Estimation

Chapter Outline
• Confidence Interval about population Mean (s Known)
• Confidence Interval about population Mean (s Unknown)
• Confidence Interval about population Proportion
• Sample Size
• Confidence Interval about population Variance & S.D.

1
1. Estimator. A statistic used to estimate a parameter is called a
point estimator or simply an estimator.
2. Estimate. An estimate is a specific value of the estimator
obtained by substituting sample observations in
the estimator. There are two categories of estimates:
point estimates and interval estimates. When an
estimate for the unknown population parameter is
expressed by a single value, it is called a point
estimate. An estimate expressed by a range of
values within which the true value of the population
parameter is believed to lie, is referred to as an
interval estimate.
3. Estimation. Entire process of estimating the value of a
parameter from information obtained from a sample.
4. Confidence Level. The level of confidence, (1- a)%, is the
probability that the interval estimate contains the
population parameter. It is also known as confidence
coefficient. 2
5. Confidence Interval. A confidence interval is a specific interval
estimate of a parameter determined by using data
obtained from a sample and by using the specific
confidence level of the estimate.
6. Level of Significance (a). It is the probability of rejecting a
null hypothesis when it is assumed to be true, and it
is always equal to some predetermined value say a.
In other words, it is the probability of type I error.
The most common values of a are 5% and 1% .
It is also called the size of critical region.
Level of Z a/2
Confidence
90% 1.65
92% 1.75
95% 1.96
96%
98%
2.05
2.33
1-a
99% 2.58 level of confidence
a/2 a/2
- 
- Za/2 Za/2
If the significance level is a, then Critical
region will consist of all values of Z which are
(i) Less than - Za/2 and greater than Za/2 in case of two tailed test
(ii) Less than -Za or greater than Za in case of one tailed test 3
Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1480 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1688 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879
0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0.3389
1.0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767
2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890
2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4918 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936
2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986
3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990
3.1 0.4990 0.4991 0.4991 0.4991 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4993 0.4993
3.2 0.4993 0.4993 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995
3.3 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996
3.4 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4998
4
3.5 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998
Confidence Intervals (CI) for population m & p
1. Population Standard Deviation Is Known
s s
X − Za / 2   m  X + Za / 2 
n n

2. Population Standard Deviation Is Unknown and sample

size being large (i.e.; n  30)

X − Za / 2 
S  m  X + Za / 2  S
n n
x 2 ( x − x )2
where x= , S =
n n
3. Confidence Interval for Population Proportion
(Large Samples).
Maximum error of estimate = E or Margin of error

^^
^^
pq pq
p^ − Za / 2   p  p^ + Za / 2  5
n n
Example # 1
A computer company wants to estimate the hours per week
adults use computers at home. In a random sample of 21
adults, the mean length of time a computer was used at
home was 5.3 hours. From the past studies, the company
assumes s is 0.9 hour. Find 95% C.I. for the population mean.
s s
X − Za / 2 
n
 m  X +Z 
n
a /2

5.3 – 1.96(0.9/ 21)  m  5.3 + 1.96(0.9/ 21)

4.9148  m  5.6852
Example # 2
A survey of 30 emergency room patients found that the average
waiting time for treatment was 174.3 minutes. Assuming that
the sample standard deviation is 46.5 minutes, find the best
point estimate of the population mean and the 99%
confidence of the population mean.
The best point estimate is 174.3 minutes. The 99%
confidence interval is  S   S 
X − Za    m  X + Za  
2  n  2  n
 46.5   46.5 
174.3 − 2.58    m  174.3 + 2.58  
 30   30 
6
152.3968  m  196.2034
Example # 3
The average zinc concentration recovered from a sample of
measurements taken in 36 different locations in a river is
found to be 2.6 grams per milliliter. Find the 95% and 99%
confidence intervals for the mean zinc concentration in the
river. Assume that the population standard deviation is 0.3
gram per milliliter. X − Z a  s   m  X + Z a  s 
2  n 2  n
 0.3   0.3 
2.6 − 1.96    m  2.6 + 1.96  
 36   36 
2.502  m  2.698
We now see that a longer
 0.3   0.3 
  m  2.6 + 2.58 
interval is required to
estimate μ with a higher
2.6 − 2.58  
 36   36 
degree of confidence.
2.471  m  2.729
Example # 4
A researcher wishes to estimate the number of days it
takes an automobile dealer to sell a Chevrolet Aveo. A
sample of 50 cars had a mean time on the dealer’s lot
of 52.3 days. Assume the population standard
deviation to be 6.0 days. Find the best point estimate
of the population mean & the 95% confidence 𝑋ത − 𝑍𝛼 𝜎 < 𝜇 < 𝑋ത + 𝑍𝛼 𝜎
2 𝑛 2 𝑛
interval of the population mean.
6 6
The best point estimate is 52.3 days. 52.3 − 1.96 < 𝜇 < 52.3 + 1.96
50 50 7
The 95% confidence interval is 50.6369 < 𝜇 < 53.9631
Example # 5
A survey conducted by Sallie Mae and Gallup of 1404 respondents found that
323 students paid for their education by student loans. Find the 90% confidence
of the true proportion of students who paid for their education by student loans.

 pq
ˆˆ   pq
ˆˆ  X
pˆ − Z a    p  pˆ + Z a   pˆ = = 0.23
2 
n  2 
n  n
 0.23  0.77   0.23  0.77 
0.23 − 1.65    p  0.23 + 1.65  
 1404   1404 
0.2115  p  0.2485

Example # 6

In 2020, a Gallup poll surveyed 1188 American 510 do not

own at least 678 own
households about their pets. Of those surveyed, 678 said one dog or at least
cat one dog
they had at least one dog or cat as a pet. Find a 99% C.I. or cat

for the proportion of American households that own at

least one cat or dog.
𝑝Ƹ 𝑞ො 𝑝Ƹ 𝑞ො
𝑝Ƹ − 𝑍𝛼Τ2 × < 𝑝 < 𝑝Ƹ + 𝑍𝛼Τ2 ×
𝑛 𝑛
0.57 – 2.58(0.0144)  p  0.57 + 2.58(0.0144)
0.5328  p  0.6072 8
Question # 1
A study found that the average time it took a
person to find a new job was 5.9 months. If a
sample of 36 job seekers was surveyed, find the
95% confidence interval of the mean. Assume
the standard deviation of the sample is 0.8
months. Ans: 5.6  m  6.2

Question # 2
A study of 40 English composition professors
showed that they spent, on average, 12.6 minutes
correcting a student’s term paper.
(i) Find the 90% confidence interval of the mean
time for all composition papers when s = 2.5
minutes.
(ii) If a professor stated that he spent, on
average, 30 minutes correcting a term paper,
what would be your reaction?
Ans: (i) 11.9  m  13.3 (ii) It would be highly unlikely since this is far above
13.3 minutes.

9
Question # 3
A college admissions director wishes to estimate
the mean age of all students currently enrolled. In
a random sample of 20 students, the mean age
is found to be 22.9 years. From past studies, the
standard deviation is known to be 1.5 years.
Construct a 90% confidence interval of the
population mean age. Ans: 22.35  m  23.45

Question # 4
A random sample of 56 American beech trees,
the mean diameter was 0.20 meter, and the
standard deviation was 0.06 meter. Construct a
95% confidence interval for the population mean.
Question # 5 Ans: 0.184  m  0.216

A lawyer researched the average number of

years served by 45 different justices on the
Supreme Court. The average number of years
served was 13.8 years with a standard deviation
of 7.3 years. What is the 95% confidence interval
for the average number of years served by all 10
Supreme Court justices? Ans: 11.7  m  15.9
Question # 6
A sample of 500 nursing applications included 60
from women. Find the 90% confidence interval of
the true proportion of women who applied to the
nursing program. Ans: 0.096  p  0.144

Question # 7
A random sample of 75 university students is
selected and 16 are found to have cars on
campus. Construct a 95% confidence interval to
estimate the fraction of students who have cars on
campus. Ans: 0.1206  p  0.3060
What we think is ‘safest’
Question # 8 Trains 16%

The graph shown at the right is from a survey of

935 adults. Construct a 99% confidence interval
for the proportion of adults who think that Car 39%
airplanes are the safest mode of transportation. Airplanes 45%
Ans: 0.408  p  0.492

11
Question # 9
A random sample of 48 days taken at a large
hospital shows that averages of 38 patients were
treated in the emergency room per day. The
standard deviation of the population is 4.
(a) Find the 99% confidence interval of the mean
number of ER patients treated each day at the
hospital.
(b) Find the 99% confidence interval of the mean
number of ER patients treated each day if the
standard deviation were 8 instead of 4.
(c) Why is the confidence interval for part (b) wider
than for part (a)?
Ans. (a) 36.65 < m < 39.5 (b) 35.31 < m < 40.69 (c) due to increasing sd.

Question # 10
Given a random sample of 25 observations
from a normal population for which mean is
unknown and s = 5. Suppose the sample mean
is found to be = 45. Find (i) 95% (ii) 99%
confidence interval for the population mean.
Ans. (i) 43.04, 46.96 (ii) 42.42. 47.58
12
 Degrees of Freedom (df)

• Number of Observations that Are Free

to Vary After Sample Mean Has Been
Calculated.
• Example
– Mean of 4 Numbers Is 2 degrees of freedom = n - 1
X1 = 3 (or Any Number) = 4 -1
X2 = 2 (or Any Number) =3
X3 = 1 (or Any Number)
X4 = 2 (Cannot Vary)
Mean = 2

13
 Student’s t Table

Assume: n = 3
df = n - 1 = 2
Critical Values of the t - Distribution
a = 0.10

df 0.25 0.10 0.05 a/2 = 0.05

1 AR
1.000 3.078 6.314
CR
2 0.817 1.886 2.920 CR
0.05
3 0.765 1.638 2.353
- 
- 2.920 2.920
0
t
14
 Table: Critical Values of t Table: Critical Values of Chi-Square (c2 )
d.f t 0.40 t 0.30 t 0.20 t 0.10 t 0.05 t 0.025 t 0.01 t 0.005 c2 c2 C2 c2 c2 c2 c2 c2 c2 c2
d.f
1 0.325 0.727 1.376 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 0.995 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.90 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
2 0.289 0.617 1.061 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.956 9.925 1 0.04393 0.03157 0.03982 0.02393 0.0158 2.71 3.84 5.02 6.63 7.88
3 0.277 0.584 0.978 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 2 0.0100 0.0201 0.0506 0.103 0.211 4.61 5.99 7.38 9.21 10.60
4 0.271 0.569 0.941 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.064 3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.25 7.81 9.35 11.34 12.84
5 0.267 0.559 0.920 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.78 9.49 11.14 13.28 14.86
6 0.265 0.553 0.906 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5 0.412 0.544 0.831 1.145 1.61 9.24 11.07 12.83 15.09 16.75
7 0.263 0.549 0.896 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 6 0.676 0.872 1.24 1.64 2.20 10.64 15.29 14.45 16.81 18.55
8 0.262 0.546 0.889 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 7 0.989 1.24 1.69 2.17 2.83 12.02 14.07 16.01 18.48 20.28
9 0.261 0.543 0.883 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 8 1.34 1.65 2.18 2.73 3.49 13.36 15.51 17.53 20.09 21.96
10 0.260 0.542 0.879 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 9 1.73 2.09 2.70 3.33 4.17 14.68 16.92 19.02 21.67 23.59
11 0.260 0.540 0.876 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 10 2.16 2.56 3.25 3.94 4.87 15.99 18.31 20.48 23.21 25.19
12 0.259 0.539 0.873 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 11 2.60 3.05 3.82 4.57 5.58 17.28 19.68 21.92 24.73 26.76

13 0.259 0.538 0.870 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 12 3.07 3.57 4.40 5.23 6.30 18.55 21.03 23.34 26.22 28.30
13 3.57 4.11 5.01 5.89 7.04 19.81 22.36 24.74 27.69 29.82
14 0.258 0.537 0.868 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977
14 4.07 4.66 5.63 6.57 7.79 21.06 23.68 26.12 29.14 31.32
15 0.258 0.836 0.866 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947
15 4.60 5.23 6.26 7.26 8.55 23.21 25.00 27.49 30.58 32.80
16 0.258 0.535 0.865 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921
16 5.14 5.81 6.91 7.96 9.31 23.54 26.30 28.85 32.00 34.27
17 0.257 0.534 0.863 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898
17 5.70 6.41 7.56 8.67 10.09 24.77 27.59 30.19 33.41 35.72
18 0.257 0.534 0.862 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
18 6.26 7.01 8.23 9.39 10.86 25.99 28.87 31.53 34.81 37.16
19 0.257 0.533 0.861 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
19 6.84 7.63 8.91 10.12 11.65 27.20 30.14 32.85 36.19 38.58
20 0.257 0.533 0.860 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845
20 7.43 8.26 9.59 10.85 12.44 28.41 31.41 34.17 37.57 40.00
21 0.257 0.532 0.859 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831
21 8.03 8.90 10.28 11.59 13.24 29.62 32.67 35.48 38.93 41.40
22 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819
22 8.64 9.54 10.98 12.34 14.04 30.81 33.92 36.78 40.29 42.80
23 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807
23 9.26 10.20 11.69 13.09 14.85 32.01 35.17 38.08 41.64 44.18
24 0.256 0.531 0.857 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
24 9.89 10.86 12.40 13.85 15.66 33.20 36.42 39.36 42.98 45.56
25 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 25 10.52 11.52 13.12 14.61 16.47 34.38 37.65 40.65 44.31 46.93
26 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.497 2.779 26 11.16 12.20 13.84 15.38 17.29 35.56 38.89 41.92 45.64 48.29
27 0.256 0.531 0.855 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 27 11.81 12.88 14.57 16.15 18.11 36.74 40.11 43.19 46.96 49.64
28 0.256 0.530 0.855 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 28 12.46 13.56 15.31 16.93 18.94 37.92 41.34 44.46 48.28 50.99
29 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 29 13.12 14.26 16.05 17.71 19.77 39.09 42.56 45.72 49.59 42.34
30 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 30 13.79 14.95 16.79 18.49 20.60 40.26 43.77 46.98 50.89 53.67
40 0.255 0.529 0.851 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 40 20.71 22.16 24.43 26.51 29.05 51.81 55.76 59.34 63.69 66.77
60 0.254 0.527 0.848 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 50 27.99 29.71 32.36 34.76 37.69 63.17 67.50 71.42 76.15 79.49
∞ 0.253 0.524 0.842 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 60 35.53 37.48 40.48 43.19 46.46 74.40 79.08 83.30 88.38 91.95
15
 Confidence Intervals (s Unknown)
• Assumptions
– Population Standard Deviation Is Unknown
– Sample size is small (n < 30)
• Use Student’s t Distribution
• Confidence Interval Estimate
s s
X − ta / 2,( n −1)   m  X + ta / 2 ,( n −1) 
n n

x ( x − x ) 2 1  2 ( x ) 2 
x= , s =  x −
2
Where = 
n n −1 n −1  n 

16
Example # 7
A sample of 6 adult elephant had an average weight of
12200 pounds, with a sample standard deviation of 200
pounds. Find the 95% confidence interval of the true
mean. s
X − ta / 2,( n −1) 
n
 m  X + ta / 2,( n −1) 
s
n
12200 – 2.571(200/2.45)  m  12200 + 2.571(200/2.45)
11990.12  m  12409.88
Example # 8

An automobile rental agency has the following

mileages for a simple random sample of 20 cars that
were rented last year. Given this information, and
assuming the data are from a population that is
approximately normally distributed, construct and
interpret the 90% confidence interval for the
population mean.
55 35 65 64 69 37
88 80 39 61 54 50
74 92 59 50 38 59
29 60 17
 Since s is not known but the population is approximately normally
distributed, we will use the t-distribution to construct the 90%
confidence interval on the mean.
𝑠 𝑠
𝑋ത − 𝑡 𝛼(𝑛 −1) < 𝜇 < 𝑋ത + 𝑡 𝛼(𝑛 −1)
2 𝑛 2 𝑛

t0.05,(19 ) = 1.729 𝑋ത = 57.9, s = 17.384

1 σ𝑥 2
s= σ 𝑥2 −
𝑛 −1 𝑛

17.384 17.384
57.9 − 1.729 < 𝜇 < 57.9 + 1.729
20 20

51.1791  m  64.6209
Interpretation:
90% of the time that samples of 20 cars are randomly selected from
this agency’s rental cars, the average mileage will fall between
51.179 miles and 64.621 miles.

18
Example # 9
Calculate a 95% confidence interval for population
mean m, when a random sample selected from the
population gave the values 8, 16, 14, 12, 10, 9,
13, 15, 16.
Here n = 9, X = 113, X2 = 1491, a = 0.05 and t a /2 = 0.025

 X 113 1  2 ( X ) 2  1  (113)2 
X= = = 12.56 s=  X − = 1491 −  = 3.00
n 9 n −1  n  9 −1  9 
From the t-table we have = t 0.025(8) = 2.306
Hence the 95% C.I for m is
s
X − ta / 2,( n −1)   m  X + ta / 2,( n −1)  s
n n
3 3
12.56 − 2.306 < m < 12.56 + 2.306
9 9
10.254 < m < 14.866

19
Question # 11
Ten randomly selected automobiles were
stopped, and the tread depth of the right front tire
was measured. The mean was 0.32 inch, and the
standard deviation was 0.08 inch. Find the 95%
confidence interval of the mean depth. Assume
that the variable is approximately normally
distributed. Ans: 0.26  m  0.38

Question # 12
For a group of 20 students taking a final exam,
the mean heart rate was 96 beats per minute,
and the standard deviation was 5. Find the
95% confidence interval of the true mean.
Ans: 93.66  m  98.34
Question # 13
In a random sample of seven computers, the
mean repair cost was $100, and the standard
deviation was $42.50. Construct 95%
confidence interval of the true mean.
Ans: 60.693  m  139.307 20
Question # 14
A random sample of 10 boys has IQ’s mean 97.2
with standard deviation 14.2. Find the 95%
confidence interval for the mean. Assume
that the IQ’s are approximately normally
distributed. Ans: 87.0  m  107.4

Question # 15
Find the 90% confidence limits for the mean of
a normal distribution with σ = 3, given the
sample as 2.3, – 0.2, – 0.4, and – 0.9. How will
these limits be affected if σ is not known.
Ans: - 2.27  m  2.67, - 1.48  m  1.88 (mean = 0.2, s = 1.43)
Question # 16
Ten cartons are taken at random from an
automatic filling machine. The mean net weight
of the 10 cartons is 15.90 oz., and the sum of
squared deviations is 0.276. Construct 95%
confidence interval of the true mean.
Ans: 15.775  m  16.025

21
Question # 17
For a group of 10 men subjected to a stress
situation, the mean number of heartbeats per
minute was 126 and the standard deviation was 4.
Find the 95% confidence interval of the true mean.
Ans: 123.139 < m < 128.861

Question # 18
An automobile shop manager timed six
employees and found that the average time it
took them a change a water pump was 18
minutes. The standard deviation of the sample
was 3 minutes. Find the 99% confidence interval
of the true mean. Ans: 13.062 < m < 22.938

Question # 19
A random sample of 10 boys has the I.Q.’s. 70,
120, 110, 101, 88, 83, 95, 107, 100, 98. Find 95%
confidence interval for the population mean.
Assume that I.Qs are normally distributed, and the
variance is not known. Ans: X = 97.2, s = 14.3, 86.97 < m < 107.43 22
Question # 20
A recent study of 25 students showed that they
spent an average of $18.53 for gasoline per week.
The standard deviation of the sample was $3.00.
Find the 95% confidence interval of the true mean.
Ans: 17.2916 < m < 19.7684

Question # 21
A meteorologist who sampled 13 thunderstorms
found that the average speed at which they
traveled across a certain state was 15 miles per
hour. The standard deviation of the sample was
1.7 miles per hour. Find the 99% confidence
interval of the mean. If a meteorologist wanted
to use the highest speed to predict the times, it
would take storms to travel across the state in
order to issue warnings, what figure would she
likely use?
Ans: 13.8869 < m < 16.4404; 16.4404 miles per hour

23
 Confidence Interval Estimate of Variance &
Standard Deviation of a Normal Population
• Assumptions
• To obtain C.I. estimate for s2 & s we use chi-square
distribution (c2).
• Chi-square is a continuous distribution ranging from zero
to plus infinity, i.e. 0 < c2 < 
• Confidence Interval for variances & Standard deviations
(n − 1)s 2 (n − 1)s 2  ( X - X) 2  ( X - X) 2
s  2
or s  2

c a2 c2 a c a2 c2 a
( n − 1) 1− (n − 1) (n -1) 1− (n -1)
2 2 2 2

(n − 1)s 2 (n − 1)s 2  ( X - X) 2  ( X - X) 2
s  or s 
c a2 c2 a c a2 c2 a
( n − 1) 1− (n − 1) (n -1) 1− (n -1)
2 2 2 2
24
A psychologist wants to estimate the variance of student
test scores. A random sample of 18 scores had a
standard deviation of 10.4. Find 90% confidence
interval for the population variance and Standard
deviation. 17(10.4)2  s  17(10.4)2
2

27.587 8.672
66.652 s  2
212.030
8.1641  s  14.5612

Find 95% confidence interval for the variance and

standard deviation of the nicotine content of cigarettes
manufactured if a sample of 20 cigarettes has a standard
deviation of 1.6 milligrams.
(n − 1)s 2 (n − 1)s 2
s 
2

c a2 c2 a
( n − 1) 1− (n − 1)
2 2

19(1.6)2  s 2 19(1.6)2
32.852 8.907
1.4806  s  5.4609
2

1.2168  s  2.3369 25
Question # 22
A random sample of size n = 8 from a normal
population gave the values 9, 14, 10, 12, 7, 13,
11, 12. Find the 90% confidence interval for σ.
Ans: Mean = 11, s2 = 5.14, 1.599  s  4.072

x ( x − x ) 2
where x= , s =
2

n n −1
Question # 23
A sample of 25 observations has sample variance
12.6. Find the 95% confidence interval for the
population variance. Assume the variable is
normally distributed. Ans: 7.683  s  24.387
2

Question # 24
Find the 95% confidence interval for the
population standard deviation of calculator
batteries. A sample of 30 calculator batteries
has a standard deviation of 18 months.
Ans: 14.3357  s  24.1955
26
Question # 25
The gray whale has the longest annual Bering Chukchi
Alaska Sea
Sea
migration distance of any mammal. Gray Unimak Pass
Canada
whales leave from Baja California and western
Pacific Ocean
Mexico in the spring, migrating to the Bering United
States
and Chukchi seas for the summer months. San Diego
Tracking a sample of 30 whales for a year Channel Islands

provided a mean migration distance of 11064 Scammon’s Lagoon

San lgnacio Lagoon
Mexico
miles with a standard deviation of 860 miles. Baja California

Construct a 90% confidence interval for the

standard deviation for the migration distance
of gray whales. Ans: 709.92  s  1100.56

Question # 26
Find the 98% confidence interval for the
variance and standard deviation for the time it
takes a telephone company to transfer a call to
the correct office. A sample of 15 calls has a
standard deviation of 1.6 minutes. Assume the
variable is normally distributed.
Ans: 1.2  s  7.7,
2
1.1  s  2.8
27
Question # 27
Find the 90% confidence interval for the
variance and standard deviation of the ages
of seniors at Oak Park College if a sample of
24 students has a standard deviation of 2.3
years. Assume the variable is normally
distributed.
Ans: 3.4595  s 2  9.2949, 1.8600  s  3.0488

Question # 28
Using c2 Table, find the values for c2 left and c2 right.

a. a = 0.05, n = 12. Ans: 3.816; 21.920

b. a = 0.10, n = 20. 10.117; 30.144
c. a = 0.05, n = 27. 13.844; 41.923
d. a = 0.01, n = 6 0.412; 16.750
e. a = 0.10, n = 41 26.509; 55.758

28
 Confidence Interval for Difference of Means & Proportions
1. Confidence Interval for Differences Between Population Mean.
(i) Normal population with known S.D. (s1, s2)

s 12 s 22 s 12 s 22
x1 − x 2 ) – z a +  m1 − m 2  ( x1 − x2 ) + z a +
( n1 n2 n1 n2
2 2
(ii) Normal population with unknown S.D. (s1, s2) and samples are sufficiently large (n1, n2  30)

S12 S 22 S12 S 22
za +  m1 − m 2  ( x1 − x 2 ) + z a +
( x1 − x 2 ) – n1 n2 n1 n2
2 2

2. Confidence Interval for Difference between Two Population

Proportions (Large Samples).
pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 pˆ 1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) – z a +  p1 − p 2  ( pˆ 1 - pˆ 2 ) + z a +
2
n1 n2 2
n1 n2
3. Confidence Interval for the Difference of two Means when s 12 = s 22
but unknown (Small Samples). Independent samples
1 1 1 1
( x1 − x 2) – t a ( n sp +  m1 - m 2  ( x1 − x2 ) + t a sp +
1 + n2 − 2) n1 n2 ( n1 + n 2 − 2 ) n1 n2
2 2

(n1 − 1) s12 + (n2 − 1) s 22 ( x1 − x1 ) 2 + ( x 2 − x 2 ) 2

2
where pooled variance = s p = =
n1 + n2 − 2 n1 + n2 − 2 29
 4. Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Population
Means, Paired Observations (Small Samples). Dependent samples
𝑠𝑑 𝑠𝑑
𝑑ҧ − 𝑡𝛼(𝑛−1ቁ ҧ
< 𝜇𝑑 < 𝑑 + 𝑡𝛼(𝑛−1ቁ
2 𝑛 2 𝑛
d 2  ( d − d ) 2 1  2 (d ) 2 
where d= , sd = = d −  and d = X – Y or X1 – X2
n n −1 n −1  n 
5. Confidence Interval for the Population Regression Coefficient b
(n < 30)
b – 𝑡𝛼(n − 2) . S𝑏 < 𝛽 < b + t 𝛼(n − 2) . S𝑏
2 2

nXY − (X)(Y) SY.X (Y − Ŷ) 2 Y 2 − aY − bXY

Where b = and, Sb = = =
nX 2 − (X) 2 (X − X) 2 (n − 2)(X − X) 2  2 (X) 2 
(n − 2) X −
ത ത
a = 𝑌 - b𝑋  n 

Confidence Interval for the Ratio of Variances of Two Populations

Confidence Interval for the ratio of variances s1 s 2
2
6.
2
2
s1 2
1 2
s1 s1
  Fa
s2
2 Fa s 22 s2
2 2
( v 2 , v1 )
( v1 , v 2 )
2
s22
OR Confidence Interval for the ratio of variances s12
s 22 1 s 22 s 22
 2  2 Fa
s12 Fa s1 s1 2 ( v , v ) 1 2 30
( v 2 , v1 )
2
Example # 12

A study was conducted in which two types of engines, A

and B, were compared. Gas mileage, in miles per gallon,
was measured. 75 experiments were conducted using
engine type A and Fifty experiments were done with
engine type B. The gasoline used and other conditions
were held constant. The average gas mileage
was 42 miles per gallon for engine A and 36 miles per
gallon for engine B. Find a 96% confidence interval on
μA − μB, where μA and μB are population mean gas
mileages for engines A and B, respectively. Assume that
the population standard deviations are 8 and 6 for
engines A and B, respectively.

sA2 sB2 sA2 sB2

( X A − X B ) − Za /2 + < m A − mB  ( X A − X B ) + Za /2 +
nA nB nA nB
64 36 64 36
(42 − 36) − 2.05 + < m A − mB  (42 − 36) + 2.05 +
75 50 75 50
3.4286 < m A − mB  8.5714 31
Question # 29
Two brands of cigarettes are selected, and their
nicotine content compared. The data are shown here.
Find the 99% confidence interval of the true difference
in the means.
Brand A Brand B
X1 = 28.6 mg X2 = 32.9 mg
s1 = 5.1 mg s2 = 4.4 mg
n1 = 30 n2 = 40 Ans: - 7.3 < m – m < - 1.3
1 2

Question # 30
In a sample of 34 high school seniors, twelve had
their own cars. In a sample of 24 college freshmen,
seventeen had their own cars. Find the 95%
confidence interval for the difference of two proportions.
Question # 31 Ans: - 0.602 < p1 – p2 < - 0.118

In a random sample of 600 adults and 400 teenagers

who watched a certain T.V program, 300 adults and
100 teenagers indicated that they liked it. Construct
99% confidence interval of the difference in
proportions of all adults and all teenagers who
watched the program and liked it. Ans: 0.1726 < p – p < 0.3274
1 2
32
Question # 32
The means and variances of the weekly incomes in
rupees of the workers employed in the different
factories, from the samples are given below:
Factory Sample Size Mean Variance
A 160 12.80 64
B 220 11.25 47
Compute the 90% confidence interval estimate for the
real differences in the incomes of the workers from
the two factories. Ans: 0.2576 < m – m < 2.8424
1 2

Question # 33
A random sample of size n1 = 100 yielded the sample
2
value x1 = 509, S1 = 950. A random sample of size
n2 = l00 from another population yielded x2 = 447
and S22 = 876. Find a 95 percent confidence interval
for m1 – m2 Ans: 53.63 < m – m < 70.37
1 2

Question # 34
Find a 95% confidence interval for p1 – p2 if a sample
of size n1=100 yielded p̂1 = 0.54 and a sample of size
n2 = 100 yielded p̂2 = 0.49. 33
Question # 35
National statistics show that 23% of men smoke
and 18.5% of women do. A random sample
of 180 men indicated that 50 were smokers, and of
150 women surveyed, 39 indicated that they
smoked. Construct a 98% confidence interval for
the true difference in proportions of male and
female smokers. Ans: – 0.0942 < p1 – p2 < 0.1342
50 39
pˆ1 = = 0.28, pˆ 2 = = 0.26
Question # 36 180 150
A certain change in a process for manufacturing
component parts is being considered. Samples are
taken under both the existing and the new process
so, as to determine if the new process results in an
improvement. If 75 of 1500 items from the existing
process are found to be defective and 80 of 2000
items from the new process are found to be
defective, find a 90% confidence interval for the
true difference in the proportion of defectives
between the existing and the new process.
75 80
Ans: – 0.0018 < p1 – p2 < 0.0218 pˆ1 = = 0.05, pˆ 2 = = 0.04
1500 2000 34
 A real estate agent compares the selling prices of
homes in two municipalities in southwestern
Pennsylvania to see if there is a difference. The
results of the study are shown. Find the 95%
confidence interval for the difference of the means.
Assume that populations have equal variances.
Scott Ligonier
X 1 = 64 X 2 = 59
s1 = 6 s2 = 5
n1 = 9 n2 = 16
(9 − 1)(6)2 + (16 − 1) ( 5 )
2
(n1 − 1) s + (n2 − 1) s
2 2
sp = 1 2
= = 5.37
n1 + n2 − 2 9 + 16 − 2
Hence 95% Confidence Interval for m1 − m2 is
1 1 1 1
( X 1 − X 2 ) − t0.025(23)  s p  +  m1 − m2  ( X 1 − X 2 ) + t0.025(23)  s p  +
n1 n2 n1 n2
1 1 1 1
(64 − 59) − (2.069)  (5.37)  +  m1 − m2  (64 − 59) + (2.069)  (5.37)  +
9 16 9 16
0.3703  m1 − m2  9.6267 35
Question # 37
Two random samples taken independently from normal
populations with an identical variance yield the following
results: n X s2
Sample I 12 25 1200
Sample II 18 10 900

Find the 95% confidence interval for the difference of

Ans: - 9.2688 < m – m < 39.2688, S = 31.90
the means. 1 2 p

Question # 38
The average size of a farm in Indiana County,
Pennsylvania, is 92 acres. The average size of
a farm in Greene County, Pennsylvania, is 84
acres. Assume the data were obtained from two
samples with standard deviations of 15 and 19
acres, respectively, and sample sizes of 12 and
15, respectively. Find the 90% confidence
interval for the difference of the means. Assume
that populations have equal variances.
Ans: –3.4795 < m1 – m2 < 19.4795, Sp = 17.354
36
Question # 39
Two separate groups of subjects were tested.
The experimental group (Group A) had 10
subjects; the control group (Group B) had 9
subjects. The data are given below; the
scores are assumed to be normally distributed. ,
Group A: 12, 13, 16, 14, 15, 12, 15, 14, 13 and 16. 7
Group B: 10, 13, 14, 12, 15, 16, 12, 14 and 11.
Find the 95% confidence interval for the difference of
the means assuming that their variances are equal.
Question # 40
Ans: - 0.645 < m1 – m2 < 2.785, sp = 1.715
The weights of 4 persons before they stopped
smoking and five weeks after they stopped smoking
are as follows
Person 1 2 3 4
Before 148 176 153 116
After 154 176 151 121

Find the 95% confidence interval for the difference of

the means for paired observation. Ans: - 15.141 < m < -2.859, sd = 3.862
d 37
Question # 41
Suppose that a shoe company wanted to test material
for the sale of shoes. For each pair of shoes, the new
material was placed on one shoe and the old material
was place on the other shoe. After a given period of
time a random sample of ten pairs of shoes was
selected and the wear was measured on a ten-point
scale with the following results: Find the 95%
confidence interval for the difference of the means.
Pair number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
New Material 2 4 5 7 7 5 9 8 8 7
Old Material 4 5 3 8 9 4 7 8 5 6
Ans: - 0.966 < m1 – m2 < 1.566, d = 0.3, sd = 1.77
Question # 42
From 10 pairs of values, the following quantities are
calculated: X = 311, Y = 310.1, XY = 10074
X2 = 10100, Y2 = 10055.09. Assuming normality
find 90% confidence interval for b.
Ans: a = - 0.2362, b = 1.0047, sb = 0.0447, t 0.05(8) = 1.86, 0.92 < b < 1.09
38
Question # 43
From 5 pairs of values, the following quantities are
calculated: X = 329, Y = 778, XY = 51660
X2 = 21753, Y2 = 123214. Assuming normality
find 95% confidence interval for b.
Ans: a = - 137.87, b = 4.46, sb = 0.483, t 0.025(3) = 3.182, 2.923 < b < 5.997

Question # 44
Given two random samples of size n1 = 12 and
n2 = 10 from two independent normal populations,
with s1 = 2.3 and s2= 1.5, find 90%’ confidence
interval for s21 / s22 and s1 / s2.
Ans: 0.76 < s21 / s22 < 6.81 0.87 < s1 / s2 < 2.61

Question # 45
A random sample of 10 saltwater-fish had a variance, s21
in girth of 7.2 (inches)2, while a random sample of 8 fresh
water-fish had a variance, s22 in girth of 3.6 (inches)2. Find
90 percent confidence interval for the ratio between the
two variances s22 / s21. Assume normal populations.
Ans: 0.152 < s22 / s21 < 1.840

39
 a = 0.05
Denominator n2

Numerator n1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30
1 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5 241.9 243.9 245.9 248.0 249.1 250.1
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3,23 3.18 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.61 2.57
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.51 2.47
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.38
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.35 2.31
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.24 2.19
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.19 2.15
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.15 2.11
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.03 1.98
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.01 1.96
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.95 1.90
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.93 1.88
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 5.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.2.18 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.90 1.85
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.2.16 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.89 1.84
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.2.08 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.79 1.74
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.70 1.65
120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.17 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.61 1.55 40
∞ 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.52 1.46
Denominator n2 a = 0.01

Numerator n1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30
1 4052 4999.5 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5982 6022 6056 6106 6157 6209 6235 6261
2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.60 26.50
4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.93 13.84
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23
7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.11 4.96 5.81 4.73 4.65
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25
11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.02 3.94
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.78 3.70
13 9.07 6.90 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.59 3.51
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.43 3.35
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.18 3.10
17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.08 3.00
18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.37 3.23 3.08 3.00 2.92
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.92 2.84
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78
21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.80 2.72
22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.75 2.67
23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.70 2.62
24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.66 2.58
25 7.77 5.77 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.62 2.54
26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.58 2.50
27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.55 2.47
28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.52 2.44
29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00 2.87 2.730 2.57 2.49 2.41
30 7.56 5.39 4051 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.29 2.20
60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.75 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.12 2.03
120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.95 1.86
∞ 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.79 1.70
41
 a = 0.025
Denominator n2

Numerator n1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30
1 647.8 799.5 846.2 899.6 921.8 937.1 948.2 956.7 963.3 968.6 976.7 984.9 933.9 997.2 1001
2 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.39 39.40 39.41 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.46
3 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47 14.42 14.34 14.25 14.17 14.12 14.08
4 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.75 8.86 8.56 8.51 8.46
5 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.52 6.43 6.33 6.28 6.23
6 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.37 5.27 5.17 5.12 5.07
7 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.67 4.57 4.47 4.42 4.36
8 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.95 3.89
9 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.61 3.56
10 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.37 3.31
11 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88 3.76 3.66 3.59 3.53 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.17 3.12
12 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.28 3.18 3.07 3.02 2.96
13 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.89 2.84
14 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.79 2.73
15 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.70 2.64
16 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05 2.99 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.63 2.57
17 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16 3.06 2.98 2.92 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.56 2.50
18 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.93 2.87 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.50 2.44
19 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.51 2.45 2.39
20 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.41 2.35
21 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97 2.87 2.80 2.73 2.64 2.53 2.42 2.37 2.31
22 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 3.93 2.84 2.76 2.70 2.60 2.50 2.39 2.33 2.27
23 5.75 4.35 3.75 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.30 2.24
24 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.27 2.21
25 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68 2.61 2.51 2.41 2.30 2.24 2.18
26 5.66 4.27 3.67 3.33 3.10 2.94 2.82 2.73 2.65 2.59 2.49 2.39 2.28 2.22 2.16
27 5.63 4.24 3.65 3.31 3.08 2.92 2.80 2.71 2.63 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.25 2.19 2.13
28 5.61 4.22 3.63 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.45 2.34 2.23 2.17 2.11
29 5.59 4.20 3.61 3.27 3.04 2.88 2.76 2.67 2.59 2.53 2.43 2.32 2.21 2.15 2.09
30 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.51 2.41 2.31 2.20 2.14 2.07
40 5.42 4.05 3.46 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.53 2.45 2.39 2.29 3.18 2.07 2.01 1.94
60 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63 2.51 2.41 2.33 2.27 2.17 2.06 1.94 1.88 1.82
120 5.15 3.80 3.23 2.89 2.67 2.52 2.39 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.05 1.94 1.82 1.76 1.69
42
∞ 5.02 3.69 3.12 2.79 2.57 2.51 2.29 2.19 2.11 2.05 2.94 1.83 1.71 1.64 1.57
 a = 0.10
Denominator n2

Numerator n1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30
1 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20 58.91 59.44 59.86 60.19 60.71 61.22 61.74 62.00 62.26
2 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.41 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46
3 5.54 5.56 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24 5.23 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.18 5.17
4 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.94 3.92 3.90 3.87 3.84 3.83 3.82
5 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.17
6 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.96 2.94 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80
7 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.72 2.75 2.70 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.58 2.56
8 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.56 2.54 2.50 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.38
9 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.28 2.25
10 3.29 3.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.18 2.16
11 3.23 2.86 2.66 2.54 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.12 2.10 2.08
12 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.04 2.01
13 3.14 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96
14 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.94 1.91
15 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.90 1.87
16 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03 1.99 1.94 1.89 1.87 1.84
17 3.03 2.64 2.44 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.84 1.81
18 3.01 2.62 2.42 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.98 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.81 1.78
19 2.99 2.61 2.40 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.79 1.76
20 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.77 1.74
21 2.96 2.57 2.36 2.23 2.14 2.08 2.01 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.87 1.83 1.78 1.75 1.72
22 2.95 2.56 2.35 2.22 2.13 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.70
23 2.94 2.55 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.74 1.72 1.69
24 2.93 2.54 2.33 2.19 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.70 1.67
25 2.92 2.53 2.32 2.18 2.18 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.69 1.66
26 2.91 2.52 2.31 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.71 1.68 1.65
27 2.90 2.51 2.30 2.17 2.07 2.00 1.95 1.91 1.87 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.67 1.64
28 2.89 2.50 2.29 2.16 2.06 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.87 184 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.63
29 2.89 2.50 2.28 2.15 2.06 199 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.68 1.65 1.62
30 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.85 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.64 1.61
40 2.84 2.44 2.23 2.09 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.76 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.57 1.54
60 2.79 2.39 2.18 2.04 1.95 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.66 160 1.54 1.51 1.48
120 2.75 2.35 2.13 1.99 1.90 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.48 1.45 1.41
43
∞ 2.71 2.30 2.08 1.94 1.85 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.63 1.60 1.55 1.49 1.42 1.38 1.34
 Sample Size for estimating Population Mean
Too Big: Too Small:
• Requires too • Won’t do
much resources the job
In order to have a 100(1 – a ) percent confidence that the error in
estimating m with x to be less than E, we need n such that
𝜎
ത
𝑒 = |𝑋 − 𝜇| = 𝑍𝛼 = 𝑚arg𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2 𝑛
Formula for the Formula for minimum
minimum sample size sample size needed for
needed for an interval interval estimate of a
estimate of the Population Proportion
Population Mean
2
𝑍𝛼 × 𝜎 2 𝑍 𝛼

𝑛= 2 𝑛 = 𝑝Ƹ 𝑞ො 2
𝑒 𝑒
e = Efficiency, Accuracy, Error of estimate, Difference b/w sample mean & pop mean
44
A university dean wishes to estimate the average
number of hours his visiting professors teach per
week. The standard deviation from a previous
study is 2.6 hours. How large a sample must be
selected if he wants to be 99% confident of
finding whether the true mean differs from the
sample mean by 1 hour?
Za / 2 × s 2

(
n =
e )
2

n =(
2.58 x 2.6
1 )
n = 44.9973

n = 45
It is always to be rounded to the next higher integer for the sample size.
45
Question # 46
A health care professional wishes to estimate the birth
weights of infants. How large a sample must she select
if she desires to be 90% confident that the true mean is
within 6 ounces of the sample mean? The standard
deviation of the birth weights is known to be 8 ounces.
Question # 47 Ans: n = 5

A researcher wishes to estimate, with 95% confidence,

the proportion of people who own a laptop. A previous
study shows that 40% of those interviewed had a
laptop. The researcher wishes to be accurate within
2% of the true proportion. Find the minimum sample
size necessary. Ans: n = 2305

Question # 48 A medical researcher wishes to

determine the percentage of females who take
vitamins. He wishes to be 99% confident that the
estimate is within 2 percentage points of the true
proportion. A recent study of 180 females showed that
25% took medicine. (i) How large should the sample
size be? (ii) If no preliminary estimate is available,
46
how large should the sample be? Ans: (i) n = 3121 (ii) n = 4161
Question # 49
Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of
3 kg/m2 or more. A 95% confidence interval for the
percentage of U.S. adults aged 20 years and over who
were obese was found to be 22.4% to 23.5%. What
was the sample size? Ans: e = 0.0055, n = 31749

Question # 50
A researcher wishes to estimate, within $300 the true
average amount of money a county spends on road
repairs each year. If she wants to be 90% confident,
how large a sample is necessary? The standard
deviation is known to be $900. Ans: n = 25

Question # 51
A scientist wishes to estimate the average depth of a
river. He wants to be 99% confident that the estimate
is accurate within 2 feet. From a previous study, the
standard deviation of the depths measured was 4.33
feet. Ans: n = 32
47
Question # 52
A paint manufacturer uses a machine to fill gallon
cans with paint (see figure).
(a) The manufacturer wants to estimate the mean
volume of paint the machine is putting in the
cans within 0.25 ounce. the minimum sample
size required to construct a 90% confidence
interval for the population mean. Assume the
population standard deviation is 0.85 .
(b) Repeat part (a) using an error tolerance of
0.15 ounce. Which error tolerance requires a
sample size? Explain.
Ans: (a) 32 cans (b) 87 cans
E 0.15 requires a larger sample size. As the error size decreases, a larger
sample must be taken to obtain enough information from the population to
ensure the desired accuracy.
Question # 53
In a survey of 1000 U.S. adults, 662 said that it is
acceptable to check personal e-mail while at work.
Find a point estimate for the population proportion
of U.S. adults who say it is acceptable to check
personal e-mail while at work.
Ans: ෝ𝑝 = 0.662 = 66.2% So, the point estimate for the population proportion of U.S. 48
adults who say it is acceptable to check personal e-mail while at work is 66.2%.
 PRACTICE
Define the following:
1. Estimation
2. Estimator and Estimate
3. Point Estimate and Interval Estimate
4. Level of Confidence
5. Level of Significance

PRACTICE
Complete the following statements
1. In order to find confidence intervals for variances & standard deviations, one
must assume that the variable is ______________.
1. ND
2. The symbol for the sample proportion is ____________. 
2. p
3. The area under each chi-square distribution is equal to__________.
3. Unity
4. The ________ are the number of values that are free to vary after a sample
statistic has been computed. 4. df
49
 Homework
EXERCISES. (Elementary Statistics, Bluman, 4th Edition )
• Examples on Page # 301 ~ 328.
• Example #: 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.6, 8.7 ~ 8.10, 8.11, 8.12, 8.14, 8.15.
• Exercise on Page # 308, 315, 322, 323.
Problems #: 13 ~ 22, 31 ~ 40, 49 ~ 58, 60 ~ 66.
• Exercise on page # 328, 329.
Problems # 71 ~ 78.
• Exercises on Page # 331.
• Problems #: 81 ~ 96.
50