as;etsþsþg;daGb,brmanwgeFVIeLIgenAkñúgqñaM 2003¼2004 .
karGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgelIkykemeron Edl)aneronBIdMeNIrkarGnuvtþk>K>v>G
rYmman ³
T viFankaredIm,IEklMGkarRbemIlemIlelIkarpþl;FnFan nig karRKb;RKgkmµviFICaBiess
karksagsmtßPaBsMrab;karRKb;RKg nig Epnkarkmµbec©keTs nig hirBaØvtßúdl;fñak;kNþal nig
fñak;extþ
T karBRgwg nig karBRgIkyuT§sa®sþRKb;RKgbc©úb,nñEdlmankarpøas;bþÚrfµI edayrYmTaMgdMeNIr
karBieRKaHeyabl; nig karsMerccitþEdleFVIeTAtamPaBCak;EsþgenAtammUldæan nig karRsavRCav
elIdMeNIrkarGnuvtþEdlmanRTg;RTaytUc²
T karBRgIkviFankarnana edIm,IFanakarBRgaybuKÁlikEdlmanbTBiesaFn_ nig mansmtßPaB[
eTAbeRgónenAtMbn;dac;Rsyal nig tMbn;EdlgayrgeRKaHRbkbedaysmFm’ RBmTaMgkarepþat
eTAelIemeronEdl)aneronBIkmµviFIpþl;karelIkTwkcitþdl;RKUbeRgón karsakl,gyuT§sa®sþ
beRgónfñak;KYb nig karbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgónsMrab;KrusisSEdlmkBItMbn;dac;Rsyal nig tMbn;
CnCatiPaKtic
T karBinitüeLIgvijelIeKalneya)aynigyuT§sa®sþkñúgkarbeRgón edayrYmTaMgskþanuBlPaBén
karBRgIkkarbeRgónBIrPasa nigeTVvb,Fm’enAkñúgkarGb;rMbzmsikSakñúgtMbn;CnCatiPaKtic eday
epþatsMxan;elIemeronEdl)aneronBIkarpþÜcepþImKMnitsakl,gEdl)an nig kMBugGnuvtþsBVéf¶ .
dMeNIrkarBinitüeLIgvij k>K>v>G KWCayanmYysMrab;dMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl;CayuT§sa®sþ )an
ya:gTUlMTUlay RBmTaMgFanafaTsSn³vis½yEkTMrg;ry³eBlEvg nig ry³eBlmFümRtUv)andak;
bBa©ÚleTAkñúgEpnkarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB .
karRbQmmux nig »kasBak;B½n§mYycMnYnnwgRtUvFanafa RkumRbwkSaXMu¼sgáat;EdlRtUv)an
e)aHeqñateRCIserIs GacedIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;enAkñúgkareFVIvimCÄkarelIGPi)alkic©Gb;rMeRkamc,ab;Gb;rM
fµIenAqñaM2003. RbkarenHmankþIsgÇwmmYyfa RkumRbwkSaXMu¼sgáat;nwgCYyelIkeLIgBIbBaðaGb;rM nig CYy
30
CMrujkarpSBVpSaybBa¢ÚnTsSn³elIkarRbQmmux nig »kasénkarGb;rMrbs;xøÜn. RkumRbwkSaXMu¼sgáat;nwg

manlT§PaBCYy[)anxøaMgkøaelIbBaðaKuNPaB nig esvaGb;rM .
eRkABIkarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRKb;RKg nig EfrkSabBa¢IkMeNIt nig sßitiGñkTTYlmrN³PaB
RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; CakEnøgmYyd¾RbesIrkñúgkarFana[kumarRKb;rUbmaneQµaHkñúgbBa¢I nig GtþsBaØaN
bN½Ñc,as;las;. BYkeKk¾mantYnaTIya:gsMxan;kñúgkarRKb;RKgkumar edayFanafa KµankumarNamñak;)at;
eQµaHBIkñúgbBa¢I kumarRKb;rUbTTYl)ankarcak;fñaMbgáar kumarRKb;rUbTTYl)ankartamdanRtYtBinitüsuxPaB
karGPivDÆ nig karlUtlas;enAtammNÐlsuxPaB nig rkSakt;RtabTBiesaFCIvitdMbUgrbs;Rkumkumar tam
CMnan;nImYy². RkumRbwkSaXMu¼sgáat;GacbBa¢ak;GMBIkmµviFIpþl;karelIkTwkcitþdl;RkummuxsBaØaRKYsarRkIRk
enAkñúgmUldæanEdlGacTTYlGaharUbkrN_. kargarTaMgenHGacCYykñúgkarGPivDÆyuT§viFIsMrab;kareFVI
Epnkar nig GnuvtþkmµviFIGb;rM nig GPivDÆn_kumartUc enAtamshKmn_RBmTaMgTTYlkarEklMGelIkarpþÜc
epþImkmµviFIBIraCrdæaPi)al .
karBRgIkkarGPivDÆkmµviFIshKmn_ nwgrYmcMENkdl;kic©xitxMRbwgERbg edIm,IsMerceKaledA
GPivDÆn_kumartUc karGb;rMeRkARbBn§½sMrab;kumareRkAsala nig mnusSeBjv½y . eKaledATaMgenH epþateTA
elIkarGb;rMeRkARbBn§½TMngCaminGacTTYl)ankar]btßmÖfvikatamry³RksYgenaHeT dUcenH vanwgTamTar[
mankarykcitþTukdak;CayuT§sa®sþ kñúgkarerobcMFnFanmnusS nig hirBaØvtßúbEnßm . RkumRbwkSaXMu¼sgáat;
KYrEtRtUv)anelIkTwkcitþ[mantYnaTICaRbcaM kñúgkartamdanRtYtBinitübBaðaKuNPaB nig smF’mEdlCH
\T§iBlelIkmµviFIGb;rMmUldæanTaMgLay EdlmanTMnak;TMngnwgKñaTaMgkñúg nig eRkARbB½n§ .
2>2>3 karGPivDÆkmµviFIGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñafµI
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñabMeBjbEnßmeTAelIEpnkaryuT§sa®sþGb;rM p>y>G nig EpnkarKaMRT
visy½Gb;rM k>K>v>G edayykcitþTukdak;elIsiT§ikñúgkarGb;rMcMeBaHmnusSeBjv½y nig yuvCnenAeRkAsala
nig siT§ikñúgkarcab;epþImCIvit nig karsikSad¾RbesIrmYysMrab;Tark nig kumarTaMgGs;tamry³kareFVIEpnkar
lMGitkñúgkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ GkçrkmµmnusSeBjv½y karbNþúHbNþalbMNinCIvit nig karb®Ba¢abkarGPivDÆ
nig KaMBarkumartUc tamry³eKaledArYmEdlmanenAtamRkummuxsBaØanImYy²Bak;B½n§eTAnwg KuNPaB nig
smFm’eynD½r .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgykcitþTukdak;ya:gxøaMgelIkarRbQmmuxkñúgkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§Ca
KnøwHbI. karykcitþTukdak;dMbUg KWpþl;»kas[kumarEdlelIsGayu nig kumarEdleTIbnwge)aHbg;karsikSa
fµI²[)ancUleronenAtamsalakñúgRbBn§½vij. kmµviFIsmahrNkmµenHRtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgcMeNal
EpnkarKaMRTvis½yGb;rM k>K>v>G edaysnµtfa kumar100 000nak; RtUv)ancUleronenAbzmsikSakñúgRbB½n§
naqñaM2003 ehIycMnYnenAsl;Edl)a:n;sµanfaman 400 000 nak; nwgRtUvcUleronfñak;TI 4 TI5 nig 6 enA
kñúgry³eBl6qñaMeTot¬enAqñaM 2009¦. eTaHCaya:gNak¾edaylkçxNÐRKb;RKgkarGPivDÆRKU nig kmµviFI
31
sikSacaM)ac;sMrab;kmµviFIsmahrNkmµ enHminTan;manenAeLIy . FnFan nig eBlevla edIm,IGPivDÆ nig

BRgIkkargarenHnwgCabBaða EdlRtUvykcitþTukdak;rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarksagkic©shRbtibtiþkarrvagEpnkar
kñúg nig eRkARbB½n§ . yuT§viFI nig dMNak;kalsmahrNkmµenH nwgRtUvBinitüBicarNaeLIgvij kñúgkarEklMG
EpnkarKaMRTvisy½Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña k>K>v>G.
karRBYy)armÖEdlRbQmmuxkñúgkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§TIBIr KWkarpþl;»kas[yuvCneRkAsala Edl
minGaccUleronenAkñúgRbB½n§vij edaysarEtGayu b¤ lkçxNÐCIvPaBRKYsar b:uEnþBYkeKmansiT§iTTYlkar
Gb;rMmUldæantamrUbPaBepSg edIm,ImansmtßPaBRKb;RKan; ehIymankarTTYlsÁal;edayBYkeKBITIpSar
Blkmµ nig sgÁm RBmTaMgsmmUleTAnwgsBaØab½Rttamsala . cMnYnmuxsBaØaTaMgenHnwgfycuHenAkñúg
KMerag Epnkarry³eBlmFüm nig EvgenAeBlEdlkarGb;rMkñúgRbB½n§mankarrIkcMerIn b:uEnþsMrab;GaTiPaB
GPiDÆn_Cati nig karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña kmµviFIsmmUlénkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§RtUvkarCabnÞan;kñúgdMNak;kal
enH. kmµviFIsmmUlenHminTan;)anGPivDÆenAeLIy ehIynwgRtUverobCaEpnkar nig dMNak;kalepSg²eTA
tamkarCak;Esþg. kar)a:n;sµancMnYnmuxsBaØaRkumenHkMBugRtUv)anerobcM ehIynigbBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarBinitü
EklMGEpnkarKaMRTvisy½Gb;rM .
karRBYy)armÖEdlRbQmmuxkñúgkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§TIbI KWkarpþl;cMeNHdwg nig bNþúHbNþalEpñk
bMNinCIvitdl;RKYsarEdlgayrgeRKaH yuvCnQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak; yuT§CnrMsay shKmn_dac;Rsyal
nig RKYsarrbs;eK edIm,IbegáIt[manbrisaßnsgÁmmYyRbkbedaynirnþrPaBsMrab;BYkeK nig RKYsarrbs;eK .
kMritGkçrkmµmnusSeBjv½y EdlmanRsab;enAkm<úCaenATab minTan;GacTTYlyk)anenAeLIy CaBiess
enAtamshKmn_RkIRkdac;Rsyal nig ®sþIPaKeRcIn. TaMgenHKWCaRbCaCn EdlmansmtßPaBedIm,IeFVI
kargarbegáInCIvPaBRKYsar nig cUlrYmenAkñúgkmµviFIGPivDÆn_sgÁmkñúgeKalbMNgkat; bnßykarmankUneRcIn
elIkkMBs;suxPaB nig karKaMBarkumarbegáInR)ak;cMNUl nig karcUlrYmtamEbbRbCaFibetyü EdlCa
yuT§sa®sþkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk .
EpnkarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñak¾nwgepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIeKalneya)aykñúgkarGPivDÆ nig
KaMBarkumartUc yuT§sa®sþ nigkmµviFInana EdlrYmbBa©ÚlkarGPivDÆsgÁmya:gTUlMTUlayCagRtwmEtkarGb;rM
metþyüsikSab:ueNÑaH. RkumkargarGPivDÆn_EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaTTYlsÁal;fa kumarkm<úCaPaKeRcIn
TTYl)ankarGb;rMtictYcbMputenAkñúgmetþyüsala ehIyvak¾CakarmYyyWteBlpgEdr . kumarCaeRcInsøab;
enAeRkamGayumYyqñaM ehIycMeBaHGñkEdlenArs;manCIvitCag 50° RkinmankarGPivDÆtictYc munnwgQan
dl;Gayu 2qaMñ . kumarCaeRcInenAGayu 6 qaMñ manlkçN³sm,tþiminTan;RKab;RKan;kñúgkarcUleronedaysar
EtkarGPivDÆEpñkrUbragkay BuTæiPasa nig sgÁmenATabenAeLIy EdlCaehtueFVI[mankaryWtya:vkñúgkar
cuHeQµaHcUleron nig GRtaRtYtfñak;x<s;enAfañk;TI1. elIsBIenHeTAeTotpllM)akkñúgry³eBlEvgénPaB
eRKaHfñak;kñúgeBlbgákMeNIt karRbsUt nig karEfTaMTark k¾bNþal[maneRKaHfañk;dl;suxPaB ragkay
nig bBaØakñúgv½yyuvCn nig mnusScas;pgEdr .
32
edaymankarEckrMElkkarTTYlxusRtUvrvagGnþrRksYg tYnaTIrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa kñúg

karGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc nwgminsßitkñúgTMrg;énkarGb;rMmetþyüb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþRtUvrYmcMENkEpñkbec©k
eTs elIcitþsa®sþsgÁménkmµviFIshKmn_ kñúgeKalbMNgelIkkMBs;PaBCamatabita EdlCaEpñkmYyén
karrs;enARbcaMéf¶ nig bBa©ÚlskmµPaBGPivDÆn_elIRKb;Epñk GaharUbtßmÖ nig suxPaB . CMhanviC¢mandMbUgKW
esckþIRbkaseKalneya)ayGb;rMkumartUcfñak;CatimYyenAExmifunaqñaM2000 EdlCakarebþCaJcitþrbs;raC
rdæaPi)al edIm,IKaMRTkarGb;rMcMeBaHkumarEdlmanGayuBI3-5qñaM enAkñúgtMbn;CYbkarlM)ak . eKalneya)ay
enHnaM[manesckþIRBagEpnkareKalmYy¬2002-2005¦EdlKUsbBa¢ak;BIkarRbQmmuxedIm,IedaHRsay
tamry³kmµviFInana .
enAkñúgry³eBlxøI nig mFümynþkarGPivDÆn_ nig KaMBarkumartUcGnþrRksYgGacmanskmµPaB
sMxan;² CaeRcIn . RbkarenHCakarsMxan;Nas;kñúgkarBRgIkvisalPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgkumar edayrab;bBa©Úl
kumarTaMgGs;cab;BIekItrhUtdl;Gayu5qaMñ enAkñúgRkbx½NÐkumartUc ehIyBRgIkkarGb;rM nig GPivDÆn_kumar
tUc [eTAdl;karGPivDÆelIRKb;Epñk GaharUbtßmÖ nig suxPaB RBmTaMgkarGb;rMtaMgBIdMbUgeTotpg . RksYg
Gb;rM yuvCn nig kILa GacCYyRksYgBak;B½n§ dUcCaRksYgsuxaPi)al edayrYmKñaGPivDÆsakl,g nig
BRgIkkareRbIR)as;ral;kMNt;Rtarbs;kumarsþIBIsuxPaB karlUtlas; karGPivDÆelIRKb;EpñkTaMgGs; Edl
matabita)aneRbIR)as; nig rkSaTuk. sBVéf¶enH karrkSaÉksarEdlCaRBwtþikarN_sMxan;²kñúgkarGPivDÆ
citþsa®sþsgÁmenAmankarxVHxateRcIn .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nwgesñIeLIgnUvTMnak;TMngd¾TUlMTUlaycMeBaHkmµviFIGPivDÆn_kumartUc
tamshKmn_ EdlRbkbedayPaBqøatévenAkñúgry³eBlxøI nig mFüm. dUcenHeyIgnwgGacsegáteXIj
karGPivDÆrIkcMerInrbs;kumarenAkñúgshKmn_EdlmankmµviFIenH. kareRbIR)as;esovePAtamdansuxPaB
karlUtlas; nig kaGPivDÆnana Edlmatabita)anEfrkSa[)anTUlMTUlay GacCYysRmYlkargarenH nig
eFVI[matabitasb,aynwgkareFVIkarrYmKñapøas;bþÚrbTBiesaFn_l¥²BIKña eTAvijeTAmkkñúgkarEfrkSakumar .
eKalneya)ayd¾TUlMTUlayénkarGb;rMkumar nwgelIkkMBs;karcUlsikSarbs;kumarGayu5qaMñ [dl;
75° enAqaMñ2015 tamry³karBRgIkbnþicmþg²BIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeTotenAeBlEdleyIgkMBug
erobcMyuT§sa®sþ edIm,IFanafakarGPivDÆkumartUcCakarTTYlxusRtUvrYmrvagshKmn_ GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al
EpñkÉkCn nig GnþrRksYg. karGb;rMmatabitaEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarGPivDÆ kumartUcRbkbedayPaBc,as;
las; CasmasPaKKnøwHmYyénEpnkarGb;rMTaMgGs;Kña nig eKaledA GPivDÆCati EdlepþatkarykcitþTuk
dak;elICnRkIRkmanlkçN³TUlMTUlayCagkarerobcMfñak;eRtom EdlepþatkarykcitþTukdak;enAkñúgEpnkar
KaMRTvis½yGb;rM. enAeBlEdlkmµviFIGb;rMkumarBRgIkenAkñúgTMhM nig rUbPaBNamYyenaH vaCakarcaM)ac;
Nas;RtUvGPivDÆsmtßPaBshKmn_ edIm,IbegáInkar cUlrYmEpñkFnFanfvika nig karRKb;RKgRBmTaMgksag
ÉksarrIkcMerInénplb:HBal;rbs;KMeragkmµviFInana elIGaMgDIkaT½rénkarTTYl)anBIkarcUleronenAGb;rM
mUldæanRbkbedaysmFm’ nig KuNPaB .
33
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nwgbBa©ÚlyuT§viFIfµI²EdlmannirnþrPaB rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgKMeragnanasMrab;

begáItynþkarEckrMElktémøsikSamYyrvagÉkCn nig saFarN³ EdlFana[mankMeNInkumarcUlsikSamk
BIshKmn_RkIRk. eKalkarN_fvikamUldæansMrab;KMeragenaHKWnwigeFVI[RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa ykcitþ
Tukdak;eTAelIkarFanaKuNPaB nig CaCMnYysMrab;RKYsarRkIRk .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kañ bMeBjbEnßmelIEpnkarKaMRTvis½yGb;rM edayykcitþTukdak;elI
eynD½r nig KuNPaB EdlCabBaðarYmelIRKb;TidæPaBTaMgGs;énEpnkarenHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§
nig karGPivDÆkumartUc nig CMruj[mankarykcitþTukdak;bnþelIGnþrTMnak;TMngéneKaledAGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;Kña .
34
EpnkaryuT§sa®sþ nig tRmUvkarFnFan
3 karsM e rckarGb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a enAkñ ú g RbeTskm< ú C a ³

Epnkaryu T § s a®sþ ni g tRmU v karFnFan
3>1 esNarIyU:eKalneya)ay nig yuT§saRsþkarGb;rMsMrab;TMagGs;Kña
karsnµthirBaØb,TanTUlMTUlayeBalKWKMeragEpnkarhirBaØb,Tanp>y>G /k>K>v>G dl;qñaM 2005
nwgpþl;mUldæansMrab;CMruj[mankarrIkcMerInedIm,IQaneTAsMerceKaledA nig muxsBaØaenAkñúgG>s>K kñúg
GMLúgeBlBIqñaM 2006 dl; 2015. yuT§saRsþenHmanesßrPaBry³eBl15qñaM kñúgxN³eBlEdlkarTTYl
sÁal;yuT§sa®sþ nig kmµviFInanak¾dUcCayuT§sa®sþhirBaØb,TannwgRtUv)antRmUvTukdUcCakarEkTMrg;[man
karrIkcMerIn .
edIm,IBinitüPaBBit nig nirnþrPaBénkarEkTMrg;kmµviFI nig eKaledAEdl)anesñIeLIg RksYg)an
GPivDÆesNarIy:UmYy. CaBiess karviPaKesNarIy:U)anepþatelIkarbBa¢ak;BIFnFanenAkñúgesNarIyU:
epSg² EdlmankareFVIcMeNalry³eBlEvg nig RbkbedayPaBsmehtuplénkarekIneLIgplTunkñúg
Rsuksrubry³eBl15qñaM nig kardMeLIgR)ak;ebovtSenAkñúgkarcMNaysMrab;EpñkGb;rM EdlCacMENkmYyenA
kñúgplTunkñúgRsuksrub. karsnµtsareBIB½n§TaMgenH RtUveFVIcMeNalbnþeTAeTotBIkarcMNaysMrab;ry³
eBlmFümrbs;raCrdæaPi)alqñaM2003-2005.
3>1>1 karsnµteKalneya)ayyuT§sa®sþ nighirBaØb,TankarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña

vtßúbMNgsMxan;éneKalneya)ayEkTMrg;p>y>G/k>K>v>G ry³eBlmFümsMedAQaneTAsMerceKal
edAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñary³eBlEvgEdlGacRtUv)aneFVIeLIgvijdUcxageRkam ³
T karFana[karcUleronenAkMritGb;rMmUldæan nig karGb;rMeRkaymUldæanRbkbedaysmFm’
tamry³karbegáInkarCYyRTRTg;rbs;raCrdæaPi)aldl;karGb;rMmUldæan karbNþúHbNþalRKUeday
rYmTaMgkarbegáInkarcUlrYmBIshKmn_ matabita nig EpñkÉkCnCaEpñkfvika nig karRKb;RKgbuer
bzmsikSa nig eRkayGb;rMmUldæan . karCYyRTRTg;rbs;raCrdæaPi)alsMrab;buerbzmsikSa nig
eRkayGb;rMmUldæannwgepþatelIsisSEdlmkBIRKYsarRkIRk edIm,IFana[man»kasesµIKñakñúg
karcUleron .
T karBRgwgKuNPaB nig RbsiT§PaBtamry³karbegáIncMNayfvikadMeNIrkaredayepþateTAelI
smÖarbeRgón karpÁt;pÁg;elIkarGb;rMmUldæan karGPivDÆRKUbeRgón kartamdanKuNPaB nig karEk
TMrg;RKb;RKg³viFankarnananwgepþateTAelIkarBRgaybuKÁlikbeRgón nigminbeRgónRBmTaMg
BRgwgRbsiT§PaBépÞkñúg¬dUcCa GRtaKg;vgS qøgPUmisikSa nig karrIkcMerIn ¦.
35
T karksagsmtßPaBsMrab;vimCÄkar tamry³karpþl;sV½yRKb;RKgdl;RKwHsßansikSaTaMgGs;
begáInkarepÞrGMNacdl;extþ¼Rkug nigRsuk¼xNÐkñúgkarRKb;RKgesvaGb;rM nig BRgwgRbB½n§tamdan
RtYtBinitü nig svnkmµ .
eKalkarN_éneKalneya)aymUldæanRtUv)aneKrkSaTukkñúgkarerobcMeFVIcMeNal G>s>K kñúgry³
eBl2006-15. CaBiess karBRgIkkarcUlrYmBIshKmn_«Bukmþay nig EpñkÉkCnenARKb;EpñkrgTaMg
Gs;elIkElgEtkarGb;rMmUldæan nig karbNþúHbNþalRKUEdlekInya:grh½sbnÞab;BIqñaM2006 .
3>1>2 esNarIyU:eKalneya)ayhirBaØvtßúcm,g
tamsavtarxagelI esNarIyU:Ep¥kelIkarsnµtGMBItYnaTIrbs;raCrdæaPi)alelIEpñkhirBaØb,Tan nig
karpþl;lT§PaBkñúgkarGnuvtþeKalneya)ayGb;rM. karsnµtsMrab;esNarIyU:mYyRtUv)ansegçbdUcxag
eRkam ³
karsnµtTUlay ³ tYnaTIrbs;raCrdæaPi)alepþatTaMgRsug elIkarFana[karcUleronenAkñúgkarGb;rM
mUldæan edayeBjeljedIm,IFana[mankarcUlrYm)aneBjeljsMrab;sisSEdlmkBIRkumRKYsarRkIRk nig
RKb;lkçN³sßanPaBTaMgGs;)anbBa©b;karGb;rMmUldæanRbkbedayKuNPaB . sMxan;CagenHeTAeTot
esNarIyU:enHRTRTg;CnRkIRkdUcEdl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgEpnkaryuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nig karelIk
bgðajrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa elIEpñkGb;rM nig karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk enAkñúgkic©RbCMuBieRKaH
eyabl;rbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaqñaM2002. tYnaTIrbs;raCrdæaPi)alenAkñúgkarGb;rMbuerbzmsikSa nig kar
Gb;rMeRkARbB½n§ KWpþl;lT§PaB[sisSmkBIRKYsarRkIRk)ancUleronRbkbedaysmFm’bn§ÚrbnÞúkcMNayPaK
eRcInrbs;«Bukmþay nig mankarcUlrYmBIEpñkÉkCn. eTaHbIya:gNak¾eday karbNþúHbNþal nig viRkwtkar
RKUbeRgón nig karFanaKuNPaBGb;rMrYmTaMglixitbTdæannana KWCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;raCrdæaPi)al .
TisedAeKalneya)aysMxan;²Edl)andak;enAkñúgEpnkarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaKWedIm,I[man
karcUlrYmkan;EteRcInBI«Bukmþay shKmn_ nig EpñkÉkCnkñúgkarpþl;fvikasMrab;karGb;rMmun nig eRkaykar
Gb;rMmUldæanfñak;TI 1-9. karGnuvtþeKalneya)aypþl;fvikaenAkñúgry³eBlEvg xøI nig mFüm .
karekIneLIgénkarcUlsikSaEdl)aneFVIcMeNalcab;BIqñaM2001 dl;qñaM2020nigcMeNalkarGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;KñaqñaM2015 CaFatusMxan;mYykñúgkarerobcMKMeragesNarIyU:fvika. GRtarIkcMerInmankarekIn
eLIgrhUtdl;qñaM2010 ehIyGRtae)aHbg;karsikSamankarfycuHkñúgry³eBlCamYyKña. enAqñaM2010
GRtaeLIgfñak; nigGRtaqøgPUmisikSaenAbzmsikSa nig mFümsikSa nwgekIneLIgdl; 100°. GRtaBit nig
GRtarYménkarsikSaenAfñak;TI1 nwgmancMnYnesµIKñaenAkñúgry³eBl 10qñaMxagmux. eKrMBwgfakumarEdle)aH
bg;karsikSaRbEhl100 000nak; RtUv)ankat;bnßyCaerogral;qñaM cab;BIqñaM 2002-06 tamry³kmµviFI
smahrNkmµ nig kmµviFIsmmUlkñúgkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ .
36
cMeBaHkarGb;rMbuerbzmsikSa¬\LÚvenH)anERbkøayeTACakarGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc ¦RtUv)an

snµtfa CaGaTiPaBmYyEdlnwgFana[kumarmanGayueRkam6qñaM )aneTAeronenAkñúgkmµviFIfµInana enAkñúg
shKmn_. eTaHCaya:gNak¾edayRkummuxsBaØaTaMgenH kumarGayu5 qñaMnwgRtUv[eronenAkñúgkmµviFIman
RbEhl75° enAqñaM 2015 nig mankarekIneLIgenAqñaM 2020 . kmµviFIenHRsbeTAnwgeKalneya)ay
Gb;rMkumartUcenAkñúgkmµviFIkMENTMrg;rbs;raCrdæaPi)al Edl)anesñI[RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa TTYlyk
tYnaTIkñúgkarpþl;[RkumeKaledATaMgenaH)ancUleTAkñúgkmµviFI.
enAkñúgCMBUkenH)anbgðajPaBRbfuyRbfan nig »kaskñúgkareRbIR)as;FnFan[manRbsiT§PaBCa
Biess fñak;eron nig RKUbeRgón . PaBRbfuyRbfan KWkarpÁt;pÁg;RKUbeRgón nig pþl;fñak;eron[)aneRcIn enA
bzmsikSa nig tictYcenAmFümsikSary³eBl15 qñaM . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾man»kasCaeRcInsMrab;
karEklMGKuNPaBGb;rM nig karcUleroneBalKW ³
T karlubbM)at;kareRbIR)as; nig karbeRgónBIrevnenAkñúgbzmsikSa nig mFümsikSabzmPUmi enA
qñaM 2010 edaybegáInema:gbeRgón .
T karFanakarpÁt;pÁg; nig karBRgayRKUbeRgón[manRbsiT§PaBenAkñúgkMritfñak;TI 1-9 tamry³
karbNþúHbNþal nig dak;BRgayRKUbzmsikSa nig mFümsikSabzmPUmicab;BIqñaMsikSa2004-05
teTA .
T karpþl;salabzmsikSabEnßmdl;salaEdlBuMsUvmankarykcitþTukdak; nig salaminRKb;
kMritfñak;rhUtdl;qñaM 2005 edayBRgIkkarbeRgónfñak;KYbenAtamsala EdlmanTMhMtUc .
3>1>3 kar)a:n;sµanBIkarpþl;FnFanEdlmansMrab;karGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
karykcitþTukdak;sMxan;cMeBaHesNarIyU: Edl)anelIkeLIgxagelIKWFana[FnFan EdlRtUvkar
sMrab;dMeNIrkarkargarmanRbsiT§PaBRsbeTAnwgTsSn³vis½yma:RkUesdækic©d¾TUlayrbs;raCrdæaPi)al.
kareFVIcMeNalma:RkUesdækic©RtUv)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgtarag 3>1 ehIymanlMGitenAkñúgtarag C ]bsm<½n§ 5
edayEp¥kelItYelxcMeNalénfvikacMNayry³eBlmFümqñaM 2003-05 nig kareFVIcMeNalénkarekIn
eLIgénplitplkñúgRsuksrub nig karcMNayrbs;rdæelIplitplkñúgRsuksrub .
RbPB ³ EpnkarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs; Kña 2003-2015
37
3>2 esNarIyU:edIm,IsMerckarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
EpnkarhirBaØb,Tan nig EpnkaryuT§sa®sþEdl)anesñIeLIgsMrab;sMerckarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña enA
qñaM 2015 RtUvEp¥kelIkarsnµtmYycMnYn edIm,IsMerc[)ankarcUleronRbkbedaysmFm’ KuNPaB nig
RbsiT§Gb;rM nig karKitKUrkñúgkarpþl;FnFansMrab;EpñknImYy²rbs;raCrdæaPi)al Gñkpþl;CMnYy EpñkÉkCn nig
«Bukmþay . karsnµtTaMgenHRtUv)anerobrab;lMGitenAkñúg]bsm<½n§TI4.
muxsBaØa nig karsnµtyuT§sa®sþkmµviFI edIm,IsMerckarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAqñaM 2015 ³
T karcUlsikSaenAkMritGb;rMmUldæan¬fñak;TI1-9¦nwgekIndl;3>8lannak;enAqñaM2008 ehIyman
karfycuHenAkñúgGMLúgqñaM2009-12¬GaRs½yedaymankarlubbM)at;karcUlsikSaelIsGayu
nigTTYlykkumareRkAsalaeron¦ nig mankarekIneLIgRbEhl 3>8 lannak; enAqñaM 2015 .
T karBRgay nig karbNþúHbNþalRKUnwgeFVIsniTankmµCabnþbnÞab;eTAtammuxsBaØaénpleFob
sisSRKU 45 enAkñúgkarGb;rMmUldæan 40 enAkñúgmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi .
T karEklMGRbsiT§PaBénkareRbIR)as;fñak;eronEdlmanRsab; nig fñak;eronEdlksagfµItamry³
karbeRgónfñak;KYb nig karbeRgónBIrevn nig eRKaglubbM)at;karbeRgónBIrevnenAqñaM 2007 .
T begáInema:gbeRgónenAbzmsikSa nig mFümsikSa tamry³karlubbM)at;karbeRgónBIrevn nig
BRgIkema:gbeRgón[)aneBjmYyéf¶ KWeBlRBwk nig eBlresolsMrab;bnÞb;eronnImYy²cab;BIqñaM
2007 .
T BRgIkbnÞb;eronbEnßm CaBiesspþl;bnÞb;eronbEnßmdl;salabzmsikSaTaMgLayNa Edlmin
RKb;kMritfñak; nig pþl;salamFümsikSafµIenAkñúgtMbn;EdlminsUvmankarykcitþTukdak; .
yuT§sa®sþenHmanbBa©ÚlkarEklMGnanaenAkñúgEpnkarpÁt;pÁg; nig tRmUvkarRKUbeRgónedayEp¥kelI
RkumeKaledAénkarcUleronrbs;KrusisSenAkñúgRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgónRbEhl 10 000 nak;kñúg
mYyqñaMedaybþÚr[eTACakarbNþúHbNþalRKUkMritmUldæan cab;BIqñaM2003enHteTA. yuT§sa®sþBak;B½n§nwg
karBRgaybuKÁlikbeRgón nig buKÁlikminbeRgón EdlmanRsab; nig eTAGnaKt[)andl;tMbn;dac;Rsyal
nig tMbn;CYbkarlM)akRbkbedaysmFm’ .
yuT§sa®sþBak;B½n§mYyeTotKWkarrkSakarbegáInR)ak;ebovtSrbs;buKÁlikbeRgón nig minbeRgónkñúg
cenøaHBI 3-5° kñúgmYyqñaM kñúgry³eBldMeNIrkarEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña. yuT§sa®sþenHbegáIteLIg
GaRs½yelIkarbegáInesvaGb;rM25-50° enAqñaM2002 nig RsbeTAtamkareFIVcMeNalesvasaFarN³sMrab;
karEkTMrg;karcMNay. yuT§sa®sþenHnwgbEnßmeTAelIkarpþl;karelIkTwkcitþEp¥kelIkarGnuvtþrbs;Rkum
GaTiPaBenAkñúgesvaGb;rM rYmmannayksala GñkRKb;RKgyuT§sa®sþ nig RKUenAkñúgtMbn;dac;Rsyal .
38
edIm,IeFVI[karEklMGKuNPaBGb;rMmannirnþrPaBenaH karcMNayrbs;sisSmñak;sMrab;karGb;rM
mUldæan nwgekInBI 108 000erol¬27 duløarGaemric¦enAkñúgqñaM2002 eTAdl;184 000erol¬46 duløar
Gaemric¦ enAqñaM2015. eKaledAenHnwgkat;bnßykarcMNayrbs;«Bukmþay nig shKmn_elIkarGb;rM
mUldæanBI22° cuHeTAdl;0°enAqñaM2015. CamYyKñaenHEdrraCrdæaPi)alnwgpþl;fvikadl;karbNþúHbNþal
nig viRkwtkarRKUbeRgón[)aneBjelj edIm,IFanakarEklMGKuNPaB .
edIm,Ipþl;tulüPaBelIkarEklMGKuNPaB nig karcUleronenaH eKaledAKWRtUvrkSapleFobR)ak;
ebovtS nig R)ak;minEmnebovtS[mankMritx<s;enAkñúgkarcMNayTUeTA CaBiessenAkñúgkarcMNayeTAelI
karGb;rMmUldæan . eKaledAenHKWedIm,IbegáInTunEdlminEmnebovtSBI 42° enAqñaM 2002 eTAdl; 55° enA
qñaM2015. EpñkenHnwgRtUvsMerc[)antamry³karBRgIkkarcMNayelIkmµviFIEklMGKuNPaBGb;rM ¬karpþl;
esovePAsikSa nig kartamdankarGnuvtþrbs;RbB½n§ nig karbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgón ¦ niglixitbTdæan én
karBRgaybuKÁlik .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaeFIVcMeNaleTAelIkarBRgIkkmµviFIGb;rM nig GPivDÆn_kumartUcedayman
eKaledAeFVI[kumarEdlmanGayu5qñaM )ancUleronenAkñúgkmµviFIenH[)an75°enAqñaM2015 . yuT§sa®sþ
karGb;rMkumartUcenHnwgbþÚr[eTACayuT§viFIerobcM[kumarmanTIFøaelgCaRkumenAtamshKmn_ nig bMeBj
bEnßmedaykmµviFItampÞHpgEdr . yuT§sa®sþenHRtUv)ansnµtfa karpþl;kmµviFIGb;rMkumartUcnwgRtUv
rYmcMENkEpñkhirBaØb,Tan «Bukmþay shKmn_ nig EpñkÉkCnEdlenAqñaM2015 EpñkenHnwgcUlrYm
viPaKTandl;eTA75°. raCrdæaPi)alnwgpþl;viPaKTaneTAelIkmµviFIGb;rMkumartUcenAkñúgshKmn_NaEdl
RkIRkbMput ehIymanlT§PaBtictYcsMrab;karcMNayelIkarGPivDÆGñkdwknaM¼GñkRKb;RKgkmµviFIGb;rM
kumartUc nig karGPivDÆkmµviFIsikSa .
EpnkarskmµPaBeFVIcMeNalelIkarBRgIkkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ry³eBlmFüm nig ry³eBlEvgeday
epþatsMxan;elIkarpþl;karsikSa15 000nak; kñúgmYyqñaMsMrab;kmµviFIsmahrNkmµfñak;TI 4-6.
3>3 karsMerckarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ³ yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþCak;Esþg

3>3>1 yuT§sa®sþeqøIytbeTAnwgbBaðaeynD½r
3>3>1>1 visalPaB nig karksagyuT§sa®sþ
karGPivDÆsMxan;²kñúgkarCMruj[mankarykcitþTukdak;elIbBaðaeynD½r KWCaCMerIsrbs;RksYgGb;rM
yuvCn nig kILaqñaM2002 enAkñúgyuT§sa®sþb®Ba¢abeynD½r2002-06³ BIkarebþCJaeTACaskmµPaB.
yuT§saRsþenHelIkeLIgBIsmasPaK3 KW ³ k¦ smFm’énkarcUleronrbs;kumarIenAkñúgkarGb;rM x¦ karCMruj
39
[mansmFm’eynD½renAkñúgkarRKb;RKgGb;rM nig esvaGb;rMepSg²eTot K¦karBRgwgsmtßPaBbec©keTs

eynD½renAkñúgkmµviFIGb;rM nig karksageKalneya)ay. karCYyGnþraKmn_nwgRtUvepþateTAelIkarpþl;
karelIkTwkcitþ¼GaharUbkrN_dl;kumarI edIm,IFana[eKGacbnþkarsikSaeTAmFümsikSa nig eRkaymFüm
sikSa.
elxaFikardæaneynD½rrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa RtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IRTRTg;skmµPaB
RkumkargareynD½r nig edIm,Ib®Ba¢abbBaðaeynD½reTAkñúgRKb;EpñkTaMgGs;énkargarrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn
nig kILa. elxaFikardæanenHnwgeFVIr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMsþIBIkarrIkcMerInnana kñúgkarTTYlplRbeyaCn_BI
kmµviFIrbs;®sþIRbkbedaysmFm’ CamYynwgkarGnuvtþEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña .
EpnkarkargarsMrab;RkumkargareynD½rRtUv)anksagrYcehIy . kmµviFIsakl,gkñúgkarpþl;
GaharUbkrN_dl;kumarIsMrab;karqøgPUmisikSaBIfñak;TI 6 eTATI 7 RtUv)anGPivDÆ nig vaytémøedayman
kic©shkarBIGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk nig RtUv)anGnuvtþedaymnÞIrGb;rM yuvCn nig kILaextþ.
skmµPaBbNþúH bNþaleynD½rEdlTak;TgCamYym®nþIRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILaenAfñak;Cati nig
fñak;extþkMBugdMeNIrkar . bNþajkargaredIm,ICMruj nig tamdanBinitübBaðaeynD½rRtUv)anbegáIteLIg .
EpnkarskmµPaBsMrab;ry³eBlxøI nig mFümRtUv)anBiPakSa .
3>3>1>2 eKaledA nig eKalbMNg
5> lubbM)at;;KmøateynD½rkñúgbzmsikSa nig mFümsikSaenAqñaM 2005 nigeFVI[)ansMercnUvsmPaB
eynD½rkñúgvis½yGb;rMenAqñaM2015 edayepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIkarFana[kumarI)anTTYllT§PaB
cUleronedayeBjelj nig esµIPaB ehIynigsMerc)annUvkarGb;rMmUldæan RbkbedayKuNPaB .
3>3>1> 3 bBaða nig karRbQm

RbsinebIbBaðaeynD½rminRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlenARKb;kMritTaMgGs; nig enAkñúgEpñkrgénRbB½n§Gb;rMeT
enaH smiT§pléneKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaTaMgGs;nwgRtUvraMgsÞH. enAkm<úCabBaðaeynD½rKWCabBaða
Biess edayRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlCaeKaledArYmeTAkñúgRKb;eKaledAepSgeTotTaMgGs;. elxaFikardæan
eynD½rcaM)ac;RtUvmanTMnak;TMngCamYyGKÁelxaFikardæan K>C>G>T tampøÚvkar nig eRkApøÚvkar nig skmµPaB
G>s>KenARKb;kMritTaMgGs;énRbB½n§Gb;rM nig skmµPaBEdlepþateTAelIshKmn_EdlTak;TgCamYy
karGb;rMmnusSeBjv½y nig Gb;rMeRkARbB½n§ .
bEnßmelIIÉksarplb:HBal; nig lT§plénkmµviFIGb;rMeynD½rTaMgGs;karRbQmmuxbEnßm KW
eronsURtBIbTBiesaFEdlsMerc)anya:glM)ak rYccgRkgCaÉksarkargarman[lkçN³l¥RbesIr nig
40
)a:n;sµantémø ehIyBRgIkkmµviFI[)anxøaMgkøaRKb;tMbn;TaMgGs;kñúgRbeTsEdlenAEtmanKmøateynD½r.
RbkarenHCakarlM)ak eRBaHfakEnøgTaMgenHnwgRtUvkarsm,TanBiesskñúgkarcUleron edIm,IbNþúHbNþalCa
RKUbeRgón karelIkTwkcitþBiesskñúgTMrg;CaGaharUbkrN_ nig R)ak;]btßmÖsMrab;kumarI Edl)ancUlsikSa nig
karpþl;smÖarrUbv½nþ kmµviFI nig KMrUGnþrkmµEdleqøIytbnwgeynD½renARKb;sala nig mCÄmNÐlsikSa .
3>3>1>4 yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþeKalkarN_Gnþrvis½y
eKalkarN_cMruH
eKaledAsmFm’eynD½r CabBaðarYmEdlnwgRtUv)andMeNIrkarCaelIkdMbUg dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgBI
mun. enAeBlEdlmankmµviFIdac;edayELk edIm,IelIkkMBs;KmøateynD½renAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rMTaMgeRkA nig kñúg
RbB½n§¬dUcCaGaharUbkrN_ nig kmµviFIelIkTwkcitþBiess¦ kmµviFITaMgenHBak;B½n§nwgkarb®Ba¢abcUlkñúgmux
sBaØaTaMgGs;RBm²Kña. ]TahrN_ tYnaTIrbs;®sIþEdlCaKMrUminmanenAbzmsikSadac;Rsyal KWman\T§iBl
xøaMgNas; edaysarEttémøcMNayelIkarGb;rMenAmFümsikSax<s;EdlkarcMNayEbbenH GacmanlT§PaB
EtenAkñúgmCÄmNÐlTIRkug nigBak;kNþalTIRkugrYmnwgkkþavb,Fm’sgÁm EdlCaehtubNþal[GRtae)aHbg;
karsikSarbs;kumarIenAfñak;cugeRkayénbzmsikSamankMritx<s; . eKalviFIrYm EdlnwgbMerIeKaledAsmFm’
eynD½r mandUcCakmµviFIGaharUbkrN_sMrab;CYyelIkarcMNaypÞal;elItémøGb;rMx<s; karvinieyaKelIehdæa
rcnasm<½n§ edIm,IelIkkMBs;lT§PaBcUleronenAmFümsikSaenAtMbn;dac;Rsyal nig tRmUvkarcUleronenA
salabNþúHbNþalRKUsMrab;sisSRsI Edlrs;enAtMbn;dac;RsyalsMedAbegáIncMnYnRKURsI[)ankan;EteRcIn
enAtMbn;TaMgenaH.
yuT§sa®sþdac;edayELkkñúgkarelIkkMBs;smFm’eynD½r
edIm,IelIkkMBs;smFm’eynD½rkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñaeday
shkarCamYy®kumkargareynD½rrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa naykdæanBak;B½n§ nwgGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþ
xageRkamenH ÷
T kmµviFIelIkTwkcitþtamkMriténPaBRkIRk edIm,IkarBarGRtae)aHbg;karsikSakñúgcMeNamkumarI
T karksagsmtßPaBtamsßab½n edIm,IbegáIntMNagCa®sþIenAkMritRKb;RKgkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM
T karBinitüeLIgvijnUvEpnkartamnaykdæanRbcaMqñaMedIm,IFana[mankarb®Ba¢abbBaðaBak;B½n§ nwg
eynD½r
T karEjkTinñn½ytamePTenARKb;kMritTaMgGs;
T karKaMRTkarbNþúHbNþalelIkaryl;dwgeynD½r EdlBak;B½n§CamYyskmµPaBbnþkñúgcMeNam
shKmn_ nig GñkBak;B½n§raCrdæaPi)al .
41
3>3>2 karGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc ³ kargareRkABImetþyüsikSa

visalPaBénkmµviFI nig yuT§sa®sþkmµviFIGPivDÆn_ nig KaMBarkumartUcnwg®tUv)anksageTAtameKal
karN_GnþrRksYg EdleFVIeTAtamGnuKN³kmµkarGPivDÆkumartUcén®kumRbwkSaCatikm<úCasMrab;kumar. Epn
karyuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_ nig KaMBarkumartUcnwgeFVIeTAtamEpnkarcm,génkarGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUcEdl
erobcMeLIgedayraCrdæaPi)alenAqñaM 2001 .
3>3>2>2 eKalbMNg nig eKaledAkmµviFIGPivDÆn_ nig KaMBarkumartUc
xageRkamenHCaesckþIsegçbeKaledAsMxan;²énKMnitpþÜcepþImelIkarGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc
Edl®tUv)ansRmbsRmYledayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa edayGnuelameTAtamRkbx½NÐRkugdaka ³
1> BRgIk nig EklMGkarGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUc[)anTUlMTUlay nigkarGb;rMBiesssMrab;kumarEdl
gayTTYlrgeRKaH nig RkxSt; .
6> EklMGelIRKb;TidæPaBénKuNPaBGb;rM nig Fana)annUvKuNPaBRbesIrbMputRKb;Epñk edIm,I[mnusS
RKb;rUb deNþIm)annUvlT§pleronsURtmankMritvas;)an nig mankarTTYlsÁal; CaBiessEpñkGkSr
sa®sþ elxnBVnþ nig CMnajcaM)ac;sMrab;ciBa©wmCIvit .
eKaledABak;B½n§EdlbMeBj[eKaledAsMxan;enHrYmman ³
T elIkkMBs;karGPivDÆ karlUtlas; nig karrs;ranmanCIvitrbs;kumarkm<úCaTaMgGs; ¬Ca]TahrN_
kat;bnßyGRtasøab;kñúgcMeNamkumarGayueRkam5qñaM BI125nak;enAkñúgqñaM 2000 [cuHeTAdl;
56nak; kñúgcMeNamkumar1 000 nak; enAqñaM2015 . cMeBaHBt’manbEnßm sUmemIleKaledA
GPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ Edl)ansegçbenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 2 .
T begáInkarcUlrYmrbs;kumarkm<úCaTaMgGs;enAkñúgkmµviFIsuxPaBshKmn_ GaharUbtßmÖ karGPivDÆ
nig karGb;rMkumarRbkbedayKuNPaB taMgBIcab;kMeNItrhUtdl;eBlcUlsikSa .
T begáInPaBeRtómCaeRscrbs;kumarkm<úCa[cUlsikSaenAGayu 6 qñaM .
42
3>3>2>3 eKalkarN_KnøwH
yuT§sa®sþ nig kmµviFIkarGb;rM KaMBarkumartUc karGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUcnwgRtUvENnaM
edayeKalneya)ay nig eKalkarN_yuT§sa®sþKnøwHmYycMnYnEdlsegçbenAkñúgRbGb;xageRkam .
karGPi v DÆ ni g KaM B arku m artU c ³ eKalkarN_ K nø w H
X témøTab ³ kmµviFI GPi>K>k>t RbkbedayKuNPaBx<s;minGaRs½yelIsmÖar b¤ ]bkrN_Rbdab;Rbda
ekµgelgEdlmantémøéføeT sMxan;KWelIkareRbIR)as;[eRcInnUvvtßúEdlmanenAkñúgmUldæan nig
GnþrkmµEdlTak;TgCamYyCIvPaBRbcaMéf¶ .
X karrYmbBa©Úl ³ karGb;rMEdleKrab;bBa©ÚlKWCakarGb;rMEdlepþImeLIgkñúgshKmn_mUldæanénkumar.
RKb;kmµviFITaMgGs;EdldMeNIrkareTAtameKalkarN_nwgRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGs;edayKµankmµviFINa
mYyelIkElgenaHeT .
X kareRtómCaeRsc ³ v½yTark nig v½ykumarPaBKWCaGMLúgeBlsMxan;sMrab;karGPivDÆRbB½n§srés
RbsaT RkeBjRbB½n§RbsaT RbB½n§PaBsuaMsrésrRbsaT nig CaGMLúgeBlsMrab;karGPivDÆPasa nig
PaBQøasév .
X RbsiT§PaB ³ kmµviFItamshKmn_®tUvkar»kas[)ankan;EteRcInsMrab;eFVIGnþrkmµrvag mnusSeBj
v½yCamYykumar nig kumarCamYykumar . dUcenHehIypleFobGñkKaMBarkumar nig TMhMRkumKYrEttUc
edIm,IeFVI[tRmUvkarkan;Ettic ehIygayRsYlkñúgkarerobcM nig RKb;RKg.
X smFm’ ³ FnFanEdl)ankMNt;FanafakumarTaMgGs;KW :eRtómxøÜnrYcral;kñúgkareronsURt : mann½y
faenAeBlcUlsalaeronFnFanepSg²RtUv)anpþl;dl;kumar nig RKYsarEdlmanlT§PaBtictYckñúg
karbg;éføsalaeronnwgTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_eRcInBIkmµviFIeRtómenH.
X karb®Ba¢ab ³ RBMEdnrbs;RksYg nig sßab½nnanamin)anbgáCa]bsKÁdl;kartamdanBinitüelIkar
RKb;RKg nig kmµviFItamshKmn_eLIy. karbBa©ÚlkartamdanBinitükumar [)aneTogTat;GacCYy[
manTMnak;TMngrvagkarRKb;RKg nig karGnuvtþtamEbbRbéBNI enAkñúgkarb®Ba¢bcUlesvakmµ nig
kmµviFInana .
43
3>3>2>4 bBaða nig karRbQmmux

ÉksarfµIenHmin)anviPaKsßanPaBlMGitBItRmUvkarGPivDÆn_ nig KaMBarkumartUcenAkm<úCa . karviPaK
EbbenHGacrkeXIjenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 1 EdlP©ab;mkCamYyÉksarenH . RbkarenHbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;las;
fa enAeBlEdl®sþIbBa©b;karGb;rMkMritx<s;BYkeKEsVgrkkargarenAtamshKmn_eKpÞal; ehIy®sþIxøHeTotcab;
GarmµN_nwgkargarEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkumaredayykkargarenHeFVICaGaCIB b¤ Bak;kNþalGaCIB EdlnaM[
cMNUlesdækic©RKYsarkan;EtekIneLIgCalMdab; . karBRgIkkmµviFI GPi>K>k>t KWCacMNuccenøaHRbehagenA
kñúgGaTiPaBénkarvinieyaKfñak;Cati nig CaskþanuBld¾sMxan; kñúgkarrkkargareFVIbnÞab;BIbBa©b;karsikSaenA
kñúgPUmisikSanImYy² . RbeTskm<úCamaneKalbMNgerobcMkmµviFI GPi>K>k>t RbkbedayKuNPaB RBmTaMg
bgálkçN³gayRsYl[mataGacbMeBjkargar)ankan;EtRbesIreLIg .
kareqøIytbCacm,gcMeBaHtRmUvkarkarGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUctamEbbRbéBNIKWeFVIeLIg tam
ry³pþl;karGb;rMmetþyüsikSapøÚvkarEdlTMhMmankMNt; nig tMrg;eq<aHeTAelIRkumCnEdlmanCIvPaBFUrFar
enATI®kug :ÉkCnPavUbInykmµ :. kmµviFIKaMBarkumartUcKWCadMeNaHRsayry³eBlEvg sMrab;RKYsarmYycMnYn
EdllT§PaBsMrab;karcMNaymankMNt; . enAeBlxagmuxenH kmµviFIKaMRTshKmn_kñúgkarb®Ba¢abkar
KaMBarkumar nig »kasGb;rMkumartUcRbkbedayKuNPaBKWsMrab;kumarBIRKYsarRkIRknwgRtUvpÁt;pÁg; eday
mUlniFisaFarN³ .
eKalneya)ayrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa min)anRbemIlemIlBIkarBRgIkbEnßm cMeBaHkar
Gb;rMenAbzmsikSaEdlman 6 qñaM edaybBa©ÚlkarGb;rMfñak;eRtómsMrab;kumarGayu 5 qñaM eLIy . eKal
neya)aybc©úb,nñrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa RtUveFVIeLIg edIm,IrkdMeNaHRsayCamYyshKmn_ nig
epþateTAelI®KYsarnImYy²EdlTak;TgCamYykumarGayueRkam 6 qñaM edaypÁt;pÁg;mUlniFisaFarN³sMrab;
GPi>K>k>t EdlepþateTAelIPaBRkIRkrbs;shKmn_EdlCYbkarlM)ak .
kmµviFI GPi>K>k>t nwgvivtþCamYykarrYmcMENkTTYlxusRtUvBIshKmn_ GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al Gñk
pþl;CMnYyÉkCn nig GnþrRksYg. elIsBIenHeTAeTot yuT§sa®sþshKmn_ EbbbTmUlniFi nig karbegáIn
smtßPaBshKmn_fIµnwgvivtþeLIgdUcCakmµviFI nig esvasMrab;karBRgIkkarKaMBarkumartUc . Epnkar k>K>v>G
)a:n;RbmaNkMeNInEdleRKagTukminEmnCasaFarN³ ¬Ca]TahrN_ karKaMRTBIshKmn_ karKaMRTBIGgÁkar
eRkArdæaPi)al ÉkCn ¦ kñúgkarrYmcMENkGnuvtþkmµviFIkumarEdlmanGayuBI 3 eTA 5 qñaM .
fvikasaFarN³rbs;kmµviFI GPi>K>k>t nwgdak;;sMrab;EtkarBRgIklT§PaBCamYykmµviFIRbkbeday
KuNPaBsMrab;kumarRKYsarRkIRkbMputb:ueNÑaH pÞúyRsLHBIKMeragfvikaénfñak;metþyüsikSaenAkñúgtMbn;TI®kug
EdlFUrFar. karTUTat;fvikacMNayrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa BitCakan;EtekIneLIg dUcCaEpñkfvika
saFarN³sMrab;dMeNIrkarkmµviFImetþyüsikSaenAkñúgshKmn_ nig kMeNInkmµviFIRKYsarEdleFVI[mankar
cMNaykan;EteRcIn .
44
karRbQmmuxsMrab;karGb;rMmetþyüsikSaKWTajykplRbeyaCn_BIfvika k>K>v>G mYycMnYnkñúgkar

GPivDÆ sakl,gvaytémø nig BRgIkkmµviFIKaMBar Gb;rM nig GPivDÆn_kumartUctamshKmn_ Edlmantémø
efak[kan;EtTUlMTUlay nig ykcitþTukdak;elIGnþrEpñkCagkarGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUc EdlepþateTAelI
kumarmkBIRKYsarRkIRk . bBaðaenHCakarRbQmmuxedaysarBuMmanGñkpþl;CMnYyEdlmanbTBiesaFehdæa
rcnasm<½n§ nig KMrUl¥²edIm,I[shKmn_mankarGPivDÆ .
edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgkarRbQmkmµviFIKaMBarenAtammUldæan shKmn_nwgTamTarCMnYyCayuT§sa®sþ
kñúgkarGnuvtþ RKb;RKg EfrkSa nig sresrCaÉksarkmµviFI GPi>K>k>t tamshKmn_ edayepþateTAelI
RKYsar nig mantémøefakkñúgkarb®Ba¢absmasPaKGb;rM cMNIGahar nig suxPaB sMrab;kumarTaMgGs; .
BitR)akdNas; tYnaTIsMxan;EdlRtUv)anGnuvtþedayGnuKN³kmµkarsþIBIkarGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUcrbs;
RkumRbwkSaCatikm<úCasMrab;kumarTamTarkarKaMRTbnþnUvCMnYybec©keTs karsRmbsRmYl nig eFVIEpnkarkmµ
kMritmUldæanBIRksYgBak;B½n§ nig kic©RBmeRBógTak;Tgnwgfvika karsRmbsRmYl karRKb;RKg nig sþg;da .
3>3>2>5 yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþ
TisedAyuT§sa®sþmYycMnYnekItmkBIkarviPaKsßanPaBEpñkGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUc . yuT§sa®sþ
KnøwHmYycMnYnEdlBak;B½n§ rYmTaMgtRmUvkarkñúgkarpøas;bþÚrTisedAtUcceg¥ótenAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rMmetþyüsikSa
[eTACakarrYmbBa©ÚlkumarTaMgGs; edIm,I[BYkeKEsVgyl;BITsSnTantaMgBIv½ydMbUg rhUtdl;v½ycUlsala
eron . edIm,Ipøas;karGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUcenAkñúgTisedAenHcaM)ac;RtUvEtmaneKalneya)ay nig Rkb
x½NÐRbtibtþi EdlENnaMkarGPivDÆkmµviFIsmÖarrUbv½nþ kmµviFItamRKYsar nig tamshKn_ edaybBa©ÚlTidæPaB
Gb;rM cMNIGahar nig suxPaB. kmµviFIEbbenHnwgTamTarkareFVIEpnkarkmµedayykcitþTukdak;kñúgkarksag
smtßPaB nig »kasCaGñkKaMBarkumartUc sMrab;Gñksµ½RKcitþ nig GñkeFVIkargarGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUc .
kmµviFIlMGiténkarGb;rM¼karGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUcnwgRtUv)ankMNt;eLIg EdlCaEpñkmYyénkar
vivtþEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAqñaM 2003 nig qñaMxagmux . karvivtþenHsgÇwmfa kmµviFI GPi>K>k>t nig
G>K>k>t nwgeRbIbNþajmetþyüsalaEdlmanRsab; nig enAeBlqab;²enHnwgmankmµviFItamshKmn_ nig
RKYsar . yuT§viFITaMgenHnwgGnuvtþedayykbTBiesaF nig emeronEdl)aneronBIkmµviFImetþyüsikSa nig
kmµviFIsakl,grbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)almYycMnYnsMrab;karBRgIkyuT§viFI[kumarelgCaRkum edayman
karcUlrYmd¾eBjelj BIbuKÁliksµ½RKcitþrbs;kmµviFI GPi>K>k>t «Bukmþay nig buKÁlikenAtamshKmn_kñúg
kareFVIEpnkarkmµ nig karGnuvtþEpnkar . RsbnwgyuT§sa®sþrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkñúgkarerobcMeKal
neya)ayvimCÄkar naykdæanGb;rMkumartUcnwgmantYnaTICakatalIkr b:uEnþminGnuvtþkmµviFIenHedaypÞal;
eLIy . RbkarenHRtUv)anrMBwgfa tYnaTIrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa nig epþateTAelIkarGPivDÆkmµviFI
sikSa smÖar]beTs karGPivDÆbuKÁlik nig karFanaKuNPaBGb;rM . eKsgÇwmfa kmµviFIGb;rM KaMBar kumartUc
nwgRtUvkMNt;eLIgenAcug qñaM 2003 .
45
kmµviFIGPi>K>k>tRKbdNþb;elIkumartUcGayueRkam6qñaM ehIysgÇwmfaEpnkareKalrbs;GPi>K>k>t
nwgRtUv)anerobcMeLIgenAqñaM 2003 . kmµviFIenHnwgekþabtaMgBIkarGb;rM suxPaB GaharUbtßmÖ nig kmµviFI
suxPaBBak;B½n§ RBmTaMgkMNt;tYnaTId¾manskþanuBlénRksYgepSg² GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig shKmn_kñúg
karRKb;RKg nig hirBaØb,TansMrab;kmµviFI GPi>K>k>t EdlRtUvENnaMedayeKalkarN_xagelI .
kmµviFI GPi>K>k>t nwgRtUvkMNt;BItRmUvkarksagsmtßPaBenARKb;lMdab;fñak;pgEdr . enAfñak;
kNþalkarksagsmtßPaBrYmman ³
k/ karerobcM nig karGPivDÆkmµviFIsikSa nig smÖar]beTssMrab;kmµviFIenAtamshKmn_
x/ karbNþúHbNþalGñksRmbsRmYlenAkñúgshKmn_EdlGacCYyshKmn_ edIm,IGPivDÆ nig
GnuvtþkmµviFIEdlmantémøTabsMrab;RKYsar nig kumar .
enAtamfñak;extþ nig fñak;XuM tRmUvkarksagsmtßPaBmandUcCa ³
k/ karbNþúHbNþalRKUmetþyüsikSa Gñksµ½RKcitþshKmn_ nig GñksRmbsRmYlkmµviFIGPivDÆn_
kumartUccMruH
x/ karbNþúHbNþal nig KaMRTGñksRmbsRmYlenAtamshKmn_
K/ kareRCIserIs karcab;epþImbNþúHbNþal karKaMRT nig karbNþúHbNþalCMnYykarKaMBarkumarenA
tamshKmn_EdlRKb;RKgskmµPaBRbcaMéf¶ nig EfrkSaRkumtUc²enAkñúgshKmn_ .
edayFnFanCati shKmn_ nig FnFanRKYsarmankMNt; kargarenHcaM)ac;CMruj[mankarRTRTg;
kmµviFItamshKmn_ Edlmantémøefak eRbIeBlsmRsb CYyCnEdleBjcitþnwgkargarKaMBarkumar nig
bMpuskumartamry³skmµPaBRbcaMéf¶edayepþatelIkarR)aRs½yTak;TgKña karelgrbs;kumar nig skmµ
PaBFmµtaenAkñúgRkumrbs;eK . kñúgxN³EdlCnv½yekµg)anbBa©b;karsikSaenAkñúgkMritfñak;x<s; b:uEnþeKcg;
enACYyshKmn_rbs;eK eBlenaHtRmUv[mankarbegáInekaslübEnßm EdlGacCMrujTwkcitþRBmTaMgcat;
TukfakargarEfTaMkumarCaGaCIBrbs;eK . karbNþúHbNþalCnv½yekµg edIm,IsRmbsRmYlkmµviFIenAtam
shKmn_ k¾CakartRmg;mnusS[køayCa«BukmþayKYrCaTITukcitþeTAGnaKt .
eKsgÇwmfaGaTiPaBkmµviFI GPi>K>k>t nwgRtUvbBa©ÚlcMNucmYycMnYnxageRkam ³
T karGPivDÆkartamdansuxPaB karrIkcMerIn nig karGPivDÆrbs;kumar
T karelIkeLIgBIKuNPaB nig karTTYlxusRtUvtamry³kartamdankumar
T kartamdanBinitüsßanPaBkumarkm<úCa
T RbB½n§tamdanBinitükumarenAtamshKmn_
46
T tYnaTIfµIsMrab;GñkGnuvtþkmµviFIGPivDÆn_ nig KaMBarkumartUc

T EfrkSaGtþsBaØaN nig vb,Fm’rbs;kumarCnCatiPaKtic
T karCMrujkarGPivDÆ karerobcMÉksar nig karpþl;hirBaØvtßúdl;kmµviFInanaenAtamshKmn__
T karKitKUrBIkarGb;rMbzmeTAdl;kmµviFI GPi>K>k>t enAtammUldæan .
skmµPaBCaGaTiPaBsMrab;GPi>K>k>t enAkñúgEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñasMrab;ry³eBlmFüm
eTAry³eBlEvgnwgRtUv)ankMNt;eLIgnUvGVIEdlRtUv)anelIkeLIgBItRmUvkarGPivDÆcm,gsMrab;[kumar
eRtómxøÜn edIm,IcUlsalaeron dUcCakumarEdlmanGayu 3-5 qñaM enAkñúgkmµviFInanatamshKmn_ karrs;
enA suxPaB karrIklUtlas; nig sßanPaBGPivDÆn_nanarbs;kumar edayERbkøayBIkaryl;dwg [eTACa
kareRtómlkçN³cUleronfñak;TI 1 Cak;Esþg .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgBicarNaeTAelIkarRsavRCav nig yuT§sa®sþedIm,IRTRTg;kmµviFI. raC
rdæaPi)al)anTTYlsÁal;fa karrs;enA karrIklUtlas; nig sßanPaBGPivDÆn_éntRmUvkarrbs;kumarkm<úCaRtUv
)anBinitüeLIgvijCaRbcaMedayEp¥kelImUldæanes‘rIénkarGegát nig sikSaRsavRCav . yuT§sa®sþ GPi>K>k>t
nwgBicarNaeTAelIBt’manEdlRbmUlBIshKmn_EdlCakEnøgmankarGnuvtþ kartamdanelIkumarya:g
eBjelj. karepþImKMnit nigkarRTRTg;énkarsikSaelIRkumGayunwgkøayCakarENnaMya:gsMxan;kñúgkarFana
fa plRbeyaCn_Edlmanry³eBlEvgénkarEklMG karKaMRT®sIþ nigkumarRtUv)ancgRkgCaÉksarTuk .
Ep¥kelIRbvtþierOgenH EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgeqøIytbeTAnwgkarRbQmmux edIm,I[)an
yl;BITMnak;TMngrvagkarKaMBarcm,g kareronsURt nig lT§plsuxPaB nig edIm,IBinitüBItémø nig pl
RbeyaCn_énsuxPaBEdlQaneTAdl;karEklMGGaharbMb:n nig karelIkkMBs;kumar . RbkarenHtRmUv[
mankarelIkeLIgBIeKalneya)ay nig Rkbx½NÐGnuvtþEdlkmµviFIb®Ba¢abBIbBaðasuxPaB GaharbMb:n nig
karGb;rMenAtamshKmn_ RKYsar nig salaeronEdlGacRtUvGPivDÆ nig KaMRT .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñarYmshkarBRgIkkmµviFIRbtibtþi nig kmµviFItamshKmn_EdlmaneKal
bMNgkñúgkarFana[kumarGayueRkam 6 qñaM cUlrYmenAkñúgkmµviFI ehIyEdlCasmasPaKsMxan;kñúgEpnkar
kmµkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa . kñúgxN³EdlkmµviFInanaRtUv)anpþl;fvikaCasaFarN³
sMrab;karBRgIk[)andl;RKYsarPaKeRcIn EdltRmUv[kUnrbs;RKYsarTaMgenH)anTTYlkarKaMBar edIm,ICMruj
[BYkeK)aneRtómxÜønsMrab;cUleron . GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig édKUGñkpþl;CMnYynwgmantYnaTIsMxan;kñúg
karGPivDÆyuT§viFIfµIEdlnwgeFVI[kumar)ancUlmetþyüsikSa edayminrMBwgelIFnFanfvikarbs;RksYgGb;rM
yuvCn nig kILaEdlmankarxVHxat .
enAkñúgry³eBlmFümeTAry³eBlEvg RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa nwgmantYnaTIsMxan; enAkñúgRKb;
kMriténRbB½n§Gb;rMTaMgGs;kñúgkarbNþúHbNþal karkMNt;sþg;dakarGPivDÆkmµviFIsikSa nirnþrPaBsmÖar
47
]beTsEdlmantémøTab nig kartamdanKuNPaBGb;rM . kmµviFIGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUcminRtwmEtCaEpñk

mYyEdltRmUv[mankarGPivDÆesovePAsikSa b¤ esckþIENnaM[)anek,aHk,ayenaHeT b:uEnþCaEpñkmYyEdl
CMruj[shKmn_nImYy²eRbIR)as;FnFan nig ynþkarpÞal;xøÜn edIm,ICMruj[kumar)ancUleron . karpøas;
bÚþryuT§sa®sþpøÚvkareTACaminpøÚvkarcaM)ac;RtUvvivDÆn_enAkñúgEpnkarry³eBlmFüm edayEp¥kelIyuT§viFIfµI
edIm,IerobcMRKb;RKg nig pþl;fvikaeTAtamkmµviFIEdl)anGPivDÆ tamdanRtYtBinitü nig )anEklMGenAkñúg
ry³eBlxøI .
3>3>3 karGb;rMmUldæankñúgRbB½n§
GaTiPaByuT§sa®sþsMxan;² kñúgkarFana[mankarcUleronenAkñúgkarGb;rMmUldæankan;EteRcIn nwgRtUv
bnþ edIm,Ikat;bnßykarcMNayrbs;«BukmþayedaycMeBaH nig mincMeBaH ¬Ca]bsKÁd¾FMcMeBaHsisSEdlmkBI
RKYsarRkIRk¦tamry³karbegáInR)ak;]btßmÖdl;RKUbeRgón . yuT§sa®sþenHRtUv)ankMNt;eLIg edIm,ICYylub
bM)at;tRmUvkarcMNayminpøÚvkarrbs;«BukmþayeTAelIRKUbeRgón . yuT§sa®sþBak;B½n§mYyeTotKWkarbegIán
fvikaRbtibtiþsala edIm,ITUTat;nUvtRmUvkarrbs;salaeronBI«BukmþaysisS ehIyyuT§sa®sþenHnwgRtUv)an
erobcMenAfñak;extþ nig enAtamsalaeron .
yuT§sa®sþTaMgenHnwgCYy[RKUbeRgón nig sisSmanvtþmanenAsalaCanic© nig EklMGGRtaeLIg
fñak; nig smÖarbeRgónenAkñúgkarGb;rMmUldæan EdlCaEpñkmYyénviFankarEklMGKuNPaBGb;rM . yuT§sa®sþ
mYyeTotnwgRtUvmanviFankar edIm,IEklMGRbsiT§PaBénkarBRgaybuKÁlik nig kareRbIR)as;smÖarrUbv½nþGb;rM
nig kareRbIR)as;FnFanmanRbsiT§PaBbMput .
GaTiPaByuT§sa®sþmYyeTotnwgRtUv)anelIkeLIgBIkmµviFIpþl;karelIkTwkcitþdl;kumarEdlmkBI
RKYsarRkIRk edIm,IFana[kumarTaMgenaHmanlT§PaBGaccUleronenAbzmsikSa mFümsikSa nig karbNþúH
bNþaleRkayeBlecjBIsalaeronRbkbedaysuvtißPaB . kmµviFITaMgenHnwgepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elI
karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk edaybBa©ÚlkarcUlrYmrbs;shKmn_enAtammUldæankñúgkareRCIserIs nig karRKb;
RKgsisS .
GaTiPaByuT§sa®sþsMrab;karEklMGKuNPaB nig RbsiT§PaBGb;rMmUldæannwgFananUvtulüPaBrvag
karcMNayelIR)ak;ebovtS nig minEmnebovtS[manRbsiT§PaB . EpnkaryuT§sa®sþvis½yGb;rMrMBwgfa PaK
eRcInénkmµviFIEklMGKuNPaB nig RbsiT§PaBGb;rMnwgRtUv)aneRKageLIgenAkñúgkareRKagfvikasMrab;kmµviFI .
GaTiPaByuT§sa®sþmYyeTotnwgmanviFankarksagsmtßPaB kñúgkarRKb;RKgesvaGb;rMEdl)aneFVI
vimCÄkar . yuT§sa®sþd¾sMxan;mYyeTotKWkarksagsmtßPaBRbB½n§RKb;RKg nig Epnkarkmµ rbs;raCrdæaPi
)al . viFankarnanaEdl)anelIkeLIgrYmman karTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarBieRKaHCamYy fñak;extþ Rsuk nig
RKwHsßansikSasMrab;kareFVIEpnkareRCIserIskmµviFIbNþúHbNþal nig smÖarbrikçar karRKb;RKgBt’man nig
48
karBRgwgRbB½n§tamdanRtYtBinitüfñak;kNþal nig fñak;extþ . viFankarTaMgenHnwgRtUvKaMRTedaykmµviFIenA

kñúgc,ab;fµI edIm,IEklMGkarFanaKuNPaBGb;rM nig kartamdanRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþrbs;RbB½n§TaMgmUl .
GaTiPaByuT§sa®sþcugeRkaynwgepþateTAelIkarcMNayfvika sMrab;karEklMGeKalneya)ay.
GaTiPaBCayuT§sa®sþsMxan;mYyeTotKWEklMGsmÖarrUbv½nþGb;rMEdlmanRsab; nig eRKagBRgIksalabzm
sikSa nig mFümsikSa . GaTiPaBmYycMnYneTotTak;TgeTAnwgkarvinieyaKTunenAkñúgkarEklMGKuNPaB
Gb;rM nigkarbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgón.
yuT§sa®sþhirBaØb,TanrYmKWkarsMercEbbbThirBaØb,Tan EdlnwgFanakarGnuvtþeKalneya)ay
TaMgGs;[)aneBjelj . EpnkaryuT§sa®sþGb;rM)anrMelc[eXIjfa karKaMRTrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy nig raC
rdæaPi)al tRmUv[mankarrYmpSMénkarKaMRTEpñkfvika karvinieyaKTun nig kmµviFIksagsmtßPaB . vtßúbMNg
enAkñúgEpñkmYyényuT§sa®sþenHnwgTTYlykkarKaMRTkarGb;rMRKb;rUbPaBTaMgGs;rbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy nig
GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al ¬dUcCaKMeragkmµviFI nig CMnYybec©keTs . l.¦ enAkñúgdMeNIrkarGnuvtþfvikarbs;
RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILaRbcaMéf¶ rYmTaMgkarpþl;niymn½y[)anc,as;elIEpñkNaEdlKYrEtRtUvpþl;fvika
dMeNIrkar .
yuT§viFIrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILaKWkareRbIR)as;kmµviFIrMkiléneKalneya)ay nig kmµviFI
EkTMrg; nig karføwgEføgnanaEdlBicarNaelIcMNucEdl)anrkeXIjenAeBleFVIkarBinitüeLIgvijelIkar
Gnuvtþvis½yGb;rMrbs;raCrdæaPi)al Gñkpþl;CMnYy nig GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al . dMeNIrkarBinitüeLIgvijenH
nwgvaytémøplb:HBal; nig RbsiT§PaBtémøényuT§sa®sþkmµviFIEdl)anelIkeLIgdUcxageRkam ³
3>3>3>2 eKaledA nig eKalbMNg
xageRkamenHCaesckþIsegçbeKaledAkarGb;rMmUldæan enAkñúgRkbx½NÐGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ³
2> Fanafa enAqñaM 2015 kumarTaMgGs; BiesskumarI kumarEdlsßitkñúgkal³eTs³lM)ak nig kumar
mkBIRkumCnCatiPaKtic)anTTYl nig bMeBjcb;nUvkatBVkic©Gb;rMbzmsikSa eday\tKitéfø nig
RbkbedayKuNPaB .
5> lubbM)at;KmøateynD½rkñúgbzmsikSa nig mFümsikSaenAqñaM2005 nigeFVI[)ansMercnUvsmPaB
eynD½rkñúgvis½yGb;rMenAqñaM2015 edayepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIkarFana[kumarI )anTTYl
lT§PaBcUleronedayeBjelj nig esIµPaB RBmTaMgsMerc)annUvkarGb;rMmUldæanRbkbeday
KuNPaB .
6> EklMGelIRKb;TidæPaBénKuNPaBGb;rM nig Fana)annUvKuNPaBRbesIrbMputRKb;EpñkedIm,I[mnusS
RKb;rUbdeNþIm)annUvlT§pleronsURtmankMritvas;)an nig mankarTTYlsÁal; CaBiess EpñkGkSr
sa®sþ elxnBVnþ nig CMnajcaM)ac;sMrab;ciBa©wmCIvit ¬bMNinCIvit ¦ .
49
vtßúbMNgTUeTABak;B½n§nwgeKaledATaMgenHsMrab;km<úCaman ³
T karcUlsikSarbs;kumarGayu 6 qñaM Caskl
T karcUlsikSa nig bBa©b;karsikSaenAbzmsikSa b¤ kMritsmmUlenAqñaM 2010
T karcUlsikSa nig bBa©b;karsikSaenAmFümsikSabzmPUmi b¤ kMritsmmUlenAqñaM 2010
T BRgwgRbsiT§PaBGb;rMenAsalakñúgRbB½n§
T karpþl;fvikarbs;raCrdæaPi)alRbkbedaynirnþrPaBdl;karGb;rMmUldæan
T karsMerc)annUvlT§plsikSaCaskl CaBiessGkçrkmµ karecHKitelxnBVnþ nig bMNinCIvit
caM)ac; .
sMrab;Bt’manlMGitBak;B½n§nwgeKaledAénbrimaNkñúgGMLúgqñaM2002-2015 . sUmemIl
tarag4>3 .
3>3>3>3 bBaða niig karRbQm
karcUleronCaskl nig bBa©b;karsikSaenAkMritGb;rMmUldæanedaymin)ac;bg;éfø nig Rbkbeday
KuNPaBKWCaGaTiPaBmYykñúgcMeNamGaTiPaBTaMgGs;sMrab;RbeTskm<úCa nig CaeKaledAEdlRtUvEtsMerc
[)anCageKaledAnanarbs; G>s>K . edIm,IsMerceKaledAenH karRbQmmuxEdlBak;B½n§nanaRtUvEtelIk
bgðajTaMgGs; . RKb;kumarEdlmanGayu 6 qñaM TaMgGs;tRmUv[mankarlUtlas;[)anl¥ edIm,IeRtómcUl
sikSa. kumarRtUvkar[manyuT§viFI nig smÖarsikSananaEdlsmRsbeTAnwgv½yrbs;BYkeK edIm,IFanafa
kumarTaMgenaHrIkraynwgeTAsalaeronmanbTBiesaF mankarGPivDÆ edIm,IQaneTAeronenAkMritfñak;bnÞab;
edaymin)ac;eronRtYtfñak; nig )aneLIgfñak;CaerogrhUtdl;eKbBa©b;karsikSaenAbzmsikSa .
karRbQmmuxmYyeTotKW Fana[kumarRKb;rUbmanlT§PaBbnþ nig bBa©b;mFümsikSabzmPUmi . bu:Enþ
enAeBlenHcMnYnkumarenAeRkAsalamancMnYneRcIn nig yuT§sa®sþCak;lak;nanaRtUv)anGnuvtþ edIm,I[karcUl
sikSa nig bBa©b;mFümsikSabzmPUmiTTYl)anlT§pll¥ .
ninñakarénkarRbmUlsisScUleron[)aneRcInkMBugEtmankarrIkcMerInQanhYsBIkarsµanenAbzm
sikSaEdlnwgRtUvkarFnFand¾eRcInEfmeTot . eTaHCaeyIgTTYl)anplfµI²k¾eday k¾smPaBénkarbBa©b;
mFümsikSabzmPUmirbs;kumarEdlmanGayueRkam15qñaM enAmankMritTab . enHKWCakarRbQmmuxmYy
EdlmanTMhMFMeFgebIRkeLkemIleTAcMnYnd¾FMeFgrbs;sisSEdl)aneronenAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM .
karBRgIkEpnkar k>K>v>G sMrab;karbeRgonfñak;KYbenAkñúgsalabzmsikSa TaMgsalaEdlminTan;
mankMritfñak;elIsBIfñak;TI 3 nig salaeronEdlmancMnYnsisSticenAkñúgkMritfñak;x<s;CageKenAsalabzm
50
sikSa nwgRtUvmanviFankar nig BRgIk[)anTUlMTUlayenAry³eBl 5qñaMeRkay b¤ qñaMbnþbnÞab; edIm,IFanafa

karpÁt;pÁg;RKUbeRgón karcaM)ac;[mankarbNþúHbNþalRKU nig karGPivDÆsmÖar]beTs karRTRTg;nana.
salaEdlbeRgonfñak;KYbcat;TukfaCayuT§saRsþry³eBlEvgmYysMrab;shKmn_mYycMnYntUc eday
dwgfa karbeRgónfñak;KYbenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcInFøab;)anGnuvtþCayUryarNas;mkehIy nig mankarvivDÆ
ya:gxøaMg .
karsMerccitþtameKalneya)ayEdlTak;TgeTAnwgTMhMfñak;eronnwgRtUv[mankMritsmRsb edIm,I[
sMerclT§plsikSa)anl¥ . k>K>v>G nwgeFVIkarBinitüeLIgvijCaerogral;qñaM edIm,IbBa©ÚlktþaEdl
kMNt;KuNPaBGb;rM dUcCasmtßPaBrbs;RKUbeRgón karRTRTg; nig karRtYtBinitüviC¢aCIv³ nig smÖarbeRgón
nig eronEdlGaceRbIR)as;)an TMhMfñak;eron nig ema:gbeRgón .
plTTYl)anRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nig karfycuHminRbRktIBIry³eBlxøIeTAmFümenAkñúgkareFVI
cMeNalkumarEdlenAkñúgv½ybzm nig mFümsikSabzmPUminwgeFIV[karcUlsikSaenAbzmsikSa bnÞab;
mkmFümsikSaTUTaMgRbeTsfycuHmYyry³ . karFøak;cuHénkarcUlsikSaenAkñúgry³eBlxøI Ca»kasBiess
mYy edIm,IFanafa bBaðaKuNPaBRtUv)anykcitþTukdak;ya:gTUlMTUlayenAkñúgdMeNIrkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvij
nUvTinñn½yRbcaMqñaM .
KuNPaBsalaeronKWCakarRbQmmuxd¾sMxan;mYy sMrab;karGb;rMmUldæanenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.
TMnak;TMngCIvit nig KuNPaBx<s;enAkñúgkarGb;rMmUldæanenAEtCaeKaledAsMrab;kumarkm<úCa. karGb;rMkñúg
RbB½n§edayeRbIfvikarbs;rdæKWCaCMerIsmYy edIm,I[)ansMerceKaledAenH . BitR)akdNas;fa enAkñúgqñaMbnþ
bnÞab;enHkumar nig RKYsarBYkeKnwgbgðaj[eXIjc,as;nUvKuNPaBénkarsikSarbs;BYkeKminEmnbgðajBI
fvikarbs;rdæ R)ak;kMcI rcnasm<½n§rdæ)al b¤ RbsiT§PaBeLIy . RbkarenHnwgsbBa¢ak;BIkarxitxMRbwgERbg
BinitüeLIgvijCaerogral;qñaM .
smasPaKEdlTak;TgeTAnwgKuNPaBGb;rMRtUvkarrYmbBa©ÚlTaMg ³
T karbnßyTMhMfñak;eron CaBiessenAkñúgkMritfñak;dMbUg eFVI[)anTabCagkMritmYyenAkñúgEpnkar
bc©úb,nñ nig eFVI[)anmunqñaM2010 RsbeBlCamYynwgkarTUTat;fvika edIm,IeFVI[mankarrIkcMerIn
enAkñúgkarcUlsikSa enAEpñkÉkCn ¬sBVéf¶ticCag 1°¦
T kat;bnßykarBwgEp¥kelIkarbeRgónBIrevnedIm,IFanafakumarRKb;rUbmanema:gsikSaCaGb,brma
875ema:gkñúgmYyqñaM ¬dUcCaRKb;salaTaMgGs;RtUvdMeNIrkar[)anya:gehacNas; 35 s)þah_ kñúg
mYyqñaM ehIykumarRtUveron 5 ema:gkñúgmYyéf¶ nig 5 éf¶kñúgmYys)þah_ ¦
51
T kareFVI[salaeronkan;EtCaTIemRtIrbs;sisS nig mankarTTYlxusRtUvEpñkeynD½r enAkñúg

smÖarrUbv½nþ viFIsa®sþbeRgón nig eron brisßansalaeron kareFVIEpnkar nig karRKb;RKgsalaeron
T begáInkareRbIR)as;»kasGb;rMbNþúHbNþalbEnßmenAkñúgkMrgsalaeron
T bnþkartamdanRtYtBinitüelIsmtßPaBsikSa Tak;TgeTAnwgkarbMb:nCaRbcaM
T begáInkarbNþúHbNþalRKU edIm,ICMruj[RKU]eTÞseRbIR)as;viFIsaRsþbeRgóneTAkñúgkarbeRgónrbs;
xøÜnEdlmanbMNgcg;[KrusisSGacGnuvtþviFIsa®sþTaMgenHenAeBlkøayeTACaRKUbeRgón
T karRtYtBinitükargarGb;rM[)aneTogTat; ¬mCÄnþikPaBsþg;da¦ enARtg;cMNucKnøwHnanaenAkñúg
RbB½n§Gb;rM
T BRgwgkargarGFikarkic© nig pþl;fvika[)anRKb;RKan;sMrab;karcuHGFikarkic©salaeron edIm,I
Fanafa RKUbeRgónTaMgGs; rYmTaMgRKUEdleFVIkarenAkñúgsßanPaBlM)ak nig ÉekamankarGPivDÆkñúg
karbeRgón
T BRgwgbTBiesaFGnuvtþkMrgsalaeronenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCateTAeTot edIm,IFanafaRKUbeRgón TaMg
Gs;)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIkarpøas;bþÚreyabl; nig GnþrTMnak;TMngrvagsalanImYy²
T bnþkarBRgIkkmµviFIpþl;GaharsMrn;eBlRBwk Edlbc©úb,nñKaMRTedaykmµviFIes,ógGaharBiPB
elak CamYykartamdanBinitü nig KaMRTCabec©keTsBIRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa nig édKUGgÁkar
eRkArdæaPi)al
T eFVIkarviPaKCabnþelITinñn½yrbs; b>B>K>G nig Tinñn½yfvikaenARKb;kMritTaMgGs;kñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM
edIm,IFananUvkarBRgayRKU nig karpþl;fvika[)anTan;eBlevla nig begáInnUvPaBTn;Pøn;sMrab;
karvinicä½yenAmUldæaneRkamneya)ayvimCÄkar .
3>3>3>4 yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþ ³ karEklMGRbsiT§PaB nig karcUleron
yuT§sa®sþkat;bnßykarcMNayrbs;«BukmþaysisS nig karBRgwgc,ab;nanaenAkñúgkarGb;rMmUldæan
RsbCamYyesvapþl;fvikadl;karGb;rMeRkaykarGb;rMmUldæan
yuT§sa®sþEklMGRbsiT§PaBépÞkñúgkargarGb;rMenARKb;kMritCamYynwgGaTiPaBEklMGkMrit fñak;TI 1
T
dl; TI 6
TkarEklMGkarGPivDÆsmÖarrUbv½nþenAkñúgvis½yGb;rM edayepþateTAelIkarFanakarbBa©b; fñak;TI 1
dl;TI 6 nig BRgIkkarpþl;karGb;rMfñak;TI 7 dl; TI 9 enAkñúgtMbn;EdlBMusUvmankarykcitþTukdak; .
52
yuT§sa®sþ nigeKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;kat;bnßykarcMNayrbs;«Bukmþay nigkarGnuvtþc,ab; ³

T kat;bnßykarcMNayelIR)ak;viPaKTanrbs;«BukmþayelIkarsikSaenAkMritGb;rMmUldæan tam
ry³karlubbM)at;karbg;éføsala nig karpþl;fvikadMeNIrkarsalaeronedayraCrdæaPi)al
T begáItc,ab;sMrab;karRbmUl nig karKNnaR)ak;viPaKTanrbs;«BukmþayelIkarGb;rM nig bNþúH
bNþalRbkbedaytmøaPaBtamry³viFankarnanaEdlFanafa BMumansisSNamñak;RtUv)anTukecal
edayBMumanlT§PaBbg;éføsalaeronenaHeT
T pþl;kar]btßmÖ b¤ GaharUbkrN_dl;kumarEdlRkIRk sMrab;karcUleronenAkñúgkMritfñak;TI 4 dl; TI 9
nig kmµviFIsmahrNkmµkñúgRbB½n§enAfñak;TI 4 dl; TI 6
T CMruj[mankar]btßmÖ nig GaharUbkrN_dl;nisiStenAkñúgsalaKruekaslüCamYynwgkarbegáIn
cMnYnebkçCn EdlmansmtßPaBRbLgCab;fñak;TI 9 nig fñak;TI 12
yuT§sa®sþ nig eKaledAsMxan;² sMrab;karEklMGRbsiT§PaBépÞkñúg ³
T begáInkareRbIR)as;smÖar]beTskñúgtMbn; rYmTaMgkareRbIR)as;ehdæarcnasm<½n§EdlmanenAeRkA
sala ¬dUcCavtþGaram¦ edIm,IbegáInsmtßPaB nig lT§PaBdl;sisSfµI
T begáInGRtaeLIgfñak; cab;BIfñak;TI1 dl;TI 6 nig GRtaqøgPUmisikSaBITI 6 eTATI 7 tamry³karebIk
fñak;bMb:nenAkMritfñak;TI 1 dl;TI 6. BRgwgviFankarFana edIm,I[sisS nig RKUmanvtþmaneRcIn ehIy
kñúgkalviPaKsikSaRbcaMqñaMmanlkçN³Tn;Pøn; .
T kat;bnßyGRtae)aHbg;cab;BIfñak;TI 1 dl;TI 9 tamry³karpþl;GaharUbkrN_dl;sisSRkIRk nig
tamyuT§sa®sþpþl;karelIkTwkcitþbEnßm¬kmµviFIpþl;GaharUbtßmÖtamsalaeron nig karEfTaM
suxPaBsisS edayrYmCamYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig GñkcUlrYmdéTeTot¦ .
T EklMGeLIgvijnUvc,ab;énkarcUleronfñak;TI1 nig begáIn»kasdl;sisSEdl)ane)aHbg;karsikSa
[cUleronfñak;TI 4 dl;fñak;TI 6 tamry³karbegáItfñak;eRtómsMrab;cUleronfñak;TI 1 TUTaMgRbeTs
nig karBRgIkkmµviFIsmahrNkmµ.
yuT§sa®sþ nig eKaledACaGaTiPaBsMxan;²enAkñúgEpnkarry³eBlmFümsMrab;BRgIkédKUrdænig
ÉkCn ³
T erobcMEpnkaryuT§sa®sþ nig eKalneya)ayrYmsMrab;PaBCaédKUrdæ nig ÉkCnenAkñúgkmµviFIGb;rM
nana rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarGb;rMKaMBarkumartUc nig karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§.
53
T CMrujkarcUlrYmBIÉkCnenARKb;kMritTaMgGs; edayerobcM[manc,ab;bTdæan[)anc,as;las;
edIm,IFanaKuNPaBGb;rM.
T bgálkçN³kñúgkarbþÚrRKwHsßansikSarbs;sisS nisiSt tamry³karerobcMbþÚreRkDIt nig karTTYl
sÁal;CapøÚvkarrvagÉkCn nig rdæ .
yuT§sa®sþ nig eKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;karGPiDÆn_smÖarrUbv½nþGb;rM
T pþl;bnÞb;eronbEnßmdl;salaeronEdlbeRgónfñak;KYb nig salaeronmanminRKb;kMritfñak;TI1 dl;
TI6 enAtamPUmi nig XMudac;Rsyal.
T pþl;bnÞb;eron nig bnÞb;EdlGaceRbIR)as;)anRKb;tRmUvkarbEnßmdl;shKmn_ nig kMrgsalaeron
EdlBMumanfñak;TI 7 nig TI 9.
T pþl;bnÞb;eronbEnßmdl;salaEdlmansisSkkkujBIkMritfñak;TI 1 dl; TI 6 fñak;TI 7 dl; TI 9 .
3>3>3>5 yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþ ³ karBak;B½n§ nig karEklMGKuNPaBGb;rM

karEkTMrg;rYmbBa©ÚlyuT§sa®sþsMxan;TaMg 6 edIm,IFanakarEklMG nig BRgwgKuNPaB nig RbsiT§PaB
Gb;rMRtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam ³
T karEklMGRbsiT§PaBesvaGb;rM nig karEklMGPaBécñRbDit
T Epnkar nig karRKb;RKgkarGnuvtþRbB½n§vimCÄkarenAtamsalaeron nig RKwHsßansikSa
T karpþl;smÖarbeRgónRbkbedaynirnþrPaB
T Epnkar nig karRKb;RKgkarGPivDÆRbB½n§vimCÄkarRKUbeRgón
T EklMGkmµviFIsikSa[eqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkarRbcaMéf¶ ¬Ca]TahrN_ bMNinCIvit¦
T KaMRTelIkarGnuvtþGb;rMRbkbedayPaBécñRbDit ¬Ca]TahrN_ salaeronkumaremRtI¦.
yuT§sa®sþenH)anTTYlsÁal;fa karEklMGKuNPaBGb;rMtRmUv[mankarykcitþTukdak;elIkmµviFI nig
yuT§sa®sþBRgaybuKÁlikGb;rM . kmµviFIenHRtUvEp¥keTAelIkarsnµtfa karEklMGsþg;da kartamdanRtYt
Binitü karbBa¢ÚnBt’manelIsþg;daTaMgenHGacEklMGkarTTYYlxusRtUv nig BRgwgtRmUvkarBI«BukmþaysMrab;
RbsiT§PaB nig karTak;TgkargarGb;rM . CacugeRkayyuT§sa®sþenHRtUvEtbBa¢ak;[kan;EtTUlMTUlayTak;
Tgnwg :RbsiT§PaBGb;rM : nig karKaMRTelIkarpøas;bþÚrkarGnuvtþ tamfñak;eron nig brisßansalakumaremRtIRtUv
EtCasmasPaKd¾sMxan;énkarpþÜcepþImKMnitKuNPaBTaMgGs; .
54
yuT§sa®sþ nig eKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;EklMGRbsiT§PaBesvaGb;rM nig PaBécñRbDit ³

T bnþkarBieRKaHeyabl;CamYynwgkmµviFICatisMrab;kMENTMrg;rdæ)aledIm,IFanaBItRmUvkarbuKÁlikenA
kñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM edaykarBRgIkcMnYnbuKÁlik)aneqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkar ehIyeKalneya)ay nig
EpnkartemøIgR)ak;ebovtSdl;buKÁlikRtUvRsbCamYynwgeKalneya)ayEkTMrg;rbs;raCrdæaPi)al
T RbsiT§PaBGb;rMEdl)anEklMGenAkñúgEpnkar nig karBRgaybuKÁlikbeRgón minbeRgón enAkñúg
salabzmsikSa nig mFümsikSatamry³ ¬1¦ raCrdæaPi)al)anyl;RBmelIbTdæanbEnßmbuKÁlik
RsbtampleFobsisSRKU nig pleFobfñak;RKU ¬2¦ esckþIENnaMkareRCIserIsbuKÁlikCMnajsMrab;
salaeron ¬3¦ karBRgwgynþkarGnuvtþbTdæannana .
T karERbkøaybuKÁlikEdlminbeRgón[eTACabuKÁlikbeRgóntamfñak;edaypþl;karelIkTwkcitþ
epSg²eTot .
T BRgaybuKÁlikEdlminbeRgón nig beRgónenAsalaeronEdlmanbuKÁlikelIs[eTAbMerIkarenA
salaNaEdlCYbRbTHbBaðaxVHbuKÁlikedayEp¥kelIesckþIENnaMsþIBIkarBRgaybuKÁlik .
T begáInR)ak;]btßmÖdl;GñkRKb;RKgGb;rM RKU]eTÞs nig buKÁlikbeRgón tamry³kardMeLIgR)ak;
ebovtSm®nþIraCkar nig begáInR)ak;]btßmÖeTAelIKruekaslü .
T pþl;karelIkTwkcitþelIkarGnuvtþkargarrbs;GñkRKb;RKgGb;rM nig RKUbeRgón CaBiessdl;Gñk
EdlmansñaédEdl)anpþl;RbsiT§PaBGb;rMx<s; .
T BRgwgkarvaytémøkarGnuvtþc,ab; nig Parkic©tamsþg;daGb,brma nig bnÞúkkargarrbs;buKÁlik
RsbCamYynwgkarGPivDÆynþkarelIkTwkcitþEdl)anEklMG .
T karerobcMRkbx½NÐyuT§sa®sþsMrab;Rkbx½NÐkargardl;GñkRKb;RKgGb;rM nig RKUbeRgón ¬sßan
PaBGb;rM¦ CamUldæansMrab;tRmUvkar¼karpÁt;pÁg;buKÁlikkarbNþúHbNþal nig karcMNay .
yuT§sa®sþ nigeKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;vimCÄkarkarRKb;RKg nigEpnkarkmµGnuvtþtamRKwHsßansikSa

nig salaeron ³
T begáInkarGnuvtþrbs;salaeron nig karRKb;RKgfvika k>s>G enAmetþyüsikSa bzmsikSa nig
mFümsikSa EdlRtUv)ancat;fñak;tamPaBRkIRk KN³kmµkar«Bukmþay ¼salaeron tamry³kar
EbgEckfvika k>s>G EdlRKb;RKgtamRsuk .
55
raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
T begáInkarGnuvtþ nig fvikaRbtibtþiEdlRKb;RKgtamsßab½n sMrab;sßab½nbNþúHbNþalRKU nig RKwH

sßanbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ Tak;TgCamYyEpnkarGPivDÆn_RbcaMqñaM tamry³ynþkar k>s>G .
T begáInkarRKb;RKg nig EpnkarkmµRbtibtþihirBØavtßú nig bec©keTsfñak;Rsuktamry³GgÁPaBRKb;
RKgfvikafñak;RsukshkarCamYykMrgsalakñúgkarTTYlxusRtUvd¾FMeFgelI k>s>G nigkmµviFInana .
T begáInkartamdanBinitükarGnuvtþtamsßab½nenAfñak;kNþal nig fñak;extþ tamry³karbegáItKMrU
nig begáInfvika k>s>G sMrab;kartamdanBinitüelIkarRbtibtþi .
yuT§sa®sþ nig eKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;karpþl;smÖarbeRgón nig eron ³
T Fanakarpþl;hirBØavtßú sMrab;plitsmÖarbeRgónBIraCrdæaPi)altamry³karEklMGkmµviFIbzm
sikSa nig mFümsikSaEdlmanRbsiT§PaB nig GaceFVIeTA)anEdlTak;TgCamYykarGPivDÆsgÁm
sIuvil nig esdækic© .
T lT§PaBTTYl)ansmÖarpÁt;pÁg; Edl)aneRCIserIs nig esovePAsikSasMxan;²sMrab;fñak;TI 1 dl;
TI 9 tamry³karpþl;fvikaBIraCrdæaPi)alRbcaMqñaM[)anRKb;RKan; .
T karpþl;smÖarbeRgón[)anRKb;RKan;sMrab;karGb;rMmUldæan RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalRKU nig kar
bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ tamry³eKaledA nig ynþkar k>s>G Edl)anGnum½t .
T vimCÄkarkarRKb;RKg nig EpnkarkmµénkarplitsmÖarbeRgón nig eronedaymankarEbgEck
fvikaCaRbcaMeTAdl;salaerontamry³ynþkar k>s>G .
T begáInRbsiT§PaBkñúgkare)aHBumÖ nig karEbgEcksmÖarsMxan;² tamry³karbegáIt RKwHsßane)aHBum<
nig EckpSay[dUcCasßab½nsaFarN³eRkamc,ab;nigbTbBa¢a nig karRKb;RKgEdlmanRbsiT§PaB.
T FanakarEklMGplb:HBal;elIKuNPaBénkarbeRgón nig eronelIsmÖarbeRgóntamry³kmµviFI
tMrg;TisesovePAsikSaRbcaMqñaM nig RbB½n§tamdanRtYtBinitü .
yuT§sa®sþ nig eKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;vimCÄkarkarRKb;RKg nig EpnkarGPivDÆRKUbeRgón ³
T sRmbsRmYlRbB½n§EpnkarkmµeTAtamtRmUvkar nig karpÁt;pÁg;RKUbeRgón karBRgIkkarcUlsikSa
nig esckþIENnaMGMBIkarBinitüeLIgvijkarBRgayRKUbeRgóntamry³KN³kmµaFikarbec©keTsrbs;
RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa rYmmannaykdæanbuKÁlik naykdæanhirBaØvtßú naykdæanEpnkar
naykdæanbNþúHbNþal nig viRkwtkar nig RksYgBak;Bn§½ .
56
T BRgIkkarcrcarrbs;GaCJaFrCamYyRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgón nig GaCJaFrmUldæan

extþ¼Rkug Rsuk¼xNÐ edIm,IeFVIEpnkarkñúgkarTTYlykKrusisSmkbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIesckþIENnaM
rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa .
T begáInkarTTYlykKrusisS nig KrunisSit[cUleronenARKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgónRsbnwg
tRmUvkarRKUbeRgónenAtamsalabzmsikSa nig mFümsikSabzmPUmi . begáIns½VyPaBGnuvtþdl;
RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgón tamry³karpþl;fvikasMrab;dMeNIrkarRKwHsßansikSaCaerogral;qñaM
Ep¥kelIbTdæanénkareRCIserIsbuKÁlik nig karTTYlykKrusisS nig KrunisiSt .
T EklMGKuNPaB nig karTak;TgénkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalRKUGb;rMmUldæan tamry³karEklMG nig
karGPivDÆkmµviFIbNþúHbNþal¬dUcCakarbeRgónmuxviC¢acMruH karbeRgónfñak;KYb karbeRgón
CnCatiPaKtic nig bMNinCIvit ¦ nig TTYlsÁal;karGPivDÆbuKÁlikCapøÚvkar .
T FanakarpÁt;pÁg;RKUbeRgónenAtMbn;dac;Rsyal nig RKb;CnCatiPaKtic[)anRKb;RKan; tamry³
kareRCIserIsKrusisSenAkñúgtMbn;TaMgenaH pþl;karelIkTwkcitþBiess nig lkçxNÐTn;Pøn;énkarTTYl
ykKrusisS KrunisSit nig ry³eBlénkmµviFI .
T begIánkareqøIytbrbs;RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþal kñúgkarerobcMvKÁviRkwtkareTAtamtRmUvkar ¬enAtam
sala nig RKwHsßanepSgeTot¦ tamry³karBRgIksV½yPaBdMeNIrkarkmµviFIEp¥kelI esckþIENnaM
rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa CaBiessRKwHsßanbNþajkMrgsala.
yuT§sa®sþ nigeKaledAsMrab;karbegáInkarTak;TgkmµviFIsikSa¬Ca]TahrN_bMNinCIvit¦ eKaledA
nig yuT§sa®sþsMxan;² ³
T KaMRTkic©RbwgERbgkñúgkarGPivDÆ nig EklMGkmµviFIsikSa Edlb®Ba¢abbMNinCIviteTAkñúgkmµviFI
sikSafñak;TI 1 dl; fñak;TI 9 bc©úb,nñ rYmmanEpñkcMNIGahar suxPaB brisßan RbCaCn fvika®KYsar
karKaMBarkumar nig ksikmµ . karykcitþTukdak;kñúgkarGPivDÆkmµviFIsikSaenHnwgCakarelIkTwkcitþ
[kumarbnþkarsikSa edayeFVI[karsikSamanRbeyaCn_dl;sisS nig RKYsarenAeBlGnaKt .
T bnþkarKaMRTsMrab;karpþÜcepþImKMnitelIbMNinCIvit dUcCabBa©ÚlkmµviFIEdlpþl;»kas[sisSeron
skmµPaBeRkAfñak;sþIBIbrisßan edayeKalkarN_GnuvtþpÞal;
T karbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgónmanTaMgkarbNþúHbNþal nig viRkwtkar®KUbe®gon edIm,I[RKUGaceRbI
R)as;kmµviFIfµI tameKalkarN_GnuvtþpÞal;
T karpþl;smÖar]beTscaM)ac;TaMgLay EdleRbIenAkñúgkmµviFIsikSafµI edayeRbIynþkar k>s>G .
57
yuT§sa®sþ nig eKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;karKaMRTelIkarpþÜcepþImKMnitGb;rMenARKb;kMrit ³

T bnþkarKaMRTelIkarpþÜcepþImKMnitsakl,g EdlbegáInkarcUlrYmBI«Bukmþay nig eFVI[suxPaBsisS
kan;EtRbesIr EklMGRKb;EpñkTaMgGs; EklMGbrisßansikSatamlkçN³citþsa®sþsgÁm nig elIk
kMBs;KMnitécñRbDit nig sßabna .
3>3>3>6 yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþ ³ karBRgwgRbB½n§FanaKuNPaBGb;rM
karEkTMrg;nanarYmTaMgkarksagsmtßPaBry³eBlEvgmanviFankarBRgwgRbB½n§tamdanRtYtBinitü
karGnuvtþtamEpñkGb;rM ¬fñak;kNþal nig fñak;mUldæan ¦. GaCJaFrfñak;kNþalnwgepþateTAelIkarvaytémø
plb:HBal;kmµviFI nig EpñkepSg² tamry³karBRgIkkargarGFikarkic© nig tamdanRtYtBinitü . GaCJaFr
extþ¼Rkug Rsuk¼xNÐ XuM¼sgáat; nwgepþateTAelIkartamdanRtYtBinitükarrIkcMerInkmµviFI nig karGnuvtþrbs;
salaeronnImYy² nig RKUbeRgón edayshkarCamYyKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;extþ Rsuk nig
XMu¬mann½yfa K>G>T>x / K>G>T>s / K>G>T>X ¦.
yuT§sa®sþ nig eKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;karEklMGsalaeron RKwHsßansikSa nig kartamdan
karsikSarbs;sisS ³
T kMNt;sþg;daGb,brmaelIlT§plsikSarbs;sisSenAkMritfñak;TI 1 - 9
T Fanakaryl;dwgGMBIsþg;daGb,brma[)anc,as;kñúgcMeNamRKUbeRgón «Bukmþay nig GñkcUlrYm
TTYlxusRtUvdéTeTot tamry³kmµviFITMnak;TMngkarGb;rM nig Bt’manTUTaMgRbeTs
T karbgðajBIetsþsþg;daGb,brma nig karBinitükarRbLgfñak;TI 6-9 eLIgvij
T RbsiT§PaBkñúgkarRKb;RKg nig Epnkarkmµrbs;salaeron nig kartamdanRtYtBinitükarsikSa
rbs;sisS tamry³karkMNt;c,as;BItYnaTIrbs;GFikarGb;rM kariyal½yRbLg naykdæanRsavRCav
Kruekaslü nig naykdæanBak;B½n§nana
T RbsiT§PaBénEpnkarkmµ nig karRKb;RKgkartamdanRtYtBinitüelIdMeNIrkarsalaerontamry³
nayksala GFikarGb;rM extþ¼Rkug Rsuk¼xNÐ nig pþl;fvikaRbcaMqñaMsMrab;kartamdanRtYtBinitü
TbegáIntmøaPaB nig karTTYlxusRtUvelIkarGnuvtþrbs;salaeron nig karsikSarbs;sisS tamry³
karpSBVpSayCaerogral;qñaMGMBIlT§plRbLg nig etsþsþg;da
TBinitüeLIgvijelIkarerobcMRKwHsßansikSa nig karpþl;fvikasMrab;RKb;RKgsalaeron nig kartam
dankarsikSarbs;sisS tamry³kMENTMrg;rcnasm<½n§fñak;kNþalrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa .
T karbgðajBIynþkarc,ab; nig karFanaKuNPaBGb;rMmUldæand¾rwgmaM.
58
3>3>3>7 yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþkarEkTMrg;RKwHsßansikSa nig karksagsmtßPaBsMrab;

eFVIvimCÄkar
eKaledAry³eBlEvgrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa KWpþl;lT§PaBdl;salaeron RKwHsßansikSa
nig shKmn_[mansMelgPaKeRcInelIkarTTYlxusRtUv edIm,IdMeNIrkar nig karRKb;RKgesvaGb;rM . kar
GFib,ayénynþkarRKb;RKg nig erobcMesvaGb;rMry³eBlEvgnwgRtUv)ancat;TukCarcnasm<½n§rdæ)al
saFarN³ nig eKalneya)ayc,as;las; ¬dUcCatYnaTIrbs;RkumRbwkSaXuM¼sgáat; ¦.
enAkñúgbribTenHkarEkTMrg;nanarYmTaMgyuT§sa®sþry³eBlmFüm nig ry³eBlEvgcm,gbIsMrab;
GPivDÆRKwHsßansikSa nig karksagsmtßPaBEdl)anEklMGsMrab;eFVIvimCÄkarRtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam ³
T karBRgwgRbB½n§tamdanRtYtBinitü nig Epnkarkmµfñak;kNþal nig extþ¼Rkug edayshkarCa
mYyKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;Cati nig fñak;extþ¼Rkug
T EklMGRbB½n§RKb;RKgRKwHsßansikSa salaeron kMrgsala nig Rsuk¼xNÐ edayshkarCamYy
KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;XMu nig fñak;®suk
T EklMGGPi)alkic© nig RbB½n§Gnuvtþc,ab; .
yuT§sa®sþ nig eKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;BRgwgRbB½n§tamdan nig EpnkarkmµGb;rMfñak;kNþal nig
fñak;extþ¼Rkug ³
T EklMGkarBüakrN_sMrab;EpnkarkmµhirBaØvtßúry³eBlmFüm nig eFVIvimCÄkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú
tamry³karebþCJacitþrbs;raCrdæaPi)al cMeBaHfvikacMNaysMrab;ry³eBlmFüm rYmTaMg k>s>G
nig kmµviFIpþl;fvika nig kareFVIcMeNalfvika .
T EklMGkarsRmbsRmYlfñak;kNþalelIyuT§sa®sþ nig kmµviFIksagsmtßPaBRbB½n§Gb;rMtam
ry³kic©shkarCamYyKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña .
T BRgwgkartamdanRtYtBinitü nig EpnkarkmµhirBaØb,Tan nig yuT§sa®sþfñak;kNþal nig fñak;extþ
tamry³kmµviFIksagsmtßPaB karTTYlxusRtUvfvika k>s>G sMrab;fñak;mUldæan nig esckþIENnaM
sMrab;kartamdanRtYtBinitülT§plénkmµviFI .
T BRgwgkarGnuvtþRbB½n§Gb;rM kartamdanelIplb:HBal; tamry³karelIkeLIgBIkarGnuvtþRbcaM
qñaMrbs;raCrdæaPi)al RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa Gñkpþl;CMnYy nig GñkcUlrYmTTYlxusRtUvepSg²
eTot karyl;RBmelIGaMgDIkaT½rsMxan;² nig EpnkarkargarRbcaMqñaMsMrab;karRbmUl nig viPaK
Tinñn½yBt’man .
59
yuT§saRsþ nig eKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;karEklMGRbB½n§RKb;RKgRKwHsßansikSa kMrgsala salaeron

nig karGb;rMfñak;Rsuk¼xNÐ ³
T BRgwgRbB½n§RKb;RKgRKwHsßansikSa salaeron kMrgsala nig kariyal½yGb;rMRsuk¼xNÐ tam
ry³karksagsmtßPaBsMrab;GgÁPaBRKb;RKgfvikak>s>GRsuk¼xNÐ nayksala nig KN³
kmµkar matabitasisS nig BinitüesckIþENnaMRKb;RKg k>s>G eLIgvij.
T BRgwgRbB½n§RKb;RKgRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgon nig RbB½n§Gb;rMmUldæantamry³karksag
smtßPaBRKb;RKgedayP¢ab;eTAnwgesckIþENnaMfIµrbs; k>s>G .
T BRgwgRbB½n§RKb;RKgbuKÁlikenAfñak;extþ¼Rkug Rsuk¼xNÐ tamry³karecjesckIþENnaM nig
bTdæanRKb;RKgbuKÁlik . begIánTMnak;TMngdl;fñak;Rsuk¼xNÐ edIm,IBRgaybuKÁlik Ep¥kelIbTdæan
TaMgenH nig karksagsmtßPaBsMrab;GñkeFVIEpnkarfñak;extþ¼Rkug Rsuk¼xNÐ nig kMrgsala .
yuT§saRsþ nig eKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;EklMGRbB½n§GPi)alkic© nig karGnuvtþc,ab; ³
T EklMGkarTTYlxusRtUv tamry³karbgðajBIc,ab;sMrab;CaCMnYy nig BRgIksV½yPaBdMeNIrkar
salaeron nig RKwHsßannanaenAkMritGb;rMmUldæan .
T EklMGtmøaPaBkñúgkareRbIR)as;karcUlrYmrbs;«Bukmþay shKmn_ nig ÉkCnCamYysalaeron
nig RKwHsßansikSasMrab;Gb;rMmUldæan tamry³esckIþENnaMfIµelIkarRKb;RKg karcUlrYmTaMgenH .
T EklMGGPi)alkic©salaeron nig RKwHsßansikSakMritGb;rMmUldæan tamry³karecjesckIþENnaM
edIm,Ipþl;GMNac nig karTTYlxusRtUvdl;GaCJaFrGb;rM «Bukmþay shKmn_ nig smaKmn_ .
T EklMGtmøaPaBénkarGnuvtþesvaGb;rM tamry³Bt’manEdl)aneRCIserIskmµviFIGb;rM nig kareFVI
TMnak;TMngpSBVpSayBt’mansMxan;²TUTaMgRbeTs elIRbB½n§Gb;rM nig karGnuvtþrbs;salaeron .
3>3>3>8 yuT§saRsþGnuvtþ ³ karelIkeLIgBIsmFm’eynD½r nig karTTYlxusRtYvrYm

déTeTot
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRtUv)ankMNt;elIbBðaamYycMnYn EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarRKb;RKg
CaBiesstRmUvkarsMrab;eKalneya)ay nig yuT§sa®sþ EdlFananUvtmøaPaB karTTYlxusRtUv kar
RbemIlemIlkarcUlrYmenAkñúgEpnkarkmµ nig kartamdankarcMNayelIkarGb;rM nig lT§plGb;rM .
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61
3>3>3>9 yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþ ³ bec©kviTüaBt’man nig sarKmnaKmn_kñúgvis½yGb;rM

eKalneya)aybec©kviTüaBt’man nig sarKmnaKmn_kñúgvis½yGb;rMrYmman ³
k/ karBRgIkbec©kviTüaBt’man nig sarKmnaKmn_[køayCa]bkrN_beRgón nig eron .
x/ CameFüa)ay edIm,IbegáInkarRKb;RKg nig plitPaBesvaGb;rM edayGPivDÆn_karRKb;RKgcMeNH
dwg TMnak;TMng nig karEbgEckBt’man .
K/ BRgIk»kasGb;rMBIcMgay CaBiesssMrab;RkumCYbkarlM)akenAkñúgtMbn;dac;Rsyal . eKaledA
rYmnwgFanafa karRbkYtRbECgGnþrCatirbs;km<úCaenAkñúgesdækic©Ep¥kelIcMeNHdwgkñúg
karR)aRs½yTak;TgCamYynwgBiPBelakEdlrIkcMerIn .
yuT§sa®sþbec©kviTüaBt’man nig sarKmnaKmn_Cak;lak;KWenAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarbBa©b;enAeLIy .
yuT§sa®sþsMxan;²rYmman³
k/ bBa©Úlbec©kviTüaBt’man nig sarKmnaKmn_eTAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal nig Gb;rM edaycab;epþIm
enAtamRKwHsßan]tþmsikSa viTüasßanbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs nig RKwHsaßnbNþúHbNþalRKU nig
salamFümsikSaEdl)aneRCIserIs .
x/ eRCIserIskmµviFIelIkkMBs;kmµviFIsikSa CaBiesskmµviFImYycMnYntUcEdlTak;Tg edayminRKan;
EtbgðajnUvkarvinieyaK d¾sMxan;enAkñúgeRKÓgbrikçar buKÁlik nig smÖarrUbv½nþEdl)anelIkeLIg .
K/ kmµviFImUldæan bec©kviTüaBt’man nig sarKmnaKmn_ sMrab;RkumCYbkarlM)akTaMgLayenAkñúg
sgÁm edIm,IFana[mankareFVIsmahrNkmµBYkeKeTAkñúgkarGb;rMkñúgRbB½n§ .
3>3>4 karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ nig GkçrkmµmnusSeBjv½y

GaTiPaByuT§saRsþsMrab;kat;bnßykMritGnkçrPaBenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCakñúgry³eBlEvgRtUvEtepþat
eTAelIkarsikSa CaBiesskarFana[kumarkm<úCaTaMgGs;mansiT§ibBa©b;karGb;rMmUldæanRbkbeday
KuNPaB. enAkñúgbribTénEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaxøwmsarsMxan;EdlRtUvykcitþTukdak;sMerc[)an
enaHKW karpþl;karGb;rMelIsBIkarGb;rMkñúgRbB½n§ .
62
visalPaBénGnþraKmn_rbs;EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñasMrab;karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ nig Gkçrkmµ

mnusSeBjv½ynwgRtUvbBa©ÚleTAkñúgyuT§viFImYy kñúgkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþalbMNinCIvitdl;Rkum EdlCYbkar
lM)ak. yuT§viFIenHnwgRtUveRKag nig Gnuvtþ tamry³yuT§viFIGnþrRksYgrYmman RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
RksYgkic©karnarI nig GtItyuT§Cn RksYgsgÁmkic©kargarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nig yuvnItism,Ta RksYg
GPivDÆn_CnbT GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk GnþrCati nig shKmn_ .
RkumeKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;kmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ nig GkçrkmµmandUcCa ³
T shKmn_enAtMbn;PñM nig tMbn;dac;RseyalEdlmandg;sIuetRbCaCnTab edayykcitþTukdak;
CaBiesselIRkumCnCatiPaKtic
T shKmn_GtItExµrRkhmEdleTIb)antaMgTIlMenA nig eFVIsmahrNkmµfµI²
T kumarEdleFVIkar nig rs;enAtamcieBa©ImpøÚv nig yuvCnkñúgtMbn;RkIRkenAtamCnbTextþ Rkug
TUTaMgRbeTs
T Tahan nig RKYsarEdlRtUv)ankat;rMsay
T kumarI¼®sþI nig CnBikarRKb;RbePT
kmµviFICaGaTiPaBenAkñúgEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgepþateTAelIRkumsMxan;²BIrxageRkam ³
T kmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§pþl;lT§PaB[kumarEdlmanGayuBI 7 dl; 12 qñaM )ancUlsikSaenAkMrit
Gb;rMmUldæan nig Gac[CneBjv½yEdlmanGayuBI 12 dl; 15 qñaM TTYl)ansBaØab½RtsmmUl
nwgkMritGb;rMmUldæan .
T kmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§pþl;lT§PaB[mnusSeBjv½yEdlKµanCMnaj GnkçrCn nig yuvCneRkA
sala)ankøayeTACaGkçrCnviC¢aCIv³ nig )anGPivDÆsmtßPaBkargar nig karRKb;RKgCIvit rYmTaMg
karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ GPivDÆn_bMNindl;«BukmþaykñúgkarGb;rM KaMBarkumartUc .
63
3>3>4>2 eKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
xageRkamenHCaeKaledATUeTAsMrab;dMeNIrkarkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§énkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
3> FanafatRmUvkareronsURtrbs;yuvCn nig CneBjv½yRKb;rUbRtUv)anedaHRsaytamry³karpþl;
»kasesµIPaBedIm,IcUlrYmkñúgkmµviFIsikSasmRsbnigkarbNþúHbNaþlCMnajciB©awmCIvit¬bMNinCIvit.
4> FanasMerc[)ankarrIkcMerIncMnYn50°enAkñúgkMritGkçrkmµCneBjv½yenAmundMNac;qñaM2015
Biess sMrab;®sIþePT nig»kasesµIPaBkñúgkarGb;rMmUldæan nigkarGb;rMbnþsMrab;CneBjv½yTaMgGs; .
5> lubbM)at;KmøateynD½rkñúgbzmsikSa nig mFümsikSaenAqñaM 2005 nig eFIV[)ansMercnUv smPaB
eynD½rkñúgvis½yGb;rMenAqñaM 2015 edayepþatkarykcitþdak;elIkarFana[kumarI )anTTYllT§PaB
cUleronedayeBjelj esIµPaB nig sMerc)annUvkarGb;rMmUldæanRbkbedayKuNPaB .
6> EklMGelIRKb;TidæPaBénKuNPaBGb;rM nigFana)annUvKuNPaBRbesIrbMputRKb;Epñk edIm,I[mnusS
RKb;rUbdeNþIm)annUvlT§pleronsURtmankMritvas;)an nigmankarTTYlsÁal; CaBiessEpñkGkSr
sa®sþ elxnBVnþ niig CMnajcMa)ac;sMrab;ciBa©wmCIvit ¬bMNinCIvit¦.
eKaledACak;lak;Bak;B½n§nwgkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ rYmmankarsMerc[)an90°énGRtaGkçrCn Edl
manGayuBI15 dl;24qñaM enAqñaM2005 ¬sUmemIltarag4>3¦. eTaHbIya:gNak¾eday k¾karEbgEckFnFan
edIm,IsMerceKaledATaMgenH nig eKaledAepSgeTotRtUvEtBwgEp¥kelIkarviPaKBItRmUvkarenAtamextþ¼
RkugedaysarEtmanPaBxusEbøkKñaeRcInBIextþmYyeTAextþmYy. ¬sUmemIl tarag3 kñúg]bsm<½n§ 4 ¦.
3>3>4>3 bBaða nig karRbQmmux
edayeyageTAelIFnFanhirBaØvtßú RKwHsßansikSa nig FnFanmnusSmankarkMNt;cMeBaHkarGb;rM
eRkARbB½n§enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa EpnkarskmµPaBCatimin)anerobrab;[)anlMGitGMBIskmµPaBEdlRtUveFIV
enaHeT. Cak;EsþgkarykcitþTukdak;nwgepþateTAelIskmµPaBkñúgEpñkmYycMnYntUcedaysgÇwmfa skmµPaB
TaMgenaHnwgmankarGPivDÆtamdMNak;kalCaeRcIn ehIydMNak;kalénskmµPaBTaMgenaHnwgRtUvbMeBj
bEnßmedayskmµPaBepSgeTot.
CagenHeTAeTot EpnkarkargarsMrab;karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§nwgRtUvGPivDÆBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM nig pþl;
mUldæansMrab;pþl;fvikadl;kmµviFI . CaBiessEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña)a:n;RbmaNBIkarcUlrYmviPaKTan
BIGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al shKmn_ EpñkÉkCnCaeRcIndl;karcMNaymUlFn nig karcMNaycrnþsMrab;
dMeNIrkarkmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ .
64
3>3>4>4 yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþ ³ kartamdanRtYtBinitü karksagsmtßPaB nig

karRKb;RKg Bt’mansMrab;Gb;rMeRkARbB½n§
edIm,IFanaeKaledAGaTiPaBénEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig EpnkaryuT§sa®sþRbkbeday
RbsiT§PaBRtUvmankarksagsmtßPaBCacm,gsMrab;kartamdanBinitü nig RKb;RKgBt’mankarGb;rMeRkA
RbB½n§. lT§plsMxan;énkarGPivDÆRbB½n§RKb;RKgBt’manenHnwgbegáInsmtßPaBkñúgkarvaytémøplb:HBal;
nig karrIkcMerInrYménkmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ edayeRbIemeronEdl)aneronBIkmµviFI edIm,IR)ab;BIkareFVIkar
sMerccitþ nig kmµviFIrMkilénkarEkTMrg;karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ .
3>3>4>5 yuT§sa®sþRbtibtþi ³ kmµviFIsmahrNkmµ nig kmµviFIsmmUl
kmµviFIsmahrNkmµfñak;TI4 TI5 TI6 nwg®tUv)anGPivDÆtamry³kic©shkarrvagnaykdæanGb;rM
eRkARbB½n§ naykdæanmFümsikSacMeNHTUeTA nig naykdæanbzmsikSa nig kic©shkarCamYyCMnajkar
bec©keTsBak;B½n§ . kmµviFITaMgenHnwgksags<ancmøgEdlmanlkçN³Tn;Pøn; nig CaTIemRtIsMrab;kumarEdl
hYsGayu Edl)ane)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa b¤ kumarEdlRbQmmuxe)aHbg;karsikSa ¬Ca]TahrN_
edaysarsm<aFBIRKYsar nig PaBRkIRk EdlRtUv)anqøúHbBa©aMg tamry³GvtþmanfµI² EdlKYr[kt;sMKal; ¦
b:uEnþBYkeKcg; nig GacbBa©b;karGb;rMmUldæan .
kmµviFIsmmUlnwgRtUv)anGPivDÆn_ Gnuvtþ nig vaytémøEdlmaneKaledApþl;sBaØab½Rtfñak; TI 6 nig
TI 9 dl;yuvCnenAeRkAsalaEdlmanGayuBI 12 dl; 18 qñaM tamry³kic©shkarrvagnaykdæanGb;rMeRkA
RbB½n§ naykdæanmFümsikSacMeNHTUeTA nig naykdæanbzmsikSa rYmCamYyRksYgBak;B½n§ nig GgÁkareRkA
rdæaPi)al . enAtMbn;CnCatiPaKticRtUvxitxMRbwgERbg edIm,IshkarCamYyskmµPaBrbs;GgÁkareRkA
rdæaPi)albc©úb,nñkñúgkarbegáItsmÖar]beTs nig karbeRgónBIrPasa .
eKalbMNgskmµPaBenH KWminEmnbegáItRbB½n§RsedogKña edIm,IRbkYtRbECgKñaCamYysalakñúg
RbB½n§eT . eBalKWedIm,IeRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþ nig PaBTn;Pøn;énclnkmµGb;rMeRkARbB½n§kñúgkarTTYlsÁal;
sBaØab½RtGb;rMmUldæanEdl)anpþl;[dl;mnusSkñúgv½yyuvCn nig CIvPaBCak;lak;mYykñúgxN³EdlBYk
eKminGaccUleronenAkñúgRbB½n§CafµI .
3>3>4>6 yuT§sa®sþRbtibtþi ³ kmµviFIeRkayGkçrkmµ nig GkçrkmµviC¢aCIv³
BRgIkmNÐlsikSatamshKmn_
CamYynwgkarbnþBRgIkKuNPaBsikSa TMhMénesvamNÐlsikSatamshKmn_ RtUv)anelIkeLIgCa
ynþkarsMrab;karRKb;RKgtamshKmn_ nig tamtMbn;sMrab;karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ . eKGacBicarNaBITIkEnøg
65
EdlmNÐlsikSatamshKmn_nanaGacman b¤ begáIteLIgenAkñúgbribTGPivDÆn_ bec©kviTüaTMnak;TMng nig

Bt’manEdlrMBwgTuk nig TMnak;TMngCamYybNÑal½yEdlmanlkçN³RbéBNI . smÖarrUbvn½þGb;rMtamsh
Kmn_bc©úb,nñ ¬dUcCa vtþGaram salaeron mNÐlshKmn_ nig mCÄmNÐl®sþI ¦ GaceRbICamNÐlsikSa
shKmn_sMrab;kmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§eRkAema:g edIm,I[karcMNaymUlFnmantic .
pSarP¢ab;CamYykarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nig GkçrkmµviC¢aCIv³nwgmankarykcitþTukdak;CabnþelI
Epnkar edIm,IbegáInkarGPivDÆdMeNIrkarmNÐlsikSatamshKmn_ . mNÐlsikSatamshKmn_KWCaynþkar
bBa¢ÚnEdlmanenAtamsala vtþGaram kEnøgCYbCMukñúgPUmi b¤ GaKarEdl)anksag ehIymaneKaledApþl;TI
kEnøgsikSaEdlmanlkçN³Tn;Pøn; sñiT§sñal nig GacTTYlyk)an RBmTaMgRtUv)anRKb;RKg nig begáIteLIg
sMrab;shKmn_ .
pSarP¢ab;kmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ nig karrkR)ak;cMNUl
kic©KaMRTelIkarGPivDÆ nig BRgwgbMNinrkR)ak;cMNUl bMNinBak;B½n§kargar nig karRKb;RKgCIvitCa
sBaØarYmsMrab;kmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ry³eBlEvg. bBaðaenHnwgqøúHbBa©aMgya:gc,as;nUvkarykcitþTukdak;kñúg
GnþraKmn_GkçrkmµviC¢aCIv³ CYy[manbMNin cMeNHdwg nig\riyabfcaM)ac;sMrab;bMerIkargar nig erobcMCIvit .
kmµviFIsmmUl nig kmµviFIsmahrNkmµRtUvEtFanafa EpñkbMNinCIvitKWRtUv)anqøúHbBa©aMg[)anxøaMg
ehIyeRcInCagsmÖar]beTskñúgRbB½n§sBVéf¶ .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRbemIlBIsar³sMxan;énkarbBa©ÚlkmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§enAtam
shKmn_ CaBiessCamYyPñak;garEdleFVIkarxagkargarCnbT \NTanCnbT nig erobcMyuT§sa®sþsmmUl
edIm,ICYyCnRkIRkenAkñúgTIRkug . CagenHeTAeTot kic©shkarrvagnaykdæanbNþúHbNþal bec©keTs nig
viC¢aCIv³ naykdæanGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ bNþasßab½n nig RksYgBak;B½n§nana KYrEtrk[eXIjnUvCeRmIsGPivDÆn_
kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalsMrab;GñksRmbsRmYlkmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ nig kmµviFIbMNinviC¢aCIv³enAtammUldæan .
kmµviFIeRkayGkçrkmµ
smasPaKGb;rMeRkARbB½n§énEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña)anTTYlsÁal;BIPaBcaM)ac;énkarbnþkMrit
GkçrkmµeRkayBITTYl)anGkçrkmµviC¢aCIv³dMbUgpgEdr . kmµviFIenHnwgrYmmankarpþl;FnFan smÖarsMrab;
eRkayGkçrkmµEdlGaceronxøÜnÉg)an CamYynwgkmµviFIbEnßmenAmNÐlsikSashKmn_ nig mCÄmNÐl
shKmn_nana k¾dUcCakarKaMRTeRkApøÚvkardl;GkçrCnfµI²BIsmaCikshKmn_EdlmankarGb;rMx<s;pgEdr .
kmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§tamRKYsarsMrab;karGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaTTYlsÁal;pgEdr nUvPaBcaM)ac;kñúgkarbBa©ÚlkmµviFIGb;rMeRkApøÚvkar nig
Gb;rMeRkARbB½n§ CamYynwgKMnitpþÜcepþImGPivDÆn_ nig KaMBarkumartUc . karelIkkMBs;kMritGkçrkmµenAkñúg
66
RKYsarKWsMxan;Nas; edIm,ICYy[karGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþGb;rMkumartUc nig karGPivDÆKaMBarkumartUcsMrab;BRgwg

karGPivDÆxagrUbragkay sgÁm nig cMeNHdwgrbs;kumar CaBiesskumar EdlmanGayu 3 dl; 5 qñaM .
smÖarsMrab;karGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUcEdlmanRsab; CaBiess smÖarsMrab;«BukmþayGaceRbIR)as;sMrab;
«BukmþayEdlCaGkçrCnfµI²pgEdr .
3>4 PaBCaédKUsMrab;karksagEpnkar nig karGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña

eyagtamkarvaytémøkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaqñaM2000 kartamdanRtYtBinitü nigEpnkarkmµ
kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM nig kmµviFIyuT§sa®sþGb;rMCakMlaMgclkrsMrab;begáInPaBCaédKU rvagsgÁmsIuvil
GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al Gñkpþl;CMnYy nig RksYgBak;B½n§nana . ma:RTIkeKalneya)ay eKaledAGnuvtþeKal
karN_PaBCaédKU karRtYtBinitüeLIgvijkmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rMRbcaMqñaM kic©RbCMuBieRKaHeyabl;RbcaMExrvag
GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al Gñkpþl;CMnYy RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa)anpþl;ynþkarKnøwHsMrab;karGPivDÆPaB
CaédKU .
dMeNIrkarksagEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña)anpþl;meFüa)aysMrab;karBRgIk nig begáInPaBCaéd
KU[kan;EtrwgmaMkñúgkartamdan®tYtBinitünigkarGnuvtþ. lkçN³BiesssMxan;²éndMeNIrkarPaBCaédKUGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;KñarYmman ³
T karcUlrYmya:gskmµBIGñkBieRKaHeyabl;bec©keTsmkBIRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa Pñak;gar
GgÁkarshRbCaCati GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al RksYgnanarYmCamYyRkumkargarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;
Kña.
T cgsm<½n§PaBCamYyGnuKN³kmµaFikarGPivDÆn_kumartUcrYmGnþrRksYgénRkumRbwkSaCatikm<úCa
sMrab;kumar Edl)anbegáIteLIgenA qñaM 2002 edIm,IsRmbs®mYl nig tamdanRtYtBinitüskmµ
PaBrbs;RksYgTaMgLayEdlBak;B½n§CamYykarGPivDÆ karlUtlas; nig suxumalPaBkumar.
T karbBa©ÚleKaledAEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaeTAkñúgEpnkarkargarénkmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM
EdlCaEpñkmYyénkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvijkmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rMqñaM2002 edIm,Ibgðajdl;GgÁkar
eRkArdæaPi)al Gñkpþl;CMnYy nig raCrdæaPi)al.
T cgsm<½n§PaBCamYyRkumkargarEpñkGb;rMrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy nig édKUGb;rMmkBIGgÁkareRkArdæa
Pi)al sMrab;karBinitüeLIgvij nig karvaytémøEpnkarkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña qñaM 2002¼
2003 .
67
PaBCaédKUTaMgenHnwgRtUv)anBRgIksMrab;sRmbsRmYlkarGnuvtþkmµviFI nig karpþl;hirBaØvtßúdl;

kmµviFI nig yuT§sa®sþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña CaBiesssmasPaKbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ GkçrkmµkarGb;rM
eRkARbB½n§ nig karGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc . tamkar)a:n;sµan RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILanwgbegáItTis
edA nig eKaledAeKalneya)ayTUlMTUlaysMrab;smasPaKkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ karGb;rMkumartUc karGb;rM
mUldæan ehIyRksYgdéTeTotnwgedIrtYnaTIRsedogKña eTAtamGNtþipÞal;xøÜn . shKmn_ GgÁkareRkA
rdæaPi)al RksYgBak;B½n§nwgdwknaMkarRKb;RKg karGnuvtþ nig karpþl;hirBaØvtßú sMrab;smasPaKTaMgenH .
esckþIsegçbxageRkam)anbgðajBIRksYgnana nig GgÁkarBak;B½n§sMxan;² .
68
3>5 tRmUvkarFnFan
3>5>1 EpnkarhirBaØb,Tanry³eBlEvg
taragxageRkambgðajBIEpnkarhirBaØb,Tanry³eBlEvgenAkñúgtarag 3>2 edaymanTaMgdMeNIr
karGnuvtþfvikacMNayry³eBlmFümsMrab;vis½yGb;rM . kareFVIcMeNalelItMrUvkarfvikacMNaycrnþsMrab;
vis½yGb;rMnwgekIneTAdl;950Ban;lanerol¬240landuløar tamtémøqñaM2002¦. tamkareFVIcMeNalfvika
karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgekIn3eTA4dg. kareFVIcMeNalelItRmUvkarfvikamUlFn¬rYmmankarksag
smtßPaB nig smÖarrUbv½nþ¦ nwgekInRbEhl 233 Ban;lanerol kñúgmYyqñaM dl;qñaM 2015 . eTaHbIya:g
Nak¾eday enAeBldMeNIrkarksag nig karGPivDÆsmÖarrUbvn½þenAbzmsikSa nig mFümsikSabzmPUmiPaK
eRcInRtUv)anbBa©b; ehIykarcMNaysMrab;karGb;rMeRkaymUldæannwgekIneLIgBIqñaM 2007 dl;qñaM 2008 .
69
3>5>2 EpnkarhirBaØb,TansMrab;karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nigtamEpñk

qñaM2002¼2015
]bsm<½n§TI 4 ¬tarag 1-5¦)anelIkeLIgBIkar)a:n;sµan nig témøcMNaycrnþsrubsMrab;dMeNIrkar
kMENTMrg;vis½yGb;rM nig smasPaKénkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña.
témøsrubéndMeNIrkarkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña rYmmanTaMgkarGPivDÆRKUbeRgón kmµviFIGkçrkmµkar
Gb;rMeRkARbB½n§ karGb;rMmUldæan karGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUc nig rdæ)alsikSanwgekInRbEhl 419 Ban;lan
erol enAqñaM 2002 eTAdl; 855 Ban;lanerol enAqñaM 2015 dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgtarag 3>3
xageRkam . karEbgEckfvikacMNayEdlTTYl)anBIkarcUlrYmviPaKTanBImatabita¼EpñkÉkCn GgÁkar
eRkArdæaPi)al RksYgnana nig RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa sMrab;dMeNIrkarkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñanwgfy
BI 90° enAqñaM 2002 cuHmkRtwm 66° enAqñaM 2015 edayRsbeTAnwgeKalneya)ayrbs;RksYgGb;rM
yuvCn nig kILa edIm,IBRgIkkarGb;rMeRkaymUldæan EdlfvikaRtUv)anpþl;[tamry³édKUÉkCn¼ saFarN³
bgðajenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 4 tarag 4 nig 5 BIkareFVIcMeNalelIkarEbgEckfvikacMNayÉkCn¼ saFarN³
sMrab;EpñktUc² nana.
70
tarag3>3³ témøcMNaycrnþsrubsMrab;dMeNIrkarkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanigtamEpñktUc²
RbPB³ ]bsm<½n§ 4 tarag 1

71
raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
kMNt;sMKal; ³ EpnkarhirBaØb,TanenHbgðajBItémøsrubénkarGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña rYm

TaMgkarcUlrYmviPaKTanBIRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa RksYgnana nig EpñkÉkCn .
EpnkarhirBaØb,TanEpñkenHmin)anbBa©ÚlkmµviFIyuT§sa®sþ nig EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñamYy
cMnYnenaHeT . Ca]TahrN_ enAdMNak;kalenHmin)an)a:n;RbmaNtémøkmµviFIGPivDÆn_ nig KaMBarkumartUc
EdlepþatelIGaharUbtßmÖ nig suxPaBkumar nig kmµviFIBt’manGb;rM nig TMnak;TMng EdlBak;B½n§CamYykumar
Gayu 0 dl; 4 qñaMeLIy . karcUlrYmviPaKTanBIshKmn_ GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig
kILa elIEpnkarhirBaØb,TansMrab;smasPaKkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña sMrab;kmµviFIGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUc
EdlRsbeTAnwgeKaledA nig eKalneya)ayenAmankMrit . EpnkarhirBaØb,Tan)anbB©Úaltémøénkar
ksagsmtßPaB nig begáInkaryl;dwgsMrab;kmµviFIGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUcpgEdr . eTaHbIya:gNak¾eday
KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña fñak;XMuKYrEtTTYl)anfvikahirBaØb,Tan Edl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgtarag
3>3 edIm,Iksag nig CYykñúgkarGnuvtþEpnkarGPivDÆn_tammUldæan .
EpnkarhirBaØb,Tanmin)anbB©ÚalTMhMéntémøkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ Gkçrkmµ nig Gb;rMeRkA
RbB½n§ EdlRKb;RKgedayraCrdæaPi)al nig édKUGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnanaeLIy. enAdMNak;kalenHtémø
kmµviFIGkçrkmµ karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§mankMNt;sMrab;kmµviFIGkçrkmµviC¢aCIv³ nig kmµviFIsmahrNkmµEdlRKb;
RKgedayRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa RsbeTAnwgyuT§sa®sþ hirBaØb,Tan nig TisedABRgIkkmµviFI Edl)an
RBmeRBógKña.
EpnkarkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaTTYlsÁal;fa manédKUmYycMnYnpþl;kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalCMnaj
viC¢aCIv³EdlmanRTg;RTayFMrYmman karbNþúHbNþal nig karsakl,gkargarsMrab;karbNþúHbNþal
bec©keTs nig viC¢aCIv³ry³eBlxøI karpþl;karGb;rMÉkCn ¬Ca]TahrN_ karbNþúHbNþalkMuBüÚT½r
PasabreTs¦ karbNþúHbNþalCMnajbec©keTs tamry³Gñkpþl;esvaGb;rMÉkCn GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig
RksYgnana .
karEklMGEpnkarhirBaØb,TanGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig tamEpñknwgeFVICabnþbnÞab; edIm,IbB©Úalkmµ
viFITaMgLayBIédKUnana dUcCaBt’manlMGitsþIBIhirBaØvtúß sMrab;kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalCMnajviC¢aCIv³ karGb;rM
eRkARbB½n§ nig kmµviFIGPivDÆn_ nig KaMBarkumartUcGaceRbIR)as;)anRsbeTAnwgeKalkarN_kmµviFIrMkil
karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña . RksYgnanaEdlCaédKUnwgTTYlxusRtUvelIEpnkar kmµviFI nig karekorKr
FnFanBIvis½yÉkCn édKUGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al Gñkpþl;CMnYy nig raCrdæaPi)alRsbeTAnwgyuT§sa®sþkmµviFI
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaEdl)anTTYlsÁal; .
72
3>5>3 karcUlrYmviPaKTanBIRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILacMeBaHEpnkar

hirBaØvtßúkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig tamEpñkqñaM2002¼2015
dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgrYcmkehIy eKalneya)ayhirBaØvtßúsMrab;karGb;rMTTYl)ankaryk
citþTukdak;kan;EtTUlMTUlay edaysarkarcUlrYmviPaKTanfvikarbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
sMrab;dMeNIrkarkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgekInRbEhl 329 Ban;lanerol enAqñaM 2002 eTAdl; 805
Ban;lanerol enAqñaM2015 . fvikaenHrYmmantémørdæ)alsikSa karcUlrYmviPaKTandl;kmµviFIGb;rMmUldæan
kñúgRbB½n§ Gkçrkmµ karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ karGb;rMkumartUc karGPivDÆkarbNþúHbNþal nig viRkwtkar
RKUbeRgón. CarYm témøGnuvtþn_karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgenAefr EdlzitenAcenøaHBI 84° nig 95°
sMrab;dMeNIrkarEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña . müa:gvijeTotkarcMNayrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
nwgTTYl)anGaTiPaBx<s;kñúgdMeNIrkarEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñatamry³dMeNIrkarkarGb;rMkñúg nig
eRkARbB½n§ .
tarag3>4³taragtémøcMNaycrnþsrubsMrab;dMeNIrkarkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanigtamEpñktUc²
73
RbPB³ ]bsm<½n§ 4 tarag 2

tamkareFVIcMeNalkarEbgEckfvikaEdlminEmnR)ak;ebovtSnwgrkSanirnþrPaBrvag 45° nig 50°
RsbeTAnwgkarrkSatulüPaBhirBaØvtßúrvagkarGPivDÆKuNPaB nig lT§PaBsikSatamry³karBRgayRKU
beRgónRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nig smFm’ ¬sUmemIl]bsm<½n§ 5 ¦. tamkareFVIcMeNalelIkarEbgEck
fvikaminEmnR)ak;ebovtSGacmaneTAdl; 55° énkarcMNaycrnþsMrab;karGb;rMmUldæanenA qñaM 2015 enA
eBlEdlkarcUleronefr .
kareFVIcMeNal nig kar)a:n;sµanfvikabgðajBItRmUvkarmYy edIm,IrkSakarEbgEckfvikaminEmnR)ak;
ebovtS[)anx<s; edIm,IFanakarGPivDÆKuNPaB . eKaledAEbgEckfvikaminEmnR)ak;ebovtS EdleBar
eBjedaymhicäitaTaMgenHnwgRtUvBicarNaeTAelImeFüa)aymYycMnYnepSgeTotkñúgkarpþl;fvikaminEmn
R)ak;ebovtSenAeBlckçúvis½yelIsareBIBn§ nig Gñkpþl;CMnYyEdl)ansnüaticCagkarrMBwgTukedaymineFVI
[raMgsÞHdl;eKaledA eKalneya)ayGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig tamEpñk. karEbgEckfvikatamEpñk
TaMgenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IrkSakarcMNayelIkarGb;rMmUldæan EdlGacrkSakarrIkcMerIneq<aHeTArkkar
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña eTaHbICasm<aFhirBaØvtßú .
74
3>5>4 cMeNalfvikamUlFnsMrab;kmµviFI
tRmUvkarfvikamUlFnmankMNt;cMeBaHkarbBa©ÚlkmµviFIksagsmtßPaB nig GPivDÆn_ehdæarcna
sm<½n§. kareFVIcMeNaltRmUvkarfvikamUlFnnwgekInRbEhl 95 Ban;lanerol kñúgmYyqñaM ¬24landuløar ¦
enAqñaM 2002 dl; 170 Ban;lanerol kñúgmYyqñaM ¬42 landuløar¦ enAqñaM 2010 nig ekIneTAdl; 233
Ban;lanerolkñúgmYyqñaM ¬59 landuløar ¦ enAqñaM 2015 ¬sUmemIltaragxagelI nig ]bsm<½n§ 4 nig 5
sMrab;Bt’manbEnßm ¦ . cMeNalelIcMNaymUlFnsMrab;vis½yGb;rM Ep¥kelIkarcMNaymUlFnsrub 10°
rbs;raCrdæaPi)al BIqñaM 2002 dl; 2015 .
tarag3>5³ karcMNaymUlFnsrubrbs;RksYgGb;rMsMrab;dMeNIrkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
ngi tamEpkñ
kMNt;sMKal;³ Ep¥keTAelIplTunkñúgRsuksrub7-13° qñaM2001¼2005 nig plTunkñúgRsukmFüm 10° qñaM

2006¼ 2015 ¬sUmemIl]bsm<½n§ 5 tarag C¦ RbPB ³ ]bsm<½n§ 4 tarag 3
75
eyageTAelIcMeNalEdleFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNBIcMNaymUlFnsmÖarrUbvn½þbEnßmnwgRtUv)anpþl;[
tamry³yuT§sa®sþvinieyaKtamshKmn_ nig EpñkÉkCn CaBiesssMrab;kmµviFInana EdlraCrdæaPi)alRKan;
EtCaGñkKaMRTEpñkmYyénesvaGb;rM dUcCakarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ karGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc karGb;rM nig
KaMBarkumartUc.
kmµviFIvinieyaKmUlFnk¾rYmbBa©ÚlkarKaMRTelIkarksagsmtßPaB EdlmanRbEhlCa 1 PaK 6 én
karcMNaymUlFnpgEdr . karcMNayelIkarksagsmtßPaBenHPaKeRcInepþatelIkarBRgwgRbB½n§Catitam
danRtYtBinitükarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;Cati extþ Rsuk nig XMu . Epnkarma:RkUEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;kartam
danRtYtBinitü nig EpnkarkmµkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;XMurMBwgfanwgRtUv)anksagenAedImqñaM 2003
CamYynwgyuT§sa®sþRbhak;RbEhlKñaenAkMritnanaénRbB½n§tamdanRtYtBinitükarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña .
cMeNalelIkarcMNaymUlFn ¬PaKeRcIneTAelIkarksagsmtßPaB nig smÖarrUbvn½þbEnßm ¦ sMrab;
dMeNIrkarkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgekInBI 78 Ban;lanerol ¬20landuløar¦ enAqñaM2002 eTAdl; 135
Ban;lanerol ¬34 landuløar ¦ enAqñaM 2015. karEbgEckcMNaymUlFn sMrab;dMeNIrkarkarGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;KñanwgfycuHenAeBlkmµviFIGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig Gb;rMeRkaymUldæanRtUv)anBRgIk .
xageRkamenHCakarsegçblkçN³BiesssMxan;²énkmµviFIcMNaymUlFn ³
T karcMNaymUlFnBIqñaM2002 dl;qñaM 2010 nwgepþatelIkarpþl;fvikasMrab;karbMBak;smÖarrUbvn½þ
dl;RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalRKU karsñak;enArbs;RKUbeRgón karGb;rMenAbzmsikSa nig mFümsikSa
CaBiess enAPUmi XMu Edlbc©úb,nñCYbkarxVHxat .
T bnþerobcMkmµviFIksagsmtßPaBRKUbeRgón GñkRKb;RKg nig GñkeFVIEpnkar edIm,I[manvimCÄkar
esvaGb;rMkan;EtTUlMTUlay rYmTaMgKmnaKmn_smÖarrUbv½nþ nig karKaMRTCak;Esþg nigkarbNþúH
bNþalkñúgeBlbMeBjkargar nig karbNþúHbNþalry³eBlxøI cab;BIqñaM 2002 dl;qñaM 2015 .
kareFVIcMeNalbgðajBIkMeNInsmamaRtCMnYybreTs sMrab;kmµviFIKaMRTfvikamUlFnry³eBl
mFümeTAry³eBlEvg.
3>5>5 karbBa©ÚlEpnkarhirBaØvtßúnigfvikaeTAkñúgdMeNIrkarry³eBlmFümnigEvg
kar)a:n;sµantémø nig karcUlrYmviPaKTanrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa elIEpnkarhirBaØvtßú
sMrab;dMeNIrkarkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña )anpþl;»kas[RksYgbBa©ÚlEpnkarcMNayhirBaØvtßúrbs;xøÜnCa
mYynwgkarcUlrYmviPaKTanBImatabitasisS EpñkÉkCn GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al Gñkpþl;CMnYy nig RksYgnana
rbs;raCrdæaPi)al . KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgerobcMevTikasMrab;sRmbsRmYl nig
begáInkarcUlrYmviPaKTanCahirBaØvtßú eRkABIIEpnkarcMNayry³eBlmFümsMrab;dMeNIrkarkmµviFIKaMRTvis½y
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Gb;rM. eTaHbIya:gNak¾eday karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñarMBwgfanwgdMeNIrkareTAmuxtamry³karbnþkmµviFI

skmµPaBCaGaTiPaBEdlmanenAkñúgkmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM TnÞwmKñanwgkarBRgIkkmµviFIGkçrkmµGb;rMeRkA
RbB½n§ nig Gb;rMkumartUc . kmµviFITaMgBIrenHnwgTTYl)anfvikatamry³karcUlrYmviPaKTanBImatabitasisS
RksYgnanarbs;raCrdæaPi)al nig RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa.
edIm,I[karGnuvtþkmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM nig eKalneya)aykmµviFIyuT§sa®sþGb;rMRbkbeday
RbsiT§PaBRtUvTamTarkarRbemIlemIlBIFnFanEdlman. RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILanwgcab;dMeNIrkarenA
3 kMrit edIm,IFana[karRbemIlemIlkan;EtTUlMTUlay . enAkMritma:RkUdMbUgRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa nwg
eRbIR)as;fvikacMNayry³eBlmFümsMrab;kareFVIEpnkarkmµfvikaGb;rMenAeBlxagmuxrYmTaMgsmasPaK
kmµviFIGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña¬sUmemIltarag3>6xageRkam¦. EpnkarcMNayry³eBlmFümrMBwgfa nwg)an
erobcMCaRbcaM edIm,Ipþl;eKalkarN_sMrab;eFVIEpnkarkmµfvikaGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñasMrab;ry³eBlEvg .
tarag3>6³ EpnkarcMNaysMrab;ry³eBlmFümsMrab;vis½yGb;rM2002¼2006
lanerol fvika fvika fvika KMerag2003 KMerag2004 KMerag2005 KMerag2006
2000 2001 2002 K>c>r>m K>c>r>m> K>c>r>m> cMeNal
fvikacrnþsrub 183 170 223 510 286 200 333 000 390 864 446 256 503 700
CMBUk 10 fvikabuKÁlik 126 160 136 100 150 040 180 925 212 464 246 356 275 516
fvikaminEmnk>s>G¼buKÁlikCM 11÷31÷32¦ 47 010 59 030 61 105 58 800 65 00 66 000 67 000
kmµviFIskmµPaBCaGaTiPaB 10 000 28 380 75 055 93 200 113 400 133 900 161 184
RbsiT§PaBesvaGb;rM 0 11 200 13 200 14 50 15 500 17 000
RbsiT§PaB nig KuNPaBbzmsikSa 10 000 21 464 24 000 26 000 30 000 35 400 39 000
RbsiT§PaB nig KuNPaBmFümsikSa 3 836 7 500 10 000 14 000 20 000 25 000
RbsiT§PaB nig KuNPaB G>b>b>v 1 820 4 000 5 000 6 000 8 000
RbsiT§PaB nig KuNPaB]tþmsikSa 2 100 2 100 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000
karbnþGPivDÆn_RKUbeRgon 9 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 000
smÖarbeRgonsMxan;² 14 000 15 000 18 400 21 000 26 684
karBRgIkkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ 2 000 4 000 6 000 6 000 7 000
karKitKUrBICMgWeGds_dl;yuvCnkñúgsalaeron 600 1 350 1 500 1 500 2 000
karKitKUrBICMgWeGds_dl;yuvCn¼kILa 980 400 1 150 1 500 2 000 2 500
karBRgwgRbB½n§tamdanRtYtBinitü¼svnkmµ 2 435 3 500 3 500 3 500 4 000
smFm’énkarcUleron¼GaharUbkrN_ 0 3 000 5 000 7 000 12 000
kmµviFIvinieyaKTun 55 113 145 800 143 600 135 000 102 600 122 887
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_smÖarrUbv½nþsalaeron 41 325 116 800 119 600 114 000 87 600 107 887
kmµviFIksagsmtßPaB 13 788 29 000 24 000 21 000 15 000 15 000
fvikacrnþ nig fvikamUlFnsrub 278 623 432 000 476 600 525 864 548 856 626 587
RbPB ³ k>K>v>G Edl)anBinitüeLIgvij qñaM 2002/06
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EpnkarcMNayry³eBlmFümsMrab;karGnuvtþkmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rMbgðajfa fvikasMrab;kmµviFI
ksagsmtßPaB fvikamUlFn fvikacMNaycrnþCaGaTiPaB nig R)ak;ExEdlesñIeLIgeRcInelIsBIkBa©b;
FnFanEdleRKagTuksMrab;qñaM 2001 dl; 2005 . kmµviFIcMNayry³eBlmFüm nwgRtUvkarEklMGQrelI
eKalkarN_RbcaMqñaM edayepþatCasMxan;elIdMeNIrkarGnuvtþFnFan . karEbgEckfvikacrnþsrubsMrab;
vis½yGb;rMqñaM 2002 dl; qñaM 2005 KWRsbeTAnwgkic©RBmeRBóg rvagraCrdæaPi)al nig Gñkpþl;CMnYy edIm,I[
fvikacMNaycrnþsaFarN³maneTAdl; 20° enAqñaM 2005 . karEbgEckfvikacMNaycrnþmanRbmaN
20>5° eyagtamkareFVIcMeNalqñaM 2006 . dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 5 EpnkarhirBaØvtßúry³
eBlEvgsMrab;karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaGnuvtþeKalkarN_Rbhak;RbEhlKña.
EpnkarhirBaØvtßúGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña k¾)anerobcMeKalneya)aykMENTMrg;R)ak;ExenAkñúgRksYg
Gb;rM yuvCn nig kILa nig raCrdæaPi)albc©úb,nñpgEdr . kareFVIcMeNalelIkarcMNaysMrab;karGnuvtþ nig
kMENTMrg;R)ak;ExRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBKWCalkçN³BiessénEpnkarcMNayry³eBlmFümsMrab;dMeNIrkar
kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM EdlnwgRtUv)anBRgIksMrab;EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñary³eBlEvg . edIm,IsMerc
eKaledAkMENTMrg;R)ak;ExEpñkGb;rMcaM)ac;RtUvEtKitBI]bsKÁnanakñúgkarbegáInR)ak;ExbuKÁlikGb;rM.
RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa )anENnaMmeFüa)aykñúgkarbegáInTMnYlxusRtUvenAfñak;extþsMrab;
karEbgEckFnFanfvikasMrab;kmµviFIfvikamUlFn nig fvikacrnþCaGaTiPaB nig EpnkarhirBaØvtßú rYmman ³
T begáInkarpþl;GMNacdl;mnÞIrGb;rMextþ sMrab;erobcMEbgEckfvikadl;salaeron nig RsuksMrab;
kmµviFIGaTiPaBnImYy² .
T karENnaMsþIBIlkçN³vinicä½y nig rebobEbgEckfvikadl;mnÞIrGb;rMextþ edIm,IeFVIEpnkarkmµfvika
sMrab;GPivDÆn_mUldæanGb;rM rYmmankarENnaMsþIBIkarRKb;RKgFnFanfvikaTaMgenHenAkñúgextþ 6 enA
qñaM 2002 .
T bnþkarksagsmtßPaBGaCJaFrextþ salaeron nig Rsuk kñúgkmµviFIRKb;RKgEpnkarkmµ kmµviFI nig
kareFVIr)aykarN_.
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgksagkmµviFI nig eKalneya)ayksagsmtßPaBTaMgGs;enH
sMrab;ry³eBlEvg .
3>5>6 dMeNIrkarRKb;RKgkmµviFIcMNaycrnþ
RksYgkMBugEtbnþBRgwgRbB½n§RKb;RKgkmµviFIcMNaycrnþenARKb;kMrit CaBiesskarerobcMesckþI
ENnaMc,as;las;sMrab;karTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú nigkareFVIr)aykarN_. karEklMGnwgRtUveFVI
eLIgsMrab;karerobcMkarRKb;RKgTaMgenH CaBiesskarEbgEckTMnYlxusRtUvrbs;GgÁPaBRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú
78
edayQrelIeKalkarN_c,as;las; . karsMerccitþpøas;bþÚrEpñkNamYycaM)ac;RtUvEtKitBIIeCaKC½ykarGnuvtþ
kñúgkarksagsmtßPaB nig dMeNIrkarRKb;RKgqñaMmun² .
dMeNIrkarEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgekItmaneLIg tamry³bnþkareRbIR)as;RbB½n§RKb;RKg
fvikacrnþrbs;raCrdæaPi)al rYmmankarBRgwgRbB½n§KNenyü nig RbB½n§RKb;RKghirBaØb,TankMritsalaeron
fñak;Rsuk nig extþ . cMeNalfvikamUlFnenA]bsm<½n§ 4 bgðajBIkarpþl;fvikasMrab;kmµviFIksagsmtßPaB
TUlMTUlayenH.
79
4 karksagsmtß P aB kartamdanRtY t Bi n i t ü
ni g karBi n i t üeLI g vi j Epnkar Gb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña)andak;ecjnUvcMNucsMxan;mYy KWksagsmtßPaB edaytRmUv[man
karBiPakSabEnßmelIkarGnuvtþEpnkar[manRbsiT§PaBx<s; . kñúgxN³EdltRmUUvkarksagsmtßPaBman
enARKb;kMritTaMgGs;tRmUvkar[mankarykcitþTukdak; CaBiesselIkarBRgwgtYnaTIrbs;KN³kmµaFikarGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAkMritmUldæan edIm,IsMerceKaledAEdl)anelIkeLIgedayeKarBeTAtam ³
k/ karGPivDÆEpnkarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
x/ karpSBVpSayBt’man
K/ karGnuvtþEpnkar
X/ kartamdanRtYtBinitü .
karpþl;fvikasMrab;tRmUvkarksagsmtßPaB RtUv)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgEpñkTI 3 .
4>1 karBRgwgkartamdanRtYtBinitüsMrab;karvaytémøkarGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
kartamdanRtYtBinitüEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRtUv)aneFIVeLIg tamry³karBRgwgRbB½n§RtYt
BinitüKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenARKb;kMrit rYmmankarBinitüEklMGEpnkarry³eBlEvg eday
Ep¥kelIeKaledAGnuvtþn_ry³eBlmFüm . dMeNIrkarénkarRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþtamEpñk nig karrIkcMerInkñúg
karsMerckarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñary³eBlmFüm nig ry³eBlEvgnwgsgát;F¶n;eTAelIGaMgDIkaT½rén
karGnuvtþeKalneya)ayKnøwHmYycMnYn edIm,IFana[mankarviPaK nig karRbmUlBt’manEdlmanlkçN³
RtwmRtUv nig Tan;eBlevla. EpñkFMTUlayénkarRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþRtUv)ansegçbenAkñúgtaragxageRkam ³
80
karksagsmtßPaB kartamdan...
taragTI4>1³ kartamdanRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþtamEpñk¼karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
81
82
taragTI4>2³ GaMgDIkaT½rGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñasMxan;²
83
4>2 karerobcMRbB½n§tamdanRtYtBinitü nig vaytémøtamEpñk

karerobcMRbB½n§tamdanRtYtBinitü nig karvaytémøtamEpñkKWBwgEp¥keTAelIkMritepSg²én
karTTYlxusRtUv . CaTUeTARkumKuNPaBGb;rMénGKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
GFikardæanGb;rM naykdæanBak;B½n§déTeTot nig RksYgBak;B½n§nwgTTYlxusRtUvdUcxageRkam ³
enAfñak;kNþal
T kartamdanRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþtamEpñk
T kartamdanRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþEpñkhirBaØvtßú
T kartamdanRtYtBinitüplb:HBal;rbs;kmµviFI .
enAfñak;mUldæan
T kartamdanRtYtBinitükarrIkcMerInrbs;kmµviFIfñak;extþ¼Rkug
T kartamdanRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþkmµviFItammUldæan
T kartamdanRtYtBinitüdMeNIrkarRbtibtiþPUmi
vtßúbMNgrbs;esckþIENnaMkartamdanRtYtBinitüenHKW edIm,IBRgwgnItiRkmrbs;RkumKuNPaB nig
RkumdéTeTotenAkñúgGKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñasMrab;karvaytémøkarGnuvtþ
kmµviFI nig karGnuvtþtamEpñk rYmTaMgkarKNna kareFIVr)aykarN_bec©keTs nig hirBaØvtßú . esckþIENnaM
enHmaneKalbMNgpþl;nItiRkmsþg;da nig eBlevlasMrab;kartamdanRtYt BinitükarrIkcMerIn nig plb:HBal;
rbs;kmµviFI nig karENnaMBITMrg;eFVIr)aykarN_ . eKalbMNgmYyeTotKWedIm,IkMNt;karTTYlxusRtUvkar
tamdanRtYtBinitü[)anc,as;las;dl;RkumKuNPaB nig RkumdéTeTotenAkñúgGKÁelxaFikardæan
84
KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña . dMeNIrkarTaMgenHnwgRtUvGnuvtþkartamdanRtYtBinitükarrIkcMerIn
rbs;kargarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig edIrtYnaTICamUldæansMrab;føwgEføgkmµviFIyuT§sa®sþ nig eKalneya)ay
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña .
4>3 karRKb;RKg nig karGnuvtþRbB½n§tamdanRtYtBinitü

karRKb;RKgdMeNIrkartamdanRtYtBinitükarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaFanafanwgmankardwknaM nig
karebþCJakMritx<s;bnþeTotcMeBaHeKalneya)ay nig eKaledAkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgKña . RbFanKN³kmµaFikar
CatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgdwknaMkargarBinitüeLIgvij edIm,IbgðajBIeKalneya)ay nig bBaðaCayuT§sa®sþ
Cak;lak;NamYyEdlb:HBal;dl;karGnuvtþkMENTMrg;rbs;sßab½nBak;B½n§kñúgraCrdæaPi)al . RkumKuNPaB
Gb;rMénGKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgerobcMebskkmµRtYtBinitüeLIgvijenH
RBmTaMgCYysMrbsMrYldMeNIrkareFIVr)aykarN_sIþBIebskkmµenHenAkñúgRksYgBak;B½n§ .
GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgsRmbsRmYlkarrIkcMerIn nig pl
b:HBal;EdlkMBugtamdanRtYtBinitüedaysßab½n naykdæanBak;B½n§ . GKÁelxaFikardæan KN³kmµaFikarCati
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñak¾eFIVkargarRtYtBinitüeLIgvij[)aneTogTat;CamYym®nIþRKb;RKgfñak;x<s;rbs;xøÜn
pgEdr. GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñashkarCamYynaykdæanEpnkar nig sRmb
sRmYlBIkarRtYtBinitüelIkarGnuvtþtamEpñkedayeRbIR)as; r)aykarN_sþIBIplb:HBal; nig karrIkcMerIn
rbs;kmµviFIepSg² r)aykarN_sIþBIkmµviFIsakl,grbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig Gñkpþl;CMnYyCak;lak;Na
mYy nig RbPBBt’manepSg²eTot .
RksYgBak;B½n§nImYy²nwgerobcMkartamdanRtYtBinitükmµviFICak;lak;NamYyeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUv
rbs;eKpÞal; . sßab½nBak;B½n§RtUvFana[R)akdfa skmµPaBtamdanRtYtBinitünwgeFIVeLIgenA RKb;extþ¼Rkug
nig RKb;skmµPaBTaMgGs;enAkñúgkmµviFInImYy² . enAeBlEdlTTYlr)aykarN_BIRKb;EpñkTaMgGs; ¬extþ¼
Rkug Rsuk¼xNÐ . l. ¦ EdlnwgRtUverobcMpSBVpSayeday GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;Kña naykdæan nig sßab½nnImYy²RtUv)anrMBwgfanwgcgRkgr)aykarN_sIþBIkarrIkcMerInEpñkhirBaØvtßú
nig bec©keTsrYmrbs;kmµviFInImYy². sßab½nEdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkmµviFICak;lak;mYyenaH k¾RtUverobcMeFIV
r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMsIþBIplb:HBal;elIkmµviFITaMgenaHpgEdr. r)aykarN_TaMgenaHnwgRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;
sMrab;CaEpñkmYyénr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMsIþBIkarGnuvtþtamEpñkEdleKnwgykmkbgðajenAeBlRtYtBinitü
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRbcaMqñaM nig ykeFIVCamUldæansMrab;kar):an;RbmaNRbcaMqñaM nig qmasBIkarrIk
cMerInkargarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña . karerobcMTaMgGs;enHnwgFana[)ankarsRmbsRmYldl;dMeNIrkar
RtYtBinitüry³eBlmFüm nig ry³eBlEvg .
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KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñaextþ¼Rkug edayshkarCamYymnÞIrGb;rMextþ¼RkugnwgRtYt
BinitüBIkarrIkcMerInénskmµPaBkmµviFInImYy²edIm,IFanafaskmµPaBTaMgenaHRtUv)anGnuvtþRbkbeday
RbsiT§PaB nig Tan;eBlevla . RkumRtYtBinitüenHnwgBinitüRsavRCavcrnþfvikarbs;kmµviFI cMeBaHsßab½n nig
salaeron . KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñaextþ¼RkugnwgFana[)anfa KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;KñaTTYlfvikasMrab;kartamdanRtYtBinitü ehIyBYkeK)aneFIVkartamdanRtYtBinitüya:geTogTat; nig
CYyKaMRTdl;kmµviFIGPivDÆn_PUmi . RkumenHnwgCYypþl;karKaMRTEpñkbec©keTs nig karENnaMpgEdr
CaBiesstamry³fñak;Rsuk fñak;XuM nig kMrgsalaeron .
RkumKuNPaBGb;rMedayshkarCamYynaykdæanEpnkarnwgeFIVkarnaMmuxeKkñúgkarsRmbsRmYl
dl;karRbmUlBt’mancaM)ac; nig karviPaK . rebob nig eBlevlaCak;lak;sMrab;karRbmUl nig viPaKBt’man
niwgRtUvBicarNaBIEpnkarepSg² nig BinitüeLIgvijelIskmµPaBepSg²rbs;RksYg Bak;B½n§ . GKÁelxa
FikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgsRmbsRmYlkMritepSg²KñaénkarRtYtBinitü edIm,IFana
[manBt’manRKb;RKan;sMrab;karRtYtBinitükarrIkcMerInrbs;karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña .
CagenHeTAeTot dMeNIrkartamdanRtYtBinitükarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgeFIV[mankarBieRKaH
eyabl; nig karvaytémørbs;GñkBak;B½n§kan;EtTUlayelIkarrIkcMerIn kMENTMrg;EpñkGb;rM karsMerc
eKalkarN_Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig eKaledACayuT§sa®sþ. ]TahrN_ ³ GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikar
CatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgRbKl;siTi§GMNacdl;karvaytémøÉkraCü nig kartamdanRtYtBinitüBI
GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al ¬]TahrN_ ³ karvaytémøkMritKuNPaBenAtammUldæan karrIkcMerIncMeBaHkarcUleron
rbs;kumarmkBIRKYsarRkIRk¦. GKÁelxaFikardæank¾manEpnkarBRgIkkarRsavRCavdMeNIrRbtibtþirbs;
mUldæanedIm,IeRbIR)as;enAkñúgkartamdanRtYtBinitükarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñatamry³ynþkarpþl;eyabl;
RtLb;vijya:geTogTat;BIkarRsavRCavpÞal;rbs;GKÁelxaFikardæan nig emeronEdl)aneronBIGñkpþl;CMnYy
nig KMnitpþÜcepIþmrbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al .
4>4 karykcitþTukdak;elIkarEklMG nigBRgwgkartamdanRtYtBinitükarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña

dMeNIrkartamdanRtYtBinitükarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñary³eBlEvg nwgepþatkarykcitþTukdak;bEnßm
elIkarRtYtBinitüKuNPaB nig RbsiT§PaBénkarGb;rMRKb;kMritTaMgGs; . RkumKuNPaBGb;rM TTYlsÁal;fa
dMeNIrkartamdanRtYtBinitüEpnkarCatiry³eBlmFümnwgsgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarEklMGkarcUleronEdlCaEpñk
mYyRtUvkareBlevla edIm,IkMNt;[)anc,as;las;kMritsþg;daGb,brmaénlT§pl skmµPaB nig Tinñn½y
dMbUgsMrab;karsikSa . cMNucKnwøHéndMeNIrkartamdanRtYtBinitüKuNPaBkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgrYm
bBa©ÚlkarvaytémødUcxageRkam ³
86
T plb:HBal;énkarbNþúHbNþalRKU nig eKalneya)ayBRgayRKUbeRgóncMeBaHkarGnuvtþrbs;

RKUbeRgón nig sisSenAkMritfñak;eron
T RbsiT§PaBénbrisßansikSaenARKb;kMritTaMgGs; rYmTaMgkarGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc bzmsikSa
nig mFümsikSabzmPUmi
T RbsiT§PaBénskmµPaBksagsmtßPaBenAtamnaykdæan nig RKwHsßansikSa CaBiesseKarBeTA
tamkarbNþúHbNþal nig viRkwtkarRKUbeRgón
T RbsiT§PaB nig KuNPaBénkmµviFIkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
T RbsiT§PaB nig KuNPaBénlT§plsikSaCamYynwgKMnitpþÜcepþImkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ edIm,ICYydl;
kumar nig yuvCneRkAsalaeronEdlmanbBa©ÚlkmµviFIGkçrkmµviC¢aCIv³gay²
T RbsiT§PaBénsmFm’eynD½r enAkñúgRKb;kmµviFIGPivDÆn_karGb;rMmUldæan k¾dUcCasmFm’eynD½r
enAtamsßab½n
T plb:HBal;énkarBRgIk»kascUleronenAmFümsikSaenAkñúgtMbn;EdlBMusUvmankarykcitþ
Tukdak; nig sMrab;®sþIelIeKalneya)ayBRgayRKU nig tRmUvkarpÁt;pÁg;RKUbeRgón
T plb:HBal;énkmµviFIelIkTwkcitþcMeBaHkarBRgayRKUbeRgónry³eBlmFüm EdlmanRsab; ¬dUc
CakarpÁt;pÁg;RKUbeRgonenAtMbn;dac;Rsyal¦ nig rebobP¢ab;GnþraKmn_ ry³eBlmFümnwg
karEkTMrg;CaRbB½n§ry³eBlEvg
T plb:HBal;énkarbegáInema:gbeRgón nig karpþl;smÖarbeRgónRbkbedaynirnþrPaB edIm,IEklMG
RbsiT§PaB nig KuNPaBGb;rM .
dMeNIrkartamdanRtYtBinitüCak;lak;TaMgenHnwgRtUv)aneKP¢ab;eTAnwgkarRtYtBinitüplb:HBal;én
kMENTMrg;R)ak;ebovtSrbs;m®nþIraCkar CaBiessTMhMsMrab;BRgIkkarGnuvtþedayEp¥kelIyuT§sa®sþeqøIytb
nwgkardMeLIgzan³tamKuNsm,tiþ nig karelIkTwkcitþsMrab;GPivDÆbuKÁlik . enAeBlCamYyKñaenH
KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgtamdanRtYtBinitüya:gm:t;ct;cMeBaHtulüPaBénfvikaGb;rMsMrab;
R)ak;ebovtS nig minEmnR)ak;ebovtSEdlCaEpñkénkartamdanRtYtBinitü nig kareFIVEpnkarEklMGKuNPaB
Gb;rM[kan;EtTUlMTUlay .
EpñkéndMeNIrkarRKaMRTbec©keTs kartamdanRtYtBinitü nig kareFIVEpnkarEklMGKuNPaBGb;rMenA
tammUldæan Edl)anBRgIkEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgrYmbBa©ÚlkarBRgIkbNþajKaMRTbec©keTsenA
fñak;XMuTUTaMgRbeTs rYmCamYynwgkarbegIánkarcUlrYmBIsMNak;RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; kñúgkarFanafa karerobcM
esvaGb;rMnwgmanRbsiT§PaB nig KuNPaBx<s; .
87
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñamanbBa©ÚlkarcMNayCak;lak; sMrab;karRbtibtiþkarénkarRKb;RKg
TUeTA karFanaKuNPaB nig kartamdanplb:HBal;enAfñak;Cati nig fñak;extþ . karcMNayTaMgenH RtUv)an
)a:n;sµanenAkñúgtaragén]bsm<½n§ 4 nig 5 . karcMNaykartamdanRtYtBinitüelIkarrIkcMerIn rbs;kmµviFIRtUv
)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgfvikatamEpñk nig kmµviFIksagsmtßPaB .
4>5 karelIkkMBs;kareRbIR)as;Bt’manénkartamdanRtYtBinitü
dMeNIrkartamdanRtYtBinitünwgFana[)annUvcrnþBt’man nig karBieRKaHeyabl;CamYy
KN³kmµaFiikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB ehIyFanafaGñkBak;B½n§sMxan;²TaMgGs;
RtUv)anpþl;dMNwgBIkarrIkcMerInénkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña . GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgsRmbsRmYl[manBt’mantamdanRtYtBinitü RbkbedayRbsiT§PaBtamry³sßab½n
CMnajrbs;RksYgBak;B½n§ .
QrelImUldæanRbcaMqñaMGKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgTTYlxusRtUv
edayFanafa Bt’mantamdanRtYtBinitükmµviFIEpñkbec©keTs nig hirBaØvtßúnwgRtUv)anpSBVpSayya:geTog
Tat;eTAkan;GñkeRbIR)as;sMxan;²enAkñúg nig eRkAsßab½nBak;B½n§ .
RkumKuNPaBGb;rM nig GFikardæanGb;rMnwgFanafa EpnkarCatiry³eBlmFüm nig yuT§saRsþnana
)anBinitüeLIgvijedayeRbIbTBiesaFEdlTTYl)an edIm,IEklMGEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ry³eBlEvg
nig BinitüeLIgvijenAqñaM 2015 .
RkumKuNPaBGb;rM nig GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgsRmbsRmYl
skmµPaBrYmKña edIm,IFanafamankarRtYtBinitüeLIgvijBIeKalneya)ayyuT§sa®sþ EpnkarCatiry³eBl
mFümedayeRbIR)as;bTBiesaFnana edIm,IEklMGEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ry³eBlEvg nig ckçúvis½yqñaM
2020 .
4>6 ynþkarrdæ)alsMrab;tamdanRtYtBinitüBt’man
RbkarenHmansar³sMxan;kñúgkarkMNt;tYnaTIKnøwH EdlKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRKb;
lMdab;fñak;RtUvGnuvtþcab;BIfñak;extþ¼Rkug rhUtdl;fñak;XMu¼sgáat; kñúgkartamdanRtYtBinitü nig karGnuvtþenA
tammUldæan edIm,IsMerceKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña. kñúgnamCaGgÁPaBtamdanRtYtBinitüenAtam
mUldæanKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaXMu¼sgáat; nwgmantYnaTIsMxan;enAkñúgdMeNIrkarGnuvtþkarGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;Kña . tYnaTIsMxan;²TaMgenaHrYmman ³
88
T RbmUlBt’manedIm,IkMNt;cm¶ayQaneTAsMercmuxsBaØaGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñak¾dUcCakarrIkcMerIn
nanasMedAsMerceKaledAEdl)anyl;RBmtamqñaMnImYy²
T GPivDÆn_EpnkarGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña edIm,IsMerceKaledAEp¥kelIBt’manEdl)an
RbmUl
T CMrujGñkBak;B½n§enAtammUldæan[cUlrYmkñúgskmµPaBGnuvtþEdl)andak;enAkñúgEpnkarGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
T sMercfvikaedayeKarBeTAtamkareRKagFnFan edIm,IsMerceKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñasRmb
sRmYlskmµPaBCamYyGñkBak;B½n§epSg²edayeKarBeTAtamsßab½nmUldæan
T tamdanCaRbcaMelIkarrIkcMerInéneKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
T eFVIr)aykarN_elIkarrIkcMerInnanakñúgkarsMerceKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRBmTaMgerobrab;
GMBIkarbMb:nnanaEdlcaM)ac; .
4>7 tRmUvkarksagsmtßPaB
tYnaTItamdanRtYtBinitü nig karGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaEdlepÞrGMNaceTA[KN³kmµaFikar
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAmUldæanKWCaRbkarRbesIrbMput . ehtudUecñH tRmUvkar smRsbEdlKN³kmµaFikar
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña k¾dUcCam®nþIGb;rMCaeRcIn CaBiessnayksalaEdlmanParkic©enAkñúgKN³kmµaFikar
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaTTYl)ankarKaMRTxagbec©keTsedIm,IFanafa BYkeKGacRbtibtþikargarRbkb
edayRbsiT§PaB . karksagsmtßPaBenAkñúgEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgbMeBjbEnßmRBmTaMg
shkarCamYyEpnkarskmµPaBksagsmtßPaBRbcaMqñaM EdlRtUvGPivDÆedaynaykdæannImYy²enAkñúg
kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM . karrMBwgTukTaMgenHRsbKñaCamYy nwgtRmUvkarrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkñúgkareFVIvimCÄkar
karGnuvtþkarRKb;RKg nigEpnkarkmµesvaGb;rMmUldæandl;fñak;XMu Rsuk nigextþ. dMeNIrkarksagsmtßPaB
nwgsRmbsRmYlelI4 CMhankñúgkarelIkkMBs;yuT§sa®sþGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ³ ¬1¦karksagEpnkarCati
¬2¦karpSBVpSaydMeNIrkarGnuvtþ nig nItiviFI ¬3¦karGnuvtþ ¬4¦kartamdanRtYtBinitü .
enAcMNuccugeRkayenHnwgmankarKaMRTdl;raCrdæaPi)alkñúgkarbegáItEpnkarksagsmtßPaB
sMrab;KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAmUldæan Edlpþl;edayGñkCMnajkarelIEpñktamdan
RtYtBinitüEpnkarkmµ nig karRKb;RKg . eKaledACMhandMbUgnwgCYyKN³kmµaFikarCati nig KN³kmµaFikar
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAmUldæan edIm,IGPivDÆnItiviFIEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña fñak;XMuQrelIeKal
karN_sakl,g . dMeNIrkarEdlnwgRtUveFVIrYmman ¬k¦RtYtBinitüeLIgvij bribTeKalneya)ayCatisMrab;
vimCÄkarEpnkar rYmTaMgdMeNIrkarEpnkarPUmi nig XMuEdl)ankarKaMRTeRkamkmµviFIsIla nig karpþÜcepþIm
89
KMnitrbs;RksYgmhaépÞ ¬x¦RtYtBinitüeLIgvijEpnkarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña EpnkaryuT§sa®sþkat;

bnßyPaBRkIRk EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©sgÁmkic©elIkTI2 kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM kmµviFIEpñkGb;rM edIm,I
TTYl)anRkbx½NÐEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;tMbn; .
eRkaykarbBa©b;kargarxagelI KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig KN³kmµaFikarGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;mUldæan enAXMumYycMnYnnwgGPivDÆEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;XMuEdlsIuKñanwg
tRmUvkarCak;Esþg . eyageTAelIbTBiesaFénkarGPivDÆEpnkarTaMgenHnwgmankarGPivDÆesckþIENnaM
sMrab;dMeNIrkarEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;XMuTUTaMgRbeTs . esckþIENnaMTaMgenH nwgRtUv)aneRbICa
ÉksarbNþúHbNþalcm,gkñúgkarksagsmtßPaBm®nþICMnajenAkñúgGKÁelxaFikardæan KN³kmµaFikarCati
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenARKb;kMritTaMgGs;EdlnwgTTYlxusRtUvelIkarGnuvtþTUTaMgRbeTs . eyIgkt;sMKal;
fa karpþl;fvikasMrab;tRmUvkarksagsmtßPaBTaMgenHKWRtUv)anbBa©Úl enAkñúgfvikaEdl)anelIkeLIgenA
tarag 3>5 ¬emIlEpñk 3>5>4 ¦ .
4>8 evTikaGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRbcaMqñaM
enAkñúgEpñkEdlkMBugGnuvtþnImYy² dMeNIrkarRtYtBinitüTinñn½yRbcaMqñaMeLIgvijRtUv)ansnñidæan nig
vaytémøtamry³evTikaGb;rMsMrab;TMagGs;KñaRbcaMqñaM . karsMerceKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaEdlCa
lkçN³GnþrTMnak;TMngnwgtRmUv[mankarcgRkgCaÉksarTukenARKb;kMriténRbB½n§Gb;rM nig RtUv)anviPaK
elIRKb;eKaledAdUcCa kumara kumarI «Bukmþay RKUbeRgón m®nþIrdæ)alGb;rM GñkdwknaM shKmn_m®nIþEdl
RtUv)ane)aHeqñateRCIserIs nigEtgtaMgRKb;Can;fñak; nig édKUGñkpþl;CMnYy .
mUldæanBt’mancMeBaHEpnkarkmµ nig karkMNt;eKaledAkøayeTACadMeNIrkarEklMGBImYyqñaMeTA
mYyqñaMedaypSarP¢ab;TMnak;TMngBIfñak;elIeTAfñak;eRkam nig BIfñak;eRkameTAfñak;elI BIKN³kmµaFikarGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;KñananaeTAGKÁelxaFikardæan nig BIGKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
eTAKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaepSg²eTot . KMnitpþÜcepþImd¾eCaKC½yGacRtUv)ankt;RtaviPaKBI
smasPaK nig tmøaPaB RBmTaMgBRgIkedIm,IbegáInel,ÓnPaBCam©as;sgÁmsIuvilkñúgkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
[kan;EtTUlMTUlay ¬Rkbx½NÐskmµPaBGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRkug daka qñaM 2000 kfax½NÐTI 8 nig
yuT§sa®sþTI 3¦.
bBaðasñÚl KWfakarsMerceKalbMNgkargarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaGacnwgRtUv)anbegáInel,Ón enAeBl
EdlsalaeronshKmn_ nig buKÁlEdlmanGMNacRKb;RKan;eFIVkarrYmKñaedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgkarebþCJarbs;
raCrdæaPi)alcMeBaHsiTi§rbs;Cnkm<úCaRKb;rUbkñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rMmUldæan edayEp¥kelIkarebþCJacitþrbs;
BYkeKpÞal;eTAtamKMerag nig meFüa)ayCak;Esþg.
90
GtßRbeyaCn_d¾sMxan;kñúglMnaMenHCadMeNIrkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvijRbcaMqñaMrbs;RbB½n§Bt’manRKb;RKg
Gb;rM . kargarenHRtUv)anerobcMBt’manCaBIrrebobKW Tinñn½ydMbUg nig lT§plenARKb;kMriténRbB½n§BIsala
eTARsuk eTAextþ nig eTAfñak;Cati .
yuT§sa®sþCaKnøwHmYyénkmµviFIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñarbs;RbeTskm<úCaKWkarksagÉksarmYy
EdlmankarTTYlsÁal; . karRbQmRbcaMqñaM KWkarEsVgrkkt;RtaCaÉksarpSBVpSay nig TTYlsÁal; :
karGnuvtþ)anl¥ : nig kt;RtaCaÉksarpþl;rgVan; nig pSBVpSayBIsala eTARsuk eTAextþ EdlsMerc)antam
eKaledACak;lak; .
karpþl;rgVan;dl;karbegIátfµI nig smiT§plnanaGaceFIVeLIgRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB edayminGs;
R)ak;eTotpg . ]TahrN_³ m®nIþCan;x<s;énraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa ¬dUcCaGKÁelxaFikarKN³kmµaFikarCati
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña rdæm®nIþRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa>>>> ¦ Gacpþl;Calixit viBaØabnb½Rt nig karpSBV
pSaytamRbB½n§Bt’mannana b¤TMrg;epSg²eToténkarTTYlsÁal;CabuKÁl b¤ saFarN³cMeBaHkEnøgNa Edl
mansñaéd . GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig RkumkargarBak;B½n§Gacman
tYnaTIsMxan;enAkñúgbBaðaenH .
karbgðajEpnTIsþIBIsßanPaBénkarsMerceKaledAkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgvivtþBImYyqñaMeTAmYy
qñaM edaymankarKaMRTbEnßmcMeBaHRkum nig kEnøgEdlRtUvkarFnFanbec©keTs hirBaØvtßú nig smÖarbEnßm
edIm,IbegáInel,ÓnkarrIkcMerInQaneTAsMerceKaledACak;lak; . RbkarenHsIuKñaCamYynwgyuT§sa®sþrYm
karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ¬ Rkbx½NÐskmµPaBGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRkugdaka qñaM 2000 kfax½NÐTI 8 nig
yuT§sa®sþTI 11 ¦ .
CamYynirnþrPaBEdl)anpþl;[tamry³GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
nig edaymanTMnak;TMngeTogTat;enAkñúgRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa nig CamYyRksYgBak;B½n§nana
GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgmantYnaTIKnøwHCaGñkRbmUl nig Eckcay
Bt’mandUcEdl)anbBa¢ak;BIxagelI . RkumKaMRTRtUvkardwgBt’man nig r)aykarN_EdlTak;TgeTAnwg
karBRgIkkarGb;rMmUldæankñúg nig eRkAvis½yGb;rM .
4>9 tYnaTIrbs;GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
karerobcMEpnkarskmµPaBGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRtUv)ansRmbsRmYYledayGKÁelxaFikardæanKN³
kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña . GnuRkwtüEx sIha qñaM 2001 )anbBa¢ak;BItYnaTIkMBugdMeNIrkarrbs;
GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaKWCaKnøwHTMnak;TMngrvag RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig
kILa RksYgBak;B½n§epSg²eTot nig tMNageGayRbeTskm<úCaenAkñúgskmµPaBfñak;tMbn; EdlmanlkçN³
sMxan;sMrab;rebobvar³ kmµviFIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanaqñaMxagmux edIm,IsMerceKaledAenAqñaM 2015 .
91
eyageTAtamGnuRkwtüGKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñamantYnaTI ³
T RsavRCav nig eFVIesckþIRBageKalneya)ayEpnkar nig yuT§sa®sþ ehIydak;CUneTA
KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña edIm,IRtYtBinitüeLIgvij nig sMercGnum½t
T eFVITMnak;TMng nig sRmbsRmYlCamYyRksYg sßab½nBak;B½n§ GgÁkarCati nig GnþrCati edIm,I
CaRbeyaCn_ dl;karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
T erobcMkic©RbCMusMrab;KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña tamdanRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþkargar
nig GnuvtþesckþIsMerc EdleFIVeLIgedayKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña .
T raykarN_BIlT§plénkarGnuvtþkargardl;KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñatameBl
evlasmRsb nig bBa©ÚneTAraCrdæaPi)al . ¬ maRtaTI 7 ¦
kñúgkarerobcMBItYnaTI nig karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig
tYnaTIrbs;GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaCaGaTiPaB
cm,genAkñúgraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa . kargarbnþBIEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaqñaM 2015 mansar³sMxan;
Nas;. RsbCamYynwgEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig dMeNIrkarkMENTMrg;karGb;rMEdlkMBugbnþ nigkan;Et
TUlMTUlayKWCalkçN³BiessénEpnkarskmµPaBCati nig karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñarbs;km<úCa .
KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMg
Gs;Kña nig bNþajKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;extþ¼Rkug Rsuk¼xNÐ XMu¼sgáat;manEcgenA
kñúg]bsm<½n§6 . tYnaTIrbs;GKÁelxaFikardæanKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaKWCaGñkRbmUl
Bt’man pþl;eyabl; nig eFVITMnak;TMngedaymannirnþrPaB edaymanRkumkargard¾rwgmaMmYyEp¥kelI
bTBiesaFkargarqñaM2002 EdlBak;B½n§nwgkarerobcMEpnkarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nig karGnuvtþkar
tamdanRtYtBinitürhUtdl; qñaM 2015 .
4>10 eKaledAtamdanRtYtBinitü
eKaledArbs;raCrdæaPi)alKWsMerc[)ankarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaedayeyageTAelIKMnitpþÜcepþIm
tamEbbrh½sEdl)anesñIeLIg . KMnitsMxan;²rYmpSMnwgmuxsBaØaCabrimaNKnøwHdUcxageRkam ³
TkarcMNayelIkarGb;rMenAkñúgPaKryNamYyénkarcMNaysrubrbs;raCrdæaPi)al ³ mintic
Cag18°
karcMNayelIbzmsikSaenAkñúgPaKryNamYyénfvikaGb;rMTaMgGs; ya:gehacNas;)an 50°
T
pleFobsisSRKUenAbzmsikSa ³ 40¼1 b¤ ticCagenH

T
92
T cMENkfvikaminEmnebovtSRbcaMqñaM 30° b¤eRcInCagenH

T GRtaRtYtfñak;enAbzmsikSa 10° b¤ ticCagenH
T GRtae)aHbg;karsikSaenAbzmsikSa 5° b¤ ticCagenH
T GRtabBa©b;karsikSaenAbzmsikSa 70° b¤ eRcInCagenH
T GRtaBitkarsikSaenAbzmsikSa 80° b¤eRcInCagenH.
enATIbBa©b;Bt’manenAkñúgtarag 4>2 )anpþl;nUvkarcUleronbc©úb,nñ RbsiT§PaB nig kareRKagFnFan
enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nig muxsBaØaenAqñaM 2005 2010 nig 2015 edayeKarBeTAtamkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMg
Gs;Kña .
93
tarag 4>3³ muxsBaØaCabrimaNRkumeKaledAkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña 2002¼15
RbPB ³ ]bsm<½n§ 2 nig 4

* kMNt;sMKal; ³ sMrab;EtmetþyüsikSakñúgRbB½n§ TBD: nwgRtUvkMNt;
94
sMrab;muxsBaØasMxan;²CaeRcIn RbeTskm<úCa)anrMBwgTukCamunrYcCaeRsc b¤ QaneTAdl;muxsBaØa

Edl)anelIkeLIg . ]TahrN_ GRtaBiténkarsikSaenAbzmsikSa)anelIsBIPaKry Edlcg;)an 80°
ehIyPaKryénfvikaGb;rMRbcaMqñaMEdlraCrdæaPi)al)anpþl;[EpñkGb;rMmancMnYnelIsBI18° pgEdr . GRta
RtYtfñak;enAbzmsikSamanEt 1° elIsBImuxsBaØabnþic . muxsBaØadéTeTotBi)aknwgsMerc[)anTan;eBl
evladUcCakare)aHbg;karsikSanigkarbegáInGRtabBa©b;karsikSa.eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾Rkbx½NÐsMxan;²
)anCYypþl;nUvTsSn³énCMhrrbs;RbeTskm<úCaelIeKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMg Gs;KñaCasklpgEdr .
4>11 eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ nigkartamdanRtYtBinitükarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña

skmµPaBtamdanRtYtBinitükarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgRtUvP¢ab;eTAnwgeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsS-
vtSr_edayEp¥kelIkarcUlrYmrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaenAkñúgkic©RbCMu sþIBIeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_
naTIRkug jÚvy:k qñaM 2002 . enAkñúgcMeNameKaledATaMg 8 EdlGPivDÆn_edayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaEp¥k
eTAelIesckþIENnaMeKaledATI 5 nig TI 6 KWCaeKaledAd¾mansar³sMxan;enAkñúg EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
¬sUmemIl]bsm½<n§TI2¦ . eKaledATaMgenaHman ³
eKaledA5³ lT§PaBTTYl)ankarGb;rM ³ sMerc[)ankarcUleronenAbzmsikSaCasklenARtwm
qñaM2015 .
eKaledA6³ smPaBeynD½r ³ pþl;GMNacdl;®sþI nig eFVI[KmøateynD½rrYmtUcenAkñúgdMeNIrkar
eFVIkarsMerccitþ nig eKalneya)ayenARKb;kMritTaMgGs; .
edayeyageTAelIkarviPaKCabeNþaHGasnñedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRkbxNÐeKaledAGPivDÆn_
shsSvtSr_nwgCYyCamKÁúeTÞsk_d¾l¥kñúgkarkMNt;eKaledAeTAtamPUmisa®sþénFnFanGb;rM edIm,IsMerckar
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña . karkMNt;eKaledARsbtam)a:ra:Em:RtsMxan;²mYycMnYn dUcCaGRtaBiténkarsikSa
nig GkçrkmµenAkñúgEpñkenHRtUv)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgtarag 4>3 xageRkam ³
95
tarag4>4³ KMrUcMNat;fñak;tamextþ-RkugelIGRtaBiténkarsikSaenAbzmsikSa GRta Kg;vgS

GRtaGkrç kmyµ vu Cn
RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar qñaM 2002

96
Rkbx½NÐeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ nwgkøayeTACaCMnYyd¾sMxan;mYykñúgkarkMNt;muxsBaØaFn
Fan edIm,IsMerckarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRsbeTAtamtRmUvkarénkarviPaKtamPUmisa®sþ . ]TahrN_ extþ
enAtMbn;dac;RsyalmYycMnYndUcCa rtnKirI mNÐlKirI ekaHkug nig ]tþrmanC½y RtUv)ancat;Tukfa CatMbn;
EdlmanlMdab;fñak;)a:ra:Em:RtTab ¬]TahrN_ GRtaBiténkarsikSaenA bzmsikSa . l. ¦ . dUecñHkar
viPaKeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ KWCaEpñksMxan;mYyénEpnkar Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaelIkarkMNt;FnFan
nig kartamdanRtYtBinitü .
97
]bsm<½n§
]bsm<½n§1 ³ karvi P aKsß a nPaBvi s ½ y Gb; r M

dMNak;kalsMxan;²kñúgbribTéndMeNIrkarksagEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
EpnkarCatisIþBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña¼EpnkarskmµPaBCatiqñaM 2003 KWCadMNak;kalmYy
bEnßmeTotkñúgkarrIkcMerInrbs;RbeTskm<úCaeq<aHeTAkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña . EpnkarqñaM 2003 KWCa
»kasmYybEnßmeTot edIm,IBinitüeLIgvijelIkarrIkcMerIn nig EpnkarénkarGb;rMmUldæan BinitüeLIgvijelI
yuT§sa®sþsIþBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñakñúgbribTEdlTak;TgnwgkarGPivDÆRbeTsCati GnþrCati nig Bt’man
fIµ² RBmTaMgkarBicarNaelIkarGnuvtþkareFVIcMeNalepSg² nig esNarIy:UsMrab;eKalneya)aykarkar
EkTMrg; karksagehdæarcnasm<½n§n½§ FnFan nig PaBCaédKU .
kñúgqñaM 1990 sniñsITBiPBelaksIþBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAyu:meTon EdlmantMNagBIraCrdæa
Pi)al Gñkpþl;CMnYy sgÁmsIuvilcMnYn155 RbeTs)anyl;RBmelI :Rkbx½NÐskmµPaB : EdlRbeTsTaMg
Lay RtUvkMNt;TisedAsMrab;sMerckarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñakñúgGMLúgTsvtSqñaM90 enAkñúgEpñkTaMg 6 Edl
Bak;B½n§KñaeTAvijeTAmkrYmman ³
karGPivDÆ nigKaMBarkumartUc ³ karBRgIkskmµPaBGPivDÆn_ nig karKaMBarkumartUcrYmman
karGnþraKmn_dl;RKYsar nig shKmn_ CaBiesskumarRkIRk kumarCYbkarlM)ak nig kumar Bikar .
karGb;rMmUldæan ³ sklkmµénkarcUleron karbBa©b;karsikSaGb;rMmUldæanenARtwmqñaM 2000.
lT§plénkarsikSa ³ karEklMGlT§plénkarsikSaEdl)anyl;RBmeTAtamPaKryénRkumGayu
smrmümYy ¬]TahrN_ kumarGayu14qñaM sMerc)ankarsikSa 80° ¦ TTYl)anlT§plkarsikSaenAkñúgkMrit
Edl)ankMNt; .
GkçrkmµmnusSeBjv½y ³ karkat;bnßyGaRtaénGnkçrkmµmnusSeBjv½y ¬RkumGayumYynwgRtUv
kMNt;kñúgRbeTsnImYy²¦ eBalKWcMnYnBak;kNþalénGRtaenHkñúgqñaM 1990 RtUv)ankat;bnßyenARtwmqñaM
2000 edaysgát;F¶n;elI®sIþEdlRtUvkat;bnßyCak;EsþgnUvKmøatbc©úb,nñrvagGnkçrCnburs nig ®sIþ .
karbNþúHbNþalmuxCMnajsMxan;² ³ karBRgIkcMeBaHkarpþl;karGb;rMmUldæan nig karbNþúHbNþal
elImuxCMnajsMxan;²déTeTotdl;yuvCn nig mnusSeBjv½yelIRbsiT§PaBénkmµviFIEdl)anvaytémøEp¥k
elIkarERbRbYl\riyabf nig plb:HBal;eTAelIsuxPaB kareFIVkargar nig plitPaBénkareFIVkar .
karGb;rMsMrab;[karrs;enAkan;EtRbesIr ³ karcg;)ancMeNHdwg CMnaj nig esckIþéføfñÚr rbs;buKÁl
nig RKYsarRtUv)anbegáIn EdlTamTar[karrs;enAkan;EtRbesIreLIg nig eFIV[karGPivDÆmanesßrPaBRtUv
pþl;[tamry³bNþajkarGb;rMTaMgGs; rYmTaMgbNþajpSBVpSayBt’man meFüa)ayTMnak;TMngEbbTMenIb
nig bUraN nig skmµPaBsgÁmRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBkñúglkçN³pøas;bþÚr\riyabfbuKÁl .
100
]bsm<½n§1 : karviPaKsßanPaBvis½yGb;rM
bBaðaenHRtUv)antamdanedaykarBinitüeLIgvijBak;kNþalTsvtSénkarrIkcMerInelIkarGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;KñaenAqñaM 1995 niig r)aykarN_vaytémørbs;RbeTssIþBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña enAqñaM 2000
EdleFIVCamUldæansMrab;karBiPakSaenAÉsniñsITTIRkugdakaqñaM 2000 .
enAmunsniñsITTIRkugdaka km<úCa)ancUlrYmsniñsITGasIu-)a:sIuhVic sIþBIkarvaytémøkarGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;KñaqñaM2000 KWedIm,IerobcMRkbx½NÐskmµPaBtMbn;GasIu-)a:sIuhVic. r)aykarN_sIþBIkarGb;rM
sMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAkm<úCaRtUv)anvaytémøeTAtamRbeTsGasIu-)a:sIuhVicdéTeTotenAExmkra qñaM2000 na
TIRkug)agkk .
RkumksagEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña)aneTAcUlrYmevTikaGb;rMBiPBelakenA Ex emsa qñaM 2000
TIRkugdaka RbeTseseNhÁal;. Ep¥kelIeyabl;BItMbn;nana karsikSarbs;KN³kmµkar r)aykarN_epSg²
karRbCMutumUl nig karBiPakSashKmn_BiPBelak)anyl;RBmelIRkbx½NÐ skmµPaBnaTIRkugdakasIþBIkar
Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña eBalKWkareqøIytbeTAnwgRbmUlnUvkarebþCJacitþrbs;eyIg ¬qñaM 2000 ¦ . Rkbx½NÐ
EdlmancMnYn 21 kfax½NÐenaHepþatelIkarRbmUleyabl; karbBa¢ak;GHGageLIgvijcMeBaHkarebþCJacitþ
rbs;Cati nig GnþrCatiEdl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgRBwtiþkarN_FM² GMLúgmYyTsvtS . snñisITRkugdaka)an
esckþIRbkasenATIRkugdakaelIBIeKaledAFM²cMnYn 6 EdlnwgRtUvsMercenAqñaM 2015GmedayskmµPaBcMnYn
12. EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAkm<úCaEdlRtUvsMerc[)an tameKaledA nig skmµPaBnanaEdl nwg
bgðajenAkñúgRbGb;xageRkam.
Rkbx½NÐkargarTIRkugdakasMrab;skmµPaB ³ eKaledAkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
1- BRgIk nig EklMGkarGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUc[)anTUlMTUlay nig karGb;rMBiess sMrab;kumar
EdlgayrgeRKaH nig RkxSt;.
2- Fanafa enAqñaM 2015 kumarTaMgGs; BiesskumarI kumarEdlsißtkñúgkal³eTs³lM)ak nig kumar
mkBIRkumCnCatiPaKtic)anTTYl nig bBa©b;katBVkic©Gb;rMbzmsikSaeday\tKitéfø nig Rbkbeday
KuNPaB.
3- Fanafa tRmUvkareronsURtrbs;yuvv½y nig CneBjv½yRKb;rUbRtUv)anedaHRsaytamry³karpþl;
»kasesIµPaB edIm,IcUlrYmkñúgkmµviFIsikSasmRsb nig bNþúHbNþalCMnajciBaw©mCIvit ¬bMNinCIvit¦.
4- FanasMerc[)ankarrIkcMerIncMnYn50PaKry enAkñúgkMritGkçrkmµCneBjv½yenAmundMNac;qñaM
2015 BiesssMrab;®sIþePT nig »kasesIµPaBkñúgkarGb;rMmUldæan nig karGb;rMbnþsMrab;CneBjv½y
TaMgGs;.
101
5- lubbM)at;PaBxusKñaéneynD½rkñúgbzmsikSa nig mFümsikSaenAqñaM 2005 nig eFVI[)ansMercnUv

smPaBeynD½rkñúgvis½yGb;rMenAqñaM2015 edayepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIkarFana[kumarI)an
TTYllT§PaBcUleronedayeBjelj nig esIµPaB ehIynigsMerc)annUvkarGb;rMmUldæanRbkbeday
KuNPaB.
6- EklMGelIRKb;TidæPaBénKuNPaBGb;rM nigFana)annUvKuNPaBRbesIrbMputRKb;Epñk edIm,I[mnusS
RKb;rUbdeNIþm)anlT§pleronsURtmankMritvas;)an nig mankarTTYlsÁal; CaBiessEpñkGkSrsaRsþ
elxnBVnþ nig CMnajcaM)ac;sMrab;ciBaw©mCIvit ¬bMNinCIvit ¦.
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAkm<úCa KWEp¥keTAelIkarrkeXIj nig Gnusasn_nanarbs;smaCik
RkumkargarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñarYmman EpñkBieRKaHeyabl;d¾TUlMTUlay. enHCaGnusasn_BITIRkugdaka
sMrab;karcUlrYmrkdMeNaHRsay . kñúgGMLúgqñaM 2002 smaCikRkumkargarkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaTaMg
cMnYn6 nak; )ancuHeTABinitü sPaBkarN_Cak;Esþg nig Rsg;Tinñn½yBt’manenA tamtMbn;epSg²én
RbeTskm<úCa edIm,IrYmcMENkkñúgkarerobcMksagEpnkarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ¬RkumkargarnImYy²mYy
sMrab;RkumtMNag[eKaledAnImYy²énRkugdaka¦. BYkeK)aneFVIkarGegátelIdMeNIrkarsalaeron nig
BiPakSaCamYym®nþIGb;rM GñkdwknaMshKmn_ matabitasisS nig sisSanusisS karcUlrYmrbs;BYkeKedIm,IEck
rMElkkaryl;dwg nig TsSn³nana EdlTak;TgeTAnwglT§PaBcUleronenAkMritkarGb;rMmUldæan KuNPaB kar
RKb;RKg nig hirBaØb,Tan.
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAkm<úCaEtgEt)anKUsbBa¢ak;sþIBI sMelgrbs;yuvCn karGegát
enAGasIubUBa’qñaM 2001 ³ emeronkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña dUcCaenAkñúgGMLúgqñaM 2000-01 kareFVIGegát
enAGasIubUBa’ kñúgcMeNam 17 RbeTselIkumarcMnYn 10 000 nak; Edlman GayuBI9 eTA17qñaM RtUv)anEsVg
rkbBaðaEdlTak;TgeTAdl;siT§i »kas kgVl; nig \riyabfrbs;kumar. yuvCnkm<úCa)anelIkbBaða
{karsikSa} CaRbFanbTKnøwHénkarsnÞnaRbcaMéf¶ . eK)anelIkeLIgBI GaharUbkrN_sMrab;kumarRkIRk edIm,I
elIkkMBs;karcUleronRbkbedaysmFm’cMeBaHkarGb;rMmUldæan . eKk¾BiPakSaBIkgVl;pÞal;xøÜnCamYy
matabita nig RKUbeRgónedaymanr)aykarN_CaPsþútag b¤ GMeBIhwgSa ehIyeKk¾manTsSn³GMBIGnaKt
rbs;eKEdr .
EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAkm<úCa)anKUsbBa¢ak;BIkarepþatelIRkumBiPakSa elIkarGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;Kña ³ GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgPaBCaédKUGb;rM . kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH GgÁkarminEmn
rdæaPi)alkñúgPaBCaédKUGb;rM )anGeBa¢IjsmaCikcUlrYmCamYyRkumBiPakSafµIsþIBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;
KñaenAkñúgshKmn_ CakEnøgEdlRtUvdMeNIrkarkmµviFI . karBieRKaHeyabl;)anKUsbBa¢ak;BIbBaðasMxan;²
CaTUeTAkmµviFIsMrab; Ex FñÚ qñaM 2002 . GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgPaBCaédKUGb;rMfµIKW mantémø eRBaHEtGgÁ
karenHmanTMnak;TMngCamYyshKmn_kñúgkarGnuvtþEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña .
102
karGPivDÆ nigKaMBarkumartUc ³ kargareRkABImetþyüsikSa

RsbeTAnwgEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña vtßúbMNgCaTUeTAénkarGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUcman ³
T elIkkMBs;sßanPaBrs;ranmanCIvit karrIklUtlas; nig karGPivDÆrbs;kumarkm<úCa TaMgGs;.
T elIkkMBs;kumarkm<úCaRKb;rUbtaMgBIcab;kMeNItrhUtdl;cUlsalaeron[TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_
BIkarKaMBar Edl)anEklMGedIm,IQaneTAsMerc)annUvkarGPivDÆkaysm,Ta nig citþ-sgÁmrbs;
kumarTaMgskmµPaBenApÞH k¾dUcCatamry³karcUlrYmenAkñúgkmµviFInanaenAtamshKmn_ dUcCa
kmµviFIsuxPaB Gnam½y GaharUbtßmÖ kmµviFIGPivDÆn_ nig KaMBarkumartUcRbkbedayKuNPaB.
T begáInkareRtómlkçN³rYcCaeRscrbs;kumarkm<úCaRKb;rUb edIm,IcUleronenAGayu 6 qñaM.
GnuKN³kmµkarGPivDÆn_kumartUcrYmmYyénRkumRbwkSaCatisMrab;KaMBarkumar)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM
2002 edIm,IGnuvtþskmµPaBkartamdanRtYtBinitü nig sRmbsRmYlkargarrbs;RksYgTaMgGs;EdlTTYl
xusRtUvkñúgkarGnuvtþskmµPaBEfTaMsuxPaB karlUtlas; nig karGPivDÆkumar. RksYgBak;B½n§nImYy²man
cMENkTTYlxusRtUvpÞal;xøÜneTAelIkmµviFIenH dUcCaRksYgEpnkar RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT RksYgsgÁmkic©
kargar bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigyuvnItism,Ta RksYgsuxaPi)al RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa
RksYgkic©karnarI nig GtItyuT§Cn .
epþatkarykcitþTukdak;elITidæPaB suxPaB GaharUbtßmÖ nigkarGPivDÆ nigKaMBarkumartUc
ry³eBlsMrab;karGPivDÆ nig karlUtlas;l¥bMputrbs;kumarcab;epþImBIeBlEdlTarksßitenAkñúg
épÞmþayrhUtdl;Gayu 2 qñaM . dUcenHkarEfTaMsuxPaB[)anl¥ nig karpþl;GaharUbtßmÖ EdlmanCIvCatiRKb;
RKan; KWmansar³RbeyaCn_bMputTaMgenAkMritksageKalneya)ay nig kMritRbtibtiþ.
lkçxNÐsuxPaB nig GaharUbtßmÖRKb;RKan;rbs;mataman\Ti§Bly:agFMeFgelITarkEdlGaceFVI[
TarkEdl)anRbsUtmkenaHmansuxPaBl¥ eBalKWTaMgEpñkkaysm,Ta nig R)aC£asµartI . pÞúyeTAvij ebI
lkçxNÐGaharUbtßmÖrbs;matamin)anRKb;RKan;eTenaH PaBeRKaHfñak;énkarRbsUtbuRtFItanwgekIneLIg
edayTarkEdl)anRbsUtmkenaHmanTm¶n;RsalKWticCag 2>5 K>k . elIsBIenHkarrIklUtlas; nig kar
GPivDÆrbs;TarkTaMgenHmanPaByWty:av EdlmankMritbBaØaCamFümTabCagkMritbBaØarbs;Tark Edlman
Tm¶n;Fmµta 5kMrit ehIysßitenAkñúgPaBgayrgeRKaHfñak;x<s; dUcCaTTYlrgnUvCMgWepSg² nig karsøab;)at;bg;
CIvit .
enAeBlEdlTarkRbsUtmkBYkeKRtUvkarbMe)AedaHBImþaykñúgry³eBlmYyem:ageRkaymk ehIykñúg
ry³eBl 6 ExdMbUgRtUvbnþbMe)AedaHmþayeTot GMLúgeBlenHmataminKYrpþl;cMNIGaharepSg² b¤ k¾vtßúrav
epSgeTotrYmTaMgTwkenaHeLIy . TwkedaHmþaypþl;nUvCIvCatix<s;bMputsMrab;kumar . kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenH
103
TwkedaHmþayk¾FananUvkarrIkduHdaléncitþ-sgÁm nigpasuxPaBsMrab;TarkpgEdr . karsikSanana)anbgðaj

fa kumarEdlmin)anTTYlkarbMe)AedaHBImþaymankMritbBaØaTabCagkumar Edl)anTTYlkarbMe)AedaH mþay
8 kMrit (SWCR 1998).
karGnuvtþkmµviFI G>K>k>t EtmYymuxsMrab;kumarCaeRcIntamry³[kumarEdlmanGayu 3-5 qñaMcUl
salaeronenaH KW { manlkçN³minRKb;RKan; ehIyhYseBleTotpg } . GRtamrNPaBénTark nig mata
enAkm<úCa KWmankMritx<s;¬edayGRtamrNPaBTark 95nak;kñúgcMeNamTark1 000nak; nig GRtamrNPaB
mata 437 nak; kñúgcMeNammata 100 000 nak; ¦ . TarkCaeRcIn)anRbsUtmkehIyKµanCIvitrs;enA .
cMnYnBak;kNþal énTarkEdlmanCIvitrs;ranenaHenARkinBMumankarlUtlas;enAmuneBl EdlBYkeKQan
dl;xYbkMeNItqñaMelIkTI2sMxan;CagenHKWBYkeKxVHTMgn;minRsbeTAtamkMritlUtlas;énGayu ¬suxPaB nig
RbCasa®sþenAkm<úCa 2000 ¦.
CMgWxVHCIvCaticab;epþImBIdMNak;kaldMbUgénCIvitmanplBak;B½n§b:HBal;y:agxøaMg dl;karGPivDÆcitþ-
sgÁm nig R)aC£asµartIkumar . KMnUsbMRBYjrbs; G>s>b>k bgðajfa kMriténkarminlUtlas; ¬kMBs;Tabmin
RsbtamGayu ¦ Tn;exSay ¬ Tm¶n;RsalminRsbtamkMBs; ¦ nig xVHTm¶n; ¬ Tm¶n;RsalminRsbtamGayu ¦
)anekIneLIgy:agKMhukcab;BITarkGayu 6 Ex dMbUg b¤ BIdMNak;kalmunenH . plb:HBal;énPaBrGak;rGYl
kñúgkarlUtlas;enAkñúgdMNak;kalenH KW RbsiT§PaBénkarlUtlas; dUcCakMritx<s;énTarkxVHTm¶n; nig Rkin
EdlekItmanenAkñúgkumarPaB¬rUbTI1 ¦. cab;BIGayu6ExeLIgeTAPaBrGak;rGYlkñúgkarlUtlas; KWGaRs½y
elIdMNak;kalénkarpþl;GaharUbtßmÖbMeBjbEnßm . Cajwkjab;GaharUbtßmÖEdl)anpþl;bMeBjbEnßm KW
min)anRKb;RKan;TaMgbrimaN nig CIvCati ehIyCaTUeTAGaharEdl)anerobcMTaMgenaHBMusUvmanGnam½yl¥ .
sßanPaBEdlekItmaneLIgenH KWminRtwmEtedaysarCMgWbNþalmkBIkgVHCIvCatiTUeTAb:ueNÑaHeT
b:uEnþk¾edaysarkgVHCIvCatisMxan;²epSg²eTotdUcCa CIvCatiGIuy:Ud Edk nig vItamIn A.
kgVHCatiGIuy:UdkñúgGMLúgeBlmanépÞeBaHGacbNþalbNþaleGaymanbBaðaF¶n;F¶r dUcCakarrlUtkUn
b¤TarkEdl)anRbsUtmkenaHmanstibBaØaminRKb;RKan;. enAkñúg cMeNamkumarkñúgv½ysikSakgVHCatiGIuy:Ud
enHGacnaMeTArkkgVHsmtßPaBkñúgkarsikSa . CMgWkgVHCati GIuy:UdGacTb;sáat;kMritbBaØaénkumarkñúgv½ysikSa
CamFüm 13>5 kMritTabCagkMritbBaØarbs;kumarFmµta . karGegátfñak;CatielIkdMbUgsþIBICMgWBkkrbs;
RksYgsuxaPi)alenAqñaM 1997 )anbgðajBIkareFVI cMeNalénGRtaGñkmanCMgWBkk CamFümenATUTaMg
RbeTsKW 12° kñuúgcMeNamkumarkñúgv½ysikSaEdlman RkumGayu 8-12 qñaM . enAtamextþxøH GRtaenHeLIg
x<s;rhUtdl; 45° .
104
rUbTI1³ GRtakumarkm<úCaGayuBI0dl;60Ex EdllkçN³Rkin Tn;exSay nig xVHTm¶n;
kgVHvItamIn A KWCabBaðasuxPaBCasaFarN³mYy Edlmanplb:HBal;dl;kumar nig ®sþIePTenAkñúg

extþCaeRcIn . CMgWxVak;man;CaCMgWmYyRbePTEdlbNþalmkBIkgVHvItamIn ehIy®sþImanKP’8>4° TTYl
rgnUvCMgWenH (G>s>b>k 2000). Tak;TineTAnwgbBaðaEdlCakgVl;enaHKWkgVH vItamIn A EdlnwgbNþal[
kumarmanCMgWxVak;man;. elIsBIenHbBaðavItamIn A b¤kgVHvItamIn A manpl;b:HBal;dl; karxVak;EPñk nig
eFVI[kumarsøab;eTotpg .
sMrab;Tark nig kumartUcCMgWkgVHCIvCatiEdkGaceFVI[yWty:avdl;karGPivDÆbMNin ¬cMeNHeFVI ¦ nig
eFVI[Gn;fydl;karGPivDÆcMeNHdwgRBmTaMg)ankat;bnßykMritbBaØa 9 kMrit (SOWC 1998) . CMgWxVHQam
Rkhmrbs;kumarkñúgv½ymetþyüsikSaeFVI[mankarlM)akkñúgkarrkSakarRbugRby½tñ nig bBaðananaBak;B½n§nwg
karemIl . CMgWxVHCIvCatiEdkTUeTAenAkm<úCamankMritx<s; KWesµInwg 63° kñúg cMeNamkumarGayueRkam 5 qñaM
nig 66° kñúgcMeNam®sþImanKP’ .
karGPivDÆyWty:avEpñkkaysm,Ta nig R)aC£asµartIKYbpSMCamYynwgkarekIneLIgeRKaHfñak;énkar
cuHfysmtßPaBsikSa nig bMrugRby½tñ EdlbNþalmkBIkgVHCIvCatitaMgBI edImdMbUgénGayuGacemIleXIj
b¤k¾minGaceXIjfaCa {karyWty:avEpñkGPivDÆn_ } rbs;Tark nig kumartUcenaHeLIy . karRBYy)armÖdUcKña
enHEdrKWplvi)akry³eBlEvgEdleFVI[mankarb:HBal;minl¥taMgEtBITarkminTan;RbsUt eBalKWeBlcab;
kMeNItehIy nig karEfrkSakumartUcEdlnwg b:HBal;dl;kareronsURt Gakb,kiriya suxPaBEpñkR)aC£asµartI
nig kaysm,TakñúgdMNak;yuvCneBjv½y .
105
RbkarenHmanktþaCaeRcInEdlbNþal[manCMgWxVHCIvCati CaBiesskarrgnUvCMgWepSg² karpþl;

Gaharmin)anRKb;RKan; kgVHxatkñúgkarEfrkSa kgVHxatlT§PaBeTAkan;mnÞIreBTü nig kgVHesvasuxPaB
mUldæan rYmmankareRbIR)as;Twks¥at kareRbIR)as;smÖarRbkbedayGnam½y nig PaBRkIRk . kMritGb;rM nig
kMritcMeNHdwgsmRsbrbs;GñkEfrkSakñúgkarEfrkSa nig ciBa©wmkumark¾mansar³sMxan;pgEdr . r)ay
karN_BIkarsikSananabgðajfa KMrUénkarb:HBal;minl¥EdleFVI[rGak;rGYldl;karlUtlas;énTarkeRcIn
ekItmanenAPUmiPaKGasIu KWenATIkEnøgEdl®sþICamataBMusUvmancMeNHdwg meFüa)ay b¤ esrIPaBRKb;RKan;
edIm,IGnuvtþskmµPaBpÞal;xøÜn k¾dUcCapþl;karykcitþTukdak;[)anx<s;bMputdl;kUnrbs;BYkKat; (Ramalin-
gaswami, Jonsson and Rohde, 1996, TMB½rTI 14) . GRtaénkumarEdlmanCMgWbNþalmkBIkgVHCIvCati
enAEtmankMritx<s; eTaHbICamancMNIGaharRKb;RKan;k¾eday . GñkviPaKEpñkcMNIGahar)anniyayP¢ab;
bBaðaenHfaCa { bBaðaecaTsMrab;Gas‘an } enAkñúgbBaðaGaharUbtßmÖedayEvkEjkfa CMgWbNþalmkBIkgVHCIv
CatiKWPaKeRcInTak;TineTAnwglkçxNÐ nig karEfrkSaKaMBarkumarrbs;®sþICamata.
EpnkaryuT§sa®sþvis½ysuxaPi)al ¬2003-2007¦ rbs;RksYgsuxaPi)al nig EpnkarvinieyaK
EpñkGaharUbtßmÖenAkm<úCa ¬2003-2007¦ rbs;RksYgEpnkarpþl;CaRkbx½NÐskmµPaBkargar edIm,I
QaneTAedaHRsaybBaðasþIBIkarGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUcdUcEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelI EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwg
EpñksuxPaB nig GaharUbtßmÖ. eRkABIenHkmµviFICatiepSg²eTot nig eKalkarN_ENnaMeKalneya)ay Edl
manRsab;KWsuT§EtCasmasPaKKnwøH edIm,IFanadl;karsMerc)annUvkarrs;ranmanCIvit nig karlUtlas; RBm
TaMgkarGPivDÆkumartUc[)anl¥taMgBIeBlcab;kMeNItenAkñúgVépÞmþayrhUtdl;GayueRkam5qñaM. eKalkarN_
ENnaMTaMgenaHrYmmaneKalneya)ayCatisþIBIPaBKµaneRKaHfñak;rbs;mata eKalneya)ayCatisþIBI
karciBa©wmTark nig kumartUc kmµviFICatisþIBIkarpSúaMnwgemeraK nig yuT§sa®sþRKb;RKgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwg CMgW
epSg²enAkñúgcMeNamyuT§sa®sþepSg²eTot .
sniTankmµkarGb;rMenAmetþyüsikSa
sMrab;kumarEdlmanGayuBI3-5qñaMCMhanCaviC¢mandMbUgmYyeq<aHeTAsMerckmµviFI nigeKalneya)ay
rYmKWGnuvtþRsbtamesckþIEføgkarN_sþIBIeKalneya)ayCatiKaMBarkumartUc enAkñúgExmifuna qñaM2000.
kñúgesckþIEføgkarN_enHraCrdæaPi)alRtUvpþl;karKaMRTdl;karGb;rMkumar { enAeRkAsala } Gayu 3-5qñaM enA
tMbn;CYbkarlM)ak . skmµPaBenHGnuvtþtamEpnkareKal ¬2002-05¦ EdlenAkñúgkmµviFI)anelIkeLIgBI
bBaðananaRtUvRbQmedaHRsay .
Tak;TineTAnwgkarGb;rMenAmetþyüsikSa sisScUleronmankMeNInyWtenAkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaM
cugeRkayenH. tamr)aykarN_enAkñúgqñaM 1998-99 mankumar 55 118 nak; b:ueNÑaHEdl)ancUleronenA
kñúgsalametþyüsikSatamkmµviFIEdl)anerobcM. tYelxenHesµInwg 6° énkumarGayu 3-5 qñaM Edltamkar
106
):an;sµanman 957 193 nak; . enAEx mifuna qñaM 2001 sisScUleronenAsalametþyüsikSa)anekIneLIg

dl; 79 325 nak; ¬ cMnYnkumara nig kumarI esÞIrEtesµIKña ¦ kñúgcMeNam kumarGayu 3-5 qñaM Edltamkar):an;
sµantamRkumGayuman 1 004 001 nak; . tYelxsisS Edl)ancUleronenHKWRbEhl 8° ehIykñúgenaH
sisScMnYn 23 527nak; eronenAsalametþyüsikSaÉkCn . cMeBaHsisSGayu5 qñaM eronenAsalametþyü
sikSaEdl)anerobcMkñúgkmµviFI GPi>K>k>t enATUTaMgRbeTs ehIy)ancUleronenAsalabzmsikSardæ KWman
kMrittictYcenAeLIy.
karksagEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaKWepþateTAelICMhandMbUgCaviC¢manmYyeq<aHeTAsMerckmµviFI
nig eKalneya)ayrYmEdlGnuvtþRsbtamesckþIEføgkarN_sþIBIeKalneya)ayCatiKaMBarkumartUcenAkñúg
Ex mifuna qñaM 2000 . kñúgesckþIEføgkarN_enHrdæaPi)alRtUvpþl;karKaMRTdl;karGb;rMkumar {enAeRkAsala}
Gayu 3-5 qñaM enAtMbn;CYbkarlM)ak. skmµPaBenHGnuvtþtamEpnkareKal ¬2002-05¦ EdlenAkñúg
kmµviFI)anelIkeLIgBIbBaðananaRtUvRbQmedaHRsay .
yuT§sa®sþrbs; GPi>K>k>t Edl)anesñIeLIgenAkñúgEpnkar G>s>K KWepþateTAelI]bsKÁ Edl)an
ekIteLIgelIEpñksgÁm vb,Fm’ nig esdækic© . enAtamRKYsarRbsinebIkmµviFItamshKmn_ b¤ kmµviFIGnuvtþ
edaynieyaCkRbkbedayKuNPaB karbg;R)ak;kMérBlkmµkan;EtTak;Tajkarcab;GarmµN_BImata ehIy
GaceFVIeTA)anenAeBlEdlBYkKat;manTMnukcitþfa kUnrbs;BYkKat;TTYl)ankarEfTaM)anhµt;ct;BIkmµviFI
enH. plRbeyaCn_EdlkumarTTYl)ank¾dUcCaplRbeyaCn_rbs;RbB½n§Gb;rM)anqøúHbBa©aMgtamry³GaMgDI
kaT½rénRbsiT§PaB nigKuNPaBEdlmankMritx<s;eLIg nigtamry³kMritx<s;énGRtabBa©b;karsikSaenAsala
kñúgRbB½n§enAkñúgRbeTsCamYynwgGRtacUleronenAkñúgkmµviFI GPi>K>k>t mankMritx<s; .
CaBiessyuT§sa®sþGPi>K>k>t Edl)anelIkeLIgBITsSn³TUlMTUlaymYyéneKalviFIsMrab;karGb;rM
enAsalametþyüsikSanaeBlGnaKt. fñak;metþyüsikSanaeBlsBVéf¶enH CaBiessfñak;metþyüsikSa
sMrab;kumarGayu 5 qñaM mankarrIklUtlas;yWty:avkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMcugeRkayenH . tamr)aykarN_
enAkñúgqñaM 1998-99 mankumar55 118nak; b:ueNÑaHEdl)ancUleronenAkñúgsalametþyüsikSatamkmµviFI
Edl)anerobcM. tYelxenHesµInwg 6° énkumarGayu 3-5 qñaM Edltamkar):an;sµanman 957 193 nak;.
enAEx mifuna qñaM 2001 sisScUleronenAsalametþyüsikSa)anekIneLIgdl; 79 325 nak; ¬ cMnYnkumara
nig kumarIesÞIrEtesµIKña ¦kñúgcMeNamkumarGayu 3-5qñaM Edltamkar):an;sµantamRkumGayuman 1 004 001
nak;. tYelxsisS Edl)ancUleronenHKWRbEhl 8° ehIykñúgenaHsisScMnYn 23 527 nak; eronenAsala
metþyüÉkCn .
tRmUvkarcUleronenAmetþyüsikSaenAmanTMhMFMeFgenAeLIy eRBaHbc©úb,nñmanEtkumarenAtMbn;
RkugmYyPaKtUcb:ueNÑaHEdl)ancUleronenAkMritenH . enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCatMbn;mYycMnYnEdlGRtacUl
sikSarbs;kumarGayu 6 qñaM enAmankMritTab nig GRtaRtYtfñak;TI1 mankMritx<s;KWCakarRBYy)armÖbMput .
107
edaysartMbn;TaMgenaHminTan;mankarcUleronenAmetþyüsikSa)anTUlMTUlayenAeLIy ehIymatabita)an
BnüarkarcUleronrbs;BYkeKenAfñak;TI1 eRBaHEtkumarEdlmanGayu6qñaMmanlkçN³minsmnwgcUleronfñak;
TI1 . dUcenHmantRmUvkarCaeRcInrbs;kumar edIm,Ipøas;bþÚrkarsikSaCaRkum¼rYmKñaCamYykumar déTeTot nig
TTYl)annUvBuT§i nig bMNin PasadMbUgmunnwgBYkeK cab;epþImcUleronenAsala . RbkarenHKWCakarxatbg;
eBlevla EdlCakarBi)aksMrab;BYkeKenAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM nig enAkñúgRKYsarrbs;BYkeK .
karcMNayelIdMeNIrkarénkarsikSaenAfñak;metþyüsikSa edayEp¥kelIyuT§sa®sþkarGb;rMkumar
tUceBlbc©úb,nñ nig kar)a:n;sµanhirBaØb,TanvtßúCakarcaM)ac;Nas; . yuT§sa®sþhirBaØb,Tan nig dMeNaH
RsayfµI² KWCatRmUvtMrUvkarcaM)ac; RbsinebIkmµviFIGPivDÆn_ nig KaMBarkumartUc KWCakarKaMBarmataCamun
kñúgGMLúgeBlmanépÞeBaH nig eRkayeBlsMralkUn edIm,ITTYl)anKuNPaBénkarKaMBarTark nig kumartUc
rYmbBa©ÚlKñaedayEp¥kelIkmµviFItamshKmn_ nig RKYsarEdlbgðajBIsuxPaB karpþl;GaharUbtßmÖ karciBa©wm
nig karGb;rMenAkñúgkarGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc .
esckþIRtUvkarsMrab;RKYsar nig shKmn_d¾TUlMTUlaymYyEp¥kelIdMeNaHRsaysMrab;Tark nig
kumartUcenAkñúgEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñasMrab;karGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUcRtUvykcitþTukdak;elI
mrN³PaBrbs;Tark suxPaB nig GaharUbtßmÖ . karerobcMEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaelIkarGb;rM nig
KaMBarkumartUcenAkñúgEbbbTénkarcUleronenAfñak;metþyüsikSa KWminRKb;RKan;kñúgkarbgðajBIvtßúbMNg
énkarGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUcd¾TUlMTUlayeLIy . kumarCaeRcInmin)anrs;kñúgPaBCaTark ehIy
kñúgcMeNamkumarTaMgGs;Edl)anrs;ranmanCIvitBak;kNþalRkinmuneBlBYkeKmanGayumYyxYb EdlCa
ehtueFVI[eKmanTMgn;minRsbeTAnwgGayu .
RsbeTAnwgsavtarenH raCrdæaPi)al)anTTYlsÁal;fa GaTiPaBCabnÞan;sMrab;karerobcMEpnkar
GPivDÆn_ nig KaMBarkumartUc[RsbeTAnwgEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña KWRtUveFVIkarBinitüeLIgvijCabnÞan;
elICeRmIIseKalneya)ay nig yuT§sa®sþ . eK)anRbemIlemIlfa karBinitüeLIgvijyuT§sa®sþenHnwg
GnuvtþenAqñaM 2003 RBmTaMgbegáItenAmUldæansMrab;erobcMhirBaØb,Tan karGnuvtþkarksagEpnkarGb;rM
kumartUc nig karGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUckñúgry³eBlEvg nig ry³eBlmFüm.
dMeNIrkarksagEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaTTYlsÁal;fa bBaðamUldæansMrab;ry³eBlEvgsMrab;
karGb;rMkumartUcEdlpþl;edayRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa KWCavtßúbMNgdMbUgénkarGb;rM nig tYnaTIrbs;
raCrdæaPi)alkñúgkarpþl;karGb;rMenAmetþyüsikSa . vtßúbMNgeKalneya)aymetþyüsikSa rYmmankar
erobcMsisSsMrab;eronenAsalabzmsikSa bTbBaØtiénGayucUleronrbs;kumarenAfñak;eRtóm b¤ FanafakUn
c,g Edlrs;enAkñúgRKYsarminRtUv)anhamXat;[eTAeronenAsalabzmsikSaedaysarEtCYykic©karRKYsar
enaHeT . bc©úb,nñenHvtßúbMNgnana hak;bIdUcCarYmbBa©ÚlKñanUvdMeNaHRsayTaMgGs;enH .
108
CMerIsyuT§sa®sþTIBIrsMrab;karGb;rMkumartUc KWtMrUv[RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILadak;ecjnUvkar

erobcMEpnkareKalneya)ay nig karFanaKuNPaB ¼ muxgarniytkmµ RsbeTAnwgkar pøas;bþÚrkarpþl;tYnaTI
[eTAdl;RkumshKmn_ GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig EpñkÉkCn . Ep¥kelImUldæansmFm’Edl)anTTYlsÁal;
fa tYnaTIGñkpÁt;pÁg;rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILaRtUv)ankMNt;edIm,IFanafakarpþl;karGb;rMRbkbeday
smFm’enAkñúgtMbn;CnbTRkIRkenAeBlEdlsmtßPaBGñkpÁt;pÁg;enAmankMrit . CMerIsmYyepSgeTot Edl
)anykmkBicarNaedayRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa CamYyEpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña KWedIm,IeRbIR)as;
salabzmsikSaEdlmanRsab; CaBiessenAeBll¶acsMrab;pþl;karsikSaenAfñak;metþyüsikSa . dMeNaH
RsayepSg²eTotKWkareRbIGKarEdlmanenAkñúgshKmn_ nig pÞHGñkPUmidUcCakrNIenAbNþaRbeTsepSg²
eTot . CMerIsTaMgGs;enHCaEpñkmYyénkarekIneLIgénRbB½n§metþyüsikSashKmn_ .
raCrdæaPi)al¼RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILaTTYlsÁal;fa GaTiPaBepSgeTot KWkarEklMGsmFm’kñúg
karerobcMhirBaØb,TanénkarcUleronfñak;metþyüsikSa . eKalneya)ayhirBaØb,Tan bc©úb,nñmansar³
sMxan;kñúgkarTMnukbMrugfvika edIm,I[karGb;rMRbesIreLIgmantémøRbEhlBIrdgéncMNUlRKYsarnImYy²
Edlrs;enATIRbCMuCnkñúgRkug . RbkarenHmancMNucxøaMgmYycMnYnsMrab;GñkTTYlpleBlbc©úb,nñ ¬dUcKñaGñk
rs;enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj¦ karcMNaybnþicbnþÜcsMrab;karcUleronenAfñak;metþyüsikSa . karTMnukbMrugeday
R)ak;xøHrbs;raCrdæaPi)alGaceRbICakarpþl;karelIkTwkcitþdl;salametþyüsikSaenAkñúgtMbn;CnbTGñk
RkIRk CaBiessRsukEdlmanTmøab;cuHeQµaHcUleronyWt enAkarGb;rMbzmsikSa.
GaTiPaByuT§sa®sþepSg²eTot KWkarBRgwgsmtßPaBm®nþIGb;rM nig Pñak;garepSg²eTot edIm,IFanaelI
karRtYtBinitüKuNPaB nig Fanara:b;rgKuNPaBsMrab;karcUleronenAfñak;metþyüsikSakñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ nig
karGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUc¼karGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc . CMhanTImYyGacerobcMCasþg;daGb,brmaén
karpþl;[ nig lT§plrMBwgTukRsbCamYynwgkarbNþúHbNþalbuKÁlikkñúgkarBinitütamdanKuNPaB . CMerIs
mYyeTot RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa GaccMNayelIesvakmµkareFVIGFikarkic©salametþyüsikSa .
dMeNaHRsayepSg²eTotGacCakarksagsmtßPaB dl;smaKmBak;kNþalsV½yRKb;RKgEdl)anesñIeLIg
edIm,IGnuvtþlixitbTdæanedayxøÜnÉgrbs;smaCikGñkpþl;nana .
karGb; r M m U l dæ a n ³ GaTi P aBénGaTi P aBrbs; R beTskm< ú C a

karEklMGRbsiT§PaB nig lT§PaBcUleron
GRtaBiténkarsikSaenAbzmsikSa)anekIneLIgBI74/1° ¬qñaM1998-99¦ eTA84/2°¬qñaM 2001
-2002¦ sMrab;sisSRsI. kareqøIytbkarekIneLIgsMrab;sisSRbusBI 82/4° eTA 89/8° . GRtaBitén
karsikSaenAbzmsikSafñak;CatifycuHdl; 70/6° ¬sisSsrub Rbus nig RsI¦ nig 66/6° ¬sisSRsI¦ enA
tMbn;dac;Rsyal . eTaHbICaya:gNak¾edayenAtMbn;CnbT nig tMbn;dac;RsyalmankarekIneLIgKYr[
109
kt;sMKal; CaBiessenAkMritGb;rMbzmsikSaeyageTAtamkarvaytémøkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaqñaM 2000 .

enAsalamFümsikSabzmPUmikarsikSarbs;sisSRsIenAtMbn;dac;Rsyal)anekIneLIgeRcInKYrsm ¬BI
290eTA408 ³ kMeNIn41°¦ kñúgenaHkarsikSarbs;sisSRbus)an ekIneLIgtictYc ¬BI 712 enAqñaM 1998
-99 eTA 720 enAqñaM 2001-02 ¦.
tamkarbkRsaybgðajenAkñúgrUbxageRkam karsikSarbs;sisSRsIenAbzmsikSa cab;BIqñaM 1998
-99 enATUTaMgRbeTs)anekInBI 956 084 eTA 1 257 689 ¬ekIn31/5°¦ nig enAmFümsikSabzmPUmi
)anekInBI 77 714 eTA 135 937 ¬ekIn 75°¦. kñúgGMLúgeBldUcKñaenHEdr karsikSarbs;sisSRbus
)anekInBI 1 137 916 eTA 1 447 764 ¬27°¦ nig enAmFümsikSabzmPUmi)anekInBI 148 343eTA
215 698 ¬45°¦. karsikSasrubenAsalabzmsikSa)anekIneRcInCag 29° cab;BIqñaM 1998 -99 ekIn
BI 2 094 000 eTA2 705 453 enAqñaM 2001-02 . mankarekIneLIgd¾eRcInKWmankñúgry³eBlBIrqñaM
knøgmk.
rUbTI2³ kMeNInénkarcUlsikSaenAbzmsikSaqñaM 1997-2001
kMeNIn ¬°¦
karcab;epwþmqñaMsikSa
ninñakarelIkTwkcitþfµI² KWmankumarmkBIRKYsarEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab)anmkcUleronenAkñúg
salaeron)aneRcIn . karvaytémøeKalneya)ay nig yuT§sa®sþnaeBlbc©úb,n KWEbreq<aHeTArkGñkRkIRk.
RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa)andwknaMkarvaytémøelIkdMbUgmYyénplb:HBal;rbs;kmµviFIsþIBIkarERbRbYl
lT§PaBcUlerontamRsTab;RbCaCnRkIRk edayEp¥kelIkmµviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak EdlbgðajBIPaB
RkIRk. XMucMnYn 1 621 Edl)anerobtamlMdab;eTAtamRsTab;RbCaCn ¬Q1 = RkbMput Q5 = manbMput¦.
rUbxageRkambgðajBIplb:HBal;CaviC¢mansþIBIkarEklMGkarsikSarbs;kumarenAbzm sikSa nig mFümsikSa
EdlmkBIXMuRkIRkbMput. enAqñaM2000 nig 2001 karsikSaenAsalabzmsikSa ekIneLIgelIsBI 13° nig
110
25° eTAtamRbCaCnenAkñúgXMu EdlRkIRkedayELkBIKñaeRbobeFobeTAnwg RsTab;RbCaCnmanx<s;bMput

5° nig 7° .
dUc)antamkarbgðajkñúgEpnTI nig rUbxageRkam mann½yfakñúgcMeNamCnCYbkarlM)akkñúgkar
sikSaenAsalabzmsikSa)anbNþalmkBIkarKYbpSMkMriténPaBRkIRkdundabvb,Fm’-sgÁmsalaeronmin
RKbkMritfñak; nig ]bsKÁénlT§PaBcUlerondéTeTot . EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñanwgrYmbBa©ÚleKaledA
kareFVIGnþraKmn_ edIm,IbgðajBIkarkMritTaMgenH rYmmankarBinitüeLIg vijeKaledAkmµviFIpþl;cMNIGahardl;
salaeron eKaledAfvika nig RbePTrgVan;elIkTwkcitþ karpþl;Gahar Edl)aneRCIserIs nig rgVan;elIkTwk
citþfµIsMrab;karBRgayRKUbeRgónRbkbedaysmFm’.
EpnTI³ Rsuk nig KmøateynD½rénGRtacUlsikSaenAbzmsikSa
RbeTskm<úCa ³ GRtacUlsikSarbs;sisSRbustamRsuk qñaM 2001-2002
111
RbeTskm<úCa ³ GRtacUlsikSarbs;sisSRsItamRsuk qñaM 2001-2002
rUbTI3³ kMeNInénkarcUlsikSaenAbzmsikSatamRkummuxBaØa³ 1999-2001
112
cMnYnkumarenAkñúgXMuRkIRkbMput)ansikSaekInBI 300 000 nak; enAkñúgqñaM 1999 dl; 423 000

enAqñaM 2001. tamkareRbóbeFobeXIjfa kMeNInsisSsikSakñúgXMumanbMput)anekIn 63 000 nak; .
TnÞwmnwgenaHkMeNInsisSfIµcUleronfñak;TI 1 kñúgXMuRkIRkbMputk¾ekIneLIgEdrKW 40° enAqañM 2001
eFobeTAnwgXMumanbMputEdlmanEt 14° . RKb;XMuTaMgGs;)anplRbeyaCn_BI yuT§sa®sþkMENTMrg;Gb;rM
k¾b:uEnþplb:HBal;kñúgXMuRkIRkTaMgenaHmaneRcInCagqñaMknøgeTA . ninñakarTaMgenHk¾naMeTArkkarekIneLIgén
karsikSarbs;kumarmkBIXMuRkIRkTaMgenaH . qñaM 1999 kumarmkBIXMu RkIRkbMputcUlsikSa)an 14>4° eFob
eTAnwgXMumanbMputKW 22° . qñaM 2001 karsikSarbs;sisS mkBIXuMRkIRk)anekIneLIg 16>7° cMENkÉ
karsikSarbs;sisSmkBIXuMmanbMput)anfycuHdl; 20>2° . RbsinebI ninañkarenHenAEtbnþkarEklMG
smFm’lT§PaBcUlsikSatamRkumsgÁm-esdækic© nwgRsbtameKaledACayuT§sa®sþ nig eKalneya)ay
rbs;EpnkaryuT§sa®sþGb;rM nig EpnkarKaMRT vis½yGb;rMsMrab;GñkRkIRk .
kMeNInkarsikSaenAmFümsikSabzmPUmiénsisSmkBIiXMuRkIRk)anekInBI 11° dl; 38° cab;BI
kñúgqñaM 1999 dl; 2001 eFobnwgXMumanbMputEdlman 3>7° dl; 21° kñúgeBldUcKña enH. plb:HBal;
KWx<s;Nas;enAfñak;TI 7 EdlenAqñaM 2001 kMeNInkarsikSamkBIXuMRkIRkbMput 32° eFobnwgXMumanbMput
EdlmanEt 12° b:ueNaÑH . CaBiesskMeNInkarsikSarbs;kumarIfñak;TI 7 mkBI RsTab;RkIRk ¬Q1¦ KWelIs
BI50°eFobnwgRsTab;Gñkman¬Q5¦ EdlmanEt15°bu:eNaÑH. karlubbM)at;karbg;viPaKTanenAedImqñaM
sikSaGacCMruj[kumarImkBIRKYsarRkIRk)ancUleronenAmFümsikSabzmPUmi .
eTaHCamankarEklMGTaMgenHk¾eday k¾vismFm’lT§PaBcUlsikSaenAfñak;TI 7-9 enAEtman.
fVIt,itEtkarsikSakñúgXMuRkIRk)anekIneLIgtictYck¾edayBI 5>5° eTA 6° kñúg 2 qñaMknøgeTAk¾karsikSarbs;
sisSmkBIXMumanbMputenAEtmanRbEhl 36° . ehtudUecñHfañk;TI 7-9 kñúgXMumanbMput )anbgðajcMnYn
eRcInelIslb;KYr[kt;sMKal;eFobeTAnwgsisSkñúgXMuRkIRkbMput . vismFm’énlT§PaB cUlsikSakan;Et
F¶n;F¶rEfmeTot enAfñak;TI 10-12 ¬ taragTI 1 ¦ EdlsisSkñúgRsTab;Gñkman cUleronmancMnYn 56° kñúg
qñaM 2001 eFobeTAnwgRsTab;GñkRkEdlmanEt 12° b:ueNÑaH.
enAkMritmFümsikSa yuT§sa®sþbc©úb,nñEdlbM)at;karykviPaKTanBIsisS edaypþl;fvikasMrab;
dMeNIrkarsalaeronedIm,IsMerclT§PaBcUlsikSaRbkbedaysmFm’minRKb;RKan;eT . ]bsKÁsMxan;én
lT§PaBcUlsikSaenaHKWBMumansalamFümsikSaenAkEnøgepSg²CaeRcInenAkñúgRbeTs . ktþa TI 2 KWkaryk
viPaKTansisSenAedImqañMsikSaenAmFümsikSa)anbgðajsmaRtticbMputénkarbg;éfø eRkApøÚvkarrbs;mata
bita. müa:geTotkarsMercsmFm’kñúgkarsikSanwgTamTarnUvyuT§sa®sþsmRsb EdlRsbKña k>s>G rYm
bBa©ÚlTisedAGPivDÆn_smÖarrUbv½nþ nig GaharUbkN_ ¼ R)ak;elIkTwkcitþsMrab;GñkRkIRkkumarI nig CnCatiPaK
ticsMrab;fñak;TI 7-12 .
113
rUbTI3³ kMeNInénkarcUlsikSafñk;TI7 tammuxsBaØa
taragTI1³ karsikSaenAmFümsikSaTutiyPUmibMEbktamRkummuxsBaØa
RbPB ³ r)aykarN_GnuvtþnkargarGb;rMqñaM2000 TMB½r20
karxitxMRbwgERbgedaHRsayeRcInqñaMknøgmkBIbBaðaGRtax<s;énkarRtYtfñak; nig e)aHbg;kar sikSa

bgðaj[eXIjBIsBaØaénkarEklMG . düaRkamxageRkamenHbgðajGRtaRtYtfñak;)anfycuHBI 24/9° enA
qñaM 1998-99¬RtYtfñak;TI1 cMnYn 41° rhUtdl; 3>8° enAfñak;TI 6 ¦mk11>5° enAqñaMsikSa 2001-02
¬fñak;TI 1 man 17>5° Føak;cuHdl; 2>3° enAfñak;TI 6 ¦ eTAtamkMritfñak; enAbzmsikSa .
karEklMGGRtalMhUrTTYl)anlT§plRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nig mansar³sMxan;bMput. GRtarYm ¼
GRtaBiténkarsikSaenAbzmsikSaKWenAEtmanKmøatq¶ayenAeLIy ehIyKmøatkMBugEtfycuHenH)anqøúH
bBa©aMgGRtarIkcMerInkan;EtRbesIreLIg nig eFVI[smamaRténkumareRkamGayu nig elIsGayufycuH .
114
rUbTI5³ GRtaRtYtfñak;enARbeTskm<úCa³ fñak;TI1-6 qñaM1998-2002
fñak;TI1
fñak;TI2
fñak;TI3
fñak;TI4
fñak;TI5
fñak;TI6
GRtae)aHbg;karsikSaCamFümenAtamkMritfñak;nImYy²)anEklMGedayeRbóbeFobtamkMritqñaM
sikSa KWcab;BIqñaM 1998-99 ¬emIldüaRkamxagelI¦. kMeNInénkarEklMGkñúgry³eBl 3 qñaM knøgeTAenH
)anqøúHbBa©aMgBIskmµPaBEdlRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa )anGnuvtþ edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgkgVl;én karRtYt
fñak;kan;Etx<s;eLIgEdlCakarxitxMRbwgERbgenAmankMritenAeLIyedIm,IEklMGRbsiT§PaBrbs;RbB½n§Gb;rM
dUc)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúgr)aykarN_vaytémø G>s>K qñaM 2000 .
GRtae)aHbg;karsikSarbs;kumarIenAEtmankMritx<s;KYr[kt;sMKal; ehIyGRtaenHmanPaBxusKña
eTAtamextþ-Rkug. GRtae)aHbg;karsikSakan;Etx<s;enAeBlkumarIeBjv½y eRBaHkarcMNaykarcUleron
rbs;RKYsarrbs;sisSkan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIgtamtMbn;CaeRcIn EdlsmÖarrUbv½nþenAmankMritkMNt;ehIylMhUrsisS
RsIenAkñúgRkumGayutamfñak; ¬fñak;kan;Etx<s; ¦kan;EtfycuH .
Tinñn½ylMhUrRkumGayu)anviPaKya:glMGitenARKb;kMritTaMgGs;kñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM . RbB½n§Bt’man
RKb;RKgGb;rM)aneFVIdüaRkambgðajBIGRtaRtYtfñak;Edl)anBITinñn½ykMrgsalaeronRsuk¼xNÐ extþ¼Rkug .
kic©xMRbwgERbgedIm,IEklMGRbsiT§PaBGb;rMRtUv)anedaHRsayCadMbUgenAkMritbnÞb;eron nig salaeronehIy
nig BinitütamdanCabnþbnÞab;enAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM .
GRtaRtYtfñak;bc©úb,nñGacEklMGbEnßmeTot kareFVI[R)akdfasisS nig RKUmanvtþmanCaerogral;
éf¶ GvtþmanRtUv)ankt;sMKal;karGnuvtþCabnÞan;nUvkarkarBarGarmµN_sisS Edlmincg; RtYtfñak; .
PaByWtya:vénkarcuHeQµaHcUleron PaBGvtþman nig karRtYtfñak;nwgbegáInkare)aHbg;karsikSa
kan;EteRcInEfmeTot . enHbgðaj[eXIjBIkarxatbg;FnFanrbs;Cati nig RKYsar . karRtYtfñak;enHnaM[
mankMeNInqñaMsikSacMeBaHsisSkñúgkarTTYlGkçrkmµviC¢aCIv³ nig elxnBVnþ ehIybEnßmTMgn;ya:gF¶n;F¶rdl;
fñak;eronEdlhYscMNuH CaBiessfñak;bzmsikSakMritTabEdlGRtaRtYtfñak;x<s;bMput .
115
qñaM 1999-2000 kñúgRkumGayufñak;TI 1 srub 719 300 nak; énqñaMenaHkarcUlsikSaenAfñak;TI 1

Gayu 6 qñaM )anekIneLIgdl; 260 357 nak; ¬b:uEnþ)anRtwmEt 58° b:ueNÑaH¦ kñúgcMeNamsisSfµIcUl
sikSaenAfñak;TI 1 cMnYn 450 352 nak; . dUecñHsmamaRténsisSelIs GayuenAfñak; TI 1 mandl;eTA
60° edayKitTaMgPaByWtya:vénsisScUlsikSa nig sisSRtYtfñak; . qñaM 2000-01 sisSfµIfñak;TI 1
TUTaMgRbeTsman 528 277 nak; kñúgenaHsisSGayu 6 qñaM man 306 416 nak; ¬58°¦ cMENkÉsisS
srubcuHeQµaHcUleronfñak;TI 1 TUTaMgRbeTs )anekIndl; 742 704 nak; ehIysmamaRtsisSelIsGayu
)ane)aHbg;karsikSamandl;eTA56° EdlcMnYnenHx<s;eFobeTAnwgkarkat;bnßykarRtYtfñak; . Tinñn½yfµI²
rbs;RbB½n§RKb;RKgBt’manGb;rMqñaM 2001-02 )anbgðaj[dwgfa kñúgcMeNamsisSfµIcUlsikSafñak;TImYy
646 220 nak; mansisSGayu 6 qñaM cMnYn 275 756 nak; ¬43°¦ . eTaHya:gNak¾eday karsikSa
rbs;sisSfñak;TI 1 TUTaMgRbeTs cMnYn 782 840 nak; )anbgðaj[eXIjfa smamaRténsisSelIsGayu
nig sisSeRkamGayu 6 qñaM enAfñak;TI 1 )anekIndl; 65° .
karekIncMnYnsisSenAfñak;TI 1 bBaðakarsikSarbs;sisSelIsGayuenAEtmaneCosminrYctamry³
tYelxminRbRktI ¬karbMe)a:gtYelx¦ enAbzmsikSaEdlRtUv)aneFVIcMeNaleXIjfa nwg fycuH eRkayqñaM
2004-05 . tamkarsnµteXIjfa nwgmansisSkan;EteRcIneLIgEfmeTotenAbnþ karsikSatamry³man
viFankarEklMGKuNPaB nig RbsiT§PaB enaHtYelxminRbRktI ¬karbMe)a:gtYelx¦ enAmFümsikSa)ancab;
epþImrYcCaeRscehIy nig bnþenAkñúgEpnkarry³eBlmFüm . kareFVIcMeNalsisScuHeQµaHcUlerontam
tYelxminRbRktI ¬karbMe)a:gtYelx¦ sMrab;bzmsikSa nig mFümsikSanwgbgðajenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 2 .
karbgðajBIGRtae)aHbg;karsikSax<s;
tamkarRbmUlBt’mankarcUleronelIsGayu nig kareronRtYtfñak; BiessenAfñak;dMbUg² enAEtbnþ
eFVI[eyIgminGacsMerc)anRbsiT§PaBGb;rM . edIm,IbBa¢ak;[)anc,as;karKNnatam EFA ACCESS.xls
edayEp¥kelITinñn½yRbB½n§RKb;RKgBt’manGb;rM 1999-2000 bgðajfa sisS cMNayeBl 14 qñaM :14
qñaM-sisS : eTIberoncb;bzmsikSa eRBaHGRtarYménRbsiT§PaBGb;rMcuHTab. mansisSPaKeRcIne)aHbg;mun
eBlbBa©b;karsikSaenAmFümsikSabzmPUmi . qñaMsikSa1998-99mankumarTUTaMgRbeTscMnYn2 094 000
nak; )ancUleronenAbzmsikSa ¬GRtaBiténkarsikSa 78>3¦ kñúgenaHmanEtsisS 226 057 nak; b:ueNÑaH
)anqøgPUmisikSa .
enAmFümsikSabzmPUmi karcUlsikSarbs;sisSTaMgBIrePT)anekInBI 226 057 nak; ¬qñaM sikSa
1998-99¦ dl; 351 635nak;¬qñaMsikSa 2001-02¦. BIqñaMsikSa 2000-01 dl;qñaMsikSa2001-02
sisSRsImankarekIneLIgx<s;BI 77 714 nak; dl; 135 937 nak; ¬24° nig 29>7°énqñaMnImYy² ¦
edayELkkarcUlsikSarbs;sisS ¬mFümsikSabzmPUmi ¦ mankarfycuHBI 265 895 nak; mk 226
057 nak; enAcenøaHqñaMsikSa 1996-97 nig 1998-99 .
116
enAqñaM 2001-02 karcUleronenAbzmsikSa)anekIneLIgdl;2 705 453nak; ehIyGRtaBitén

karsikSaekIndl; 87 ° . karcUleronenAmFümsikSa bzmPUmiekIn)an 55° esµI 351 635 nak; eTaH
Caya:gNakþIenAqñaMsikSa 1998-99 GRtaBiténkarsikSaenAmFümsikSa bzmPUmi)anekInBI 14>2° dl;
18>9° enAqñaMsikSa 2001-02 cMENkÉGRtarYménkarsikSa)anekInBI 23° kñúgqñaMsikSa 1998-99 dl;
32>7° enAqñaMsikSa 2001-02 . karyWtya:vkñúgkarcUleron nig kareronRtYtfñak;mancMnYneRcIn nig
PaKrykumar EdlmanGayuelIsGayukMNt;sMrab;mFümsikSak¾x<s;Edr ehIybc©úb,nñeyIgkMBugbnþkarxitxM
edIm,IEklMGKuNPaB nig RbsiT§PaBGb;rM .
düaRkamxageRkamenHbgðajfa PaKrykumarGayu 6 qñaM )ancUleronmanlkçN³l¥RbesIr cab;BI qñaM
1999 mk . PaKrye)aHbg;karsikSa)anfyBI 39° ¬Rbus 38° ¼ RsI 40°¦ enAqñaM 1999 mkRtwm
20° ¬Rbus18° ¼ RsI 21° ¦ kñúgqñaM 2001 ehIyPaKrykumarGayuBI 6-11 qñaM enAeRkAsala )anfy
cuHBI 23° ¬Rbus 19° ¼ RsI 27° ¦ mkRtwm 13° enAqñaM 2001 ¬Rbus 10° ¼ RsI 16° ¦ .
tYelxfñak;Cati)anbgðajfa kumarIGayuBI 6-11 qñaM enAeRkAsalamaneRcInCagkumara 6° ¬kñúg
cMeNamcMnYnRbCaCnRsIEdlmanGayu 6-11 qñaM ¦ . Tinñn½yTaMgenH)anbgðajBIkarERbRbYl eTAtamextþ
nImYy²dUcEdl)anrMBwgTuk. enAkñúgRkumkumarGayuBI 12-14 qñaM smamaRtsisSkñúgsalaeronenAman
kMritTab ¬GRtaBiténkarsikSafñak;CatimanRbEhl 18° ¦ edayELkenAqñaM 2001 tamkar):an;sµanfa
RkumsisSEdlmanGayu 12-14 qñaM man 82° ¬Rbus 79° ¼RsI 84° ¦ enAeRkAsala . enAeBleyIg
eRbobeFobRkumGayuTaMgBIrenHsmamaRtkumarGayu6-14 qñaM enAeRkAsala)anfycuHBI42°¬Rbus 39°
RsI 46°¦ enAqñaM 1998 mk 36° ¬Rbus 33° RsI 39°¦ enAqñaM 2001 .
ninñakarsMrab;[sisScUleronenAsalamFümsikSabzmPUmikan;EteRcInkMBugRtUv)anycitþTukdak;
b:uEnþebIkarrIkcMerInénkarcUleronenAqñaMbnþbnÞab;manel,ÓnyWtenaHlT§PaBsMerceKaledAkarGb;rMmUldæan 9
qñaM EdlkumarTaMgGs;RtUvbBa©b;karGb;rMmUldæanRbkbedayKuNPaBenAqñaM2015 minGacsMerc)an
eCaKC½yEdr . tamTMenarbc©úb,nñ mankumarCaeRcInnwg)ancUlsikSaenAbzmsikSaenA qñaM 2007 EteyIgnwg
RtUvBuHBardl;karyl;dwgGMBIsiT§irbs;kumarmñak;cMeBaHkarGb;rMmUldæanrYmTaMg salamFümsikSabzmPUmi .
117
PaKry rUbTI6³ PaKrykumaraenAeRkAsalaEdlmanGayutamkMritsikSanImYy²
RkumGayu
rUbTI7³ PaKrykumarIenAeRkAsalaEdlmanGayutamkMritsikSanImYy²
PaKry
RkumGayu
karlM)akepSg²CaeRcIneTotRtUv)anedaHRsay . kumarGayu 6 qñaM TaMgGs;RtUvkarlkçN³sm,tþi

eBjelj edIm,IerobcMxøÜnenAeBlcUleron . eyIgRtUveRbIviFI nig ]bkrN_kMNt;GayusisS[RtwmRtUv edIm,I
[R)akdfa sisSTaMgGs;sb,ayrIkraynwgkarsikSa ehIybnþeLIgfñak;rhUtdl;bBa©b;bzmsikSa eday
KµanRtYtfñak; .
118
karBuHBarmYyeTot KWsisSTaMgGs;RtUvbnþeron[cb;mFümsikSabzmPUmi . b:uEnþeBlenHsmamaRt

sisSeRkAsalamankMrix<s; nig yuT§sa®sþmYycMnYnRtUv)andak;ecj edIm,ICMruj[sisS)ancUleron nig )an
bBa©b;mFümsikSabzmPUmi .
smÖarrUbv½nþRKUbeRgón nig kareqøIytbkarbegáIneLIgéntRmUvkar

el,ÓnéntMrUvkarminTan;)ansmRsbtamlT§PaBpÁt;pÁg;eT . salabzmsikSamYycMnYnFMCa sala
eronminRKb;kMritfñak;eTaHbICafµI²enHRbB½n§RKb;RKgBt’manGb;rM)anbgðajfa cMnYnsalaeronminRKb;kMritfñak;
)anfycuHk¾eday .
qñaMsikSa 1999-2000 salaeron1 050¬7° én 5 274 salaeron ¦manEtfñak;TI 1b¤fñak;TI 2
ehIysisScUleron)anEt 1° énsisSbzmsikSasrub . mansalabzmsikSaEt2 803 ¬53°¦ beRgón
dl;fñak;TI 6 b:uEnþsalaeronTaMgenHRbmUlkumarTaMgBIrePTcUleron)an 81° . enAqñaMsikSa 2001-2002
kñúgcMeNam 5 741 salabzmsikSaTUTaMgRbeTscMnYn nig PaKrysalabzmsikSaRKb;kMritfñak;)anekIn
dl; 3 260 sala ¬57°¦³ 434 salabeRgón dl;fñak;TI 5 man 564 salabeRgóndl;fñak;TI 4 man
609 salamandl;fñak;TI3 man 582 salamandl;fñak;TI 2 nig 292 salamanRtwmEtfñak;TI 1 . sala
eronmanRKb;kMrifñak; ³ enA TIRkugman 73° enACnbTman 58° nig enAtMbn;dac;Rsyalman 17° .
kñúgqñaMsikSa 1998-99 kñúgcMeNam 5 156 salabzmsikSa mansala 2 852 ¬55°¦ )an
eRbIR)as;smÖarrUbvnþ½sMrab;beRgónBIrevn . enAqñaMsikSa 2001-2002 cMnYnenH)anekIndl; 4 591 sala
énsalabzmsikSaTaMgGs; 5 741 . PaKrysalabeRgónBIrevn)anekIndl; 80° EdleqøIytbeTAnwg
sm<aF énkarsikSarbs;sisS EtbEnßm[man]bsKÁdl;KuNPaBGb;rM Bak;B½n§nwg karbnßyem:agbeRgón nig
eronRbcaMéf¶sMrab;sisSkúñgkarerobcMeronsURttamevnnImYy² . enHKWCa bBaðaKnøwHmYyEdlTak;TgeTAnwg
KuNPaB ehIyk¾RtUvelIkykmkBiPakSabEnßmeTotenAkñúg EpñkEdlcat;TukfaCaKMnit nig CMerIsd¾man
sar³sMxan ; .
eTaHbICakarRbmUlsisScUleronmin)andUctamkarrMBwgTukk¾eday k¾bBaðaenHRtUv)andak;bgðajenA
kñúgbribTénEpnkarskmµPaBry³eBlxøI nig mFüm . karERbRbYlsisScUlerontamkareFVI cMeNaleday
Ep¥kelIcMnYnRbCaCn kar)a:n;sµan nig karEklMGRbsiT§PaBGb;rMRtUv)anelIkmk BiPakSaenAkñúgbribTén
bBaðaKuNPaB . kñúgÉksar k>K>v>G 2002-06 RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa )andak;ecjCMhanmYycMnYn
edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðarYmman ³
T qñaM2001 karpþl;fvikadMeNIrkarsalaeronEp¥kelIrUbmnþEdlmanplRbeyaCn_sMrab;sala
erontUc² .
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T karkMNt;GtþsBaØaNsalaeronEdlCaGaTiPaBmYyenAkñúgkmµviFIGPivDÆn_smÖarrUbv½nþedayman
karBRgIkbnÞb;eronmYycMnYnenAtamsalaTaMgenHkñúgqñaMsikSa 2001¼02 .
T karcab;epþImpþl;R)ak;]btþmÖfµIsMrab;karbeRgónfñak;KYb nig GñkeTAbeRgónenAtMbn;dac;Rsyal
enABak;kNþalqñaM 2002 .
T kargarCabzm KWkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgónfñak;KYbkñúgqñaM 2002.
T karsikSaBiesselIsalatUc¼saladac;RsyalenAEx kkáda qñaM 2002 edIm,IbegáIt yuT§sa®sþ
l¥²bEnßmeTot .
ninñakarCMruj[mankarbegáInsisScUleronenAeRkaybzmsikSa)anbegáItcMnYnd¾FMmYyEdlCaRbPB
FnFand¾rwgmaM . mü:ageTotsmamaRtsisSbBa©b;karsikSaGayueRkam 15 qñaM enAmFümsikSabzmPUmi enA
EtmankMritTabenAeLIy . mansisSCaeRcInEdlmanGayuelIs 14 qñaM enAeronfñak;TI 8 . CaTUeTAbBaða
enHGacbNþalmkkarcUleronfñak;TI 1 hYsGayu nig manGRtaRtYtfñak;x<s; . dUcenHkarEklMGRbsiT§PaB
KWCakarcaM)ac; .
karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ nig GkçrkmµmnusSeBjv½y
kareFVICMerOnqñaM 1998 )anbgðajfa RbCaCnGayucab;BI 15 qñaMeLIgcMnYn 37° CaGnkçrCn ¬GRta
enHekIneLIgdl; 66° ebIKitTaMgGRtaBak;kNþalGkçrCn¦ EdlkñúgenaH cMnYn®sþIelIsbursBI 15-20°
ehIyGRtaenAtMbn;CnbTelIstMbn;TIRbCMuCn 15° . RbCaCnCaGnkçrCnmanGayuelIsBI50 mansma
maRtx<s;CageK b:uEnþRbCaCnGayuBI 15-45 qñaM EdlmancMnYneRcInCageKenaH CaGñkrkR)ak;cMNUl nig
ciBa©wmkumar . GRtaGkçrkmµburskñúgcMeNambursenATUTaMgRbeTsmancMnYn 79° ehIy®sþICamFümmancMnYn
57 ° EdlcMnYnenHmankarERbRbYlenATUTaMgRbeTs nig rvagtMbn;TIRbCMuCn nig CnbT .
tYelxTaMgenHGacbgðaj[eXIjBITMhMéncMnYnmnusSeBjv½yEdlecHelxnBVnþ nigGkçrkmµviC¢aCIv³.
tamkarsikSarbs;GgÁkaryUeNsáÚ¼RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa enAqñaM1999 )anbgðajfaGRtaGkçrkmµviC¢a
CIv³CarYmmancMnYnEt 37° b:ueNÑaHEdlmansmamaRt :GkçrkmµsuT§saF : ®sþI eRcInCagburs . sßanPaBenH
kan;EtF¶n;F¶rRBmTaMgCab;Tak;TgeTAnwgPaBRkIRkTinñn½ysþIBIPaBRkIRk )anbgðaj[eXIjBIPaKryx<s;én
RkumRKYsarEdlmanemRKYsarEt«Buk b¤ mþay nig )anTTYlkarGb;rMtictYc b¤ min)anesaH .
CaTUeTARbeTsCaeRcInenAtMbn;GasuI RbB½n§Gb;rMkMBugrIklUtlas;y:agxøaMg dUecñHBMumankarP£ak;ep¥Il
eTEdlfa GRtaGkçrkmµenAkñúgr)aykarN_rbs;RbeTssamI)anbgðajfa GRtaGkçrkmµrbs;Cnv½yekµgman
kMritx<s;CageKbg¥s; ehIyGRtaGkçrkmµrbs;RbCaCnv½ycMNas;mankMritTab edaysarEtCnv½ycMNas;
PaKeRcInminman»kasTTYlkarGb;rM . CarYmGkçrkmµrbs;®sþIKWTabCag eKbMputenAkñúgRkumRbCaCnEdl
manv½ycMNas;CageKenAtamtMbn;CnbT . CMraltamGayu nig KmøateynD½rEdlkMBugEtekIneLIgkñúg
120
cMeNammnusSeBjv½ycas;CageK)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbPaBTI8 xageRkammansar³sMxan;Nas;enAeBl
BicarNaeTAelIyuT§sa®sþ nig GaTiPaBnana edIm,IbegáInGkçrkmµ nig sMerc[)aneKaledAGkçrkmµGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;Kña .
rUbPaBTI8³ GkçrkmµCneBjv½ytamRkumGayu nig ePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
Rbus
PaKry
ePTTaMgBIr
RsI
manPaBdUcKñabnþicbnþÜcrvagGkçrkmµ®sþI nig Tinñn½ysþIBI :karcUleron : rbs;kumarIGayu 11 qñaM .

CMerOnqñaM 1998 nig G>s>b>k qñaM 2000 )anbgðajfaPaKrykumarIGayu 11 qñaM )ancUl eronx<s; ¬75°
CMerOnqñaM 1998 nig GegátRbCasa®sþ nig suxPaB 85°¦ . PaKryénkarcUleron rbs;kumarImankMritTab
edaysarEtkarcUlsikSaenAGayu 11 qñaM nig mankare)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa mYycMnYnRBmTaMgmankarcUl
sikSaeRkayGayu 11 qñaM . GRtaGkçrkmµ®sþIx<s;GRtavtþmanrbs;kumarI)anqøúHbBa©aMgBIbBaða Cab;Tak;TgeTA
nwgkarcUlsikSarbs;kumarI karGb;rMmnusSeBjv½y nig mata .
GegátRbCasa®sþ nig suxPaB ¬qñaM 2000 TMB½r 43 ¦)ankt;sMKal;faman®sþIEt 6° b:ueNÑaH)an
eroncb;bzmsikSa nig 49° epSgeTot)anTTYlkarGb;rMxøHedIm,IbegáInGkçrkmµ b¤ karbNþúHbNþalsMrab;
RKb;RKgCIvitCabnþbnÞab; . RbkarenHCasmtßPaBd¾sMxan; edIm,ICYyBYkeKedaHRsay)annUvktþaepSgeTot
EdlkMBugEteFVI[BYkeKCYbkarlM)ak ³ GRtakMeNItx<s;mrNPaBenAkñúg dMNak;kalmatuPaBGMeBIhwgSakñúg
RKYsarkarCYjdUrpøÚvePT nig emeraKhuIv¼ CMgWeGds_ .
r)aykarN_RbeTssþIBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaqñaM2000 )ankt;sMKal;fa karRBmeRBógelI
karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRtUvkarEklMGRbsiT§PaBénesvakmµGb;rMEdlmanbc©úb,nñ nig karBRgIklT§PaB
cUlsikSacab;taMgBIGñkRklM)akrhUtdl;Gñkman . r)aykarN_enH)anKaMRTdl;karGb;rMmUldæanEdlRtUv
pþl; cMeNHdwgmUldæansMrab;karsikSamYyCIvitRbkbedaynirnþrPaB nig karpøas;bþÚreTAkargarRbkbeday
eCaKC½ysMrab;RbCaBlrdæRKb;rUb . eKk¾)ankt;sMKal;fa bBaðaenHk¾RtUvkarFnFanRKb;RKan; nig eRbIR)as;
cMeKaledA .
121
eTaHbICamankarRBmeRBógeTAelIeKalneya)ayk¾eday k¾RtUvKitKUreTAelIkarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ Edl

RtUvdak;ecjenAkñúgrebobvar³GPivDÆn_d¾TUlMTUlay . r)aykarN_RbeTsqñaM 2000 sþIBIkarGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;Kña)ankt;sMKal;fa briyakassMrab;karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§enARbeTskm<úCaenAEt bnSl;nUvPaBgay
)ak;Ebk . shRKassaFarN³enAEtmankarKaMRTminditdl;elIkmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ . enAcenøaHqñaM
1994 nig 1999 karKaMRTdl;kargarGkçrkmµmanRbEhlBI 365 Ban; eTA 2 landuløar b:uEnþcab;BIqñaM
1997mkkarpþl;mUlniFisaFarN³mankarfycuHedaysarkarRTRTg;KMeragRtUvpþl; edayGgÁkareRkA
rdæaPi)al .
smFm’eynD½r
karGb;rMkumarI nig ®sþIenAEtCakarxitxMRbwgERbgd¾sMxan; eTaHbICaGaMgDIkaT½rlT§PaBcUleronenA
kMritmUldæanRtUv)anEklMGk¾edaycab;taMgBIr)aykarN_qñaM 2000 sþIBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRtUv)an
erobcMeLIg . mankumarIkan;EteRcIn)anbnþkarsikSaeTAmFümsikSabzmPUmi b:uEnþKmøateynD½renAmFüm
sikSabzmPUmienAEtx<s;EdlRtUvpSarP¢ab;eTAnwgktþacMNay ¬Cak;Esþg nig »kas¦ ehIyBak;B½n§eTAnwg
kumarIeBjv½yEdl)anbnþkarsikSa kgVHxatsmÖarrUbv½nþsMrab;mFümsikSaenA kñúgtMbn;CnbTPaKeRcIn
PaByWty:avkñúgkarcuHeQµaHcUleron kareronRtYtfñak; nig karbBa©b;kMritsikSa)antictYc . karfycuHGRta
RtYtfñak; nig e)aHbg;karsikSaenAbzmsikSa BiesskñúgcMeNam kumarI)anbgðaj[eXIjnUvsBaØaEklMG .
enAmFümsikSabzmPUmiKmøateynD½renAkñúgkarcuHeQµaHcUleronenAEtman b:uEnþ)anEklMGxøH ¬sisSRbus
mancMnYnelIssisSRsIcMnYn 31>2° enAqñaM 1998-99 cuHmkRtwm 22>7° enAqñaM 2001-02¦. TMenar
enHkMBugRtUv)anelIkTwkcitþ b:uEnþKmøateynD½rTaMgenHenAEtmankMritx<s;enAkñúgtMbn;GasuIxagekIt .
ebIBinitüeTAelIkarGb;rMtamkMritnImYy² KmøateynD½renAkñúgkarcuHeQµaHcUleron)anrIkkan;EtFM
eTA² metþyüsikSamanKmøattictYc bzmsikSaman8° mFümsikSabzmPUmiRbEhl23° rhUtdl;mFüm
sikSaTutiyPUmiman 36° . enAbzmsikSamansisSRsI 46° mFümsikSabzmPUmi 37° mFümsikSa
TutiyPUmimanRtwmEt 32° . bBaðaenHRtUv)aneKBicarNabEnßmeTAelIGRtaBit énkarsikSaeXIjfa man
mUlehtuepSg²EdlRbQmmuxedaHRsay. enAqñaMsikSa2001-02 karcUlsikSa ¬sisSRsIenAbzm
sikSa¦ mancMnYn 84>2 b:uEnþGRtaBiténkarsikSaenAmFümsikSabzmPUmi ¬RsI¦ )anFøak;cuHmkRtwm 16>4
nig mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi 5>4 .
dUecñHPaKryticCageKrbs;kumarI EdlmancMnYntictYcGacRtUv)anrkeXIjenAtamkMritGb;rM nImYy²
Edl)anpþl;bribT :kumarIkñúgv½ysikSaticCagkumara : enAkm<úCabc©úb,nñ . tamkar)a:n;sµan ¬sUmemIl
]bsm<½n§ 3 ¦ kumarIGayu 6-11 qñaM mancMnYn 1 032 219 nak; ehIykumaramancMnYn 1 065 009 nak;
¬xusKñaRbEhl 2°¦ ehIykumarImanGayuBI12-14 qñaM mancMnYn 536 939 nak; kumaramancMnYn
552 977 nak; ¬xusKñaRbEhl 2°¦. ebIrYmbBa©ÚlkumarGayuBI 12-14 qñaM nig 15-17 qñaM enAqñaM
122
2002 RbCaCnCa®sþI mancMnYn 1 035 044 nak; ehIybursmancMnYn1 164 049 nak; dUecñHebIbUkbBa©Úl
KñaeTAeXIjfaRbCaCnkñúgv½ysikSaenAmFümsikSa ¬12-17 qñaM¦ mancMnYn 2 199 93 nak; kñúgenaH 47°
CakumarI nig 53° Cakumara . tamtYelxenH mankarxusKñatictYc ¬RbEhl 6°¦ EdltRmUUv[mandMeNaH
RsayenAkñúgeKalneya)ay nig CeRmIsviC¢man .
mankumarItictYcEdl)aneroncb;mFümsikSa . bBaðaenH)ankMritcMnYnebkçCnCa®sþIcUleronenA]tþm
sikSaGaCIBCaGñkmanmuxrbrviC¢aCIv³ nig m®nþIraCkar RBmTaMgbg¥ak;karxitxMRbwgERbg rbs;®sþI edIm,IkøayCa
RKUbeRgónEdlCaGñkCYyelIkTwkcitþdl;karcUleronrbs;kumarI nig eron[cb; bzmsikSa nig mFümsikSa .
eKalneya)ayrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa KWedIm,IbegáIncMnYnRKUbeRgónCa®sþI . eTaHbICaman
karekIneLIg7° mann½yfaekInBI 25 200 nak; enAqñaM2001 dl;26 900nak; enAqñaM2002 ¬ekIn1 700
nak;¦kñúgenaH RKUbeRgónCa®sþImankarekIneLIgtictYccMnYn 2 100 nak;. tulüPaBxageynD½rrbs;kumar
cUleronfµIkMBugRtUv)anEklMG b:uEnþkarxitxMRbwgERbgCaviC¢manRtUvFanafa karbeRgónKWCamuxrbrviC¢aCIv³
sMrab;begáInkarTak;Taj®sþI ebIBMuenaHeT tMbn;dac;RsyalenAEtminGaceRCIserIs nig rkSaRKUbeRgónCa®sþI
)an.
GRtae)aHbg;karsikSarbs;sisSRsIkan;EtekIneLIgenAeBlBYkeKeBjv½y minfaeLIyenAbzm
sikSa nig mFümsikSaEdlhirBaØb,Tan »kas nig kkþaepSg²eTotkan;Etmansar³sMxan; . enAkñúgkar
BiPakSa nig karGegátenAkMritshKmn_Bak;B½n§nwgkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña eK)anelIkeLIgfa mUlehtu
mYycMeBaHkumarImancMnYnticenAbzmsikSa KWcMgaypøÚvBIlMenAdæanmksalaeronq¶ay BiessenAkñúgshKmn_
EdlmansalaeronbzmsikSaminRKb;kMritfñak; nig BMumansalaeronmFüm sikSaenAEk,rlMenAdæan . dUecñH
karcUleronrbs;kumarCaeRcInRtUveFVIdMeNIrq¶ay sñak;enACamYysac;sarelahit b¤mitþPkiáenATIRbCMuCn b¤mYy
cMnYnsñak;enApÞHsMNak;saFarN³ b¤ ÉkCn . CeRmIsTaMgenH mankareBjcitþtictYcBImatabitarbs;sisS
RsI . kmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rMkMBugEtedaHRsaysmÖarrUbv½nþ sMrab;mFümsikSa nig karelIkTwkcitþepSg² .
TnÞwmnwgenH ®sþIEdl)anTTYlkarGb;rM nig )ancUlrYmkñúgkmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§TMngpþl;briyakas
EdlnwgbegáInkareRtómxøÜncUleronrbs;kumar nig KaMRTkUnRsIrbs;Kat;dUcCakUnRbuus[)anTTYlkarGb;rM
y:agehacNas;cb;kMritGb;rMmUldæan ¬dl;fñak;TI 9 ¦ . dUecñHkmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§GacedIrtYnaTIkñúgkarpþl;
cMeNH dwgdl;GñkcUlrYm nig begáInkþIsgÇwmdl;karGb;rMsMrab;kumar .
enAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rMTaMgmUl®sþIEdlmantYnaTI CaGñkRKb;RKgenAEtmancMnYntic ehIysmamaRtRKU
beRgón Ca®sþIenAkMritGb;rMkan;Etx<s;kan;EtfycuH . kñúgcMeNamRKUmetþyüsikSacMnYn 2 148 nak; esÞIrEt
RsITaMgGs;¬2 134nak; b¤ 99°¦. enAbzmsikSaRKURsImancMnYn 18 655 ¬39°¦ kñúgcMeNamRKUbeRgón
srub 47 654 nak; . enAmFümsikSabzmPUmismamaRtenHkan;EtfycuH ¬5 141 nak; b¤ 31° kñúg
123
cMeNam 16 405 nak;¦ ehIykan;EtFøak;cuHrhUtdl; 990 nak; b¤ 22° kñúgcMeNam 4 401 nak; enAmFüm
sikSaTutiyPUmiEdlkñúgenaHRKUbeRgónCaRsIesÞIrEtTaMgGs;beRgónenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCn .
RkumvaytémøeynD½rqñaM 2001 nig GgÁkaryUnIeshV¼suIdaqñaM 2001 )anKaMRTdl;karsikSaBI
KuNPaB :ehtuGVI)anCakumarImineTAsalaeron : Edl)ankt;sMKal;eXIjfabBaðasµúKsµajKWPaBRkIRk vb,Fm’
nig sßanPaBPUmisa®sþeFVI[manKuNvibtþiGb;rMrbs;kumarI nig ®sþIenAkm<úCa . kgVHxat : tYnaTI : ¬RKUbeRgón
RsI nig mataEdl)anTTYlkarGb;rM ¦ sMrab;elIkTwkcitþ nig KaMRT[kumarIbnþkarsikSahYsBIbzmsikSadl;
mFümsikSabzmPUmi nig PUmisikSax<s;CagenHedaysarEtktþasalaeron pÞH nig sgÁm . kñúgcMeNamktþa
TaMgenHkarsikSa)ankt;sMKal;faktþasgÁmmkBIkgVH smÖarrUbv½nþsmRsbenAtamsalaeron ¬]> bgÁn;
Gnam½ysMrab;kumarI¦ PaBxusKñaénGnþrskmµPaB EpñkeynD½rrvagRKUbeRgón nig sisS PaBCab;Bak;B½n§rbs;
kmµviFIsikSa nig bBaðasuvtßiPaBmansar³ sMxan;Nas; . sm<aFsgÁm nig bBaðakñúgpÞHmandUcCa kargarpÞH nig
karemIlEfrkSab¥ÚntUc KWCakarTTYlxusRtUvd¾cm,grbs;®sþI nig kumarI .
bBaðaEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelIRtUv)anbBa©ÚlCalkçN³Biessrbs;yuT§sa®sþb®Ba¢abeynD½r
ry³eBl 5 qñaM rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa . bc©úb,nñenHRbeTskm<úCamanKMeragCMnYyd¾man
RbsiT§PaBmYycMnYnEdlRtUvGnuvtþsMedAedaHRsaynUvTidæPaBeynD½r dUcCakareRbIR)as;buKÁlik karbeRgón
kmµviFIsikSa smÖarrUbv½nþ nig esvakmµbnÞab;bnSMepSgeTot GaharUbkrN_ nig esvakmµKaMRTBiess . KMnit
pþÜcepþImepSg²nwgtRmUv[pSarP¢ab;kan;EtCitsñiT§CamYynwgyuT§sa®sþtamkmµviFIdUc)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgyuT§
sa®sþb®Ba¢abeynD½r nig pSarP¢ab;eTAnwgKMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;shRbCaCatiGb;rMkumarI ¬UNGEI¦ Edl)an
kMritkarKaMRTBIkariyal½ytMbn;rbs;GgÁkaryUeNsáÚ nig GgÁkaryUnIeshV eRBaHGgÁkarTaMgenHCaEpñkmYy
rbs; UNGEI . karxitxMRbwgERbgbEnßmeTot KWedIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaeynD½renAral;TidæPaBénkarGb;rM nig
ral;TidæPaBénkarerobcMEpnkarfñak;Cati nig karGnuvtþ .
karEklMGKuNPaB nig PaBBak;B½n§énkarGb;rM
Epnkarry³eBlxøI¬2005¦ sm<aFénkarcUleronGaRs½ykarbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgónminRKb;RKan;
nwgbnþeFVI[TMhMfñak;eronenAbzmsikSa ¬sisSeRcIn ¦ kan;EtFM . enAkñúgkMritenHkMeNInénkarcUlsikSa)an
ekIneLIgeRcIn EdltRmUv[manRKUEdl)anbNþúHbNþal nig RKUEdlmanbTBiesaFeRcIn . pleFobsisS-
RKUenAbzmsikSa)anekIneLIgbegáInTUTaMgRbeTsCamFüm 48³1 enAqñaMsikSa 1998-99 eTA 56³7 enAqñaM
sikSa2001-02 edaysarEtlT§plénsm<aFenHehIyeFVI[mankarbegáIncMnYnénkareRbIR)as;smÖarrUbvn½þ
salaeronkñúgkarbeRgónBIrevn b¤ bIevn . elIsBIenHeTA eTotCakarsMxan;kñúgkarkt;sMKal;fa
pleFobsisS-RKUfñak;CatiCamFümmin)anbgðajBIbMErbMrYlsmRsbtambNþaextþnanaeLIy ¬kñúgrvagBI
42>1³1 eTA 95>5³1 enAqñaM 2001-02¦ edaytMbn;dac;RsyalPaKeRcInmankarb:HBal;eRcIn .
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eTaHbICakarsnµtBIkarBRgayRKUbeRgónkñúgsala nig RKUbeRgónBIsalamYyeTAsalamYyenAkñúg

Epnkarry³eBlxøIkan;EtmansmFm’k¾eday k¾kgVHxatRKUEdl)anbNþúHbNþalnwgRtUvbEnßmcMnYndl;sala
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tYnaTIBIminbeRgón[eTAbeRgónvijRBmTaMgkarerobcMkareRbIR)as;karbeRgónfñak;KYb . dUecñHRKUbeRgónnwg
RtUv)anpÁt;pÁg;CahirBaØvtúßbEnßm bu:EnþminRtUv)anbMBak;bMb:n[eTACaGaCIBeLIy .
edaysar : kMeNIneLIgxøaMgénkarcUleron : )aneFVI[pøas;bþÚrtamry³fñak;mFümsikSaTutiyPUmikñúg
ry³eBlBIxøIeTAmFüm RBmTaMgtamry³fñak;mFümsikSabzmPUmikñúgry³eBlmFümrhUtdl;qñaM 2010
enaHkgVHxatRKUbeRgón nig cMnYnfñak;d¾eRcInRtUv)anedaHRsay . Epnkarkñúgry³eBlmFümeTAry³eBl
EvgrhUtdl;qñaM 2015 pleFobsisS-RKUenAmFümsikSabzmPUmimancMnYnticCagenAbzmsikSacMnYn
enHnwgRtUvekIneLIgBIkMriténEpnkaryuT§sa®sþvis½yGb;rMbc©úb,nñ 22³1 kñúgqñaM 2002 eTA 40³1 RtwmqñaM
2007 ehIybegáIndl; 45³1 enAqñaM 2015 . cMnYnenHmanenAkñúgEpnkarkmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rMEdl)an
eFVIcMeNalman 45³1 RtwmqñaM 2015 .
tamsþg;darGnþrCati pleFobsisS-RKUTaMgenHenAEtx<s; ehIypleFobenHkøayCabBaðasMxan;
kñúgkarFanadl;karBRgayRKUEdl)anbNþúHbNþal nig RKUmanbTBiesaFRbkbedaysmFm’ . karBRgay
RKUenHRtUvGnuvtþRKb;salaeron nig TUTaMgRbeTs . karRBYy)armÖmYy KWtRmUvkar[mankaredaHRsay
karbnþekInx<s;énGRtaRtYtfñak;CaBiessfñak;TI 1 . sMrab;kumarCaeRcInenAkñúgkMritfñak;enH KWCakMritfñak;
Kg;vgS . cMNucenH KWCaTMnak;TMngdMbUgCamYynwglkçN³énkarsikSa .
karcUlsikSamankMNt; nig kareRbIR)as;GayukalénsmÖarsMrab;beRgón nig eronkarKaMRTfñak;
eronsMrab;RKUbeRgónmankMrit nig cMNuHfñak;d¾FM CaBiessenAfñak;dMbUgeFVI[lkçxNÐsMrab;karbeRgón nig
eronmankarlM)akxøaMg . karerobcMkarbeRgónBIrevnCYnkalmanbIevn edIm,IeRbIR)as;smÖarrUbv½nþsalaeron
eFVI[ema:geronmanry³eBlxøIeBksMrab;CYydl;sisSmñak;² nig kareFVIkmµviFIsikSarYmKña .
R)ak;ebovtSRKUbeRgónkMBugbegáIn[)ansmRsbenAkñúgry³eBlxøI . R)ak;ebovtSenAEtmankMrit
TabeFobeTAnwgcMNayRbcaMéf¶ ehIyebovtSnwgBicarNaelIbribTénCIvPaBrs;enA nig lkçxNÐkargar .
enAkñúgtMbn;CaeRcInTUTaMgRbeTslkçxNÐTaMgenHeFVI[mankarlM)akkñúgkarTak;Taj nig karrkSaRKUEdlman
KuNPaB nig manbTBiesaF BiessRKUbeRgónCaRsI edIm,IeTAbMerIkarenAtamsalaerondac;Rsyal .
bBaðaenHkMBugRtUv)anedaHRsaytamry³kmµviFIpþl;R)ak;elIkTwkcitþdl;RKUbeRgónkñúgkmµviFIskmµPaBCa
GaTiPaB .
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ema:geron nig beRgón

Ep¥kelIsavtar nig bribTénlkçxNÐkargarlM)ak karbeRgón nig eronenH tamr)aykarN_BIRkum
kargarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña)ankt;sMKal;eXIjfa ema:gbeRgónmanry³eBlxøICagema:gEdl)anelIk
eLIgedayRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa ehIyvtþmanrbs;RKUEtgEtmineTogTat; RBmTaMgTMnak;TMngrvag
salaeron nig shKmn_k¾min)anl¥Edr .
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45 naTI nig 5 éf¶kñúgmYys)aþh_ 35 s)aþh_kñúgmYyqñaM ema:gbeRgónCaGtibrmaeRcInCag 800 ema:g ¦ .
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kñúgmYyqñaMsikSa . enAkñúgsalaeronEdleRbIR)as;srmÖarrUbv½nþsalaeronsMrab;beRgónBIrevn b¤ bIevntam
karcaM)ac; ehIykarenHGacRtUv)ankat;bnßyema:gbeRgónBIreTAbIema:g BIema:gbeRgónCak;EsþgkñúgmYyéf¶
EdlkMritema:g)anRtwmEtBI 350 eTA 525 ema:gkñúgmYyqñaM .
ema:gbeRgónenHmancMnYnticCageKalkarN_Edl)anBicarNa edayeFVIkareRbóbeFobCaGnþrCati
sMrab;karGb;rMbzmsikSa ehIyRtUvBnül;bEnßmeTotkñúgbribTénema:gbeRgónfa etIsalaeron)aneRbIR)as;
ema:gsikSa[manRbsiT§PaBya:gNa edIm,IpSarP¢ab;karsikSarbs;sisS[manPaBskmµ . :ema:gsikSa : enA
kñúgkalviPaK nig ema:gbeRgónnwgRtUvBinitüeLIgvijelIkarxitxMRbwgERbg edIm,IelIkeLIgBIbBaðaKuNPaB
enARKb;kMrit nig RKb;rUbPaBTaMgGs;énkarGb;rMmUldæan .
lT§plénkarsikSa
karsikSafµI²BIlT§plkarsikSaKMrUTUTaMgRbeTsBIkumarenAfñak;TI3 TI4 nig TI5 KWCaEpñkmYyén
KMeragesovePAsikSasMrab;karGb;rMmUldæanbgðaj[eXIjBIbBaðamYycMnYnBak;B½n§nwglT§plsikSaxagkar
GanPasaExµr KNitviTüa nig viTüasa®sþ . sisSenAfñak;TI5 EdlTTYlplBIkmµviFIsikSa nig esovePAsikSa
fµI)anTTYlcMeNHdwgxagKNitviTüa nig viTüasa®sþmankMritx<s;CagsisSEdl)anerontamkmµviFIsikSa nig
esovePAsikSafµItictYc .
CaTUeTAsisSfñak;TI 5 )aneqøIyRtUveRcIncMNuc ¬dUcEdleK)anrMBwgTuk¦ CagsisSfñak;TI 4 Edlman
v½ydUcKñaedaymanPaBlMeGogénesdækic©sgÁmminsUveRcIn bu:EnþminmanPsþútagbBa¢ak;BIPaBxusKñaxag
eynD½rKY[kt;sMKal;eLIy . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾kMriténkarsikSaCaTUeTAenATab eTaHbICamuxviC¢a
EdleK)aneRbIsMrab;eFVIetsþRtUv)aneKBicarNafal¥enAkñúgbribTénkm<úCak¾eday.
naykdæanRsavRCavKruekaslürbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa )andwknaMkarsikSamYyenAqñaM
2002 EdlBak;B½n§nwgKMrUtMNagsisSfñak;TI 4 fñak;Cati. enAeBlEdleKeFVIkarviPaKlT§plvaKYrEtGac
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vaytémøBIplb:HBal;énsmasPaKepþatelIKuNPaBenAkñúgsalaeronnana EdleK)aj;eq<aHeTArkbBaða
KuNPaB .
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témø nig karbeRgónCamYyKñaEdlCaEpñkmYyénkarbeRgónRbcaMéf¶ . sBVéf¶enHRbeTsnana Edl)an
CMrujeTAmuxsmRsbkMENTRmg;EpñkKuNPaBénkarsikSa)anelIkeLIgBIkarbnþvaytémøEp¥kelIfñak;eron fa
CasmasPaKTaMgmUlénkarEklMGRbsiT§PaBénkarbeRgón. EpnkarRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILaRbQm
eTAnwgEpñkTUeTAénkarvaytémø nig karBiinitütamdansþg;daEdlCalkçN³BiessmYypusecjBIkmµviFI
kMENTRmg;vis½yGb;rM .
bu:EnþmincaM)ac;eTkñúgkareFVIeRcInCagkarepþatelI :karBinitütamdansþg;da : eRBaHkarxitxMRbwgERbg
ya:geRcInKW edIm,IGPivDÆ nig eRbIR)as;yuT§sa®sþEp¥kelIfñak;eronsMrab;bnþkartamdanRtYtBinitükarrIkcMerIn
énkarsikSarbs;sisSmñak;² EdlCaEpñkmYyénlMnaMkareron¼beRgónRbcaMéf¶ ehIykardwknaMkarbMb:nsisS
exSayenAkñúgfñak; nig karEksRmYlkarbeRgónenAmUldæanBImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶RbesIrCagkaredaHRsay
lT§plsikSatamry³TRmg;epSg²énkarvaytémø .
yuT§saRsþ nig eKaledAsMrab;kargarEklMG BRgwgKuNPaB nig RbsiT§PaBGb;rMRKb;Epñk
T rkSaynþkartamdanRtYtBinitüedayEp¥kelIGaMgDIkaT½rTinñn½yEdlkMNt;BIplb:HBal;KuNPaB
Gb;rM
T GPivDÆ nig BRgwgkartamdanRtYtBinitüKuNPaBGb;rMfñak;Cati ¬karRtYtBinitüelIGñkRtYtBinitü¦
mandUcCa bNþajtamsalaeron kMrgsalaeron nig tamfñak;Rsuk edIm,IraykarN_mkRkumKuN
PaBGb;rM nig GFikardæanGb;rMGMBIkarGnuvtþd¾l¥RbesIr bBaðanana nig karrIkcMerInTUeTAEpñkbeRgón
eron nig karRKb;RKg¬KMeragEklMGKuNPaBGb;rMpþl;nUvKMrUd¾mansar³RbeyaCn_ ¦
T pþl;KMrUtamdanRtYtBinitüEdleFVI[salaeronnanamankarrIkcMerIn
T pþl;KMrUtamdanRtYtBinitü rYmTaMgtYnaTIdl;tMNagshKmn_
T RbB½n§Gb;rMEdlelIksÞÜyKuNPaBGb;rM ¬CaBiessenAkMritGb;rMmUldæan¦
T RkumKuNPaBGb;rM nig GFikardæanGb;rM edIrtYCaGñkedaHRsaybBaðakñúgkarbBa¢ÚnBt’manGMBI
skmµPaBEklMKuNPaBGb;rMRbkbedayeCaKC½y yuT§saRsþEklMGKuNPaBGb;rMnana nig bBaðanana
EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarEklMGKuNPaBGb;rM
T begIátPaBCaédKUCamYyGgÁkarGnþrCati¼GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al edIm,ITTYlsÁal;elIkarEklMGKuN
PaBGb;rM
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T epþatelIKuNPaBénkarbNþúHbNþalRKU]eTÞs kñúgkarEklMGKuNPaBGb;rM¬]TahrN_³ karkMNt;

smtßPaBbNþúHbNþalsmtßPaBbec©keTsrbs;RKU]eTÞs dUcCabTBiesaFkñúgkarbeRgónl¥ ¦
T elIkbBa¢ak;[)anc,as;nUveKalbMNgry³eBlEvgrbs;esvaGb;rM ]TahrN_ ³ karbeRgóneBj
em:ag karbNþúHbNþalfñak;]tþmsikSa R)ak;]btßmÖsMrab;karrs;enA ¬cUrGanesckIþRBagc,ab;Gb;rM¦.
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]bsm<½n§2 : eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_
]bsm<½n§2³ eKaledAGPi v DÆn_ s hsSvtSr_ s M r ab; R beTskm< ú C a

1> TisedA nigeKaledACak;lak;
lT§plénkic©RbCMuenARkugjÚy:k raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anbkERbesckþIsMerccitþEdleFVIeLIgenA
snñisITeTAkñúgbribTCati edayeRbIR)as;eKaledA 8 CamYyTisedACak;lak;cMnYn10 nig GaMgDIkaT½rcMnYn
16. eKaledATaMgenHmandUcteTA³
eKaledA1 ³ kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkEdlmansPaBF¶n;F¶r
TisedA 1 ³ bnßycMnYnmnusSrs;enAkñúgPaBRkIRkxøaMgrvagqñaM 1990 dl;qñaM 2015 .
- GaMgDIkaT½r 1 ³ smamaRtRbCaCneRkamGRtaCatiKW 19>5° b¤ ticCagenA qñaM 2015
eKaledA2 ³ begáInsnþisuxes,óg
TisedA2 ³ bnßysmamaRtRbCaCn EdlrgeRKaHedaysarPaBGt;XøancenøaHqñaM 1990 nig
2015
- GaMgDIkaT½r2 ³ sMerc[)ansmamaRtRbCaCneRkamkMritGb,brmaénkareRbIR)as;famBl
Gahar 20>5° b¤ ticCagenHenARtwmqñaM 2015
- GaMgDIkaT½r3 ³ sMerc[)ansmamaRtkumarxVHTMgn;EdlmanGayueRkam 5 qñaM 26>2° b¤ ticCag
enHenARtwmqñaM 2015
eKaledA3 ³ elIkkMBs;suxPaB kat;bnßyGRtasøab;rbs;kumar nigemeraKhIuv nigCMgWeGds_
TisedA 3 ³ kat;bnßykarrIkraldalénCMgWeGds_enARtwmqñaM 2015
- GaMgDIkaT½r 4 ³ GRtarIkraldalemeraKhIuvkñúgcMMeNammnusSeBjv½yEdlmanGayu 15 dl; 49
qñaMdl;kMritEdlGacTTYlsÁal;)anenAqñaM 2015 ¬kMNt;TisedAbrimaN¦
TisedA4 ³ bnßyGRtasøab;kumar[)anBIrPaKbIenARtwmqñaM 2015
- GaMgDIkaT½r5 ³ GRtasøab;kumarGayueRkam 5 qñaMkñúgcMeNamkumarenArs; 1000 nak; dl;kMritEdl
GacTTYlsÁal;)anenARtwmqñaM 2015 ¬kMNt;TisedAbrimaN¦
eKaledA4 ³ elIkkMBs;suxPaBbnþBUC
TisedA 5 ³ kat;bnßyGRtamrN³énmata[)anBIrPaKbIenARtwmqñaM 2015
- GaMgDIkaT½r 6 ³ sMerc[)anGRtamrN³mata 250nak; kñúgcMeNammata 100 000 nak;enARtwm
qñaM 2015
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TisedA6 ³ sMerc[)anlT§PaBTTYl)anviFIBnüarkMeNItRbkbedaysuvtßiPaB nig GacTukcitþ

)anenARtwmqñaM 2015
- GaMgDIkaT½r 7 ³ sMerc[)ansmamaRt®sþIEdlmanGayubegáItkUnedaymanlT§PaBTTYl)ankar
BnüarkMeNIt 100° enARtwmqñaM 2015
eKaledA5 ³ lT§PaBTTYl)ankarGb;rM
TisedA 7 ³ sMerc[)ankarcUleronenAbzmsikSaCasklenARtwmqñaM 2015
- GaMgDIkaT½r 8 ³ sMerc[)anGRtacUleronBitenAbzmsikSa 100°enARtwmqñaM 2015
eKaledA6 ³ smPaBeynD½r
TisedA 8 ³ pþl;GMNacdl;®sþI nigeFVI[KMlateynD½rrYmtUcenAkñúgdMeNIrkareFVIkarsMerccitþ nig
eKalneya)ayenARKb;kMritTaMgGs;
- GaMgDIkaT½r 9 ³ pleFobkumarIeFobnwgkumaraenAbzmsikSa[)an 1³1 enARtwmqñaM 2005
- GaMgDIkaT½r10 ³ pleFobkumarIeFobnwgkumaraenAmFümsikSabzmPUmi[)an 1³1 enARtwmqñaM
2005
- GaMgDIkaT½r 11 ³ pleFobrvagkumarI nig kumaraenAmFümsikSa[)an 1³1 enAqñaM 2005
- GaMgDIkaT½r 12 ³ ®sþIenAfñak;cat;EcgenAkñúgraCrdæaPi)al[)an 30° enARKb;muxdMENgTaMgGs;
- GaMgDIkaT½r 13 ³ ®sþIenAkñúgtMENgrdæsPa nig GgÁnitibBaØtþi[)an 30° enARKb;tMENgTaMgGs;
- GaMgDIkaT½r 14 ³ PaKry®sþIeFobCamYybursenAkñúgtMENgRKb;RKgneya)ay[)an 15° enA
RtwmqñaM 2015
eKaledA7 ³ elIkkMBs;brisßan
TisedA9 ³ GnuvtþyuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;karGPivDÆbnþenAqñaM 2005 edIm,InwgRtlb;fyeRkaykar
)at;bg;FnFanbrisßanenARtwmqñaM 2015 ¦
- GaMgDIkaT½r15 ³ dMeNIrkar nig karGPivDÆyuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;karGPivDÆbnþCMuvijEpnkarskmµ
PaBbrisßanCatiqñaM 2000 nirnþrPaBénkar)at;bg;FnFanbrisßanenAqñaM2005 nig karRtLb;fy
eRkayénkarxUcxatbrisßanenARtwmqñaM 2015
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eKaledA8 ³ lT§PaBTTYl)ansmÖarpÞH)aysMxan;
TisedA10 ³ kat;bnßysmamaRtRbCaCnEdlminGacTTYl)an b¤ manlT§PaBTTYl)anTwks¥at
enARtwmqñaM 2015
- GaMgDIkaT½r16 ³ smamaRtRbCaCnedaymanlT§PaBTTYl)anTwks¥at[)aneTAdl;kMritEdl
GacTTYlyk)anenARtwmqñaM 2015 kMNt;TisedAbrimaN ¦
2> karviPaKPUmisa®sþKMrUéneKaledA
tarag1³ cMNat;fñak;extþKMrUénGRtaBiténkarsikSaenAbzmsikSa GRtaKg;vgS nig GRtaGkçrkmµ
kñúgcMeNammnusSeBjv½y
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RbPB³ RksYgEpnkar qñaM 2002

tarag2³ sßanPaBsmPaBeynD½r nig karpþl;GMNacdl;®sþIenAkm<úCa
RbPB³ RksYgEpnkar RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa GKÁelxaFikardæansPaCati
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tarag3³ smamaRtkumarIeFobCamYykumaraenAkñúgEpñkGb;rMtamextþEdl)aneRCIserIs
RbPB³ RbB½n§Bt’manRKb;RKgGb;rMénnaykdæanEpnkar RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa qñaM 2000 dl; 2001
tarag4³ GRtasøab;rbs;kumar¬bribTkm<úCa¦
RbPB ³ r)aykarN_sßitisuxaPi)alCatiqñaM1994 dl; 1998 karGegátRbCasa®sþkm<úCa qñaM2000

EpnkarGPivDÆesdækic© sgÁmelIkTI2 yuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
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tarag5³ kareRbobeFobGRtasøab;kumarGayueRkam5qñaM nigTarkenAbNþaextþEdl)aneRCIserIsqñaM2000
RbPB³ GegátsuxPaB nig RbCasa®sþkm<úCaqñaM 2000

tarag6³ sßanPaBemraKhIuv nig CMgWeGds_enAkm<úCa nig kar)a:n;RbmaN
RbPB³ RksYgsuxaPi)al BhuqñaM
134
]bsm<½n§3³ kareFV I c M e NalRbCaCnkm< ú C aqñ a M 1 998-2013
]bsm<½n§3 : kareFVIcMeNalRbCaCnkm<úCa
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]bsm<½n§ 4³ cM N ayRbcaM q ñ a M ni g mU l FntamEpñ k rg ¬tarag 1-5¦
]bsm<½n§4 : cMNayRbcaMqñaM nigmUlFn>>>

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]bsm<½n§ 5³ Rkbx½ N Ð h i r BaØ b ,TaneKalneya)ayGb; r M s M r ab; ; T aM g Gs; K ñ a
kareFV I c M e Nalkarcu H eQµ a HcU l eron ¬tarag k-C¦
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tarag X ³ cMENkCatémøÉktarbs;saFarN³ nig ÉkCnenAqñaM1997
suBlPaBFnFandéTeTot
fvikapþl;edayGgÁPaBminEmnrdæ-Tinñn½y¬qñaM 1997¦ BIkar)a:n;sµanPaBRkIRk karsikSa nig CnRkIRk ¬KitCaerol¦
PaBxusKñakñúgtémøcMeBaH«BukmþayminsMxan;cMeBaHbzmsikSa nig mFümsikSa

PaBxusKñasMMrab;karGb;rMeRkaymFümsikSaGacmann½yfakar)a:n;sµanhUsRbmaNénesNarIy:URtUvTTYlykBIfvikardæ
PaBxusKñaxøHRtUv)anBnül;tamry³mUldæanfvikaqñaM 1997 Edlx<s;CagfvikaqñaM 1996 5° .

PaBxusKñawnAkñúgmFümsikSa ¬x<s;Cagkar)a:n;sµan¦GacRtUvelIkykmkbgðajenAeBlkar)a:nsµanrbs;FanaKaBiPBelakminRtUv)an
KitbBa©ÚlTaMgkarcMNaykarRbLgfñak;CatienAtamEpñkrgnImYy² bu:EnþtémøenHCatMémørdæ)al .
Gb;rMeRkARbB½n§¼GkçrkmµRtUvEp¥kelITinñn½yenAkñúgkarBinitüyuT§saRsþvis½yGb;rMenAkm<úCa eLIgvijenAEx mkra qñaM
2001rYmTaMgtémø)a:n;sµanBIGñkpþl;CMnYyBIRksYg Gyk nig GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al .
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tarag g ³ karpþl;fvikasrubrbs;rdæelIvis½yGb;rM ¬lanerol¦
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Gnu R kw t üsI þ B I k arbegá I t KN³kmµ a Fi k arCati G b; r M s M r ab; ; T aM g Gs; K ñ a
RBHraCaNacRkkm< ú C a
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- )aneXIjrdæFmµnuBaØénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
- )aneXIjRBHraCRkwtüelxns¼rkt¼1198¼72 cuHéf¶TI30 Exviciäka qñaM1998 sIþBI karEtgtaMg
raCrdæaPi)alénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
- )aneXIjRBHraCRkmelx02¼ns¼94 cuHéf¶TI 20 Exkkáda qñaM1994 EdlRbkas[eRbI c,ab;
sIþBIkarerobcM nig karRbRBwtþeTAénKN³rdæmRnIþ
- )aneXIjRBHraCRkmelxns¼rkm¼0169¼01 cuHéf¶TI24 ExmkraqñaM1996 EdlRbkas[
eRbIc,ab; sIþBIkarbegIátRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
- )aneXIjGnuRkwtüelx 84 GnRk¼bk cuHéf¶TI 27 ExsIha qñaM2001 sIþBIkarbegIát KN³kmµa-
FikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
- eyagtamsMeNIrbs;rdæmRnIþRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
157
sM e rc
maRta1
KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ¬K>C>G>T¦ rYmmansmasPaBdUcxageRkam
1> Ék]tþm tul eLaH ]bnaykrdæmRnIþ rdææmRnIþRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa RbFan
2> Ék]tþm Gwum siTI§ rdæelxaFikarRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa GnuRbFan
3> Ék]tþm RBM suxa rdæelxaFikarRksYgmhaépÞ GnuRbFan
4> Ék]tþm gI tayI GnurdæelxaFikarRksYgesdækic© smaCik
5> Ék]tþm Kwmsy sama:ELn GnurdæelxaFikarRksYgEpnkar smaCik
6> Ék]tþm esg lwmenA GnurdæelxaFikarTIsIþkarKN³rdæmRnIþ smaCik
7> Ék]tþm ]tþmesnIy_eTa G‘U KwmenOn GnurdæelxaFikaRksYgkarBarCati smaCik
8> Ék]tþm m:k; sUPI GnurdæelxaFikarRksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT smaCik
9> elakCMTav ekt sMGat GnurdæelxaFikarRksYgkic©kargarnarI nig GtItyuT§Cn smaCik
10> Ék]tþm v:U Kwme)a: GnurdæelxaFikarRksYgRksYgsuxaPi)al smaCik
11> Ék]tþm mas Kwmsuva:r:U GnurdæelxaFikarRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT smaCik
12> Ék]tþm yI y:Un GnurdæelxaFikarRksYgsgÁmkic©kargarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³
nig yuvnItism,Ta smaCik
13> Ék]tþm Tuy eKOn sklviTüaFikarénsklviTüal½yPUminÞviciRtsil,³
énRksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³ smaCik
14> Ék]tþm eBA ya:da GnurdæelxaFikarRksYgBt’man smaCik
15> Ék]tþm edak Narin GnurdæelxaFikarRksYgFmµkar nig sasna smaCik
16> Ék]tþm laP vNÑedn GKÁelxaFikarénKN³kmµaFikarnItism,Ta
nig GPivDÆn_énRkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa smaCik
maRta2
smaCikKN³kmµaFikarTaMgGs;RtUvcUlrYmRbCuMtamkarGeBaI¢jrbs;RbFan .
158
]bsm<½n§6 karbegáItKN³kmµaFikarCati
maRta3
bTb,BaØtiþTaMgLayNaEdlpÞúynwgGnuRkwtüenHTukCanirakrN_ .
maRta4
rdæmRnIþTTYlbnÞúkTIsIþkarKN³rdæmRnIþ rdæmRnIþRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa rdæmRnIþ rdæelxaFikar
RksYg sßab½nBak;B½n§ nig Ék]tþm elakCMTav EdlmannamEcgkñúgmaRta1 manParkic©GnuvtþGnuRkwtüenH
cab;BIéf¶cuHhtßelxateTA .
raCFanIPMñeBj/ éf¶TI02 Ex emsa qñaM2002
naykrdæ m RnI þ
h‘ u n Esn
)anykesckI þ C M r abCU n semþ c naykrdæ m RnI þ

{edI m ,I s u M h tß e lxa}
tu l eLaH
]bnaykrdæmRnIþ rdæmRnIþRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
nig CaRbFan K>C>G>T
kEnøgTTYl
- RksYgRBHbrmraCvaMg
- GKÁelxaFikardæanRBwT§sPa
- GKÁelxaFikardæanrdæsPa
- xuTÞkarl½ysemþcnaykrdæmRnIþ
- dUcmaRta 4
- kalb,vtiþ - Éksar
159
RBHraCaNacRkkm< ú C a
raCrdæ a Pi ) alkm< ú C a Cati sasna RBHmhakSRt
elx ³ 84 GnRk>Rbk
Gnu R kw t ü
sI þ B I
karbegI á t KN³kmµ a Fi k arCati G b; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a

raCrdæ a Pi ) al
- )aneXIjrdæFmµnuBaØénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
- )aneXIjRBHraCRkwtüelxns¼rkt¼1198¼72 cuHéf¶TI30 Exviciäka qñaM1998 sIþBIkarEtgtaMg
raCrdæaPi)alénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
- )aneXIjRBHraCRkmelx 02 ¼ns¼94 cuHéf¶TI 20 ExkkádaqñaM1994 EdlRbkas[eRbIc,ab;
sIþBIkarerobcM nig karRbRBwtþeTAénKN³rdæmRnIþ
- )aneXIjRBHraCRkmelx ns¼rkm¼0169¼01 cuHéf¶TI24 Exmkra qñaM1996 EdlRbkas[
eRbIc,ab; sIþBIkarbegIátRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
- tamkarÉkPaBrbs;KN³rdæmRnIþ nasm½yRbCuMéf¶TI 10 Ex sIha qñaM 2001
sM e rc
maRta1
RtUv)anbegIátKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña EdlehAkat;fa {K>C>G>T}.
maRta2
KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñamaneKalbMNgCMrujkargarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñarYmman
karGb;rM nigKaMBarkumartUc sklkmµkarGb;rMmUldæan karGb;rMbMNinCIvitcaM)ac;sMrab;yuvCn nig mnusS
eBjv½y GkçrkmµmnusSeBjv½y karlubbM)at;KMlatePTenAkMritGb;rMmUldæan karEklMGKuNPaBGb;rMedIm,I
160
CIvPaBrs;enAl¥RbesIredaysMrbsMrYlCamYybNþaRksYg sßab½nBak;B½n§ GgÁkarCati GgÁkarGnþrCati[

)anl¥RbesIr.
maRta3
smasPaBKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
1> naykrdæmRnIþ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> RbFankitiþys
2> rdæmRnIþRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> RbFan
3> rdæelxaFikarRksYgmhaépÞ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> GnuRbFan
4> rdæelxaFikarRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> GnuRbFan
5> tMNagRksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> smaCik
6> tMNagRksYgEpnkar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> smaCik
7> tMNagTIsIþkarKN³rdæmRnIþ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> smaCik
8> tMNagRksYgkarBarCati >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> smaCik
9> tMNagRksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> smaCik
10> tMNagRksYgkic©karnarI nig GtItyuT§Cn >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>smaCik
11> tMNagRksYgsuxaPi)al >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> smaCik
12> tMNagRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> smaCik
13> tMNagRksYgsgÁmkic©kargarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³nigyuvnItism,Ta >>>>>>>>>>>>> smaCik
14> tMNagRksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> smaCik
15> tMNagRksYgBt’man >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> smaCik
16> tMNagRksYgFmµkar nig sasna >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> smaCik
17> tMNagRkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> smaCik
sßab½nCati Bak;B½n§RtUvcat;taMgmRnIþEdlmanzan³GnurdæelxaFikar b¤ GKÁnayk[eTAcUlrYmCa
tMNag.
KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña GacGeBa¢Ijsßab½nCatidéTeTotcUlrYmRbCMupþl;eyabl;
tamkarcaM)ac;.
cMeBaHGgÁkarCati GgÁkarGnþrCati k¾GacRtUv)anGeBa¢Ij[cUlrYmpþl;eyabl;pgEdr EtKµansiTi§
sMerc.
161
maRta4
KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñamanParkic©
- erobcMeKalneya)ayCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ³ kMNt;eKaledA nig TisedAénkarGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;Kña.
- ksagyuT§saRsþsMrab;QaneTAsMerceKaledAGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
- erobcMEpnkarskmµPaBkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
- sMrbsMrYlTMnak;TMng nig begIátbNþajCamYyRksYg sßab½nBak;B½n§ GgÁkarCati GgÁkarGnþrCati
EpñkÉkCn nig shKmn_ edIm,IRbmUlFnFanmnusS smÖar nigfvikakñúgkarGnuvtþkmµviFIGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;Kña
- bNþúHbNþal nig pSBVpSaycMeNHdwgsIþBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
- pøas;bþÚrBt’mansIþBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña CamYyGgÁkarGnþrCatikñúgtMbn; nig elIsklelak
- tamdanbUksrub nig vaytémøkarrIkcMerInénkargarkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña.
maRta5
KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña manGKÁelxaFikardæanGciéRnþy_mYysißtenAkñúgTIsIþkar
RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa. KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñamansiTi§eRbIR)as;Rtarbs;RksYgGb;rM
yuvCn nig kILa.
maRta6
GKÁelxaFikardæanGciéRnþy_énKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñadwknaMedayGKÁelxaFikar
myrUbmanzan³esIµGKÁnayk.GKÁelxaFikarCaGñksMrbsMrYlCatikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña. GKÁelxaFikar
manGKÁelxaFikarrgBIrrUbCaCMnYykar Edlmanzan³esIµGKÁnaykrg.
GKÁelxaFikardæanGciéRnþy_manbuKÁlikpÞal; nig RkumkargarmYycMnYnEdlCamRnIþmanRkbx½NÐRsab;
edIm,IGnuvtþtamtMrUvkar nig Parkic©.
maRta7
GKÁelxaFikardæanGciéRnþyénKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñamanParkic© ³
- sikSaRsavRCaverobcMesckIþRBageKalneya)ay Epnkar nigyuT§saRsþepSg²dak;CUnKN³kmµa-
Fikar CatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaBinitü nig sMerc
- eFVITMnak;TMng sMrbsMrYlCamYyRksYg sßab½nBak;B½n§ GgÁkarCati nig GgÁkarGnþrCati edIm,I
kargarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
162
- erobcMkarRbCuMKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña tamdankarGnuvtþ nig Gnuvtþral;

esckIþsMercrbs;GgÁRbCMuénKN³kmµaFikarCatienH
- eFVIr)aykarN_tamkalkMNt;GMBIlT§plkargarCUnKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña edIm,I
dak;CUnraCrdæaPi)al.
maRta8
enAtambNþaextþ¼Rkug Rsuk¼xNÐ XuM¼sgáat; RtUvbegIáteGaymanKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;
TaMgGs;Kñafñak;extþ¼Rkug Rsuk¼xNÐ XuM¼sgáat;.
k- smasPaBénKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñaextþ¼Rkug rYmmanGPi)alextþ¼Rkug CaRbFan
GPi)alrgextþ RkugmYyrUb CaGnuRbFan RbFanmnIÞr Gyk extþ¼Rkug CaGnuRbFan RbFanmnIÞr
Bak;B½n§ CasmaCik nig GnuRbFan mnIÞr Gyk extþ¼RkugmYyrUb CaelxaGciéRnþy_.
x- smasPaBénKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRsuk¼xNÐ rYmmanGPi)alRsuk¼xNÐ Ca
RbFan GPi)alrgRsuk¼xNÐmYyrUb CaGnuRbFan RbFankariyal½yGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
Rsuk¼ xNÐ CaGnuRbFan RbFankariyal½yBak;B½n§ CasmaCik nig GnuRbFankariyal½yGb;rM
yuvCn nig kILaRsuk¼xNÐmYyrUb CaelxaGciéRnþy_.
K- smasPaBénKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;XuM¼sgáat; rYmmanemXuM ecAsgáat; Ca
RbFan mRnIþGb;rM CaGnuRbFan nayksalaeron nig emPUmi CasmaCik.
KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñafñak;extþ¼Rkug Rsuk¼xNÐ XuM¼sgáat;GacGeBa¢IjtMNag
sßab½nCatienAmUldæancUlrYmRbCuMpþl;eyabl;tamkarcaM)ac;.
cMeBaHGgÁkarCati GgÁkarGnþrCatienAmUldæan k¾GacRtUv)anGeBa¢IjcUlrYmpþl;eyabl;pgEdr Et
KµansiT§isMerc.
maRta9
tYnaTI Parkic© nig karRbRBwtþeTArbs;KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñaextþ¼Rkug Rsuk¼xNÐ XuM¼
sgáat; GaRs½yedayKN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaCaGñkkMNt;.
- KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kñaextþ¼Rkug mansiTi§eRbIR)as;Rtarbs;salaextþ¼Rkug
- KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaRsuk¼xNÐ mansiTi§eRbIR)as;Rtarbs;salaRsuk¼ xNÐ
- KN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaXuM¼sgáat; mansiTi§eRbIR)as;Rtarbs;salaXuM sgáat;.
maRta10
fvikarbs;KN³kmµaFikarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña KWCafvikarbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
EdlmanRbPBTunBIr ³
163
- fvikaCati
- CMnYy]btßmÖBIGgÁkarCati RbeTspþl;CMnYy sb,úrsCnCati b¤ breTs.
maRta11
GnuRkwtüelx 58 GnRk¼bk cuHéf¶TI25 ExkBaØa qñaM1997 sIþBIkarbegIátKN³kmµaFikarCati
sMrbsMrYlkargarGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ nig bTb,BaØtiþTaMgLayNa EdlpÞúynwgGnuRkwtüenHRtuvTukCanirakrN_.
maRta12
rdæmRnIþTTYlbnÞúkTIsIþkarKN³rdæmRnIþ rdæmRnIþRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa RksYg sßab½nBak;B½n§
dUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta3 nig maRta8 manParkic©GnuvtþGnuRkwtüenH cab;BIcuHhtßelxateTA.
eFVIenAPñMeBj/ éf¶TI 27 Ex sIha qñaM 2001

naykrdæ m RnI þ
)anykesckI þ C M r abCU n semþ c naykrdæ m RnI þ h‘ u n Esn

{edI m ,I s u M h tß e lxa}
tu l eLaH
]bnaykrdæmRnIþ rdæmRnIþRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa
nig CaRbFan K>C>G>T
kEnøgTTYl
- RksYgRBHbrmraCvaMg
- GKÁelxaFikardæanRBwT§sPa
- GKÁelxaFikardæanrdæsPa
- xuTÞkarl½ysemþcnaykrdæmRnIþ
- dUcmaRta 12
- kalb,vtiþ - Éksar
164

Cambodia Npa Efa Cambodian

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Cambodia Npa Efa Cambodian

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raCrdæ a Pi ) alkm< ú C a

raCFanIPMñeBj/ éf¶TI 16 Ex ]sPa qñaM2003

1 karGb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a ³ bri b TGPi v DÆn_

karGegátnaeBlfµI²enH ¬rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa qñaM 1999¦ )anbgðajBIshsm<½n§TMnak;

rUbTI 1>1 ³ cMnYnRbCaCnkm<úCatamRkumGayu RbPB ³ CMerOnRbCaCnqñaM 1998

eLIgrhUtdl;tYelxqñaM 2004 mþgeTotkñúgqñaM 2012 . karBüakrN_TaMgenHmanbgðajCUnenAkñúgrUbPaBTI

rUbPaB1>2 ³ cMeNalcMnYnRbCaCnkñúgv½ysikSa³qñaM 2000-2013

ckçúvis½yRbCasa®sþEdlmancMnYnRbCaCn 20° ekIneLIgelIry³kaldb;qñaMenaHnwgbEnßmtRmUvkar

r)aMgPUmisa®sþmYycMnYntUcTb;sáat;lT§PaB nig karpþl;CUnesval¥. dg;sIuetRbCaCnmanRbmaNCa

salabzmsikSa 8 000 erolenAGnuviTüal½y nig 10 200 erol enAviTüal½y. témøenHmin)anrab;

sßankarN_Gb;rMCMgWeGds_dMbUgEdlpþÜcepþImeLIg edayRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa ExkBaØa qñaM 2000¦ nig

RbPB ³ RksYg Gyk¼b>B>K>G 2002

vismPaBeynD½rk¾ekItmanRbhak;RbEhlKñaenAkñúgesvaGb;rM. RKUbeRgónePTRbusman cMnYn 63°

1>7 EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©sgÁmkic©d¾TUlMTUlayrbs;raCrdæaPi)al nig karGb;rM

1>8 karebþ C J a ci t þ r bs; R beTskm< ú C aedI m ,I s M e rc[)ankarGb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a ³

GnuRkwtüenHtRmUv[begáItKN³kmµaFikarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAfñak;extþ-Rkug Rsuk-xNÐ nig XuM-

karEkTMrg;Gb;rM edaybBa¢ak;BIGNtiþtYnaTI nig karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;naykdæanTaMgGs;kñúgRksYgGb;rM

2 karGb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a enAkm< ú C a ³

T karlubbM)at;ecalviPaKTan matabitasisS enAeBlcab;epþIm qñaMsikSafµI sMrab;fñak;TI 7-9 )an

dMeNIrkarEpnkarkmµRsbKñarvag G>s>K nig k>K>v>G RtUv)anEklMGedaydak;bBa©ÚlTinñn½y

eKalneya)ayyuT§sa®sþ nig eKaledArYmrvag p>y>G / k>K>v>G nig G>s>K RtUv)anBRgwg eday

2>2>2 karFanaKuNPaBEpnkarbBa©Úlp>y>G k>K>v>G eTAnwgG>s>K

CMrujkarpSBVpSaybBa¢ÚnTsSn³elIkarRbQmmux nig »kasénkarGb;rMrbs;xøÜn. RkumRbwkSaXMu¼sgáat;nwg

sikSacaM)ac;sMrab;kmµviFIsmahrNkmµ enHminTan;manenAeLIy . FnFan nig eBlevla edIm,IGPivDÆ nig

edaymankarEckrMElkkarTTYlxusRtUvrvagGnþrRksYg tYnaTIrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa kñúg

EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nwgbBa©ÚlyuT§viFIfµI²EdlmannirnþrPaB rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgKMeragnanasMrab;

3 karsM e rckarGb; r M s M r ab; T aM g Gs; K ñ a enAkñ ú g RbeTskm< ú C a ³

3>1>1 karsnµteKalneya)ayyuT§sa®sþ nighirBaØb,TankarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña

cMeBaHkarGb;rMbuerbzmsikSa¬\LÚvenH)anERbkøayeTACakarGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc ¦RtUv)an

RbPB ³ EpnkarCatiGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs; Kña 2003-2015

3>3 karsMerckarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ³ yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþCak;Esþg

[mansmFm’eynD½renAkñúgkarRKb;RKgGb;rM nig esvaGb;rMepSg²eTot K¦karBRgwgsmtßPaBbec©keTs

3>3>1> 3 bBaða nig karRbQm

3>3>2 karGPivDÆ nig KaMBarkumartUc ³ kargareRkABImetþyüsikSa

3>3>2>4 bBaða nig karRbQmmux

karRbQmmuxsMrab;karGb;rMmetþyüsikSaKWTajykplRbeyaCn_BIfvika k>K>v>G mYycMnYnkñúgkar

T tYnaTIfµIsMrab;GñkGnuvtþkmµviFIGPivDÆn_ nig KaMBarkumartUc

]beTsEdlmantémøTab nig kartamdanKuNPaBGb;rM . kmµviFIGb;rM nig KaMBarkumartUcminRtwmEtCaEpñk

karBRgwgRbB½n§tamdanRtYtBinitüfñak;kNþal nig fñak;extþ . viFankarTaMgenHnwgRtUvKaMRTedaykmµviFIenA

sikSa nwgRtUvmanviFankar nig BRgIk[)anTUlMTUlayenAry³eBl 5qñaMeRkay b¤ qñaMbnþbnÞab; edIm,IFanafa

T kareFVI[salaeronkan;EtCaTIemRtIrbs;sisS nig mankarTTYlxusRtUvEpñkeynD½r enAkñúg

yuT§sa®sþ nigeKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;kat;bnßykarcMNayrbs;«Bukmþay nigkarGnuvtþc,ab; ³

3>3>3>5 yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþ ³ karBak;B½n§ nig karEklMGKuNPaBGb;rM

yuT§sa®sþ nig eKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;EklMGRbsiT§PaBesvaGb;rM nig PaBécñRbDit ³

yuT§sa®sþ nigeKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;vimCÄkarkarRKb;RKg nigEpnkarkmµGnuvtþtamRKwHsßansikSa

T begáInkarGnuvtþ nig fvikaRbtibtþiEdlRKb;RKgtamsßab½n sMrab;sßab½nbNþúHbNþalRKU nig RKwH

T BRgIkkarcrcarrbs;GaCJaFrCamYyRKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgón nig GaCJaFrmUldæan

yuT§sa®sþ nig eKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;karKaMRTelIkarpþÜcepþImKMnitGb;rMenARKb;kMrit ³

3>3>3>7 yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþkarEkTMrg;RKwHsßansikSa nig karksagsmtßPaBsMrab;

yuT§saRsþ nig eKaledAsMxan;²sMrab;karEklMGRbB½n§RKb;RKgRKwHsßansikSa kMrgsala salaeron

3>3>3>8 yuT§saRsþGnuvtþ ³ karelIkeLIgBIsmFm’eynD½r nig karTTYlxusRtYvrYm

3>3>3>9 yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþ ³ bec©kviTüaBt’man nig sarKmnaKmn_kñúgvis½yGb;rM

3>3>4 karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ nig GkçrkmµmnusSeBjv½y

visalPaBénGnþraKmn_rbs;EpnkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;KñasMrab;karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ nig Gkçrkmµ

3>3>4>4 yuT§sa®sþGnuvtþ ³ kartamdanRtYtBinitü karksagsmtßPaB nig

EdlmNÐlsikSatamshKmn_nanaGacman b¤ begáIteLIgenAkñúgbribTGPivDÆn_ bec©kviTüaTMnak;TMng nig

RKYsarKWsMxan;Nas; edIm,ICYy[karGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþGb;rMkumartUc nig karGPivDÆKaMBarkumartUcsMrab;BRgwg

3>4 PaBCaédKUsMrab;karksagEpnkar nig karGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña

PaBCaédKUTaMgenHnwgRtUv)anBRgIksMrab;sRmbsRmYlkarGnuvtþkmµviFI nig karpþl;hirBaØvtßúdl;

3>5>2 EpnkarhirBaØb,TansMrab;karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nigtamEpñk

RbPB³ ]bsm<½n§ 4 tarag 1

kMNt;sMKal; ³ EpnkarhirBaØb,TanenHbgðajBItémøsrubénkarGnuvtþkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña rYm

3>5>3 karcUlrYmviPaKTanBIRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILacMeBaHEpnkar

RbPB³ ]bsm<½n§ 4 tarag 2