CHAPTER IV HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS

CHAPTER 4:
ART HISTORY AND

DEVELOPMENT
ICE
BREAKER
1
OVERVIEW
Baroque Art Renaissance Art Theatre

Gothic Art Painting and Sculpture Dance
Modern Art Architecture Artist as Entertainer
Styles of Art Style of Architecture
1
BAROQUE
ART
BAROQUE ART
The term Baroque, derived from the Portuguese
‘barocco’ meaning ‘irregular pearl or stone’,
refers to a cultural and art movement that
characterized Europe from the early
seventeenth to mid-eighteenth century.
Baroque emphasizes dramatic, exaggerated

motion and clear, easily interpreted, detail. Due
to its exuberant irregularities, Baroque art has
often been defined as being bizarre, or uneven.
DEVELOPMENT OF BAROQUE ART
The Baroque is an art style that was dominant in Europe during the 16th
and 17th century.
The Baroque period emerged after the Renaissance and Mannerism

periods and brought with it new perspectives about life, art, religion,
and culture.
The Baroque style moved away from the severe elements depicted by the
Protestant style, while the Catholic Church supported the development
of Baroque with its origins in Rome, Italy, and many European
countries.
BAROQUE PAINTING
Baroque paintings were characterized by the use of vibrant colors

applied with swirling and wide brushstrokes, which indicated
movement and emotional intensity.
The main features of Baroque painting manifestations are drama, deep

colors, dramatic light, sharp shadows and dark backgrounds.
7
Chiaroscuro
Chiaroscuro is an Italian term
that means “light-dark”. It
focuses on defining contrasts in
painting. This technique started
in the Renaissance period, but it
was the way Caravaggio utilized
it that it became a popular
characteristic of the Baroque
period. With the strong
emphasis on dark and light
within his compositions, the
viewer almost becomes a part of
the event portrayed in the
painting
Tenebrism
- Tenebrism was another
technique used by several
Baroque painters, popularized
and believed to have been started
by Caravaggio.
- The term originates from the
Italian word, tenebroso, which in
turn originates from the Latin,
tenebra, meaning “darkness”.
Other words related to this term
are “gloomy” and “mysterious”. It
sought to create what is referred
to as the “spotlight” effect, also
called “dramatic illumination”.
Quadro Riportato
Quadro Riportato means “carried
picture” in Italian and was a
term used to describe a
technique by which the artist
would paint what appeared as a
frame around a painting, which
would consist of a series of
paintings displayed as a fresco.
This technique was used by one
of the forerunners of the Baroque
period, Annibale Carracci and
appears most evident in The
Loves of the Gods (1597-1600)
fresco on the Farnese Palace’s
ceiling.
Illusionism: Trompe l’Oeil
and Quadratura
This also gave the sense of it
being an optical illusion with
the painted image appearing
three-dimensional. Creating this
three-dimensionality was
known as trompe l’oeil, which
means “deceive the eye” in
French.
GOTHIC
ART
GOTHIC ART
Gothic art is a diverse genre that explores dark and
mysterious things including architecture, sculpture,
illuminated manuscript, and fashion.
Gothic art is a style of painting, architecture, and sculpture

that began in Paris the middle of the 12th century and
showed up throughout Europe all the way into the 1500s.
The term Gothic was first coined by Italian writers in the

later Renaissance period (late 15th to early 17th century).
The word was used in a derogatory way as a synonym of
'barbaric'. They denounced this type of art as unrefined and
ugly and attributed it to the Gothic tribes which had
destroyed the Roman Empire and its classical culture in the
5th century AD.
DEVELOPMENT OF GOTHIC ART
The Gothic style first appeared in the early 12th
century in northern France and rapidly spread
beyond its origins in architecture to sculpture,
textiles and painting, including frescoes, stained
glass and illuminated manuscripts. This
sophisticated new design style combined a detailed
observation of nature with an expressive elegance.
Gothic was quickly adopt
GOTHIC ART CHARACTERISTIC
Gothic art reflects our desires for grandeur and transcendence, with
its elaborate detail, soaring heights, and dramatic light and shadow.
Gothic artists were keen to engage the viewer's emotion more

directly than earlier art styles. Where previous figures in sculpture
and painting had appeared stiff and stylised in form, Gothic figures
appear more realistic, with natural poses and gestures, full of
tender feeling and strong emotion. Figures in Gothic art often curve
or sway in an 'S' shape, the pose enhanced by the hanging folds of
their clothes.
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Gothic architects constructed rib vaults, where the ceiling surface was
divided into webs by a framework of diagonal arched ribs, and flying
buttresses, great arches that extended out from the upper portion of
external walls that helped to push weight outwards.
Pointed arches were an important characteristic of Gothic architecture

that could give the impression of soaring height and more practically
they could support heavier loads than the earlier round arches.
Another key feature of Gothic architecture was the extensive use of

stained glass, and a revival of the medieval rose window, which
brought light and colour to the interior. Innovations in tracery – the
stone framework that supports the glass – also meant windows could
be larger and of increasingly complex patterns.
Rib Vaults
Stained Glass
Pointed Arches
MODERN
ART
MODERN ART
Modern art is an art movement that emerged in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries.
It was characterized by a shift away from traditional styles to
a more abstract, experimental approach to creating works of
art.
Major modern art movements include Impressionism,
Expressionism, Cubism, Fauvism, Dadaism and Surrealism.
Influential modernist artists include Pablo Picasso, Wassily
Kandinsky, Salvador Dalí and Marcel Duchamp.
Modern artwork has had a lasting impact on the
development of visual culture and continues to influence
contemporary art today.
Modern Art, also referred to as Modernism, was viewed as
both an art and philosophical movement at the time of its
emergence.
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN ART
It began in the late 19th century as a revolt
against academic artistic conventions, which
championed realism and classicism.
Modern Art was said to begin in 1863 after

artist Édouard Manet exhibited his shocking
and disrespectful painting, Le Dejeuner sur
l’herbe, at the Salon des Refuses in Paris.
MODERN ART CHARACTERISTIC
Modernism embraced everything in its subsequent movements, including
pure abstraction, hyperrealism, and anti-art styles to name a few.
The first characteristic was that most Modern Art movements attempted
to create a new type of art, through using styles such as collage art,
assemblage, animation, photography, land art, and performance art.
Most modern painters attempted to make use of new materials when

creating art, such as attaching fragments of newspapers and other items to
canvases.
Modernists incorporated into their work was a vivid use of color.

Pop Art
Pop Art is a visual art movement that originated in the 1950s and
gained massive popularity during the 1960s. It combines elements
of popular culture, such as advertisements, comic books, and
everyday objects, with abstract art techniques to create a unique
aesthetic.
Tree of Life (1985) by Keith Haring

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
This movement emphasized the artist's emotional and

psychological state over representational representation
No. 14, 1960 by Mark Rothko

Cubism
Cubism is an avant-garde art movement that emerged in the early
twentieth century. Pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque,
it sought to challenge traditional notions of perspective and
representation by abstracting forms and reducing them to their
most basic shapes.
"La Roche-Guyon" (1909) by Georges Braqu

STYLES
OF ART
STYLE OF ART
Style in art refers to an artist’s

unique combination of
techniques, processes, and
decisions. It develops and
evolves over the lifetime of an
artist.
ART STYLE VS. ART MOVEMENT
An art movement refers to specific trends,

periods, and groups of artists. Each
movement is associated with a certain
style, but a style is not limited to a certain
movement.
TYPES OF ART STYLE
Marie Bashkirtseff,
The Umbrella, 1883
Albert Bierstadt, Among the

REALISTIC ROMANTIC Sierra Nevada, California, 1868
A focus on mimicking the Capturing the subject in a

appearance and nature of the favorable and exaggerated
subject. style.
Fine rendering, muted colors, Sharp contrast, bright
intricate detail, and accurate highlights, strong colors, and
fundamentals. a refined, almost glossy finish.
TYPES OF ART STYLE
Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte- Claude Monet, The Artist’s

ABSTRACT Victoire, 1906 IMPRESSIONIST Garden in Giverny, 1900
A focus on capturing the subject in its A focus on capturing the

simplest form. Think of abstract as a artist’s impression of a
scale rather than an absolute term. subject.
Essentially all artworks have some Light colors, weak shadows,
form of abstraction.
energetic brushwork, broken
Reliance on shapes, colors, lines, and
color, and colorful accents.
contrast.
TYPES OF ART STYLE
Joaquín Sorolla, Elena Among Georges Seurat, Sunday Afternoon on

PAINTERLY the Roses, 1907
POINTILLIST the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884
Describes paintings that look Conveying the subject with

like paintings. small dabs of color.
Thick brushwork, confident Characteristics: Strong colors,
and visible strokes, and strong sharp contrast, light colors, and
fundamentals. weak drawing (painting with
small dabs of color means
sacrificing the drawing).
RENAISSANCE
ART
RENAISSANCE ART
Renaissance is a French word meaning “rebirth.” It
refers to a period in European civilization that was
marked by a revival of Classical learning and
wisdom. The Renaissance saw many contributions
to different fields, including new scientific laws,
new forms of art and architecture, and new
religious and political ideas.
Renaissance art was inspired by Classical Greek

and Roman art, and it is known for its grace,
harmony, and beauty.
DEVELOPMENT OF RENAISSANCE ART
Prior to the Renaissance, art in Europe was
predominantly religious, especially during the
Early Middle Ages. However, in the 1300s, Italian
artists began to focus on humanism and realism,
driven by the rise of a middle class. This new
artistic perspective led to the Italian Renaissance,
which spanned the 14th to 17th centuries and
expanded globally. Renaissance art featured
realism, naturalism, and secular themes.
RENAISSANCE ART CHARACTERISTIC
Subjects grew from mostly biblical scenes to include
portraits, episodes from Classical religion, and events from
contemporary life.
Human figures are often rendered in dynamic poses, showing

expression, using gesture, and interacting with one another.
They are not flat but suggest mass, and they often occupy a
realistic landscape, rather than stand against a gold
background as some figures do in the art of the Middle Ages.
Emphasized precise detail as a means of achieving a realistic

work
EXAMPLES OF RENAISSANCE ARTWORKS
The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci (1495–1498)

The Last Judgment by Michelangelo

the marriage of the virgin by Raphael

PAINTING AND
SCULPTURE
PAINTING
The expression of ideas and emotions, with the
creation of certain aesthetic qualities, in a two-
dimensional visual language.
Painting is traditionally considered a visual art that

uses a wet paint medium that is applied to a
canvas using a paintbrush. However, there are
different surfaces you can paint on besides canvas,
and other tools you can use to apply the paint.
Today, more modern art and mixed-media art are
also considered paintings.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCULPTURE
The origin of painting as we know it today, historians believe, was born in the Neolithic
period, (X of the millennium BC) when the rock painting began to decline due to the
development of agriculture and society, appearing in Ancient Greece and perfected later by
the Romans.
Around 3000 BC, small villages began to appear in mainland Greece and there began a
tradition of painting on ceramic artifacts, such as vases and pots.
Around the 11th century BC in ancient Greece, painting developed and brought several
innovations.
The art of painting went viral when cities and societies were formed and several schools
were formed, rivaling each other.
After the growth of Christianity among the Romans, they abandoned the classical Greek
style of painting, and developed a painting with its own, more elaborate language, adding
scenarios, landscapes, still life and that later will serve as the basis for what we know today
as Painting Modern.
From the 19th century onwards, with the Industrial Revolution, easel painting lost its
market due to the emergence of photography.
SCULPTURE
A sculpture is any piece of art
that is three-dimensional.
Sculpture can be made using a
variety of additive and
subtractive techniques and uses
materials such as found objects,
wood, clay, metal, and stone.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCULPTURE
Prehistoric Sculpture (30,000 BCE - 3,000 BCE)

Ancient Civilizations (3,000 BCE - 500 CE):
Medieval and Renaissance Sculpture (500 CE - 1600 CE)
Baroque to Neoclassical Sculpture (1600 CE - 1800 CE)
19th Century and Modern Sculpture (1800 CE - Present)
ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE
Architecture is the art and science of

designing structures and spaces for
human use. Architectural design in
itself is an art form realized through
considerations of spatial design and
aesthetics.
DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
The origins of architecture can be traced back to prehistoric times,
where early humans erected simple shelters using natural materials.
As societies flourished, civilizations like the Mesopotamians,
Egyptians, and Greeks made astounding strides in architectural
design.
Prehistoric and Ancient Architecture (up to 500 CE)
Classical Architecture (500 BCE - 476 CE)
Medieval Architecture (476 CE - 1400 CE)
Renaissance and Baroque Architecture (1400 CE - 1750 CE)
Neoclassical and 19th Century Architecture (1750 CE - 1900 CE)
Modern Architecture (20th Century - Present)
STYLES OF
ARCHITECTURE
EGYPTIAN
ARCHITECTURE
Egyptian architecture is widely a
reflection of its social and
political experiences. With
shifting political kingdoms and
ideologies. Egyptian architecture
succeeded in encompassing
distinct forms and
characteristics.
HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN
ARCHITECTURE
Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom

The architects of the Old Kingdom New Kingdom of Egypt (1550-1070 BC)
Architecture of the Middle Kingdom was
2613-2181 BCE eventually progressed to the construction of the temples, rock-cut
mostly sepulchral. The pyramids of the
smooth-sided pyramids, like those found tombs, and wall reliefs was the most
time were much less sophisticated than
at Giza. Old Kingdom also known as the dominant.The architectural achievements
those of the New Kingdom. Pyramids
'Age of the Pyramids' or 'Age of the of this era included the great stone
were built with a stone core and an
Pyramid Builders. temples dedicated to the numerous gods
outward framework of blocks.
of ancient Egypt.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EGYPTIAN
ARCHITECTURE
Most buildings made from Nile mud baked in the

sun, but grandiose structures made from stone
Pyramids made from white limestone or red granite,
temples and palaces sometimes included mud brick
Smooth, largely unbroken walls ornamented with
brightly painted art and hieroglyphs
Thick, sloping walls and columns used to support
flat roofs of solid stone
Columns used in grand entrances and courtyards.
RELIGIOUS EGYPTIAN
ARCHITECTURE
1. Temple
- The temple was the building used to honor the
gods. Most had a similar distribution, which was
divided into the following parts:
Avenue of Sphinxes
Pylon
Hípetra Room
Hypostyle Room
Sanctuaries
KARNAR TEMPLE
RELIGIOUS EGYPTIAN
ARCHITECTURE
2. Obelisco
the obelisk was a reverential monument,
commemorating the dead, representing their
kings, and honoring their gods. It consisted of an
elongated, quadrangular column that rose from a
larger base.
hieroglyphic inscriptions were carved on it
indicating the pharaoh who had commissioned it
and the god to whom it was dedicated
KARNAR TEMPLE
FUNERAL EGYPTIAN
ARCHITECTURE
Mastaba
Pyramid
Hypogeum
Mastaba
The mastaba was the first model tomb for pharaohs and prominent
people who made the Egyptians during the Archaic Period and the Old
Kingdom. It was rectangular in shape and had an underground
chamber in which they left the body through a well.
Pyramid
The pyramids are the most recognized funerary monument of this
civilization. They began to be elaborated in Dynasty III as an exclusive
funeral construction of the pharaohs. The most prominent pyramids
are those of Guiza, three models that belong to the pharaohs Cheops,
Khafre and Menkaure.
Imhotep
- Imhotep was an Egyptian scholar,
priest, architect, and physician that
lived during the 27th century BCE. He
served as a vizier in Pharaoh Djoser's
court.
- He was the first Egyptian to develop
the pyramid when he built the step
pyramid tomb of Pharaoh Djoser.
Hypogeum
After the age of the pyramids, came that of the hypogea. These were
rock-cut tombs that reached their splendor in the New Kingdom.
The most important hypogeum is that of the Valley of the Kings, in
Luxor, ancient Thebes. In this location we find a total of 28 pharaohs
buried over 420 years.

GREEK
ARCHITECTURE
Ancient Greek architecture is
essentially columnar and
trobeated. The columns taper
towards the top. The effect is a
muscular like human quality of
the columns. The spacing of the
columns towards the corners is
sometimes narrower, which also
makes for a better, dynamic
visual appearance.
GREEK ARCHITECTURAL
ELEMENTS :
TEMPLE
- The most recognizably
“Greek” structure is the
temple. The Greeks referred to
temples with the term ὁ ναός
(ho naós), meaning "dwelling,"
temple derives from the Latin
term, templum referring to a
sacred sanctuary or shrine.
Parthenon of the Acropolis of Athens
3 DISTINCT ORDERS OF GREEK
ARCHITECTURE:
STOA
- a Greek architectural term that
describes a covered walkway or
colonnade that was usually
designed for public use. Early
examples, often employing the
Doric order, were usually
composed of a single level,
although later examples
(Hellenistic and Roman) came to
be two-story freestanding Painted Stoa (Stoa Poikile) on the Athenian agora
structures.
ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE
Roman architecture is a
combination of axis and center.
The Romans were the first to
develop interior architectural
space on a large scale. The
Romans used concrete to
reinforce their buildings. An
astounding example of Roman
architecture is the Colosseum.
Marcus Vitruvius
Pollio
- The famous ancient Roman architect
believed that an architect should
focus on three central themes when
preparing a design for a building:
firmitas (strength), utilitas
(functionality), and venustas (beauty).
ELEMENTS OF ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE
Columns
Arches
Vaults
Dome
COLUMS
- Romans initially followed the Greek
order of columns: Doric, Ionic, and
Corinthian in many structures. They
also came up with two columns of
their own style, Tuscan and
Composite.
Tuscan is an unfluted and simplified

version of Doric order.
Composite is a combination of Ionic
and Corinthian columns. Colosseum (Flaviam Amphitheatre)
ARCHES
- Arches were extremely
used in Roman architecture.
They used arches all
possible structures but are
mainly renowned for their
use in Aqueducts, Baths,
Basilicas, and Triumphal
arches.
The Arch of Titus

VAULTS
- An arch-shaped roof is
called a vault. The vaults used
by the Romans were tunnel
vaults, groin vaults, and multi
groin vaults. The example are
'The basilica Maxentius', 'The
Colosseum', 'Terme di
Diocleziano' (Baths of
Diocletian).
The basilica Maxentius
DOMES
- These are natural
developments of vaults. They
look similar to a half-cut
sphere. Semicircular vaults
covering much larger
distances, with the shallow
source of light coming in
through a circular aperture at
the top were the major pros of
domes.
Saint Peter’s Basilica
ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURE
Romanesque architecture
(100-1200 AD) was
characterized by the bay
system, cross or groin-
vaulting, semi-circular arches
for the opening in the walls,
massive enclosing walls, and
the incorporation of towers
into the church building
proper.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURE :
Massive quality
Thick walls
Round arches
Sturdy pillars
Barrel vaults
large towers
Decorave arcading
3 TYPES OF CHURCH BUILDING WERE
ESTABLISHED DURING THIS PERIOD
Pilgrimage Churches Monastic churches Imperial cathedrals

are religious buildings that Monastic churches are places of Imperial cathedrals are grand
attract pilgrims seeking worship associated with religious buildings closely
spiritual experiences or monasteries or convents, where associated with imperial or
blessings. monks or nuns live a communal royal power.
religious life.
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
Byzantine architects created a
totally spiritualized space.
The dome of heaven served as
a point of departure.
Characterized especially by
massive domes with square
bases and rounded arches and
spires and extensive use of
glass mosaics.
HISTORY OF BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
Beginning of the Byzantine Era
Early Byzantine buildings exhibit a fusion of Roman, Greek, and Eastern influences,
characterized by basilica-style churches and centralized plans with domes.
Association with Eastern Orthodoxy

The spread of Eastern Orthodoxy across the Byzantine Empire and beyond
influenced architectural styles in regions such as Russia, Serbia, and Greece, where
Byzantine churches and monasteries became centers of religious and cultural life.
Fall of the Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire began to decline in the late Middle Ages due to internal
strife, external invasions, and economic instability.
THREE KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE:
1. Domes
Most churches and buildings in the Byzantine style feature vaults,
pendentives, and columns to hold up large domes at the center of their
structure.
2. Greek Cross Plans
In keeping with their heritage in Orthodox Christianity, architects
designed the floor plans for Byzantine churches in the shape of a cross.
3. Iconography
Early Christian art decorates much of Byzantine church architecture.
Frescoes line the walls, ivory carvings sit on shelves, and Byzantine
mosaics adorn the entire interiors of these churches
EARLY CHRISTIAN
ARCHITECTURE
Early Christian architecture
occurred in Rome and from about
300 to 600 AD.The emphasis was
centered on the act of Christian
worship. The Early Christians, as
Roman craftsmen, continued old
Roman traditions. Their churches,
modeled on Roman basilicas, used
old columns which by various
devices were brought to a uniform
height.
Important feature of the
Early Christian Architecture:
1. Ribbed vaulting
2. Arcades & timber trussed roof (beil tower or
campanile)
3. Closely spaced columns carrying the
entablature or more widely spaced columns
carrying semi-circular arches known as
"archivolt".
4. With 3-5 aisles covered by a simple trussed
roof.
TWO MAJOR TYPE OF CHURCHES:
1. Basilica Type - With a long colonnaded nave

covered by a wooden roof and terminating in a
semicircular apse longitudinal in form.
(Example: S. Giovanni in Laterano)
2. Vaulted Centralized / Rotunda - A rotunda is any

building with a circular ground plan, sometimes
covered by a dome. It can also refer to a round room
within a building.
(Example: Hagia Sophia)
ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE
Islamic architecture is a
centuries-old category of
architecture that is rooted in the
principles of Islam. The striking
sculptural forms and often
dazzling ornamental detail that
characterize Islamic buildings
include some of the most awe-
inspiring built structures on
Earth.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE
ARCHITECTURE
1. Minarets 4. Arches
2. Domes 5. Ornamental Detailss
3. Muqarnas Vaulting 5. Outdoor Elements

FAMOUS EXAMPLES OF
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
1. Dome of the Rock - Dating from the 7th century, this

famous public shrine is the world’s oldest standing
Islamic monument. The Dome of the Rock was the first
Islamic building to feature a Byzantine-style dome.
2. Taj Mahal - One of the New Seven Wonders of the

World, the Taj Mahal is cited as the most famous
example of Islamic architecture. Combining elements of
Persian, Indian, and Islamic architecture. This become
one of the world’s most popular tourist attractions.
RENAISSANCE
ARCHITECTURE
Renaissance architecture
refers to the influential style
of building that emerged in
Italy around 1400 and spread
throughout Europe over the
next two centuries.
Renaissance style places
emphasis on symmetry,
proportion, geometry and the
regularity of parts.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE
ARCHITECTURE
1. Inspired by Roman 5. Plans

buildings
2. Facades 6. Vaults
3. Arches 7. Columns
4. Domes 8. Pilasters
ELEMENTS OF RENAISSANCE
ARCHITECTURE:
Ceilings
Doors
Windows
Walls
Details
PERIODS IN RENAISSANCE
ARCHITECTURE
EARLY PERIOD
Also known as Quattrocento
Concepts of architectural order were
explored and rules were formulated.
The most representative architect are
Brunelleschi
Filippo
Brunelleschi
- The Father of Renaissance
Architecture.
- Italian architect and sculptor.
- He is best known for designing
the dome of the Duomo in
Florence.
CLASSICAL PERIOD
The style became more decorated and
ornamental, statuary, domes and
cupolas becoming very evident
The most representative architect is
Donato Bramante
Donato
Bramante
- He introduced Renaissance
architecture to Milan and the High
Renaissance style to Rome
- He is considered the Father of the
High Renaissance style of
architecture.
MODERN PERIOD
also called modernist architecture
a style of building that emphasizes function
and a streamlined form over ornamentation.
The main types of modern architecture are
International, Bauhaus, De Stijl,
Constructivism, Metabolism, Art Deco, and
Brutalism.
Charles-Édouard
Jeanneret /Le Corbusier
- He is known as the father of
modern architecture.
- Swiss-French architect, designer,
painter, urban planner and writer,
who was one of the pioneers of
what is now regarded as modern
architecture
CANTILEVER CONSTRUCTION
-beam supported at one end and carrying a load at the
other end or distributed along the unsupported portion.
The upper half of the thickness of such a beam is
subjected to tensile stress, tending to elongate the fibres,
the lower half to compressive stress, tending to crush
them.
2
3
TYPE OF CANTILEVER CONSTRUCTION
1.Steel -is a popular material for

cantilever structures, as it can be
used to create complex shapes
and designs, making it perfect for
high-rise buildings and other
structures that require a high
degree of strength.
2
2.Cocrete -another popular

material for cantilever structures
in architecture due to its
strength, durability, and fire-
resistance.
2
3.Timber -Timber is a renewable

and sustainable material that is
often used in residential and
commercial applications
2
4.Composite - are relatively new

materials that are gaining popularity
in cantilever structures in recent
years. Composites are made from a
combination of materials, such as
carbon fiber and epoxy resin, and
offer a high degree of strength and
durability
2
ADVANTAGE OF CONTILEVER
CONSTRUCTION
Open Spaces
Balconies Protruding Section
Flexible Design
7
DISADVANTAGE OF CANTIVELER
CONSTRUCTION
Complex Design and Construction
Higher Construction Cost
Safety Concern
7
INTERIOR DESIGN
- defined as the professional and comprehensive practice

of creating an interior environment that addresses,
protects, and responds to human need(s).
-planning and design of man-made spaces, a part of

environmental design and closely related to architecture.
2
ORIGIN OF
INTERIOR
DESIGN
INTERIOR DESIGN IN WEST
1.Egypt -In contrast with the monumental
tombs and temples of stone, many of which
remained intact to the 20th century, Egyptian
houses were built of perishable materials, and,
therefore, few remains have survived. Sun-
dried or kiln-burnt mud bricks were used for
the walls; floors consisted of beaten earth, and
a thin coat of smooth mud plaster was often
used as an internal wall finish.
3
2.Greece -A period of so-called dark ages in Greece
followed the destruction of Knossos in c. 1400 BC, but
Cretan civilization had already influenced the
mainland before then. Small terra-cotta models of
furniture and fragments of tables and chairs dating
from as early as 1350 BC have been found. Homer’s
epic Odyssey, dating from the 9th–8th century BC,
speaks of a chair inlaid with ivory and silver, and
sheet copper was used to sheathe beams and
architraves. The description of a bed reveals it to
have been a rectangular wooden frame with coloured
leather thonging, like the usual Egyptian bed, and
inlaid with silver and ivory. At this time also, wooden
vessels were decorated with sheet-gold ornament
with repoussé work (ornament in relief made by
hammering the reverse side) 3
3.Rome -Much more is known about Roman
interior decoration, and Roman furniture
was based on earlier Greek models. From
the beginning of the Christian era the
predominant Western style was that derived
from ancient Greece by way of Rome.
Classical styles were based on
mathematically expressed laws of
proportion that were applied not only to
buildings as a whole but also to much of the
interior decoration.
3
4.France -From the middle of the 15th century, ideas from
Italy began to change the face of French buildings; this
change came gradually, first in the applied decorative
detail superimposed on basically Gothic designs, then
extending to a symmetry and regularity of the whole.
Indeed, one of the basic differences between the
Renaissance in France and in Italy is that in the latter the
revolution in style involved, from the very outset, the
whole conception of design. The centralization of power
and the brilliance of French court life was consolidated
under Francis I (1515–47) and had already resulted in
patronage of artists and craftsmen from Italy. Since the
need for churches had been fulfilled in the great age of
Gothic building, the king and his court rivalled one
another’s magnificence in building new châteaux in the
early Renaissance style. Stone and timber were readily
available, with masons and carpenters skilled in their use.
3
5.Spain -In Spain, Moorish influence mingled
with subsequent Western classical styles to
produce a unique flavour in decorative design.
The style known as Mudéjar (c. 12th–17th
century) was the early outcome of these blended
Christian and Arab ideas and consists in essence
of tiled floors and skirtings in polychrome, plain
white walls, carved stucco friezes, and
intricately decorated beamed wooden ceilings.
The Duke of Alba’s palace, Sevilla (Seville),
contains fine interiors decorated in this style.
3
INTERIOR DESIGN IN EAST
1.China -Possessing the oldest Eastern
civilization, China has powerfully influenced
the others. Forms and motifs of decoration,
which began as early as the Shang dynasty (c.
16th century–1046 BCE), or even before that in
the legendary Xia dynasty, persist throughout
Chinese history. Early forms of bronze altar
vessels, for example, are found in porcelain in
the 18th and 19th centuries, slightly altered in
profile but still recognizable.
3
2.Japan -Interior decoration in Japan was
much influenced by Chinese ideas, especially
between the 8th and 12th centuries, but it
developed along lighter, more austere and
elegant lines. It has altered little since
medieval days. The most important differences
in modern design are that the matting has
been extended to cover the whole of the
wooden floor, and sliding doors have replaced
single-leaf screens or curtains. Two sides of a
Japanese house frequently have no permanent
walls, and interior partitions are of paper on
a wood frame which admits a soft, diffused
light. These partitions are usually moveable,
allowing the interior to be rearranged
3
3.India -Reproduction of early 18th-century chintz
bedspread and hangings from India; in the Victoria
and Albert Museum, London. Words of Indian origin
such as calico, chintz, and madras indicate the
importance of Indian textiles in the history of
Western interior design. Yet the Indians themselves
have never been very conscious of this role, their own
domestic interiors being of the utmost simplicity,
with hardly more than a carpet or a prayer mat to
offset stone floors and plain white walls. The
impermanence of the materials used for the majority
of dwellings may have been a contributory factor. In
more palatial buildings, however, and commonly in
both Hindu and Buddhist temples, walls were painted,
a practice that, according to literary references, may
go back to the Maurya period (c. 321–185 BCE).
3
ELEMENT OF INTERIOR DESIGN
1.Line -Horizontal, vertical and dynamic lines help to shape a room and
guide the eye. Creating lines using the room’s furnishings and structural
design can form harmony, unity and contrast.
2.Space -The foundation of an interior, space is a fundamental concept to

understand, ensuring you’re best equipped to take advantage of what is
available to you. The available ‘space’ usually can’t be easily changed
3(though sometimes a designer may have the luxury of doing so), so you
need to work with what you have within the physical boundaries of the
room.
5
3.Form -the shape of the room, as well as any objects within the room. In
other words, it relates to the physical form of anything that is three
dimensional.
4.Light -Natural or man-made light is a critical aspect of any space.

Without it, all of the other elements would not be able to shine to their full
potential. Light can be broken into the categories of task lighting (defined
3purpose), accent lighting (emphasising objects) and mood lighting (adding
ambience).
5
5.Colour -science all on its own, and is another extremely important
element that interior designers master. It has the ability to create mood,
define unity and alter the perception of how large or small a space is.
6.Texture -Texture refers to the tactile surface of an object or finish. Its an

element that is often overlooked, but really does have the ability to bring a
unique dimension to the room.
3
7.Pattern -Paired with colour, pattern offers a similar use to texture in that
it can add appeal to a room. A pattern is created by the use a repetitive
design and can be found in wallpaper, soft furnishings, rugs and fabrics. 5
INFLUENCES THAT
DICTATE THE
CHARACTER OF
PARTICULAR DESIGN
CULTURE
Culture shapes the way we see the world and the way
we understand it. It informs our beliefs, values, and
attitudes, and it also shapes our visual preferences. In
design, culture plays a critical role in determining the
colors, shapes, patterns, and overall aesthetic of a
design. For example, certain colors may be considered
auspicious or lucky in one culture, while they may be
seen as unlucky in another.
2
SOCIAL
Art has the power to change the way we see the world,
awakening us to new perspectives, ideas, and values. It
can take us back in time to reflect on our past or push
us further into our future. Art can bring awareness to
social issues and foster a sense of acceptance —
bringing people together regardless of background
2
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
One of the most significant effects of digital
technology on art is the democratisation of the
creative process. Digital tools have made it easier
than ever for anyone to create and share their work
with the world, breaking down the barriers of entry
that once restricted artists to a select few. This has
led to a proliferation of new voices and perspectives
in the art world, as well as a greater diversity of styles
and techniques.
3
THEATRE
Theatre, in architecture, a
building or space in which a
performance may be given
before an audience. The word is
from the Greek theatron, “a
place of seeing.”
2
DEVELOPMENT OF THEATRE
Developments in ancient Greece -During the earliest period of theatre in ancient
Greece, when the poet Thespis—who is credited both with inventing tragedy
and with being the first actor—came to Athens in 534 BCE with his troupe on
wagons, the performances were given in the agora (i.e., the marketplace), with
wooden stands for audience seating; in 498, the stands collapsed and killed
several spectators.
Developments in ancient Rome -The development of the theatre, following that
of dramatic literature, was slower in Rome than in Athens. The essential
distinction between Roman and Greek stage performances was that the Roman
theatre expressed no deep religious convictions. Despite the fact that the
spectacles were technically connected with the festivals in honour of the gods,
the Roman audience went to the theatre for entertainment.
Developments in Asia -Although the emergence of Asian theatre was not
simultaneous with that of ancient Greece and Rome, it merits discussion here
rather than as an appendage to the history of Western drama
1. India
-Indian theatre is often considered the oldest in Asia, having developed its dance
and drama by the 8th century BCE. According to Hindu holy books, the gods fought
the demons before the world was created, and the god Brahmā asked the gods to
reenact the battle among themselves for their own entertainment. Once again the
demons were defeated, this time by being beaten with a flagstaff by one of the gods.
To protect theatre from demons in the future, a pavilion was built, and in many
places in India today a flagstaff next to the stage marks the location of performances
2. China
-The most noticeable contrast between China and other Asian countries is that traditionally
China has produced virtually no dance. The classic theatre of the Chinese is called “opera”
because the dialogue is punctuated with arias and recitatives. Of the amazingly detailed
written record of Chinese theatre, the first reference to opera was during the T’ang dynasty
(618–907). The development of the opera style popular today took place during the Manchu
rule of the 19th century. The Empress Dowager, the last hereditary ruler of China, was so
enamoured of opera that she had a triple-deck stage (representing heaven, hell, and earth)
constructed in the summer palace at Peking. The most important individual in Chinese
theatre of the 20th century, Mei Lan-fang, an actor and producer, was the first to apply
scholarship in reviving ancient masterpieces and opera forms.
3. Japan
-Japan is unique in Asia in having a living theatre that retains traditional forms. When an
attempt is made in the West to recreate the original production of a Greek tragedy or even a
play by Shakespeare, its historical accuracy can only be approximated. In Japan the traditions
of stagecraft and costumes for both drama and dance have remained unaltered. Japanese
staging developed far earlier than did that of the West; by the time of Shakespeare, for
instance, the Japanese had already invented a revolving stage, trapdoors, and complex
lighting effects
4. Bali
-Balinese theatre is included here as representative of theatre in the smaller nations
of Asia, such as Thailand, Kampuchea (Cambodia), Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines,
and Vietnam, in all of which drama consists almost exclusively of dance. Balinese
dancing may take place anywhere; usually it is executed in front of a temple or a
pavilion used for community meetings. The audience sits on three sides of the
performers or, occasionally, in the round. The musicians, called the gamelan, sit on
one side of the stage area
The Middle Ages in Europe -In terms of performances and theatres, Roman
drama reached its height in the 4th century CE, but it had already encountered
opposition that was to lead to its demise. From about 300 CE on, the church
tried to dissuade Christians from going to the theatre, and in 401 the fifth
Council of Carthage decreed excommunication for anyone who attended
performances on holy days. Actors were forbidden the sacraments unless they
gave up their profession, a decree not rescinded in many places until the 18th
century. An edict of Charlemagne (c. 814) stated that no actor could put on a
priest’s robe; the penalty could be banishment. This suggests that drama, most
probably mime, had ridiculed the church or that it had tried to accommodate
religious sensibilities by performance of “godly” plays.
Developments of the Renaissance -Just before 1500, Italian amateur actors were
performing classical comedies on stages with no decoration except for a row of
curtained booths. By 1589, complex painted scenery and scene changes were
being featured in production in Florence. And by 1650, Italy had developed
staging practices that would dominate European theatre for the next 150 years.
Baroque theatres and staging -The combination of two artistic innovations—the
formulation of the laws of perspective in the 15th century and the production of
the first opera in 1597—provided the foundation for the Baroque theatre, which
was to last until the 19th century. During this era all countries were brought
into the same orbit, although Italy remained the primary inspiration. The
classically inspired drama of the 16th century gave way to a variety of
entertainments—intermezzi, ballet, masques, and opera. The invention of new
means of presenting spectacular visual effects encouraged the installation of
more and more elaborate machinery in theatre buildings. The result was that
spectacle dominated all other aspects of production
Developments in the 19th century
1. Theatre in France after the Revolution -Under Napoleon, French theatre was
little different from that of the 1780s, specializing in Neoclassical drama. Popular
drama, as performed by what were known as “boulevard theatres,” introduced
melodrama, a form that was to dominate theatre in the 19th century. Melodrama,
in turn, by popularizing departures from Neoclassicism and capturing the interest of
large audiences, paved the way for Romantic drama.
2. German Romanticism and Naturalism -The 19th century in Germany was a

study in contrasts. The beginning decades saw the rise of Romanticism, which, 50
years later, was still strong, primarily in the figure of the composer Richard Wagner.
The century’s middle decades of political and economic disillusionment before the
unification of Germany were conducive to the emerging Naturalist school, the
philosophy of which was first embodied in the Meiningen Players, organized in 1866
by George II, duke of Saxe-Meiningen.
3. Russian imperial theatre -Russian drama in the 19th century also got off to a
slow start because of strict government censorship, particularly after 1825. This
atmosphere was conducive, as in Germany, to the flowering of Romanticism,
especially as manifest in patriotic spectacles. Melodrama, Shakespeare, and musical
plays were the backbone of Russian repertory until the 1830s. The best known plays
of the new realistic school were those of Aleksandr Ostrovsky, Nikolay Gogol, and
Ivan Turgenev.
4. British theatre and stage design -In 19th-century Britain the audiences shaped
both the theatres and the dramas played within them. The upper class favoured
opera, while the working class, whose population in London alone tripled between
1810 and 1850, wanted broadly acted theatre with scenic wonders and machinery.
And as the audience grew in number, the Georgian theatre building, which was
small and intimate, began to disappear.
5. Theatre and stage design in America -The first recorded performance of a play
written by an American was in 1690 at Harvard College. The first permanent
American theatre was built in Philadelphia in 1766; it was made of brick and
imitated English buildings in arrangement and general architecture. In 1752 Lewis
Hallam, a member of a distinguished theatrical family, arrived with a troupe from
England, thus marking the beginning of professional theatre in America. The
theatre in America for the next 40 years was similar to British provincial theatre,
with simple sets for easy traveling; few cities could yet afford theatre buildings. By
the 1790s, however, troupes were based in Boston, New York City, Philadelphia,
and Charleston, South Carolina, and many permanent theatres were being erected
THE DANCE
-is an art that refers to the
movements of body parts and
especially to rhythmic and to
music. Dancing is taken as a form
of nonverbal communication that is
used to express emotions, ideas or
tell a story. Dances are social,
participatory or performed for an
audience. Moreover, dancing can
also be ceremonial, erotic as well
as competitive.
2
DANCE GENRE
Jazz dancing
the most famous dancing styles in the 21st century. It is
popular because it’s the most common dancing style in
movies, television shows as well commercials. Jazz is
considered as fun and energetic dance.
Tap dancing
very exhilarating. Dancers use special shoes with metal taps to
produce exciting sounds. The term Tap originates from the tapping
sound that originates when the metal taps hits on hard surfaces. Tap
dancers create rhythmic patterns and timely beats using their feet.
4
Hip hop dance
a dancing style that evolved from several cultures that
include; jazz, tap Latino culture, rock and American
culture. Hip hop dancing is often danced to Hip hop
music. It is a very energetic style of dancing.
Ballet Dancing
famous because of its elegance and grace. Ballet dancers and especially
female dancers use their pointer shoes to raise themselves. When learning
ballet dancing, the dancers first learn five fundamental ballet positions. It is
necessary for them initially to learn the five ballet positions because every
ballet dance starts and ends with one of the five positions.
4
Social dance
any dancing that is mostly done for socializing purposes. The
dance is done for pleasure and therefore does not appear very
appeasing as it is meant for the people but not entertaining the
judges. Most social dances leads to romance and are considered
as perfect meeting opportunities for single men and women.
4
THE ARTIST AS
ENTERTAINER
PERFORMANCE ARTS
Performance is a genre in which art is presented "live,"
usually by the artist but sometimes with collaborators
or performers. It has had a role in avant-garde art
throughout the 20th century, playing an important
part in anarchic movements such as Futurism and
Dada. Indeed, whenever artists have become
discontented with conventional forms of art, such as
painting and traditional modes of sculpture, they have
often turned to performance as a means to rejuvenate
their work. 2
BEGENNING OF
PERFORMANCE ART
Early Avant-Gardes Utilize Performance
20th century performance art has its roots in early avant-gardes such as
Futurism, Dada and Surrealism. Before the Italian Futurists ever exhibited
any paintings they held a series of evening performances during which
they read their manifestoes. And, similarly, the Dada movement was
ushered into existence by a series of events at the Cabaret Voltaire in
Zurich.
Post-war Performance Art

The origins of the post-war performance art movement can be traced to
several places. The presence of composer John Cage and dancer Merce
Cunningham at North Carolina's Black Mountain College did much to
foster performance at this most unconventional art institution. It also
inspired Robert Rauschenberg, who would become heavily involved with 2
the Merce Cunningham Dance Company.
Actionism, Gutai, Art Corporel, and Auto-Destructive Art
Other manifestations included the work of collectives bound together by
similar philosophes like the Viennese Actionists, who characterized the
movement as "not only a form of art, but above all an existential attitude."
The Actionists' work borrowed some ideas from American action painting,
but transformed them into a highly ritualistic theatre that sought to
challenge the perceived historical amnesia and return to normalcy in a
country that had so recently been an ally of Adolph Hitler.
The Emergence of Feminist and Performance Art in the U.S.

American Performance art in the 1960s and 1970s coincided with the rise
of second-wave feminism. Women artists turned to performance as a
confrontational new medium that encouraged the release of frustrations at
social injustice and the ownership of discussion about women's sexuality.
This permitted rage, lust, and self-expression in art by women, allowing
them to speak and be heard as never before.
2
PERFORMANCE ART: CONCEPT,STYLE AND
TRENDS
1. Action 4. Endurance
5.
2. Happenings 3. Ritual
5.
KEY IDEAS &
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. The foremost purpose of performance art has almost always been to challenge the
conventions of traditional forms of visual art such as painting and sculpture
2. Performance art borrows styles and ideas from other forms of art, or sometimes from other
forms of activity not associated with art, like ritual, or work-like tasks.
3. Some varieties of performance from the post-war period are commonly described as
"actions." German artists like Joseph Beuys preferred this term because it distinguished art
performance from the more conventional kinds of entertainment found in theatre.
4. The focus on the body in so much Performance art of the 1960s has sometimes been seen
as a consequence of the abandonment of conventional mediums.
5. The performance art of the 1960s can be seen as just one of the many disparate trends that
developed in the wake of Minimalism. Seen in this way, it is an aspect of Post-Minimalism,
and it could be seen to share qualities of Process art, another tendency central to that
umbrella style 2
REFERENCES:
-https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-islamic-architecture-5120474.
https://www.egypttoursportal.com/ancient-egyptian-architecture/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/modern-architecture-characteristics-
style.html
https://www.slideshare.net/ArchiEducPH/history-early-renaissance-
architecture
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/byzantine-architecture-guide
https://www.ducksters.com/history/ancient_greece/architecture.php
https://kinnu.xyz/kinnuverse/culture/an-intro-to-the-big-architectural-
movements/ancient-greek-architecture
https://www.scribd.com/document/629938466/Module-3-History-and-
Development-of-Art-Repaired/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/modern-architecture-characteristics-
style.html
REFERENCES:
https://www.britannica.com/technology/cantilever
https://whereisthenorth.com/4-types-of-cantilevered-structures-materials-pros-and-
cons/
https://iida.org/about/what-is-interior-design
https://www.collaborativepractice.com/system/files/2%20-
%20Elements%20of%20Interior%20Design.pdf
https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/SDE/Arts/Guide-to-K12-Program-Development-in-the-
Arts/Theatre-Introduction-and-CPRC.pdf
https://ivypanda.com/essays/dance-genre/
https://www.britannica.com/art/interior-design/Origins-of-interior-design
https://www.britannica.com/art/theater-building/Developments-in-the-19th-century
https://www.decoraid.com/blog/interior-design-history/
https://www.skillshare.com/en/blog/all-about-dance-from-its-history-to-its-many-
forms/
REFERENCES:
https://www.theartstory.org/movement/performance-art/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/art-fraud/Smuggling-and-provenance
https://artincontext.org/baroque-art/
https://www.slideshare.net/MitaliGondaliya/baroque-art-56232347
https://magazine.artland.com/baroque-art-definition-style/
https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/what-is-gothic-art-style/
https://www.britannica.com/art/Gothic-art/High-Gothic
https://www.slideshare.net/papefons/gothic-art-6242083
https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/the-gothic-style-an-introduction
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/gothic-art/beginners-
guide-gothic-art/a/gothic-architecture-an-introduction
https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-gothic-architecture-5076201
https://mymodernmet.com/what-is-modern-art-definition/#What_is_Modern_Art
https://artincontext.org/modern-art/
REFERENCES:
https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/what-is-modern-art-definition/
https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/what-is-baroque-definition/
https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/what-is-gothic-art-style/
https://magazine.artland.com/art-movements-and-styles/
https://magazine.artland.com/art-movement-impressionism/
https://drawpaintacademy.com/art-styles/
https://www.britannica.com/art/Renaissance-art
https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance-art
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/renaissance-art-guide
https://www.worldhistory.org/Renaissance_Art/
https://online.lindenwood.edu/blog/the-renaissance-art-period-history-effects-and-
influential-artists/
https://www.portraitflip.com/blog/history-of-painting/
REFERENCES:
https://www.google.com/amp/s/lobopopart.com.br/en/the-history-of-painting/amp/
https://artincontext.org/what-is-painting/
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/History_of_painting
https://archforkids.com/history-of-
architecture/#:~:text=The%20origins%20of%20architecture%20can,astounding%20s
trides%20in%20architectural%20design.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-sculpture-definition-evolution-major-
artists.html#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20sculpture%20simple,clay%2C%20metal%2
C%20and%20stone.
THANK YOU

CHAPTER IV HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS

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CHAPTER IV HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS

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CHAPTER 4:

ART HISTORY AND

Baroque Art Renaissance Art Theatre

Modern Art Architecture Artist as Entertainer

Styles of Art Style of Architecture

Baroque emphasizes dramatic, exaggerated

The Baroque period emerged after the Renaissance and Mannerism

Baroque paintings were characterized by the use of vibrant colors

The main features of Baroque painting manifestations are drama, deep

Gothic art is a style of painting, architecture, and sculpture

The term Gothic was first coined by Italian writers in the

Gothic artists were keen to engage the viewer's emotion more

Pointed arches were an important characteristic of Gothic architecture

Another key feature of Gothic architecture was the extensive use of

Modern Art was said to begin in 1863 after

Most modern painters attempted to make use of new materials when

Modernists incorporated into their work was a vivid use of color.

Tree of Life (1985) by Keith Haring

This movement emphasized the artist's emotional and

No. 14, 1960 by Mark Rothko

"La Roche-Guyon" (1909) by Georges Braqu

Style in art refers to an artist’s

An art movement refers to specific trends,

Albert Bierstadt, Among the

A focus on mimicking the Capturing the subject in a

Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte- Claude Monet, The Artist’s

A focus on capturing the subject in its A focus on capturing the

Joaquín Sorolla, Elena Among Georges Seurat, Sunday Afternoon on

Describes paintings that look Conveying the subject with

Renaissance art was inspired by Classical Greek

Human figures are often rendered in dynamic poses, showing

Emphasized precise detail as a means of achieving a realistic

The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci (1495–1498)

The Last Judgment by Michelangelo

the marriage of the virgin by Raphael

Painting is traditionally considered a visual art that

Prehistoric Sculpture (30,000 BCE - 3,000 BCE)

Architecture is the art and science of

Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom

Most buildings made from Nile mud baked in the

Tuscan is an unfluted and simplified

The Arch of Titus

Pilgrimage Churches Monastic churches Imperial cathedrals

Association with Eastern Orthodoxy

Fall of the Byzantine Empire

1. Basilica Type - With a long colonnaded nave

2. Vaulted Centralized / Rotunda - A rotunda is any

2. Domes 5. Ornamental Detailss

3. Muqarnas Vaulting 5. Outdoor Elements

1. Dome of the Rock - Dating from the 7th century, this

2. Taj Mahal - One of the New Seven Wonders of the

1. Inspired by Roman 5. Plans

1.Steel -is a popular material for

2.Cocrete -another popular

3.Timber -Timber is a renewable

4.Composite - are relatively new

Balconies Protruding Section

Complex Design and Construction

Higher Construction Cost

- defined as the professional and comprehensive practice

-planning and design of man-made spaces, a part of

2.Space -The foundation of an interior, space is a fundamental concept to

4.Light -Natural or man-made light is a critical aspect of any space.

6.Texture -Texture refers to the tactile surface of an object or finish. Its an