MANUSCRIPT

CHAPTER 4: ART HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

BAROQUE ART (17th-18th Century)

- The term Baroque, derived from the Portuguese ‘barocco’ meaning ‘irregular pearl
or stone’, refers to a cultural and art movement that characterized Europe from the
early seventeenth to mid-eighteenth century.
- Baroque emphasizes dramatic, exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted,
detail. Due to its exuberant irregularities, Baroque art has often been defined as
being bizarre, or uneven.

DEVELOPMENT OF BAROQUE ART

- The Baroque is an art style that was dominant in Europe during the 16th and 17th
century.
- The Baroque period emerged after the Renaissance and Mannerism periods and
brought with it new perspectives about life, art, religion, and culture.
- The Baroque style moved away from the severe elements depicted by the Protestant
style, while the Catholic Church supported the development of Baroque with its
origins in Rome, Italy, and many European countries.

BAROQUE STYLE AND CHARACTERISTIC

- What set the Baroque period apart from the Renaissance and subsequent
Mannerism periods was its focus on more liveliness in its subject matter and a stark
realism. Some sources also describe it as focusing on the moment the event is taking
place, or otherwise the “action” or drama.
- Baroque era art works emphasized movement, contrast, and detail, often seen in
religious works which made up the period.

BAROQUE PAINTING
- Baroque paintings were characterized by the use of vibrant colors applied with
swirling and wide brushstrokes, which indicated movement and emotional intensity.
- The main features of Baroque painting manifestations are drama, deep colors,
dramatic light, sharp shadows and dark backgrounds.
- Chiaroscuro
- Chiaroscuro is an Italian term that means “light-dark”. It focuses on defining
contrasts in painting. This technique started in the Renaissance period, but it was the way
Caravaggio utilized it that it became a popular characteristic of the Baroque period. With the
strong emphasis on dark and light within his compositions, the viewer almost becomes a part
of the event portrayed in the painting.
- Tenebrism
- Tenebrism was another technique used by several Baroque painters, popularized
and believed to have been started by Caravaggio.
- The term originates from the Italian word, tenebroso, which in turn originates from
the Latin, tenebra, meaning “darkness”. Other words related to this term are “gloomy” and
“mysterious”. It sought to create what is referred to as the “spotlight” effect, also called
“dramatic illumination”.

- Quadro Riportato
- Quadro Riportato means “carried picture” in Italian and was a term used to describe
a technique by which the artist would paint what appeared as a frame around a painting,
which would consist of a series of paintings displayed as a fresco. This technique was used
by one of the forerunners of the Baroque period, Annibale Carracci and appears most
evident in The Loves of the Gods (1597-1600) fresco on the Farnese Palace’s ceiling.

- Illusionism: Trompe l’Oeil and Quadratura

- this also gave the sense of it being an optical illusion with the painted image
appearing three-dimensional. Creating this three-dimensionality was known as trompe l’oeil,
which means “deceive the eye” in French.

Morte della Vergine (‘Death of a Virgin’, 1606) by Caravaggio

GOTHIC ART (12th-16th Century)
- Gothic art is a diverse genre that explores dark and mysterious things including
architecture, sculpture, illuminated manuscript, and fashion.
- Gothic art is a style of painting, architecture, and sculpture that began in Paris the
middle of the 12th century and showed up throughout Europe all the way into the
1500s.
- The term Gothic was first coined by Italian writers in the later Renaissance period
(late 15th to early 17th century). The word was used in a derogatory way as a
synonym of 'barbaric'. They denounced this type of art as unrefined and ugly and
attributed it to the Gothic tribes which had destroyed the Roman Empire and its
classical culture in the 5th century AD.

DEVELOPMENT OF GOTHIC ART

- The Gothic style first appeared in the early 12th century in northern France and
rapidly spread beyond its origins in architecture to sculpture, textiles and painting,
including frescoes, stained glass and illuminated manuscripts. This sophisticated new
design style combined a detailed observation of nature with an expressive elegance.
Gothic was quickly adopted throughout Europe, with versions of the style still visible
in the 16th century.

GOTHIC ART STYLE AND CHARACTERISTIC

- Gothic art reflects our desires for grandeur and transcendence, with its elaborate
detail, soaring heights, and dramatic light and shadow.
- Gothic artists were keen to engage the viewer's emotion more directly than earlier art
styles. Where previous figures in sculpture and painting had appeared stiff and
stylised in form, Gothic figures appear more realistic, with natural poses and
gestures, full of tender feeling and strong emotion. Figures in Gothic art often curve
or sway in an 'S' shape, the pose enhanced by the hanging folds of their clothes.

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
- Gothic architects constructed rib vaults, where the ceiling surface was divided into
webs by a framework of diagonal arched ribs, and flying buttresses, great arches that
extended out from the upper portion of external walls that helped to push weight
outwards.
- Pointed arches were an important characteristic of Gothic architecture that could give
the impression of soaring height and more practically they could support heavier
loads than the earlier round arches.
- Pointed arches were an important characteristic of Gothic architecture that could give
the impression of soaring height and more practically they could support heavier
loads than the earlier round arches.

MODERN ART ( late 19th and early-to-mid 20th-century art)

- Modern art is an art movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries.\
 - It was characterized by a shift away from traditional styles to a more abstract,
experimental approach to creating works of art.
- Major modern art movements include Impressionism, Expressionism, Cubism,
Fauvism, Dadaism and Surrealism.
- Influential modernist artists include Pablo Picasso, Wassily Kandinsky, Salvador Dalí
and Marcel Duchamp.
- Modern artwork has had a lasting impact on the development of visual culture and
continues to influence contemporary art today.
- Modern Art, also referred to as Modernism, was viewed as both an art and
philosophical movement at the time of its emergence.

DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN ART

- It began in the late 19th century as a revolt against academic artistic conventions,
which championed realism and classicism.
- Modern Art was said to begin in 1863 after artist Édouard Manet exhibited his
shocking and disrespectful painting, Le Dejeuner sur l’herbe, at the Salon des
Refuses in Paris.

MODERN ART STYLE AND CHARACTERISTIC

- Modernism embraced everything in its subsequent movements, including pure
abstraction, hyperrealism, and anti-art styles to name a few.
- The first characteristic was that most Modern Art movements attempted to create a
new type of art, through using styles such as collage art, assemblage, animation,
photography, land art, and performance art.
- Most modern painters attempted to make use of new materials when creating art,
such as attaching fragments of newspapers and other items to canvases.
- Modernists incorporated into their work was a vivid use of color.

POP ART - Pop Art is a visual art movement that originated in the 1950s and gained
massive popularity during the 1960s. It combines elements of popular culture, such as
advertisements, comic books, and everyday objects, with abstract art techniques to create a
unique aesthetic.

Tree of Life (1985) by Keith Haring

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM - This movement emphasized the artist's emotional and

psychological state over representational representation.
 No. 14, 1960 by Mark Rothko

CUBISM - Cubism is an avant-garde art movement that emerged in the early twentieth
century. Pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, it sought to challenge traditional
notions of perspective and representation by abstracting forms and reducing them to their
most basic shapes.

"La Roche-Guyon" (1909) by Georges Braqu

STYLES OF ART
- Style in art refers to an artist’s unique combination of techniques, processes, and
decisions. It develops and evolves over the lifetime of an artist.

Art style vs. Art movement

- An art movement refers to specific trends, periods, and groups of artists. Each
movement is associated with a certain style, but a style is not limited to a certain
movement.

TYPES OF ART STYLES

● REALISTIC
- A focus on mimicking the appearance and nature of the subject.
- Fine rendering, muted colors, intricate detail, and accurate fundamentals.
Example:

Marie Bashkirtseff, The Umbrella, 1883

● ROMANTIC
- Capturing the subject in a favorable and exaggerated style.
 - Sharp contrast, bright highlights, strong colors, and a refined, almost glossy
finish.
Example:

Albert Bierstadt, Among the Sierra Nevada, California, 1868

● ABSTRACT
- A focus on capturing the subject in its simplest form. Think of abstract as a
scale rather than an absolute term. Essentially all artworks have some form of
abstraction.
- Reliance on shapes, colors, lines, and contrast.
Example:

Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire, 1906

● IMPRESSIONIST
- A focus on capturing the artist’s impression of a subject.
- Light colors, weak shadows, energetic brushwork, broken color, and colorful
accents.
Example:

Claude Monet, The Artist’s Garden in Giverny, 1900

● PAINTERLY
- Describes paintings that look like paintings.
- Thick brushwork, confident and visible strokes, and strong fundamentals.
Example:
Joaquín Sorolla, Elena Among the Roses, 1907

● POINTILLIST
- Conveying the subject with small dabs of color.
- Characteristics: Strong colors, sharp contrast, light colors, and weak drawing
(painting with small dabs of color means sacrificing the drawing).
Example:

Georges Seurat, Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884

RENAISSANCE ART
- Renaissance is a French word meaning “rebirth.” It refers to a period in European
civilization that was marked by a revival of Classical learning and wisdom. The
Renaissance saw many contributions to different fields, including new scientific laws,
new forms of art and architecture, and new religious and political ideas.
- Renaissance art was inspired by Classical Greek and Roman art, and it is known for
its grace, harmony, and beauty.

DEVELOPMENT OF RENAISSANCE ART

- Prior to the Renaissance, art in Europe was predominantly religious, especially
during the Early Middle Ages. However, in the 1300s, Italian artists began to focus on
humanism and realism, driven by the rise of a middle class. This new artistic
perspective led to the Italian Renaissance, which spanned the 14th to 17th centuries
and expanded globally. Renaissance art featured realism, naturalism, and secular
themes.

Influential Artists and their Artwork From the Renaissance Period

● Leonardo da Vinci - Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer
whose skill and intelligence, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized
the Renaissance humanist ideal.
 The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci (1495–1498)
● Michelangelo - He lived from 1475 to 1564 and was one of many artists interested in
the human body after being inspired by Leonardo’s groundbreaking studies of human
anatomy.

The Last Judgment by Michelangelo

● Raffaello Sanzio (Raphael) - In addition to being a renowned artist and architect,
he was also known as a Master of Composition.

the marriage of the virgin by Raphael

PAINTING AND SCULPTURE
PAINTING
- The expression of ideas and emotions, with the creation of certain aesthetic qualities,
in a two-dimensional visual language.

- Painting is traditionally considered a visual art that uses a wet paint medium that is
applied to a canvas using a paintbrush. However, there are different surfaces you
can paint on besides canvas, and other tools you can use to apply the paint. Today,
more modern art and mixed-media art are also considered paintings.

DEVELOPMENT OF PAINTING
 - The origin of painting as we know it today, historians believe, was born in the
Neolithic period, (X of the millennium BC) when the rock painting began to decline
due to the development of agriculture and society, appearing in Ancient Greece and
perfected later by the Romans.
- Around 3000 BC, small villages began to appear in mainland Greece and there
began a tradition of painting on ceramic artifacts, such as vases and pots.
- Around the 11th century BC in ancient Greece, painting developed and brought
several innovations.
- The art of painting went viral when cities and societies were formed and several
schools were formed, rivaling each other.
- After the growth of Christianity among the Romans, they abandoned the classical
Greek style of painting, and developed a painting with its own, more elaborate
language, adding scenarios, landscapes, still life and that later will serve as the basis
for what we know today as Painting Modern.
- From the 19th century onwards, with the Industrial Revolution, easel painting lost its
market due to the emergence of photography.

SCULPTURE
- A sculpture is any piece of art that is three-dimensional. Sculpture can be made
using a variety of additive and subtractive techniques and uses materials such as
found objects, wood, clay, metal, and stone.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCULPTURE
- Prehistoric Sculpture (30,000 BCE - 3,000 BCE)
- Ancient Civilizations (3,000 BCE - 500 CE):
- Medieval and Renaissance Sculpture (500 CE - 1600 CE)
- Baroque to Neoclassical Sculpture (1600 CE - 1800 CE)
- 19th Century and Modern Sculpture (1800 CE - Present)

ARCHITECTURE
- Architecture is the art and science of designing structures and spaces for human use.
Architectural design in itself is an art form realized through considerations of spatial
design and aesthetics.

DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
- The origins of architecture can be traced back to prehistoric times, where early
humans erected simple shelters using natural materials. As societies flourished,
civilizations like the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, and Greeks made astounding strides
in architectural design.
- Prehistoric and Ancient Architecture (up to 500 CE)
- Classical Architecture (500 BCE - 476 CE)
- Medieval Architecture (476 CE - 1400 CE)
- Renaissance and Baroque Architecture (1400 CE - 1750 CE)
- Neoclassical and 19th Century Architecture (1750 CE - 1900 CE)
- Modern Architecture (20th Century - Present)
 [ STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE ]

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
- Egyptian architecture is widely a reflection of its social and political experiences. With
shifting political kingdoms and ideologies, Egyptian architecture succeeded in
encompassing distinct forms and characteristics.
History of Ancient Egyptian Architecture:
● The architects of the Old Kingdom 2613-2181 BCE eventually progressed to
smooth-sided pyramids, like those found at Giza. Old Kingdom also known as the
'Age of the Pyramids' or 'Age of the Pyramid Builders.
● The Middle Kingdom, which dates from 2055 BCE to 1650 BCE, saw the building of
pyramids continue, but temples really dominate this period in the history of Ancient
Egyptian architecture.
● The New Kingdom saw the construction of such great structures as the Luxor
Temple, which is still magnificent today.

Characteristics of Ancient Egyptian Architecture

1. Most buildings made from Nile mud baked in the sun, but grandiose structures made
from stone
2. Pyramids made from white limestone or red granite, temples and palaces sometimes
included mud brick
3. Smooth, largely unbroken walls ornamented with brightly painted art and hieroglyphs
4. Thick, sloping walls and columns used to support flat roofs of solid stone
5. Columns used in grand entrances and courtyards.
Religious architecture
1. Temple - The temple was the building used to honor the gods.
(Example: Karnak Temple, Luxor, Egypt)
Most had a similar distribution, which was divided into the following parts:
● Avenue of Sphinxes
● Pylon
● Hípetra Room
● Hypostyle Room
● Sanctuaries
2. Obelisco - the obelisk was a reverential monument, commemorating the dead,
representing their kings, and honoring their gods. It consisted of an elongated,
quadrangular column that rose from a larger base.
(Example: Lateran Obelisk)

Funeral Architecture
1. Mastaba
- The mastaba was the first model tomb for pharaohs and prominent people
who made the Egyptians during the Archaic Period and the Old Kingdom. It
was rectangular in shape and had an underground chamber in which they left
the body through a well.
- Example Mastaba of Idu, in Giza.
2. Pyramid
- The pyramids are the most recognized funerary monument of this civilization.
 -
The most prominent pyramids are those of Guiza, three models that belong to
the pharaohs Cheops, Khafre and Menkaure.
- Ex. The Great Pyramid of Giza
- The earliest example of a burial pyramid in Ancient Egypt was the step
pyramid, which was stacked in such a way that the sides formed steps. The
first known of these was the Pyramid of Djoser, designed by Imhotep.
3. Hypogeum
- After the age of the pyramids, came that of the hypogea. These were rock-cut
tombs that reached their splendor in the New Kingdom.
- The most important hypogeum is that of the Valley of the Kings, in Luxor,
ancient Thebes. In this location we find a total of 28 pharaohs buried over 420
years.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE
- Ancient Greek architecture is essentially columnar and trobeated. The columns taper
towards the top. The effect is a muscular like human quality of the columns. The
spacing of the columns towards the corners is sometimes narrower, which also
makes for a better, dynamic visual appearance.
- In elevation, the Greek temple contains of three arts: the platform or hase, the
columns, and the superstructure or entablature.
Temple
- The most recognizably “Greek” structure is the temple. The Greeks referred to
temples with the term ὁ ναός (ho naós), meaning "dwelling," temple derives from the
Latin term, templum referring to a sacred sanctuary or shrine.
- A prostyle temple is a temple that has columns only at the front, while an
amphiprostyle temple has columns at the front and the rear.
(Example: Parthenon)
- Ictinus and Callicrates were the two architects who constructed the Parthenon of
the Acropolis of Athens, the most beautiful monument of human civilization.
Stoa
- Stoa (στοά) is a Greek architectural term that describes a covered walkway or
colonnade that was usually designed for public use.
(Example: Painted Stoa or Stoa Poikile)
3 distinct orders of Greek architecture:
1. Doric - A simple, heavy column without a base, topped by a plain capital that has
no ornamentation.
2. Ionic- Used an elaborate base and capitol in the form of scrolls.
3. Corinthian- The most elaborate of the three orders. It is elongated and decorated
with leaves. It usually sits atop a plain column and has heavy detail.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
- Ancient Roman architecture is a combination of axis and center.
- The Romans were the first to develop interior architectural space on a large scale.
Vitruvius - the famous ancient Roman architect believed that an architect should focus on
three central themes when preparing a design for a building: firmitas (strength), utilitas
(functionality), and venustas (beauty).
Elements of Roman Architecture
1. Columns - Romans initially followed the Greek order of columns: Doric, Ionic, and
Corinthian in many structures. They also came up with two columns of their own
style, Tuscan and Composite.
● Tuscan is an unfluted and simplified version of Doric order.
● Composite is a combination of Ionic and Corinthian columns.
Example: Colosseum ( Flavian Amphitheatre)
2. Arches - Arches were extremely used in Roman architecture. They used arches all
possible structures but are mainly renowned for their use in Aqueducts, Baths,
Basilicas, and Triumphal arches.
Example: Pont du Gard Aqueduct, The Arch of Constantine, The Amphitheatre of
Nimes
3. Vaults - An arch-shaped roof is called a vault. The vaults used by the Romans were
tunnel vaults, groin vaults, and multi groin vaults.
Example: The basilica Maxentius, The Colosseum, Terme di Diocleziano (Baths of
Diocletian)
4. Dome - These are natural developments of vaults. They look similar to a half-cut
sphere.
Example: The Pantheon, The Church of Saint George, Saint Peter’s Basilica.

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
- Romanesque architecture (100-1200 AD) was characterized by the bay system,
cross or groin-vaulting, semi-circular arches for the opening in the walls, massive
enclosing walls, and the incorporation of towers into the church building proper.
Romanesque Architecture Characteriscs:
● Massive quality. • Barrel vaults
● Thick walls. • Large towers
● Round arches • Decorave arcading
● Sturdy pillars
Three types of church buildings were established during this period:
1. Pilgrimage churches
2. Monastic churches
3. imperial cathedrals
Examples of Romanesque architecture:
● Cathedral Santiago de Compostela (pilgrimage church)
● Cluny Abbey in France
● Imperial Cathedral of Germany
● Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio in Milan, Italy
● Cathedral of Pisa in Tuscany, Italy

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
- Byzantine architects created a totally spiritualized space. The dome of heaven
served as a point of departure.
Example: Hagia Sophia, San Vitale Dome
History of Byzantine Architecture
1. Beginning of the Byzantine era
2. Association with Eastern Orthodoxy
3. Fall of the Byzantine Empire
 3 Key Characteristics of Byzantine Architecture
1. Domes: Most churches and buildings in the Byzantine style feature vaults,
pendentives, and columns to hold up large domes at the center of their structure.
2. Greek cross plans: In keeping with their heritage in Orthodox Christianity, architects
designed the floor plans for Byzantine churches in the shape of a cross.
3. Iconography: Early Christian art decorates much of Byzantine church architecture.
Frescoes line the walls, ivory carvings sit on shelves, and Byzantine mosaics adorn
the entire interiors of these churches

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE

● Early Christian architecture occurred in Rome and around Rome from about 300 to
600 AD.
● The term early Christian architecture refers to the architecture of the early Christian
churches of the roman era.
● The emphasis was centered on the act of Christian worship.
● The Early Christians, as Roman craftsmen, continued old Roman traditions
● Their churches, modeled on Roman basilicas, used old columns which by various
devices were brought to a uniform height
Social and Political Influence:
Constantine was the prime character but was not proclaimed Emperor; he removed his
empire from Rome to Byzantium and developed a new style of Architecture.
Historical Influence:
The final phase of Roman Architecture from 4th to 6th Century, primarily in church building.

Important feature of the Early Christian Architecture

● ribbed vaulting
● arcades & timber trussed roof (beil tower or campanile)
● closely spaced columns carrying the entablature or more widely spaced columns
carrying semi-circular arches known as "archivolt".
● with 3-5 aisles covered by a simple trussed roof.
Two major type of churches:
1. Basilica Type - With a long colonnaded nave covered by a wooden roof and
terminating in a semicircular apse longitudinal in form.
(Example: S. Giovanni in Laterano)
2. Vaulted Centralized / Rotunda - With a separate components gathered under a
central dome. A rotunda is any building with a circular ground plan, sometimes
covered by a dome. It can also refer to a round room within a building.
(Example: Hagia Sophia)

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
- Islamic architecture is a centuries-old category of architecture that is rooted in the
principles of Islam. The striking sculptural forms and often dazzling ornamental detail
that characterize Islamic buildings include some of the most awe-inspiring built
structures on Earth.
Key Characteristics of Islamic Architecture: (Minarets, Domes, Muqarnas Vaulting,
Arches, Ornamental Details, Outdoor Elements)
Famous Examples of Islamic Architecture:
● The Dome of the
● Rock Taj Mahal

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

- originated in Italy and superseded the Gothic style over a period generally defined as
1400 to 1600. Features of Renaissance buildings include the use of the classical
orders and mathematically precise ratios of height and width combined with a desire
for symmetry, proportion, and harmony. Columns, pediments, arches and domes are
imaginatively used in buildings of all type

PERIODS IN RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE HISTORY

● Early Renaissance - Early Renaissance that began around 1400 when architects
looked to antiquity for inspiration. They reintroduced classical Roman and Greek
elements, such as arches, columns, and domes into buildings
● High Renaissance -around 1500, the High Renaissance was a period in which the
use of classical elements adapted to contemporary 16th-century building styles was
in full bloom
● Late Renaissance -during the Late Renaissance starting around 1520 (also called
Mannerism), the use of decorative and ornamental classical elements, such as
domes and cupolas, became more widespread.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

1. Symmetry and Proportion

2. Ashlar Masonry
3. Classical Elements
4. Air and Light

THEATRE

-The word theater, or its alternate spelling of theatre, comes from the Greek word theatron,
meaning seeing or viewing place.

-Theatre is a collaborative art form which combines words, voice, movement and visual
elements to express meaning. The field of theatre encompasses not only live improvised and
scripted work, but also dramatic forms such as film, television and other electronic media.

HISTORY OF THEATRE

● Greek Theater -Western theater history began with the ancient Greeks around the
6th century BCE. Before formal, written plays emerged, the ancient Greeks
 performed rituals to honor Dionysus, god of wine and fertility, and to express
gratitude for a bountiful harvest.
● Roman Theater -As Rome rose to power in the 3rd century BCE, the Romans copied
and adapted much of Greek culture as their own. This was true in theater;
amphitheaters and plays were almost direct copies of Greek models. Plautus and
Seneca the Younger were two successful Roman playwrights. The comedies of
Plautus featured stock characters and sexual intrigue. The tragic plays of Seneca
were traditionally read to small, private audiences rather than performed in public.
● Medieval Theater -During the Medieval period in Europe from approximately the 5th
century CE to the 14th century CE, the Catholic Church frowned upon formal theater,
but people continued to perform folk plays celebrating pagan festivals of seasonal
birth and rebirth

ASIAN THEATRE

● India -a text called Natyashastra identified the different modes of drama and
established techniques that actors employ in the theater
● China - Chinese civilization also developed unique forms of theater. One of the most
popular is Jingxi, which are operatic verse plays featuring elaborate staging and
acrobatics
● Japan -There three distinct types of theater developed. Noh theater is a very stylized
performance, and Bunraku uses puppets to tell stories. The most popular form of
theater is Kabuki, featuring elaborate costumes and spectacular staging. In Kabuki,
the story of the play is less important than the spectacle and the stylized
performances of the actors.

THE DANCE
-is an art that refers to the movements of body parts and especially to rhythmic and to music.
Dancing is taken as a form of nonverbal communication that is used to express emotions,
ideas or tell a story. Dances are social, participatory or performed for an audience. Moreover,
dancing can also be ceremonial, erotic as well as competitive.

DANCE GENRE

● Jazz dancing -is the most famous dancing styles in the 21st century. It is popular
because it’s the most common dancing style in movies, television shows as well
commercials. Jazz is considered as fun and energetic dance.
● Tap dancing -very exhilarating. Dancers use special shoes with metal taps to
produce exciting sounds. The term Tap originates from the tapping sound that
originates when the metal taps hits on hard surfaces. Tap dancers create rhythmic
patterns and timely beats using their feet.
● Hip hop dance -is a dancing style that evolved from several cultures that include;
jazz, tap Latino culture, rock and American culture. Hip hop dancing is often danced
to Hip hop music. It is a very energetic style of dancing.
● Ballet Dancing -is famous because of its elegance and grace. Ballet dancers and
especially female dancers use their pointer shoes to raise themselves. When
learning ballet dancing, the dancers first learn five fundamental ballet positions. It is
necessary for them initially to learn the five ballet positions because every ballet
dance starts and ends with one of the five positions.
● Social dance -is any dancing that is mostly done for socializing purposes. The dance
is done for pleasure and therefore does not appear very appeasing as it is meant for
the people but not entertaining the judges. Most social dances leads to romance and
are considered as perfect meeting opportunities for single men and women.

THE ARTIST AS ENTERTAINER

WHAT IS ARTIST - a person who creates art (such as painting, sculpture, music, or
writing) using conscious skill and creative imagination

WHAT IS ENTERTAINER -a person, such as a singer, dancer, or comedian, whose job is

to entertain others.

ARTIST AS ENTERTAINER

1. Talent - A diverse set of skills, including the capacity to enthrall an audience through
originality, proficiency, and expressiveness, are frequently possessed by artists.
2. Purpose -The goal of an entertainer is to enthrall and entertain their audience. Artists
instill happiness, feelings, and awe in people who view their creations.
3. Connection with Audience -A common talent shared by entertainers is the capacity to
emotionally connect with their audience. For artists, this relationship is essential
because it creates a devoted following and amplifies the effect of their work.
4. Versatility -A lot of artists are adaptable and can fit into several kinds of
entertainment. A musician, for instance, might compose music and present
captivating live shows to highlight their entertaining abilities.
5. Artistic Expression and Entertainment -The term "entertainer" highlights the artist's
role in bringing pleasure and delight, even though art is a form of self-expression. It
draws attention to their work's wider significance rather than undermining its creative
merit.
REFERENCES

https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/SDE/Arts/Guide-to-K12-Program-Development-in-the-Arts/
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https://ivypanda.com/essays/dance-genre/

https://www.skillshare.com/en/blog/all-about-dance-from-its-history-to-its-many-forms
/

https://www.nation.sc/archive/251739/artist-v-s-entertainer-performer#:~:text=Generall
y%2C%20the%20difference%20is%20thought,%2C%20you're%20an%20entertainer.

https://www.worldhistory.org/Renaissance_Architecture/#:~:text=Renaissance%20Arc
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