• Aim: Carbon Di oxi de Rem ov al F rom The Exaust

Gases

• Apparatus: Waste Burning Incinerator,vaccum pump ,2

pipe,container/Bottle,burette stand etc.

• Chemicals: Ethanol amine, Water.

• Burning Material: Dry edges of tree,diesel,dry coconut

husk,paper,dry leaves of tree etc.

• Construction and Apparatus:

1] Take one burner stand along with one funnel,join the tube of
the smaller diameter to the end point of the funnel.

2] Also, take one burette stand to hold the funnel joined to the
tube and place it accordingly as funnel opening should suck from
exhaust gases along with burning device and transfer into the
bottle A

3] Here, Bottle A and B are made up of the plastic. Bottle A

consist of water or Tap Water having Refractive Index 1.333 at

25°C.
4] This bottle A is joined with Bottle B with the help of tube
having very less Diameter and this bottle B consist of ethanol
amine having Refractive Index (1.3452 to 1.455).

5] This Bottle B is again joined with another long tube to vaccum

pump for releasing of gases Which are not absorbed by Ethanol
Amine.

• Measurement Of Apparatus:

1] Capacity of Bottle A and B(in ml):-

1000ml.

2] Pipe Width(in cm):- 1cm.

3] Funnel to Bottle A(in m):- 1.82m joining Pipe.

4] Bottle A to Bottle B(in cm):- 15cm.

5] Bottle B to Vaccum Pump(in m):- 1.47m joining Pipe.

6] Water in Bottle A(in ml):- 400ml.

7]Ethanol Amine in Bottle B(in ml):-300ml.

8] Funnel Inside Width(in cm):-10cm.

9] Funnel Support Stand Height(in m):- 0.559m.

 • Working :

1] Burn Some dry waste like paper, dried leaves or wooden stick
in the burner. Burn it untill large amount CO2 is not remove.

2] This CO2 which is removed by burner is suck by funnel and

transfer it into bottle A with help of tube.

3] CO2 is absorbed by water and gases like SO x,NOx which are not
absorbed in water are transfer into Bottle B.

4] Again,Bottle B absorb gases like(CO,SOx,NOx etc.)and absorb

gases like (N2,H2,etc.) and transfer it into air by vaccum pump.

5] Vaccum pump more these gases and transfer it into

atmosphere.

6] Here, we have to measure R.I of water before absorbtion and

after absorbption of CO2 in which R.I should decrease.

7] Also we have to measure R.I of ethanol amine before heating

procedure takes place and after heating Process.
 WHAT IS AIR
POLLUTION?......
Air Pollution:-
refers to the presence of harmful or undesirable substances in the Earth's
atmosphere that can have adverse effects on human health, the environment, or the
climate. These pollutants, which can be in the form of gases, particulate matter, or
chemicals, are typically released into the air through various human activities, such as
industrial processes, transportation, agriculture, and energy production. Common air
pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic
compounds, and particulate matter. Air pollution poses a significant threat to public
health, causing respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and contributing to climate
change and environmental degradation. Mitigation efforts, including regulations and
technological advancements, are aimed at reducing and controlling air pollution to protect
human well-being and the planet

Types Of Air Pollution......

Air pollution can be categorized into several types, each of which arises from different
sources and has specific characteristics. The main types of air pollution include:

1. **Particulate Matter (PM):** Particulate matter consists of tiny solid particles or liquid
droplets suspended in the air. These particles vary in size and can include dust, pollen,
soot, and smoke. PM2.5 (particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller) and
PM10 (particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or smaller) are of particular concern
because they can be inhaled deep into the respiratory system, causing health problems.

2. **Ground-Level Ozone (O3):** Ground-level ozone is a secondary pollutant formed when

precursor pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), react in the presence of sunlight. It can lead to respiratory issues and is a key
component of smog.

3. **Nitrogen Oxides (NOx):** Nitrogen oxides are a group of reactive gases, primarily
produced by combustion processes, such as those in vehicles and power plants. They
contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, acid rain, and particulate matter.

4. **Sulfur Dioxide (SO2):** Sulfur dioxide is a gas produced by the burning of fossil fuels,
particularly in industrial processes and power generation. It can lead to respiratory
problems and contribute to the formation of acid rain.

5. **Carbon Monoxide (CO):** Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas produced by

incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels. It can interfere with the body's ability
to transport oxygen, leading to health issues.

6. **Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):** VOCs are organic chemicals that easily
evaporate into the air. They come from various sources, including vehicle emissions,
industrial processes, and the use of solvents. VOCs can contribute to the formation of
ground-level ozone and smog.

7. **Heavy Metals: ** These include pollutants like lead, mercury, and cadmium, which are
released into the atmosphere through industrial processes and can have severe toxic
effects on humans and ecosystems.

8. **Ammonia (NH3): ** Ammonia is released from agricultural activities, such as the use
of fertilizers and livestock waste. It can contribute to the formation of particulate matter
and affect air and water quality.
9. **Radon (Rn): ** Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can infiltrate indoor
air from the ground. Prolonged exposure to radon can increase the risk of lung cancer.

10. **Indoor Air Pollution: ** This type of pollution refers to contaminants found within
enclosed spaces, such as homes and workplaces. Common indoor pollutants include
tobacco smoke, household chemicals, mold, and poor ventilation.

Each type of air pollution has its own set of sources, characteristics, and health or
environmental impacts. Efforts to mitigate air pollution involve controlling emissions,
enforcing regulations, and adopting cleaner technologies to reduce the presence of these
pollutants in the atmosphere.

Various Causes of Air pollution

Air pollution is caused by a wide range of human activities, industrial processes, and
natural events. Here are various causes of air pollution:

1. **Combustion of Fossil Fuels: ** The burning of coal, oil, and natural gas for electricity
generation, transportation (including cars, trucks, and airplanes), and heating is a major
source of air pollution. This releases pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide
(CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere.

2. **Industrial Emissions: ** Factories and industrial facilities release a variety of pollutants

into the air, including particulate matter, VOCs (volatile organic compounds), heavy metals,
and hazardous chemicals.

3. **Agricultural Activities: ** Agriculture contributes to air pollution through the use of

fertilizers and pesticides, which release ammonia (NH3) and other chemicals into the air.
Livestock farming also produces methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas.
4. **Deforestation and Land Use Changes: ** Forest fires and land clearing through burning
release particulate matter and greenhouse gases into the air. Deforestation also reduces
the planet's capacity to absorb CO2.

5. **Transportation: ** Vehicle emissions are a significant source of air pollution, including

CO2, CO, NOx, VOCs, and particulate matter. Traffic congestion can exacerbate air
pollution in urban areas.

6. **Waste Disposal: ** Open burning of waste, as well as the release of methane from
landfills, contributes to air pollution.

7. **Construction Activities: ** Construction sites produce dust and particulate matter,

while heavy machinery emits pollutants.

8. **Natural Sources: ** Natural events like forest fires, volcanic eruptions, dust storms,
and pollen dispersal can contribute to air pollution.

9. **Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere:** Secondary pollutants, such as ground-level

ozone (O3), are formed through complex chemical reactions in the atmosphere involving
precursor pollutants like NOx and VOCs.

10. **Household Activities:** Burning wood, charcoal, or other solid fuels for heating and
cooking in homes can release indoor air pollutants that affect both indoor and outdoor air
quality.

11. **Power Plants:** Coal-fired power plants and other energy generation facilities emit a
range of pollutants, including SO2, NOx, and particulate matter.
12. **Chemical Manufacturing:** The production of various chemicals and materials, such
as plastics and solvents, results in emissions of hazardous air pollutants.

13. **Natural Gas and Oil Production:** Activities related to oil and gas extraction, such as
fracking, can release methane and other pollutants into the atmosphere.

14. **Emissions from Ships and Aircraft:** Transportation emissions from ships and
airplanes contribute to air pollution, especially in port cities and near airports.

15. **Nuclear Accidents:** Accidents at nuclear power plants can release radioactive
materials into the air, posing a severe threat to human health and the environment.

16. **Cultural and Religious Practices:** In some cases, cultural practices like burning
incense or using firecrackers can contribute to air pollution, especially in urban areas.

Efforts to mitigate air pollution involve regulations, technological advancements, and a shift
toward cleaner energy sources and transportation options to reduce the release of
pollutants into the atmosphere.

Problems With Air Pollution

Air pollution is caused by a wide range of human activities, industrial processes, and
natural events. Here are various causes of air pollution:

1. **Combustion of Fossil Fuels:** The burning of coal, oil, and natural gas for electricity
generation, transportation (including cars, trucks, and airplanes), and heating is a major
source of air pollution. This releases pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide
(CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere.
2. **Industrial Emissions:** Factories and industrial facilities release a variety of pollutants
into the air, including particulate matter, VOCs (volatile organic compounds), heavy metals,
and hazardous chemicals.

3. **Agricultural Activities:** Agriculture contributes to air pollution through the use of

fertilizers and pesticides, which release ammonia (NH3) and other chemicals into the air.
Livestock farming also produces methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas.

4. **Deforestation and Land Use Changes:** Forest fires and land clearing through burning
release particulate matter and greenhouse gases into the air. Deforestation also reduces
the planet's capacity to absorb CO2.

5. **Transportation:** Vehicle emissions are a significant source of air pollution, including

CO2, CO, NOx, VOCs, and particulate matter. Traffic congestion can exacerbate air
pollution in urban areas.

6. **Waste Disposal:** Open burning of waste, as well as the release of methane from
landfills, contributes to air pollution.

7. **Construction Activities:** Construction sites produce dust and particulate matter,

while heavy machinery emits pollutants.

8. **Natural Sources:** Natural events like forest fires, volcanic eruptions, dust storms,
and pollen dispersal can contribute to air pollution.

9. **Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere:** Secondary pollutants, such as ground-level

ozone (O3), are formed through complex chemical reactions in the atmosphere involving
precursor pollutants like NOx and VOCs.
10. **Household Activities:** Burning wood, charcoal, or other solid fuels for heating and
cooking in homes can release indoor air pollutants that affect both indoor and outdoor air
quality.

11. **Power Plants:** Coal-fired power plants and other energy generation facilities emit a
range of pollutants, including SO2, NOx, and particulate matter.

12. **Chemical Manufacturing:** The production of various chemicals and materials, such
as plastics and solvents, results in emissions of hazardous air pollutants.

13. **Natural Gas and Oil Production:** Activities related to oil and gas extraction, such as
fracking, can release methane and other pollutants into the atmosphere.

14. **Emissions from Ships and Aircraft:** Transportation emissions from ships and
airplanes contribute to air pollution, especially in port cities and near airports.

15. **Nuclear Accidents:** Accidents at nuclear power plants can release radioactive
materials into the air, posing a severe threat to human health and the environment.

16. **Cultural and Religious Practices:** In some cases, cultural practices like burning
incense or using firecrackers can contribute to air pollution, especially in urban areas.

Efforts to mitigate air pollution involve regulations, technological advancements, and a shift
toward cleaner energy sources and transportation options to reduce the release of
pollutants into the atmosphere.
Role of CO2 in Air Pollution
Carbon dioxide (CO2) plays a complex and somewhat paradoxical role in the context of air
pollution:

1. **Primary Pollutant vs. Greenhouse Gas:**

- **Primary Pollutant:** In the context of conventional air pollution, CO2 is not considered
a direct pollutant. It doesn't cause immediate harm to human health in the same way that
pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), or particulate matter do. As
such, CO2 is often not classified as a traditional air pollutant.

- **Greenhouse Gas:** However, CO2 is a significant greenhouse gas. It contributes to the

greenhouse effect, which traps heat in the Earth's atmosphere and plays a central role in
global climate change. While CO2 doesn't directly lead to smog or respiratory problems, its
accumulation in the atmosphere has far-reaching implications for the planet's climate and
can indirectly influence air quality through climate-related effects.

2. **Climate Change and Air Quality:**

- Increased concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere are a primary driver of global

warming and climate change. As temperatures rise due to the greenhouse effect, this can
impact air quality in several ways:

- **Ozone Formation:** Higher temperatures can enhance the formation of ground-level

ozone (O3), a major air pollutant. Ozone is a secondary pollutant formed by chemical
reactions involving precursor pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs). Elevated temperatures can lead to increased ozone levels,
which can have adverse effects on human health and the environment.

- **Wildfires and Air Quality:** Rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns can
increase the frequency and intensity of wildfires, which release not only CO2 but also other
air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM) and harmful chemicals. Wildfire smoke
can severely degrade air quality over large areas.

- **Heat-Related Health Impacts:** Higher temperatures can lead to more frequent and
severe heatwaves, which have direct health consequences, particularly for vulnerable
populations.
3. **Indirect Influence on Traditional Air Pollutants:**

- The changing climate influenced by rising CO2 levels can indirectly affect other air
pollutants by altering atmospheric conditions, weather patterns, and natural sources of
pollution.

In summary, while CO2 is not typically classified as a traditional air pollutant, its role in
climate change and its indirect influence on air quality and the formation of other
pollutants make it a crucial component of the broader air pollution and environmental
discussion. Mitigating the impact of CO2 on air quality and climate change involves efforts
to reduce emissions through the transition to cleaner energy sources, increased energy
efficiency, and sustainable land use practices.

Technique To Remove Air Pollution

There are various techniques and strategies to remove or reduce air pollution. The choice
of method depends on the type and source of pollution, the scale of the issue, and the
available resources. Here are some common techniques to mitigate air pollution:

1. **Source Reduction:** The most effective way to address air pollution is to reduce or
eliminate the sources. This can involve using cleaner fuels, improving industrial processes,
and enhancing energy efficiency in transportation and manufacturing.

2. **Use of Cleaner Energy Sources:** Transitioning from fossil fuels (e.g., coal and oil) to
cleaner energy sources like natural gas, nuclear power, and renewable energy (solar, wind,
hydro, and geothermal) can significantly reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas
emissions.

3. **Vehicle Emission Controls:** Implementing and enforcing regulations on vehicle

emissions is crucial. This includes using catalytic converters, fuel quality standards, and
promoting electric and hybrid vehicles.

4. **Industrial Pollution Control:** Employing pollution control technologies, such as

scrubbers, filters, and electrostatic precipitators, in industrial processes can reduce
emissions of pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter.

5. **Waste Management:** Proper management of solid waste, including recycling and

composting, can reduce the need for incineration and landfills, which release harmful
pollutants.

6. **Tree Planting:** Afforestation and reforestation initiatives can help improve air quality
by capturing and absorbing pollutants, particularly in urban areas.

7. **Promotion of Public Transportation:** Expanding and improving public transportation

systems can reduce the number of private vehicles on the road, decreasing traffic-related
air pollution.

8. **Active Transportation:** Encouraging walking and cycling can reduce the reliance on
motorized transportation and reduce air pollution.

9. **Clean Cooking Technologies:** Promoting the use of cleaner cooking technologies,

such as induction stoves and clean-burning fuels, can reduce indoor air pollution caused
by traditional cooking methods.
10. **Building Design:** Designing buildings with better ventilation and air filtration
systems can improve indoor air quality, reducing exposure to indoor pollutants.

11. **Emissions Standards and Regulations:** Governments can implement and enforce
strict emissions standards for various industries, vehicles, and power plants to limit air
pollutant emissions.

12. **Monitoring and Air Quality Alerts:** Establishing air quality monitoring systems and
providing public access to real-time air quality information helps people make informed
decisions to protect their health during poor air quality days.

13. **Public Education and Awareness:** Raising public awareness about the causes and
health effects of air pollution can lead to greater support for pollution control measures and
individual behavior change.

14. **Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS):** Technologies for capturing and storing carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions from power plants and industrial processes can help mitigate
greenhouse gas emissions.

15. **Renewable Energy Generation:** Expanding the use of renewable energy sources,
such as wind and solar power, reduces the emission of pollutants associated with fossil fuel
combustion.

It's important to note that addressing air pollution often requires a multi-pronged approach
involving government regulations, technological innovation, public awareness, and
individual responsibility. Reducing air pollution not only improves human health but also
helps mitigate climate change and protect the environment.
REFERENCE:-
www.OpenAI.com
1} What is the Refractive Index of Water.....?

--> The refractive index of water is 1.333. This means that light travels 1.333 times faster in a
vacuum than it does in water.

The refractive index of materials varies with the wavelength of light. This is called dispersion and
causes prisms and rainbows to divide white light into its constituent spectral colors.

THE RI OF WATER IS --- 1.333

2} What is the Refractive Index of CO2....?

--> The refractive index of carbon dioxide at the wavelengths 506,534 and 589n nm is
equal to 1.647, 1.640, and 1.630 respectively.

The refractive index of carbon dioxide is---1.647

3} What is the Refractive Index of CO2 in water...?

--> The refractive index of carbon dioxide (CO2) in water depends on various factors,
including the concentration of CO2 and the temperature of the water. Generally, when CO2 is
dissolved in water, it forms carbonic acid (H2CO3), which affects the refractive index of the
solution.
At standard conditions (25°C or 77°F and 1 atmosphere of pressure), the refractive index of pure
carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is approximately 1.00045. However, when CO2 dissolves in water, it
forms carbonic acid, and the refractive index of the solution can change. The specific refractive
index will vary with the concentration of dissolved CO2.

To obtain the refractive index of CO2 in water at a specific concentration and temperature, you
would need to consult a table or a scientific database or measure it directly using a refractometer
or other laboratory equipment. The refractive index of the solution will change with different CO2
concentrations and temperatures, so it's important to specify these conditions for an accurate
value.
4}What is the Refractive Index of Ethanol Amine...?

--> The refractive index of ethanolamine (also known as mono ethanol amine, MEA) depends
on various factors, including its concentration, temperature, and the wavelength of light used for
measurement. Ethanolamine is a chemical compound with a variable refractive index, meaning
that it changes with these parameters.

Typically, for pure ethanolamine at a standard temperature of 20°C (68°F), the refractive index
(nD20) falls within the range of approximately 1.452 to 1.455, depending on the source and the
specific conditions. However, for precise measurements, especially in industrial or laboratory
applications, it's essential to refer to specific data or measurement equipment that considers the
concentration, temperature, and the light wavelength used for the determination.

5} What is the RI of (NOX,CO,SOX)…?

-->
For NOx: -
The refractive index (RI) of gases like nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO) is relatively
low and varies with factors like temperature and pressure. The refractive index of gases is often
measured at specific conditions, such as standard temperature and pressure (STP). At STP (0°C
or 273.15 K and 1 atmosphere of pressure), the RI of NO and NO2 is approximately as follows:

1. **Nitric Oxide (NO): ** The refractive index of NO at STP is roughly around 1.000270.

2. **Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): ** The refractive index of NO2 at STP is approximately 1.000562.

Please note that these values are approximate and can vary slightly with different measurement
conditions and techniques. In many practical applications, the refractive index of gases is
relatively close to 1, which is characteristic of transparent substances.

For CO:-

The refractive index (RI) of carbon monoxide (CO) is relatively low. At standard conditions, which
are 0°C (273.15 K) and 1 atmosphere of pressure, the refractive index of CO is approximately
1.000448.
The RI of gases like CO is close to 1, which is typical for transparent substances. However, keep
in mind that the RI of gases can vary with changes in temperature, pressure, and wavelength of
light used for measurement. The value provided here is an approximation at standard conditions.
For SOx :-
The refractive indices (RI) of sulfur oxides, including sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3),
are relatively low. The RI of these compounds can vary slightly with changes in temperature,
pressure, and wavelength of light used for measurement. At standard conditions (0°C or 273.15
K and 1 atmosphere of pressure), the approximate refractive indices for SO2 and SO3 are as
follows:

1. **Sulfur Dioxide (SO2):** The RI of SO2 at standard conditions is roughly around 1.00045.

2. **Sulfur Trioxide (SO3):** The RI of SO3 at standard conditions is also approximately 1.00045.

These values are typical for gases and are relatively close to 1, which is characteristic of
transparent substances. Please note that specific measurements may vary slightly depending on
the conditions and methods used for measurement.

6} proof of gas composition

--> To determine the composition of a gas, you typically use various analytical techniques and
instruments. Here's a general process for analyzing the composition of a gas:

1. **Sampling:** Collect a representative sample of the gas in question. This often involves using
a gas syringe, gas bag, or other suitable collection methods.

2. **Gas Chromatography (GC):** Gas chromatography is a widely used analytical technique for
gas composition analysis. The gas sample is injected into a chromatograph, where it is separated
into its individual components based on their chemical properties and interaction with a stationary
phase. Detectors at the end of the chromatographic column identify and quantify each gas
component.

3. **Mass Spectrometry (MS):** Mass spectrometry can also be used to analyze gas composition.
It ionizes the gas molecules and separates them based on their mass-to-charge ratios. By
measuring the ionized fragments, the composition of the gas can be determined.
4. **Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR):** Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is used to identify
the presence of specific molecules in a gas sample. Each gas molecule absorbs light at
characteristic frequencies, and the resulting spectrum can be used to determine the composition.

5. **Gas Sensors:** There are various gas sensors and detectors that can be used to determine
the presence and concentration of specific gases. These sensors can be selective for specific
gases or provide a general reading of the gas mixture.

6. **Chemical Reactions:** In some cases, you can use chemical reactions to determine gas
composition. For example, you might expose the gas to a reagent that reacts with specific
components and then measure the resulting products.

7. **Empirical Analysis:** In some situations, simple gas composition analysis can be carried out
using physical and chemical properties of gases (e.g., ideal gas law) along with other
measurements (such as pressure and volume) to estimate the composition.

It's important to choose the most suitable method for the specific gas composition you want to
analyze, taking into account factors like the type of gas, the range of concentrations, and the
required precision. Different gases and mixtures may require diff erent techniques for accurate
determination.

7} proof of CO2 dissolve in water

--> The solubility of carbon dioxide (CO2) in water is well-documented and can be demonstrated
through various experiments. Here's a simple experiment to prove that CO2 dissolves in water:

**Materials:**
1. Glass or clear plastic bottle with a screw cap
2. Drinking straw
3. Baking soda
4. Vinegar
5. Water
**Procedure:**
1. Fill the bottle about one-third full with water.

2. Add a teaspoon of baking soda to the water in the bottle.

3. Screw the cap onto the bottle to seal it.

4. Use a drinking straw to carefully add vinegar to the bottle through the small gap in the cap.
Make sure not to spill any vinegar outside the bottle.

5. Observe what happens.

**Explanation:**
When you add vinegar to the water in the bottle, a chemical reaction occurs between the acetic
acid in vinegar and the baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). This reaction produces carbon dioxide
gas (CO2) as one of the products. CO2 is released into the bottle and dissolves in the water,
causing the liquid to bubble and fizz.

You can see the proof of CO2 dissolving in the water as the gas bubbles form and are absorbed
by the liquid. This experiment demonstrates that CO2 is capable of dissolving in water, a process
that occurs naturally in various environmental contexts, such as in oceans, lakes, and in the
carbonation of beverages.

8} proof of ethanol amine absorbs pollutant gases

--> The capacity of ethanolamine to absorb pollutant gases is primarily attributed to its chemical
properties, particularly its amine functional groups. Ethanolamine, with the chemical formula
C2H7NO, is a compound with primary and secondary amine groups, which can react with acidic
gases, like carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), through chemical absorption
processes.

**Here's how ethanolamine absorbs pollutant gases, particularly acidic gases:**

1. **Amine Reaction:** Ethanolamine contains amine groups (-NH2) that are capable of reacting
with acidic gases. When pollutant gases, such as CO2 or SO2, come into contact with
ethanolamine, a chemical reaction occurs. This is often referred to as chemical absorption.

2. **Formation of Salts:** During the reaction, the amine groups in ethanolamine can form salts
with acidic gases. For example, with CO2, ethanolamine can form carbamate salts. These
reactions involve the release of heat and are exothermic.

3. **Removal of Pollutant Gases:** The formation of these salts effectively removes the pollutant
gases from the surrounding environment, making the air cleaner. This is a common approach in
industrial processes for capturing and mitigating the release of harmful emissions.

4. **Regeneration:** After absorbing pollutant gases, the ethanolamine solution can be

regenerated through various processes to release the captured gases. This regeneration step
allows for the capture of pollutants to be a cyclical and efficient process.

Ethanolamine's ability to absorb pollutant gases is utilized in a variety of applications, such as in

gas scrubbers or amine-based carbon capture processes in industries where gas emissions need
to be controlled. By capturing and reacting with pollutant gases, ethanolamine contributes to
reducing environmental pollution and improving air quality.

It's important to note that the effectiveness of ethanolamine in absorbing pollutant gases depends
on various factors, including the concentration of ethanolamine, the temperature, and the specific
gases involved. Additionally, the capture and removal of pollutant gases using ethanolamine may
require a well-designed system and process engineering to ensure efficient and safe operation.

References:-
www.acs.org
www.chemicalaid.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.openAI.com
 • Bubbling Through Limewater.

:-1] Bubble the gas through limewater. The most effective way to test

for Co₂ is to bubble the gas through. "limewater", a diluted solution of

calcium hydroxide (slaked lime.). When you bubble carbon dioxide

through solution, it form a solid precipitare of calcium carbonate chalk or

limestone, calcium carbonate is in soluble in water. Thus, if there is CO₂

present in the sample the limewater will turn milky, cloudy

white.Limewater is also called "white wash" or milk of lime!

2] make a limewater solution The process is simple:- diluted calcium

hydroxide with water. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is a colorless white

powder. Pure limewater, once mixed, is clear and colorless, with a slight

earthy smell and the bitter, alkaline taste of calium hydroxide, as its pH

is 12.3. Follow these steps to moke own lime- water.

i. Put teaspoon (4.9ml) of calcium hydroxide into a clear gallon (3.81)

or smaller glass jar. Limewater is a saturated solution, which means

there will be same extra chemical that doesnot dissolve. A

teaspoon will result in a fully saturated solution.

ii. Fill the jar with distilled water. It's best to use distilled water for this

experiment, as it will give a pure Solution.

 iii. put a lid on this jar. Shake the solution vigorously for 1-2 min, then

let it stand for 24 hours

iv. Poure the clearer solution off the top of the jar through a clean

coffee filter or filter paper. Be very Careful not to 'stir up the

sediment. It necessary repeat this filtering step untill obtain a clear

lime water solution. store in a clean jar or bortle

3] Bubble the gas through the limewater :- Half-fill a test tube with

limewarer-then boil it. Use a delivery tube to pipe the contents of the co₂

sample teat tube. directly into the boiling limewater. you can use a flexible

pipe or a (metal) straw as a delivery tube, if nothing better is around. let

the captured gas "bubble" through the liquid, and wait for the reaction

to take place.

• If don't want to boil anything, use a gss syringe to discharge the co₂ gas

directly into the half filled limewater test tube. Stopper the test tube, then

shake Vigorously for 1-2 minutes. If there is carbon dioxide in the sample,

then the solution should grow cloudy.

4) Look for Clody water. If CO₂ is present, the limewater will tern milky

white with calcium carbonate perticulate as the calcium carbonate

solution is insoluble and will Precipitate out of the solution. If the

limewater is boiling and the gas is piped directly into the limewater, then

the reaction should begin immediately. If nothing happens after a minute

or so, you can safely assume that there is no carbon dioxide in your

sample.

5] Know the chemical reaction Understand what exactly is taking place

to indicate the presence of co2. The equation for the test is: Co(OH)2(aq)

+ CO2(g) => CaCO3(s) + H₂O (l). In non-chemistry language : liquid lime

water + gas (which contains co₂) react to solid lime (the particles) and

liquid water.

• If bobble the Co₂ through the limewater for an extended period of

time you water will eventually turn clear. That's because of

chemical reaction:

Here`s why :-

1] CO2 + H2O => H₂CO₃ (carbon dioxide + water = carbonic acid)

 2] H₂CO₃ + CaCO3 => Ca(HCO3)2 (carbonic acid + calcium carbonate) =

(calcium hydrogen carbonate)

3] Calcium hydrogen carbonate is soluble in water, making your solution

clear!

• Details about ethanolamine -->

Ethanolamine, also known as 2-aminoethanol or monoethanolamine

(MEA), is an organic compound with the chemical formula

HOCH2CH2NH2. It is both a primary amine and a primary alcohol. Here

are some key details about ethanolamine:

1. Chemical Structure:

- Ethanolamine has a simple structure consisting of a primary amine

group (NH2) attached to a two-carbon chain, which is also a hydroxyl

group (OH). Its chemical structure is HOCH2CH2NH2.

2. Physical Properties:

- Physical State: Ethanolamine is a colorless, viscous liquid at room

temperature.

- Odor: It has an ammoniacal odor.

- Solubility: It is miscible with water and many organic solvents.

3. Common Uses:

- Chemical Intermediates: Ethanolamine is used as a building block in

the synthesis of various chemical compounds, including detergents,

pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals.

- Corrosion Inhibitors: It is employed in the formulation of corrosion

inhibitors, particularly in the oil and gas industry.

- Gas Treating Agents: Ethanolamine is used in gas scrubbing

applications to remove acidic gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen

sulfide from industrial gas streams.

- Personal Care Products: It is found in some cosmetic and personal care

products.

4. Chemical Properties:

- Ethanolamine is both a primary amine and a primary alcohol, meaning

it contains both an amino group (NH2) and a hydroxyl group (OH) in its

structure.

- It can undergo reactions typical of both amines and alcohols, such as

nucleophilic substitution reactions.

5. Safety Considerations:

- Ethanolamine can be corrosive to the skin and eyes. Proper safety

precautions, including the use of protective equipment, should be

observed when handling this chemical.

6. Regulation:

- Ethanolamine is subject to various regulations and guidelines,

particularly in terms of workplace safety and environmental impact. Users

should be familiar with local regulations and take appropriate

precautions.

It's essential to note that ethanolamine is just one type of amine, and

there are other related compounds with similar structures and properties.

When using or handling any chemical, it's crucial to follow safety

guidelines, including proper storage, handling, and disposal practices.

 • Maximum Amount Of Solubility of CO And CO2 In Water.
:-- he solubility of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide
(CO2) in water depends on various factors such as
temperature and pressure. Here are approximate values for
the maximum solubility of CO and CO2 in water under
standard atmospheric pressure (1 atmosphere or 101.325
kPa):

1. *Carbon Monoxide (CO):*

- *Solubility in Water at 20°C:* Around 0.03 moles of CO per
liter of water.
- *Solubility in Water at 25°C:* Approximately 0.025 moles
of CO per liter of water.

2. *Carbon Dioxide (CO2):*

- *Solubility in Water at 0°C:* Roughly 1.45 moles of CO2
per liter of water.
- *Solubility in Water at 20°C:* Approximately 0.88 moles of
CO2 per liter of water.
- *Solubility in Water at 25°C:* About 0.68 moles of CO2 per
liter of water.

It's important to note that solubility values are temperature-

dependent, and higher temperatures generally result in lower
gas solubility. Additionally, these values are provided for
standard atmospheric pressure. Changes in pressure can affect
gas solubility, especially for gases with low solubility like CO.

These values are approximate and can vary based on specific

conditions. For more precise information, particularly if you are
working with specific temperature and pressure conditions,
consulting gas solubility tables or thermodynamic databases
would be advisable. Keep in mind that solubility is often
expressed in different units (e.g., moles per liter, milligrams per
liter), so it's important to be consistent with units when
comparing or using solubility data.
 • Why Sox and NOx Does not Dissolve In Water.
:-- Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), including
nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO), do have some
limited solubility in water, but they are considered relatively
insoluble compared to some other gases. The reasons for
their limited solubility are associated with the nature of these
gases and the types of interactions they have with water
molecules.

*Sulfur Dioxide (SO2):*

- SO2 is sparingly soluble in water. It dissolves to a limited
extent due to the formation of sulfurous acid (H2SO3)
through the following reaction:
- SO2+H2O-→H2SO3
- Sulfurous acid can further ionize to produce sulfite ions
(SO3^2-) and protons (H+).
- The limited solubility is partly due to the nonpolar nature of
SO2, which does not readily interact with the polar water
molecules.
-
-
- *Nitrogen Oxides (NOx):*
- NO2 is more soluble in water compared to NO. NO2
dissolves in water and forms nitric acid (HNO3):
- NO2+H2O→HNO3
- Nitric acid can dissociate into nitrate ions (NO3-) and
protons (H+).
- NO, however, is less soluble than NO2.
-
-
- In general, the solubility of gases in water depends on factors
such as the polarity of the gas molecule and the interactions
between the gas molecules and water molecules. SO2 and NOx
are relatively nonpolar, and while they do dissolve to some
extent, their solubility is limited compared to more polar gases
like carbon dioxide (CO2).
-
-
- It's important to note that while these gases may have limited
solubility in water, they can still interact with water to form
acidic solutions, leading to the formation of acid rain when
released into the atmosphere and reacting with atmospheric
Water vapor
 OBSERVATION TABLE
Observation Table of Water:

DATE TIME RI OF TAP WATER RI OF CO2 DISSOLVED

WATER
5/12/23 15 MIN 1.3356 AT 25.6 °C 1.3328 AT 25.6 °C
7/12/23 30 MIN 1.3331 AT 23.8 °C 1.3343 AT 23.8 °C
11/12/23 60 MIN 1.3332 AT 23.8 °C 1.3342 AT 24 °C

Observation table of Ethanol Amine:

DATE TIME PURE ETHANLON GASES DISSOLVED IN
AMINE E.A
5/12/23 15 MIN 1.4523 AT 26 °C 1.4522 AT 26 °C
7/12/23 30 MIN 1.4523 AT 26 °C 1.4488 AT 23.8 °C
11/12/23 60 MIN 1.4523 AT 26 °C 1.4492 AT 23.8 °C
Uses:-
Captured carbon, often referred to as carbon capture, refers
to the process of capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
from industrial processes or power plants to prevent it from
being released into the atmosphere. Once captured, the
stored carbon can have various applications and uses. Some
of these applications include:

1. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS):

- Application: The primary application of captured carbon is
in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies.
- Use: Captured CO2 is transported and stored
underground, typically in geological formations, to prevent it
from contributing to climate change. This helps reduce
greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes.

2. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR):

- Application: Captured CO2 can be used in enhanced oil
recovery (EOR) processes.
- Use: Injecting CO2 into depleted oil reservoirs helps
extract additional oil, improving oil recovery rates. This dual-
purpose approach combines carbon storage with increased
oil production.

3. Carbon Utilization or Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU):

- Application: In certain cases, captured carbon is used in
carbon utilization processes.
- Use: CO2 can be used as a feedstock for the production of
valuable products such as chemicals, plastics, or building
materials. This approach is known as carbon capture and
utilization (CCU).

4. Algae Cultivation:
- Application: Captured CO2 can be utilized in algae
cultivation.
- Use: Algae can be grown using CO2 as a nutrient source.
The cultivated algae can then be used for various purposes,
including biofuel production, animal feed, or even as a source
of high-value chemicals.

5. Mineralization:
- Application: Captured CO2 can be used in mineralization
processes.
- Use: CO2 is reacted with certain minerals to form stable
carbonates. This mineralization process permanently stores
CO2 in a solid form, reducing the risk of leakage.
6. Greenhouse Agriculture:
- Application: Captured CO2 can be used in greenhouse
agriculture.
- Use: Increasing the concentration of CO2 in greenhouses
can enhance plant growth and crop yields, contributing to
more efficient food production.

7. Carbon Removal Technologies:

- Application: Captured carbon can be employed in direct
air capture (DAC) technologies.
- Use: DAC technologies capture CO2 directly from the air,
and the captured carbon can be stored underground or
utilized in various applications, contributing to negative
emissions.

Capturing and using carbon are integral parts of efforts to

mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas
emissions. These applications aim to not only prevent the
release of CO2 into the atmosphere but also to find beneficial
uses for the captured carbon, creating a more sustainable
and circular approach to carbon management.
Conclusion:-

In conclusion, carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is

a powerful tool in mitigating climate change and has seen
significant growth in recent years. Governments and private
investors are recognizing its potential and taking action to
support its development. Additionally, the shipping industry
is exploring onboard carbon capture (OCC) technology to
reduce emissions and contribute to global decarbonization
efforts. Collaboration and continued research will be crucial
to fully realizing the potential of these technologies.

Reference:-
www.openAI.com