The global magazine for corrosion resistant alloy users, suppliers and fabricators

cover story:
YADA Green Energy Solutions:
focusing on customer needs & creating
sustainable value

In this issue...
• Spanning the decades: how stainless steel became the material of choice for motor bridges
• 100th anniversary for Type-B nickel-base (Ni-Mo) alloys
• Nickel catalysts: the many routes to decarbonising transport

www.stainless-steel-world.net
G

Volume 35, December 2023

LN
&
el
ck
Ni
 [ Editorial ]

At the heart of things

Volume 35, December 2023
Stainless Steel World is the global magazine “…watch with glittering eyes the whole world around you because the
for corrosion resistant alloy users, suppliers
and fabricators. greatest secrets are always hidden in the most unlikely places.”
www.stainless-steel-world.net
Roald Dahl, 1926 – 1990. UK author, screenwriter, WWII fighter ace.
Director KCI Publishing B.V
Elisa Hannan
e.hannan@kci-world.com Our special focus topic this month is nickel, number 28 on
Tel: +31 575 585 291
the atomic scale and an essential ingredient in stainless
Editor-in-Chief steel. Its use has been traced back as far as 3500 BC, and
Joanne McIntyre
j.mcintyre@kci-world.com the element’s name comes from a mischievous sprite of
Tel: +31 575 585294
German miner mythology, similar to Old Nick. Nickel is
relatively common and is mined from two types of ore
Editorial Team (print & online)
press.ssw@kci-world.com deposits: laterite and garnierite. But did you know that a
Alexandra Kist a.kist@kci-world.com
Gert Wijbrans g.wijbrans@kci-world.com recent discovery suggests there may be a great deal more
Sara Mathov s.mathov@kci-world.com
David Sear d.sear@kci-world.com
nickel on our planet than originally suspected? A team of
researchers at the Australian National University has found
Sales & Marketing evidence that the earth has a fifth layer, a solid iron-nickel alloy ball in the inner core.
Vera Solis Esquivel
v.solis.esquivel@kci-world.com The scientists found the hidden core by studying seismic waves that travel up to five
times across the earth’s diameter – previous studies only looked at single bounces. The
Subscription Coordinator
Renate Collet subs@kci-world.com earthquake waves probed places near the centre at angles that suggested a different
Tel: +31 575 789 269 crystalline structure deep inside. Published in the journal Nature Communication, the
Stainless Steel World is published ten times per year. Subscriptions findings state that probing the earth’s centre is critical for understanding planetary
are renewed automatically in accordance formation and evolution. The ANU researchers believe the innermost core could help
with Dutch legislation.
ISSN: 1383-7184 explain the formation of the earth’s magnetic field.
Publishing House Closer to home, the Stainless Steel World team has brought you several articles
KCI Publishing B.V., Leeuwenbrug 95
7411 TH Deventer, The Netherlands about Ni this month, including a look at how its use in stainless steel is helping to
modernize India’s huge and complex railway systems. With 60,000 rail cars in the
Mailing Address system, India uses up to 29,000 tonnes of type 304 stainless steel each year and
KCI Publishing B.V., PO Box 825,
7400 AV Deventer, The Netherlands 3,600 tonnes of 316L for accessories; read more about this from page 37.
kci.deventer@kci-world.com
Tel: +31 575 585270
Bank account: ABNAMRO 56.64.05.164
Another massive user of stainless steel in the coming years will be bridges. James
BIC: ABNANL2A IBAN: NL50ABNA0566405164 Chater has penned a feature on this topic, looking at how stainless steel, and
particularly duplexes, are the ideal materials for construction, offering longevity,
China Office
KCI Shanghai, Room 603, 6F, #400 Zhejiang Mid. Road, 200001, lower life-cycle costs, strength and aesthetic appeal.
Shanghai, China
info.shanghai@kci-world.com This month, we are delighted to welcome Yada Piping from China to the cover for
Tel: +86 21 6351 9609 Fax: +86 21 6351 9607
the first time. Yada is focused on becoming a one-stop piping solution by focusing
Germany Office
on customer needs and innovations that promote sustainable development. My
KCI GmbH, Tiergartenstr. 64, D-47533 Kleve, Germany colleague in Shanghai, Laura Wang, met with the Yada team to find out how they are
info.kleve@kci-world.com
Tel: +49 2821 71145 0 Fax: +49 2821 71145 69 meeting their goal of becoming “a leading green solution provider in the shipping
and marine piping integration business.” You can read more from page 8.
Canada Office
36 King East, Suite 701, Toronto ON M5C 1E5, Canada As this is the final issue of 2023, I wish everyone in our global community the very
info.toronto@kci-world.com best for the festive season. May 2024 be a healthy, happy and prosperous year for all
Tel: +1 416 361 7030 Fax: +1 416 361 6191
our readers. As we move towards 2024, remember that Stainless Steel World is here
http://twitter.com/SSW_Update to support you and your business wherever you may be.
https://www.facebook.com/stainlesssteelworld I hope you enjoy the magazine, and as always, your feedback is welcome.
http://www.linkedin.com/groups/2084380/
Best wishes,
http://www.youtube.com/user/kcipub
Joanne McIntyre
Editor-in-Chief of Stainless Steel World
The publishers and the authors state that this magazine has been compiled
meticulously and to the best of their knowledge, however, the publisher and
j.mcintyre@kci-world.com
the authors can in no way guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the
information. The publisher and authors therefore do not accept any liability for
any damage resulting from actions or decision based on the information in
question. Users of this magazine are strongly advised not to use this information
solely, but to rely on their professional knowledge and experience, and to
check the information to be used. KCI Publishing cannot guarantee the
accuracy of information provided by participating companies and authorities.
The publisher reserves the right to combine, delete and change sections.

The publisher reserves the right to edit and re-use (parts of) the articles
and to distribute the information by any means.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise, without the written
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Stainless Steel World is a trademark of Technical Business Publications II BV
Thijs Elshof, PO Box 67, 6680 AB Lingewaard, The Netherlands

© 2023 All rights reserved

Photo by NASA

www.stainless-steel-world.net Stainless Steel World December 2023 3

[ Contents ]

8 COVER STORY

YADA: focusing on customer needs and

creating sustainable value
YADA was established in 1993 as a manufacturer of piping accessories. Today,
under the guidance of its corporate vision: “To be the leading green solution
provider in the shipping & marine piping integration business,” it has transformed
into a one-stop piping solution provider. It’s capable of handling the complete business
chain from design, fabrication, and installation through to maintenance & repair.

12 NICKEL 27 SOLDER
100 anniversary of Type-B nickel-base
th
Solder paste for stainless steel
(Ni-Mo) alloys A new zinc chloride-
Prior to the introduction of the based solder paste
workhorse C-family of nickel-base that works on
alloys (Ni-Cr-Mo) in the early 1930s, hard-to-solder 316
work had been conducted on nickel- stainless steel alloy
molybdenum alloy compositions. has been developed. The bond strength of the soldered
This resulted in the award of a patent in 1921 for a nickel- connection is very strong and, in some cases, exceeds
molybdenum alloy composition range, which ultimately the strength of the underlying steel.
led to the introduction of Alloy B (Ni-Mo) in 1923 with a
nickel content of 60% and nearly 30% molybdenum.
30 RENEWABLES

14 INFRASTRUCTURE Molybdenum in biogas plants

Due to their exceptional
Spanning the decades: how stainless steel corrosion resistance and
became the material of choice for modern bridges strength, molybdenum-
Of all the materials used for containing stainless steels have
bridges over the centuries, been proven to be an excellent
stainless steel will likely choice for various biogas production applications.
prove the most effective
and durable. Europe led the
way in using duplex grades 34 COMMUNITY
and some austenitics. In the
Sun, smiles and stainless; PacRim Stainless 2023
USA, a ferritic-martensitic
a great success!
dual-phase grade has found favour, but duplex grades are
being assessed and more frequently applied. Organised for its members by
the Australian Stainless Steel
Development Association
(ASSDA), the annual PacRim
19 COMMUNITY
Stainless conference brings
Duplex World 2024 Call for Papers together leading companies
Join the conversation at the in the country’s stainless industry for two days of
2024

world’s premier event for duplex networking and fun.

stainless steel! Submit your Conference & Expo

abstract today 37 NICKEL

Full speed ahead: Nickel in India’s rapidly
22 NICKEL expanding rail networks
The Indian rail sector is
The world nickel market in 2023 and 2024 – two undergoing rapid development
years with surpluses to keep up with the pace
This report gives a of change from population
brief overview of recent growth, urbanisation, and
developments and is based on industrialisation. The future of
the data finalised at the recent India’s rail infrastructure requires prudent investments
meeting of the International to ensure long-term viability, and this is where nickel-
Nickel Study Group. containing steels play a vital role.

4 Stainless Steel World December 2023 www.stainless-steel-world.net

 [ Contents ]

40 WELDING 6 Special Topic Update

Stainless steel welding characteristics & 51 Community Update

suitability with dissimilar metals
52 Industry Update
This article discusses the
mechanism of welding different
categories of stainless steel with
59 Buyers’ Guide
carbon steel, galvanised steel,
aluminium, copper and tungsten. The Buyers’ Guide and
Application Guide are your
essential reference tools for
43 Additive Manufacturing sourcing corrosion resistant alloys.

Airbus Helicopters boosts competitveness with AM

Airbus Helicopters has opened
a new 3D printing centre at
ADVERTISERS’ INDEX
its Donauwörth, Germany, Jiaxing MT Stainless Steel Co., Ltd. 50
site, significantly expanding
its in-house capacity for this Lovere Bilbao I, S.L 13
innovative process.
MRC Global Inc. 67

44 CIRCULARITY
Ratnamani Metals & Tubes Ltd 2
Taking circularity to new heights
Outokumpu and CRONIMET have Tecnymat Aceros, S.L. 29
expanded their partnership to take
Venus Pipes & Tubes Ltd 68
circularity to new heights – securing
access to high-quality scrap near
Zhejiang Xintongda Special Steel Manufacturing Co., Ltd. 39
Outokumpu’s sites in Europe.

46 CARBON REDUCTION
European Commission backs RINA’s Hydra STAINLESS STEEL WORLD MAGAZINE
Project for near-zero emission steel
RINA has announced the start of
is available in both
the six-year Hydra project to build PRINT and DIGITAL format
a 100% hydrogen-fuelled pilot
plant. This project will provide
Print Subscriptions: EUR 99/year
ground-breaking near-zero carbon Digital Subscriptions: FREE! SCAN TO SUBSCRIBE
technology and capabilities to the
international steel industry.

48 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
One-stop additive manufacturing for maritime &
offshore industries
Saving cost and time, the use of
additive manufacturing or 3D printing
brings a whole new way of ensuring
operations keep momentum up and
waiting times at a minimum.

50 COMMUNITY
Dierk Raabe receives NIMS Award 2023
Dierk Raabe has been honoured
for his outstanding achievements
in sustainable metallurgy and
advanced alloy design by the
Japanese National Institute for
Materials Science.
free digital subscriptions_ssw - 2.indd 1 27/06/2023 16:01:13

www.stainless-steel-world.net Stainless Steel World December 2023 5

 G
LN Special Focus Update
&
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Ni
A meteoric find
A team from the UK’s University of Cambridge, working with
colleagues in Austria, has found a new way to make a possible
replacement for rare-earth magnets: tetrataenite, a ‘cosmic
magnet’ that takes millions of years to develop naturally in
meteorites. Professor Lindsay Greer explains “synthetic
tetrataenite off ers the potential of rare-earthfree permanent
magnets made from the elements nickel, iron and phosphorus,
which are found in abundance in the Earth’s crust and thus
avoids the need to extract a huge amount of material to get
a small volume of rare earths. The addition of phosphorus
enables tetrataenite to be produced within seconds.”
This could play an important role in low-carbon technologies,
such as high-performance permanent magnets used in EVs.
New alloy blasts off
A team of innovators from NASA and Ohio State University
have demonstrated a major breakthrough; a new 3D printable
alloy for extreme environments. Called GRX-810, it is
composed of nickel, cobalt and chromium. It could lead to
stronger, more durable parts inside aircraft and spacecraft
engines. Termed a “nanoscale oxide dispersion strengthened
(ODS) alloy,” GRX810 can withstand temperatures over
1,080 °C (2,000 °F). Tiny particles containing oxygen atoms
6 Stainless Steel World December 2023
are spread throughout the alloy to enhance its strength,
withstanding harsher conditions before reaching their
breaking points. “This new alloy is a major achievement,”
says Dale Hopkins, deputy project manager of NASA’s
Transformational Tools and Technologies project.
SBM Offshore: Guyana FPSO
SBM Offshore has been awarded contracts to perform front-
end engineering and design (FEED) for a floating production,
storage and offloading vessel (FPSO) for ExxonMobil’s
Whiptail development project in Guyana.
Whiptail is ExxonMobil’s sixth offshore project in Guyana and
SBM Offshore’s fifth FPSO project for the US supermajor in the
country. SBM Offshore will design and build the unit using its
seventh newbuild, multipurpose floater hull, combined with
several standardised topsides modules. The FPSO will be
designed to produce 250,000 bopd, will have associated gas
treatment capacity of 540 mcfpd and water injection capacity
of 300,000 bpd. The vessel will be spread moored in water
depth of about 1,630 m and will be able to store around 2m
barrels of crude oil.
Harland & Wolff FPSO contract
Harland & Wolff has been awarded a GBP 61m base contract to
deliver the mid-life upgrade contract of the SeaRose Floating
Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessel. The contract
is with Cenovus Energy. The vessel is expected to arrive at
the company’s Belfast Yard in early 2024 and will be in the
Building Dock for over three months.
www.stainless-steel-world.net

Canada Nickel to build largest Ni mine
Canada Nickel took the wraps off the company’s long-awaited
feasibility study, describing the details behind proposed a 41
year open-pit mine life for its Crawford Mine Project, located
40 kilometres north of a northeastern Ontario city. With an
average grade of 0.22 per cent nickel, Crawford will be a
low-grade, big tonnage open-pit operation that will ramp up
production in three phases and physically expand twice over
four decades.
Besides containing a nickel reserve of 3.8 million tonnes,
the proposed USD 1.7 bn mine and mill project also contains
a useful mix of other market-desirable minerals. Over its
operational life, Crawford will produce 1.6 million tonnes of
nickel, 24,000 tonnes of cobalt, 490 million ounces of platinum
and palladium, 58 million tonnes of iron, and 2.8 million tonnes
of chromium. Crawford will also bring more processing
capacity to the Timmins area. The company intends to make an
iron-nickel-chrome product for the North American stainless
steel and ferro-alloy sector.
MISC signs LNG FSU project
MISC Berhad has entered into a binding Heads of Agreement
with Pengerang LNG Sdn. Bhd. for the supply, operation, and
maintenance of a Liquefied Natural Gas Floating Storage Unit
intended to be deployed at the PETRONAS LNG Regasification
Terminal Pengerang in Johor.
At the core of this latest partnership is the conversion of MISC’s
LNG Carrier, Puteri Delima Satu, into an FSU dedicated to this
www.stainless-steel-world.net
[ Special Focus ]
project. The FSU is designed to receive shore power to reduce
emissions while improving operational efficiency and is set
to become commercially operational by Q2 of 2025 under a
20-year contract term, with provisions for extension based on
mutual agreement.
Singapore plans second LNG terminal
Singapore LNG Corporation has been given approval to
also develop, own and operate the second terminal. SLNG
is studying the possibility of having the terminal on an LNG
ship, unlike the current one, which is an onshore terminal.
SLNG’s current terminal has sufficient capacity to support all
of Singapore’s power generation needs, based on current
demand, if needed.
The current terminal has a “throughput capacity of about 10
million tonnes per annum”, and that peak utilisation this year
was at 60%. However, demand for LNG is expected to grow,
and Singapore will likely need more natural gas in the medium
term as the economy continues to grow.
HD Hyundai Heavy Industries order
GTT has received an order from HD Hyundai Heavy Industries
to design the cryogenic fuel tanks of five very large container
vessels fuelled with LNG. Used as a marine fuel, LNG is the
best currently available alternative to improve air quality, a
major public health issue. It reduces sulphur oxide emissions
by 99%, fine particles by 91% and nitrous oxide emissions by
92%. It also reduces CO2 emissions by up to 25% compared to
a conventionally fuelled ship.
These five container vessels of 15,500 TEU each will be
equipped with one single LNG fuel tank, with a capacity
of 12,700 m3. The tanks will be fitted with the Mark III Flex
membrane containment technology, developed by GTT,
offering a low and guaranteed Boil-Off Rate (BOR) for
improved vessel operations.
Stainless Steel World December 2023 7
[ Cover Story ]

YADA’s 100,000m2 high-tech production facility in Jiaxing City, China

YADA: focusing on customer needs and

creating sustainable value
In the intervening thirty years since YADA started as a piping accessory manufacturer,
YADA has expanded under its corporate vision to be the leading green solution provider in
the shipping and marine piping integration business. It has evolved into a one-stop piping
solution provider capable of handling the complete business chain from design, fabrication
and installation to maintenance & repair. YADA has delivered integrated piping solutions and
products to over 2,000 ships and FPSO, FSRU, LNG marine and clean energy projects. With
highly cost-effective products and services, it assists users in improving their sustainability
while boosting long-term competitiveness.

By Laura Wang, Stainless Steel World, Shanghai

In response to intense competition
and a changing market, YADA has
strategically defined its mission as
navigating the company towards
sustainable development in an
entrepreneurial manner. It aims to
provide superior one-stop piping
solutions by focusing on customer
needs while continuing technological
innovations. The YADA team believes
that customer needs are always a
priority. Rather than maximising profit,
which is a standard business practice,
YADA is keen on translating the different
needs of its diverse customers into
new development opportunities. This
decisive, forward-thinking strategy
enables YADA to avoid traditional
development bottlenecks in the industry.
It’s been thirty years since YADA set
out on this road of development and
transformation. From concept to reality,
each step to upgrade the company has
had its milestones. Today, the company
has five subsidiaries covering upstream
and downstream businesses, creating
an integrated industrial chain. This
strategy enables YADA to provide a one-
stop solution based on systematic and
intelligent products and services.
Thanks to its decades of experience
in serving global customers and the
strength of its sustainable development

8 Stainless Steel World December 2023 www.stainless-steel-world.net


strategy, YADA has realised complete
manufacturing chains for twelve
production lines. Today, it produces
seamless pipe, welded pipe, fittings,
flanges and brackets, prefabricated
pipe, double wall pipe, pump towers
and modular products. It has achieved
a comprehensive level of flexible pipe
manufacturing not commonly seen in the
industry.
Tier one: pipes & basic steel
products
YADA’s facilities include a fully
equipped automatic welding pipe
production line and online pipe welding
with a maximum diameter of 726mm.
It independently developed 4,000-ton
and 25,000-ton ultra thick and pressure
welded pipe cold forming equipment
capable of handling 100mm thickness
1.2-meter diameter welded pipe.
YADA is the leading domestic provider
regarding wall thickness of welded pipe
products. Seamless pipe production
equipment is also complete, with a
maximum diameter of 520mm and wall
thickness of 50mm. Customers from the
LNG, LPG, petroleum refining, nuclear
power and other industries have highly
recognised the products.
www.stainless-steel-world.net
Tier two manufacture: pipe
accessories
With an independently developed
complete production facility, YADA is
able to provide 2-100mm pipe products,
the total coverage of wall thickness
range, and DN10-DN3000 products in
the complete diameter range. Material
options for pipe accessories range
from austenitic stainless steel, super
austenitic stainless steel, duplex steel,
super duplex steel, and nickel-copper
alloy through to nickel base alloys, the
full spectrum of product material. In
addition to standardised products, YADA
develops and produces customised
products such as multi-pass, isolation
devices, elbowa with straight sectiona,
Y-tee, etc., and the full spectrum of
stainless steel pipe accessories.
Tier 3 manufacture: prefabricated
products
Factory prefabrication is one of the key
measures YADA uses to significantly
improve quality, efficiency and safety,
especially regarding pipe system
structures requiring significant
welding. 80% of the workload can be
completed in YADA’s professional
factory. It also reduces a lot of work at
heights and cross-work, and improve
the quality and safety management
level of the construction site. In the
20,000+ m2 professional prefabrication
shop, the flexible stainless steel pipe
prefabrication line works according to
the pallet arrangement. 80% of welding
is carried out automatically.
As a fully equipped flexible fabricator, YADA serves many -high and middle-end
sectors, including shipping, offshore engineering, clean energy, oil, chemical, nuclear
power, defence, etc.
Stainless Steel World December 2023
[ Cover Story ]
Development milestones
1993  YADA was founded and started
producing stainless steel
accessories for piping systems
2003  Tier 2 manufacturing: flange
production started, expansion
of the product range for Tier 2
manufacture
2009  Tier 3 manufacturing:
product scope expanded to
prefabricated products
2010  New application area: started
business in LNG industry
2013  Tier 1 manufacturing: upward
move to seamless tube
production
2015  Tier 4 manufacturing:
modularised products
2015  Localised double wall pipes:
the first Chinese company to
produce double wall pipes
2019  AiP approval: development
of vapour supply system and
approval by AiP
2023  Business expansion: production
of methanol vapour supply
system; the ammonia fuel
supply system is approved by
BV, DNV classification Society
AiP
9
[ Cover Story ]
YADA aims to be the leading green solution provider in the ship & marine piping
integration business.
Prefabrication, passivation and painting
are performed in the same zone,
improving efficiency and pass rate. In
addition, YADA can optimise the design
of multi-channel pipes and extended
elbows from the manufacturer’s
perspective, reducing 20% of welding
work and improving the pipe system’s
quality and service life.
Tier 4 manufacture: modular
products
YADA has an annual production
capacity of 350 sets of modular
products. However, YADA truly stands
out because it is able to provide
one-stop solutions covering the full
lifecycle from principle design through
installation, maintenance and repair.
The R&D and production efficiency
are secured by professional design,
standardised manufacturing processes
and an experienced production team. A
professional quality control system and
complete testing equipment guarantee
quality.
Through pipeline prefabrication and
modular integration, the installation time
at the user end is reduced, simplifying
management and eventually helping
users reduce costs and improve
efficiency.
Establishing a complete production
chain was critical for YADA to provide
full lifecycle service, but it was not the
only condition. YADA is also investing
heavily in digitalisation. In 2022, it
realised logistic digitalisation and
visualisation. The objective for 2023-
25 is to realise production process
digitalisation, lean production and
the ongoing iteration of the digitised
systems. By 2026, the company’s goal is
to build a smart and platform-oriented
factory.
10 Stainless Steel World December 2023
The wider objective is to leverage
digital technology to boost the
development of YADA’s full production
chain and the product family.
MAN + YADA: providing FGSS/
LFSS full-lifecycle service
YADA has established a long-term
strategic partnership with Man Cryo
to provide worldwide customers
with one-stop LNG Fuel Gas Supply
System (FGSS) solutions. With the
motto of “Designed by Man Cryo,
manufactured by YADA”, Man Cryo
is responsible for the principle
design, global operation and
maintenance for each project,
while YADA is responsible for the
production and process design,
components & fittings manufacture,
piping prefabrication, skid integration
and installation.
MAN Cryo + YADA can ensure the
smooth operation of feeding systems for
ships and offshore projects throughout
the entire lifecycle.
In addition to welded and seamless pipes, YADA produces a wide range of products
such as fittings, flanges, heating coils, double-wall pipes, pressure vessels, pump
towers, etc.
Focused production
The YADA team graphically describe
the company’s development path
as being: “one metre wide and
one hundred metres deep”. It has
implemented a slogan highlighting its
three company “Nos:”
1. NO cross-industry business,
2. NO ordinary products,
3. NO defective service!
Win/win for suppliers & buyers
In practice, optimising efficiency and
cost-effectiveness is often contradictory
to smooth operations and risk reduction.
YADA’s answer to this strategic
bottleneck for both suppliers and
buyers is to tackle it from the angle of
adding value rather than price fighting.
This is particularly effective for a
company such as YADA whose strengths
lie in creating added value through
innovative service. It is a win-win
solution based on innovative thinking.
Supported by its strengths in front-end
design, fabrication, maintenance and
repair, the full lifecycle service pattern
is integrated into services usually
performed by multiple suppliers,
creating a reformed supply chain which
inherently facilitates quality, consistency,
rapid responses and flexible service.
To solve customers’ problems, YADA
upholds the principle of “focusing
on service powered by technology”.
With vast experience and significant
technological strengths, YADA can
provide flexible technical solutions
based on the pipes’ material, thickness
and application. YADA believes that
traditional services can struggle to
satisfy customer’s needs fully. Take
design as an example; typically,
www.stainless-steel-world.net
 [ Cover Story ]
designers and fabricators are separate
firms, making it impossible for either
to implement full lifecycle service
to fully meet the needs of a project.
Consequently, commissioning,
maintenance and repair service must be
sourced elsewhere.
The strong YADA technical development
team has its own technology research and
development centre with a professional
team of over 100 staff. The centre has
an established industry-university-
research collaboration with shipbuilding
institutes, aerospace institutes, Zhejiang
University and Jiangsu University of
Science & Technology, among others.
Since its establishment, the centre
has accomplished a series of national
and provincial special projects and YADA’s fabrication strength is evident in its 100,000m2 manufacturing centre, where
successfully developed more than 100 new significant investments have been made, including equipment required for custom-
products and new technologies; applied designed products.
for several patents for inventions and utility
models; and drafted or participated in the product development capabilities and and meet strict discharge standards,
drafting of a series of national, industrial services and a focus on sustainability. YADA has made significant investments
and group level standards. To achieve their carbon reduction targets in advanced technology and equipment.
(net zero by 2060), YADA, MAN Cryo and With its three core competencies of: full
High-tech manufacturing facilities other partners work together to explore supply chain fabrication and outstanding
YADA’s fabrication strength is evident clean energy solutions to boost the products, worldwide pro-active service,
in its 100,000m2 manufacturing centre, green and zero carbon development of and green-oriented specialisations,
where significant investments have the global marine, energy and chemical YADA is determined to contribute to the
been made, including some which industries. YADA actively promotes low-carbon development of the global
were implemented to fulfil the need for using clean energy in production and is shipping, marine and chemical industries
custom-designed products. As a fully endeavouring to implement photovoltaic and the smooth operation of piping
equipped flexible fabricator, YADA energy. To reduce energy consumption systems for users worldwide.
serves many -high and middle-end
sectors, including shipping, offshore
engineering, clean energy, oil, chemical, Facts & Figures
nuclear power, defence, etc. Under
Company: YADA GREEN ENERGY SOLUTIONS CO., LTD.
the full lifecycle pattern, YADA can get
involved early at the front-end design Established: 1993
stage to develop a solution specific to
the actual requirements. Headquarter: Jiaxing City, China
With a well-designed combination of
Production lines:  2, including welded pipes, seamless steel pipes,
1
standard commodity and customised
pipe fittings, flanges, prefabricated pipes, heating
solutions, efficiency and cost-
coils, double-wall pipes, pressure vessels, pipe
effectiveness can be further improved
supports, pump towers, skids, etc.
and risks mitigated. It’s worth
mentioning that both the full lifecycle Annual Capacity: 60,000 tons
pattern and the steady operation of
Industries: s hipbuilding, LNG, marine engineering, clean
YADA are favourable to shipbuilding
energy, and petrochemical
and offshore engineering projects that
often have a decades-long operation Projects:  hips 2000+, Cryogenic liquid cargo ships 100+,
S
cycle. YADA has 120+ service outlets Double wall pipe projects 100+, countries involved
with a 24-hour response and 36- 20+
hour arrival time to provide superior
customer service. International certifications: 3
 9 (including LR, ABS, DNV, BV, CCS, RS, NK,
RINA and KR class societies certificates, ASME,
Towards a greener, promising future NORSOK-M650, API and food-grade recognition)
In response to its corporate vision to Service outlets: 120+ worldwide
be the leading green solution provider
in the shipping and marine piping Website: http://www.cnyada.net/en
integration business, YADA helps
E-mail: yada@cnyada.net / marketing@china-yada.com
customers stand out with professional

www.stainless-steel-world.net Stainless Steel World December 2023 11

[ Nickel ]

100th anniversary for Type-B nickel-base (Ni-Mo) alloys

Prior to the introduction of the workhorse C-family of nickel- It featured reduced silicon and carbon
content, to improve thermal stability and
base alloys (Ni-Cr-Mo) in the early 1930s, work had been
resist the formation of grain boundary
conducted on nickel-molybdenum alloy compositions. This carbides. This improvement in corrosion
resulted in the award of a patent, in 1921, for a nickel- resistance was particularly beneficial in
molybdenum alloy composition range, which ultimately led the heat-affected zone after welding.
The composition was additionally
to the introduction of Alloy B (Ni-Mo) in 1923 with a nickel
optimised in Type B-3 to further enhance
content of 60% and nearly 30% molybdenum. thermal stability and fabrication
characteristics and resistance to stress
By Geir Moe, Nickel Institute corrosion cracking.
Molybdenum primarily provides the
B-type alloys possess exceptional may develop when hydrochloric acid corrosion resistance to acidic reducing
resistance to reducing acids, such as comes in contact with iron and copper. environments, but it is the nickel-base
hydrochloric, sulphuric, acetic, and Prior to the Second World War, Alloy that provides the foundation for an
phosphoric. Unfortunately, B-type B was used in supercharger turbine engineering alloy that can be easily
alloys have poor corrosion resistance to blades in aircraft engines to boost fabricated and welded into industrially
oxidising environments. Hence, they are performance and increase horsepower. useful equipment.
not recommended for use in oxidising This application was eventually replaced
media or in the presence of ferric or by other superalloys. About Nickel Institute
cupric salts which may cause rapid Alloy B-2, introduced in the 1970s, was a
The Nickel Institute is the global
premature corrosion failure. These salts modification of the original B composition.
association of leading primary nickel
Alloy (UNS) Introduction Ni Mo Cr Si max Fe C max producers. Its mission is to advocate
B (N10001) 1923 bal 28 1 1 5 0.05 for the responsible supply and
B-2 (N10665) 1970s bal 28 1 0.10 2 0.02 sustainable development of nickel and
B-3 (N10675) 1990s bal 28 2 0.10 2 0.01 the nickel industry. For information,
visit nickelinstitute.org
Typical composition of the B-family alloys.

The B-type alloys have been used mainly in hydrochloric and sulfuric acid environments, as well as in acetic, phosphoric, and formic
acids. Specific applications include reaction vessels, heat exchangers, valves, pumps, and piping.

12 Stainless Steel World December 2023 www.stainless-steel-world.net

 Lovere Bilbao
Stainless Steels & Super Alloys

Over 25 years experience behind us in the field of Stainless Steel,

Special Steels and Alloys. Always focusing on sustainability,
innovation and quality.

+34 944 545 130 lovere@loverebilbao.com

48170 Zamudio – Bizkaia and 48450 Etxebarri – Bizkaia (Spain)

www.loverebilbao.com
Spanning the decades: how stainless
steel became the material of choice for
modern bridges
Of all the materials used for bridges over the centuries, stainless steel will likely prove the
most effective and durable. Europe led the way in using duplex grades, though some use
was also made of austenitics. In the USA, a ferritic-martensitic dual-phase grade has found
favour, but duplex grades are being assessed and more frequently applied. Among the reasons
for this are the excellent mechanical properties of duplex, its corrosion resistance, and its
favourable strength-to-weight ratio.

By James Chater
San Diego’s Harbor Drive Pedestrian Bridge, opened in 2011. Photo: Jeffrey Beall - Own
work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13268076
[ Infrastructure ]
Beauty and function
For centuries, bridges have been an
essential element of civilisation. Not only
do they assure mobility and connectivity,
but they also often serve as a rallying
point or an expression of people’s
aspirations for a better quality of life.
At their best, bridges combine the
beautiful and the practical.
Background
Materials used for bridges have
included stone, wood, wrought or
cast iron, steel, aluminium, reinforced
concrete (often with stainless rebar) and
stainless steel. Stone bridges can last a
long time, but the material is heavy and
unwieldy. Wood, iron, and steel require
a great deal of maintenance, which is all
too often neglected. Two steel bridge
collapses in the USA (Silver Bridge, West
Virginia, 1967; Mianus River Bridge,
Connecticut, 1983) drew attention to the
need for maintenance and helped usher
in the current preference for stainless
steel, which greatly reduces the need
for maintenance and disruptive repair
work. Corrosion played a role in both
collapses, as it did in that of the Morandi
Bridge in Genoa, Italy, in 2018.
Stainless advantages
The reduced maintenance required
when stainless steel is applied largely
stems from the fact that it requires little
or no anti-corrosion treatment, such as
coating or painting. Over time, it has
become evident that life-cycle costs
for stainless steel are lower than for
carbon steel, even if the initial cost is
higher. The projected life of bridges
made from duplex is about 100 to 120
years, while those made of austenitics
can be expected to last about 70 years.
The Simone de Beauvoir pedestrian bridge, Paris, connects the
Bibliothèque Nationale with the Bercy Park. The handrails are made
of 316L supplied by Arcelor. Photo: AHert. Licence: https://commons.
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passerelle_Simone-de-Beauvoir.jpg
16 Stainless Steel World December 2023
Additional reasons for using stainless
include its aesthetic appeal (its ductility
makes it easier to create attractive
designs) and the fact that it is 100%
recyclable.
A major cause of corrosion is from salt,
whether derived from sea air or seawater
or from de-icing salts. So maritime
locations and cold winters are factors that
influence the specification of stronger
grades. Other factors include industrial or
other pollution (especially from sulphur
dioxide), a humid climate, and exposure
to water (especially when the relevant
bridge section is under water and,
therefore, difficult to inspect or maintain).
Stainless steel use can be structural –
girders, beams, bearings, reinforcing
bars in concrete (rebars), anchors,
arches, cables – or decorative (handrails,
mesh). Structural elements often use
plate welded into I-sections, whereas
non-structural elements are normally
made from sheets or hollows.
Austenitics
One of the earliest, if not the earliest,
use of stainless steel on a bridge-like
structure was the Progreso Pier in
Yukatán, Mexico (1941), where stainless
rebar in 304 was applied; it is still in
service. More recent examples include
the Waldeck-Rousseau road bridge at
Saint-Brieuc, France (1998), one of a
series of bridges using austenitic grades
(mostly 316L or 314) supplied by Arcelor,
of which a more famous example is the
Simone-de-Beauvoir pedestrian bridge
in Paris (2006) spanning the river Seine.
The use of austenitics in both structural
and non-structural applications persisted
even after duplex grades started to
become popular in the first decade of
the current century. They were applied
Millennium Bridge is a pedestrian bridge linking St Paul’s
Cathedral and the Tate Modern art gallery. Photo: Sumple, at
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Bridge,_London#/
media/File:St_Pauls_and_Millennium_Bridge_at_night.jpg.
on pedestrian bridges, where aesthetics
rather than mechanical strength was
the primary consideration, though one
vehicular bridge that made extensive
structural use of austenitics is the Story
Bridge in Brisbane (2015; 316L applied in
mesh, I-beams, rebar, angle bar, polished
tube, and cable).
Duplex
The introduction of duplex stainless
steel in bridge construction roughly
coincides with the start of this century.
Duplex trumps austenitics by offering
greater mechanical strength for the
same weight, i.e., a favourable strength-
to-weight ratio. Thinner gauges can
be used, making off-site construction,
transportation, and installation easier.
As a structural, load-bearing material,
duplex is unbeatable.
The first bridge in which duplex was
applied was possibly the Suransuns
pedestrian bridge in Switzerland (1999),
but it was London’s Millennium Bridge
(2001) that made people sit up and
take notice. Designed by Foster and
Partners, Anthony Caro, and Ove Arup
and Partners, and using duplex 2205, this
footbridge across the Thames drew much
praise and has since become a tourist
attraction. It ushered in two decades in
which Europe took the lead in duplex
stainless-steel bridges, with Spain, Italy
(Siena), Sweden, and UK being notable
hotspots. Initially, only the standard
type 2205 was applied, but from 2003
(Pedro Arrupe Bridge, Bilbao, Spain) lean
grades such as 2304 and Forta LXD 2101
were used with growing frequency. The
first projects were pedestrian/bicycle
bridges, catering for the trend towards
making city centres more accessible to
non-vehicular traffic. Then, in 2005, came
www.stainless-steel-world.net
 [ Infrastructure ]

The Sant Fruitós Pedestrian Bridge, Barcelona, Spain, has a tilted-arch design. It is built with a combination of Forta LDX 2101 and GFRP
(glass fibre reinforced polymer).

what is probably the first road bridge
made of duplex (grade 2205), at Cala
Galdana in Minorca, Spain. This was one
of many examples in which outstanding
beauty was allied to functionality.
Dynamic, fluid designs became the
order of the day, such as tilted arches
and curved decks. The complexity that
it is possible to achieve can be seen in
the double-helix designs of the Helix
(Singapore, 2009) and Arup’s Christopher
Cassaniti Bridge (2020). Colour and
texture often play an important role,
along with the play of light and changing
weather and water conditions. For
instance, the Sölvesborg Bridge (2013),
Europe’s longest pedestrian/bicycle
bridge, has been widely praised for its
graceful design (deck support, railings,
and arches in Forta LDX 2101) and
spectacular lighting.
Grade 410 is a martensitic-ferritic dual-
phase metal known for its hardness and
its resistance to mild corrosion. First
developed in the 1970s by Columbus
Steel, it was applied as rebar in two
bridges built in Durban, South Africa,
and, as SUS 410, in the Nou Road Bridge
in Japan (2012). The patent was bought
by ArcelorMittal in 1991, where it was
known as Duracorr®. In the USA, where
Arcelor had a manufacturing base, it
was specified as ASTM A1010 before
being incorporated into the ASTM A709
specification in 2017. Thenceforward
it has been known by its current name,
ASTM A709 Grade 50CR. US end-users
started to specify 50CR for bridges
where time-of-wetness and chloride
exposure were too high to allow painted
carbon steels or weathering steels to
be used. In 2004, 50CR was applied to
welded plate girders on the Fairview
Road Bridge in California; it was the
first time the grade had been used
on US bridges. Since then, about ten
other bridges using 50CR have been
built in the USA (including one at the
ArcelorMittal works itself) and two in
Canada. The alloy received a big boost
after tests were carried out to see

Grade 410 and its derivatives

Another important grade in bridge
construction is 410 and its derivatives.

Table. PREN values of 50CR compared

with duplex stainless steels

Material type PREN range

ASTM A709 Grade 50CR 11-13
Grade 2304 (UNS S32304) 22-30
Grade 2202 (UNS S32202) 25-27
Grade 2101 (UNS S32101) 25-29
The Christopher Cassaniti Bridge, New South Wales, Australia, for which Outokumpu
Grade 2205 (UNS S32205) 34-38
supplied 80 tons of bead-blasted 2205 duplex stainless steel plates. Photo: Arup.

www.stainless-steel-world.net Stainless Steel World December 2023 17

[ Infrastructure ]
whether it was possible to decrease
the amount of chromium to lower the
material cost while still meeting A709
specifications. None of the alternatives
proved satisfactory, confirming 50CR’s
dominance.

Duplex comes to the USA

However, because of 50CR’s limitations
(it is a lean grade with low pitting
resistance: see Table), and also perhaps
because 50CR was never marketed
as a construction grade (it started life
as an alloy in salt truck liners, coal
processing, power plants, etc.), US
end users started to consider duplex
stainless steel. According to Jason
Provines, Senior Research Scientist at
the Virginia Transportation Research
Council, its advantages include “greater
availability, a smoother supply chain, the
Route 340 Bridge, Virginia, USA. Grade 50CR bent plates were used in the fabrication of
existence of several standards and best
the cross-frames. It was also the first time that a US bridge design specified stainless steel
practices… Overall, there was a feeling
for all secondary members and fasteners. Low water clearance and industrial pollution
that we didn’t have to reinvent the
were two factors determining the choice of material. Photos: Jason Provines.
wheel.” Several US initiatives to assess
duplex use in bridges were undertaken, for the cable system are in duplex 2205. small canal in the heart of Amsterdam’s
including the establishment in 2022 of In 2013, in the West 7th Street Bridge in old centre. It was made with robots,
an AASTHO/NSBA Collaboration Task Fort Worth, Texas, type 2205 was applied using the WAAM (wire arc additive
Group, TG18, with the intent to “develop to the hanger bars. In 2020-22, the Iowa- manufacturing) process. However,
a set of cohesive guide specifications Illinois Memorial Bridge (I-74) bridge it was intended only as a temporary
that will allow for duplex stainless steel used 2205 rebar and – apparently for replacement of an older bridge and was
to be used for vehicular bridges in the the first time – super duplex grade 2507 removed on 13 October 2023. The future
United States”. for anchor rods as protection against destination of the bridge is unknown, as
Perhaps the first time duplex was chloride de-icing salts during the severe also is the extent to which 3D-printing
applied on a US bridge was the Harbor winters. will be used to construct bridges.
Drive Pedestrian Bridge, San Diego
(2011). It is one of the longest self- Duplex and 3D printing Conclusion
anchored pedestrian bridges in the One final development concerning A publication of the ISSF dating from
world, in which the cables are hidden duplex bridges is the use of 3D 2023 (1) lists 61 bridges made in
inside welded pipes. The suspender printing. In 2021 a Dutch company, stainless steel. The same document
cables and safety mesh were made in MX3D, completed the installation of a notes that there are 600,000 bridges
austenitic type 316, while the connectors duplex stainless-steel bridge across a in the USA alone. A great number of
bridges all over the world need to be
repaired or replaced. The bridges
taking their place will require durable
and sustainable materials. No marks for
guessing which ones!

Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Jason Provines,
Senior Research Scientist of the Virginia
Transportation Research Council of
the VDOT (Virginia Department of
Transportation) for his kind help in
providing information and materials.

References
(1) “Stainless Steel in Infrastructure:
Bridges”: https://www.
worldstainless.org/files/issf/non-
image-files/PDF/Stainless_Steel_
Construction of the Iowa-Illinois Memorial Bridge (I-74. Photo: Farragutful - Own work, CC
in_Infrastructure_Bridges.pdf
BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=107036960

18 Stainless Steel World December 2023 www.stainless-steel-world.net

 Duplex World

2024
Conference & Expo
6 & 7 November 2024, Rotterdam Ahoy, the Netherlands Conference & Expo

CALL FOR PAPERS

“Enabling sustainable solutions”

CONFERENCE – EXHBITION- NETWORKING
Proudly sponsored by:

Organised by:

www.stainless-steel-world-duplex.com
 Join us at

2024
Conference & Expo

Duplex World is the leading knowledge, networking and business event for the global
duplex community. Share your knowledge and experience and build your network!

Duplex World unites materials researchers, manufacturers, end-users and suppliers in an open and focused forum.
It is the world’s premier event for duplex stainless steel, offering a highly focused niche gathering covering the entire
supply chain.

CALL FOR PAPERS – HOW CAN YOU TAKE PART?

Join the conversation by giving a presentation or taking part in a discussion-based workshop.

➊ PRESENT A TECHNICAL PAPER ➋ JOIN A DISCUSSION-BASED WORKSHOP

If you’d rather not give a technical presentation, a
workshop is ideal for an informal discussion of a for
example a case study or practical example of duplex use
or theme. Headed by an expert Moderator, the theme is
explored with discussions supported by speakers who
share a few PowerPoint slides then invite questions from
the audience. To join a workshop, please submit an outline
of your topic by 23 February 2024

If you would like to give a technical presentation, please

submit a 300-500 word abstract outlining the topic
and content of your material for consideration by the
Steering Committee by 23 February 2024. Note that
on acceptance, speakers are only required to prepare
a PowerPoint for their presentation: full papers are not
required.

IMPORTANT DATES: ➠ ABSTRACT DEADLINE: 23 February 2024

➠ NOTIFICATION OF ACCEPTANCE: 19 APRIL 2024
➠ SEND FINAL POWER POINT: 18 OCTOBER 2024

SUBMIT YOUR ABSTRACT TO: bit.ly/49DFIEr or: Email: j.mcintyre@kci-world.com

www.stainless-steel-world-duplex.com
Duplex World 2024!
SUGGESTED PRESENTATION TOPICS
Duplex World conference aims to cover the
specification, manufacture and use of duplex stainless
steels in a wide variety of applications and industries.
Possible topics include, but are not limited to, the
following:
• Architecture, building, construction, infrastructure
• Additive manufacturing & welding
• Carbon Capture Utilisation & Storage
• Case studies
• Casing & forging
• Chemical & petrochemical
• Cladding & overlay
• Desalination, water handling
• Energy transition
• End-user requirements
Duplex World is co-located with

2024
• Heat treatment
• Improving quality & avoiding failures Heat Exchanger World Europe
conference & expo. Visitors have
• Innovations, new grades & applications
access to both events at no
• Lean, super & hyper duplexes
additional cost.
• Oil & gas
• Renewable energies See heat-exchanger-world-europe.com for details.
• Subsea & marine applications

Showcase your company @ Duplex World 2024. Duplex World exhibition is the ideal
platform to promote your company’s products and services!

EXHIBITION STANDS NETWORKING LOUNGES

Stands are a full commercial opportunity
to allow your company to benefit from the
attention from the engineers, procurement
managers, decision makers of the industry
gathered together, and facilitates direct B2B activity.
Row stand: € 300 / m2 Corner stand: € 375 / m2
Lounges provide an opportunity for
companies to network directly with clients
and peers in an informal setting – ideal for
discussions.
Lounge: € 5,900,-

www.stainless-steel-world-duplex.com
Steel production at Posco, South Korea. Photo by World Steel.

The world nickel market in 2023 and

2024 – two years with surpluses
Historically, market surpluses have
Government and industry representatives met on the been linked to London Metal Exchange
2nd and 3rd October 2023 for the most recent International (LME) deliverable/class I nickel,
but in 2023 and 2024, the surplus
Nickel Study Group (INSG) meetings during which the
will be mainly related to class II and
Group reviewed its forecasts for nickel production and use nickel chemicals (principally nickel
in 2023 and 2024. This article gives a brief overview of sulphate), though in 2024, refined
recent developments and is based on the data finalised at production will likely increase,
especially in China.
the meetings.
Primary nickel production
World primary nickel production is
By Ricardo Ferreira, INSG Director of Market Research and Statistics & Francisco Pinto,
forecast to rise by almost +12% in
INSG Manager of Statistical Analysis
2023 and close to +9% in 2024 after
increasing by +17.3% in 2022. Increases
The global economy was impacted During its October 2023 meetings, the in output have been influenced mainly
positively by the reopening of China INSG reviewed its forecast for the global by Indonesia and China. Both countries
and lower energy prices at the nickel market balance for 2023 to a surplus will have more nickel sulphate and
beginning of 2023, but tighter monetary of 223 thousand tonnes (kt). Primary nickel cathode production – the former started
policy and higher interest rates to fight production in 2023 is anticipated to reach producing the two products in 2023.
inflation are affecting business and 3.417 million tonnes (Mt) while usage is Indonesia will continue to expand nickel
consumer confidence. In general, world projected at 3.195Mt. Preliminary figures pig iron production (NPI), though at
economic growth in 2023 is expected for 2024 indicate a further surplus of 239kt, a slower pace than in previous years,
to be lower than in 2022 and decline with production forecast to rise to 3.713Mt whilst output in China will continue to
further in 2024. and usage to reach 3.474Mt. decline.

22 Stainless Steel World December 2023 www.stainless-steel-world.net


World primary nickel production, usage and market balance (in 1000 tonnes)
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0 0
-500
-1000
2013 2014 2015
BALANCE
Source: INSG (October 2023)
Combined Chinese and Indonesian NPI
production was more than 1.5Mt in 2022
and is projected to increase by more
than +11% in 2023 and almost +4% in
2024. China’s output started to decline
in 2019, and Indonesia has ramped up
NPI production over the last decade. On
the other hand, Indonesia might limit
new NPI licenses in the future, and there
is an ongoing corruption investigation
that caused delays in the issuance
of quotas for nickel mining, leading
to supply shortages that required
some smelters to import ore from the
Philippines to maintain operations.
According to the Indonesian Nickel
Miners Association (APNI), Indonesia
hosts 330 nickel mining companies (as
of October 2023), distributed over six
provinces (South, Southeast and Central
Sulawesi, Maluku, North Maluku and West
Papua). Southeast and Central Sulawesi
have the largest concentration with 155
and 116 companies, respectively, while
Maluku and West Papua are currently
home to 1 and 2 miners. Three more
work contracts have been awarded
that will increase the total to 333 mining
companies, covering 836,000 hectares of
nickel concession area.
Considering nickel processing
facilities, APNI reports capacities of NPI,
www.stainless-steel-world.net
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
PRIMARY NICKEL PRODUCTION
ferronickel and matte of 1,659kt/y in
operation, 598kt/y under construction
and a further 896kt/y planned. For MHP,
these capacities are 145kt, 403kt, and
609kt, respectively. This would equate
to ore requirements of 178Mt/y (wet)
for operating plants (in 2023), 116Mt/y
for projects under construction and
174Mt/y for planned projects, resulting
in a forecast of about 468Mt/y of ore
required by 2026.
Estimated combined Indonesian exports
of ferronickel (FeNi) and NPI (excluding
NPI in stainless steel, or STS), nickel
matte and mixed hydroxide precipitate
(MHP) (in nickel content) surged in
2022, with an increase of more than
+100%. From January to August 2023,
the growth was +44%, compared with
the same months in 2022.
Asian primary nickel production was
2.216Mt in 2022 (+23%) and is forecast
to reach 2.626Mt in 2023 (+18.5%) and
2.878Mt in 2024 (+9.6%). Indonesia
raised output to 1.390Mt and 1.515Mt,
consolidating its position as the world
leader, followed by China with 1.020Mt
and 1.145Mt, respectively.
In Africa, primary nickel production
rose +9.6% in 2022 and is expected to
further increase by +1.0% in 2023 and
+9.1% in 2024.
[ Nickel ]
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
-100
-200
2021 2022 2023(f) 2024(f)
PRIMARY NICKEL USAGE
The Americas had growth of +8% of
primary nickel production in 2022 but
are forecast to have negative growth
of -13.2% in 2023, followed by a
recovery of +8.0% in 2024. Variations
in 2023 were primarily due to Canada
and Guatemala (ProNiCo’s FeNix
smelter was not allowed to produce in
2023; the company is a subsidiary of
Solway Investment Group). Canadian
production is likely to recover in 2024.
News published in the beginning of
October refers to the fact that Solway
has received new licenses to resume
operations.
Despite a recovery in both the Russian
Federation and Finland, production
growth in Europe was flat in 2022,
due to all four ferronickel producers
having stopped production as a
response to high energy prices
and lower demand from STS mills.
At the beginning of April 2023, the
North Macedonian smelter resumed
production. In 2023, production is likely
to decrease in the region by almost
-4%, because of anticipated lower
output from the Russian Federation,
partially compensated by the ramp
up of Terrafame’s Battery Chemicals
plant, commissioned in June 2021,
which will produce nickel sulphate
Stainless Steel World December 2023 23
[ Nickel ]
exception of Africa in 2023. China will
Nickel pig iron production (in 1000 tonnes)
have the biggest increase in absolute
1800
1700 volume.
1600 In 2023, Asia will account for 85.9% of
1500 global primary nickel usage, reinforcing
1400 its dominant position (as a reference,
1300
Asia’s share in 2010 was 63%). Further
1200
1100 growth of +9.5% is anticipated in the
1000 region in 2024.
900 Demand in China is forecast to increase
800 by +16% in 2023 and +9.1% in 2024.
700
The country is the largest consuming
600
500 market in the world. It will use 63.5%
400 of the world’s primary nickel in 2023,
300 with a further increase of 0.3 percentage
200 points in 2024. In terms of quantity, the
100
main driving sector is STS, though the
0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023(f) 2024(f) battery sector is growing faster in terms
of percentage.
China Indonesia Indonesia started producing STS in 2017
Sources: INSG, Antaike, SMM, MySteel and became the second most important
nickel user in 2020 (with usage growing
to 210kt, surpassing that of Japan).
for EV batteries. For 2024, production are reevaluating the companies’ The country had a strong increase in
is forecast to expand by +3.3%, with profitability. 2021, reaching 383kt, but due to import
the ramp up of North Macedonian and restrictions from several countries,
Finnish production. Primary nickel usage output decreased in 2022. Consumption
In Oceania, primary nickel production World nickel usage has grown steadily is likely to decline further to 335kt in
recovered in 2022, with an increase of since 2009, with the only exception 2023 but should recover in 2024 to a
+4.6%, and is forecast to further rise in being 2020, when it declined by -0.6%. level of around 390kt.
2023 by +3.3% and in 2024 by +3.6%, In 2023 and 2024, usage is forecast to Nickel usage in Europe is expected to
with growth in both Australia and New increase by +8.0% and +8.7%, to reach recover by +0.5% in 2023 and grow by
Caledonia (France). There is uncertainty 3,195 Mt and 3,474 Mt, respectively. a further +5.1% in 2024. Similarly, in the
regarding the latter due to the fact that In both years, demand in all world Americas, usage is projected to expand
the producers and the local government regions is expected to expand, with the by +1.4% in 2023 and +2.5% in 2024. In

Estimated Indonesian nickel exports (in 1000 tonnes, nickel content)

Total Exports Nickel (in metal)
160000

140000

120000

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

0
22
20

20

21

2
2
M 2
20

22

23
20

M 3

23

3
21
1

1
0

21

p2
l2
2
p2

l2

n2

l2
n2

p2
2

n2

ov
n

ar

ay

ar
l

ay

ar
ov

ay
ar
ay

ov

Ju
Ju

Ju

Ju
Ja

Se
Se

Ja
Se
Ja

Ja
M

N
M

M
N

M
M

FeNi + NPI Matte MHP

Sources: Indonesian Customs, INSG.

24 Stainless Steel World December 2023 www.stainless-steel-world.net

 [ Nickel ]
both regions, usage declined in 2022. As LME nickel prices and stocks
mentioned previously, demand in Africa
will decrease in 2023 (-4.6%), but a tonnes LME Daily Stocks SHFE Stocks LME Prices USD/t
recovery is anticipated in 2024 (+1.9%).
75,000 33,000
The stainless steel sector remains the
most important first-use market for nickel, 31,000
although its percentage share of the
market has been slowly declining since it 29,000
peaked in 2020, because of the growing
50,000 27,000
electrification of vehicles and subsequent
demand for EV batteries containing 25,000
nickel. In 2022, stainless steel accounted
for almost 69% of world primary nickel 23,000
usage (not counting scrap). 25,000 21,000
The World Stainless Association (former
International Stainless Steel Forum / 19,000
ISSF) released figures for the first half
17,000
year of 2023 showing that “stainless
steel melt shop production decreased 15,000
by 1.7% year–on–year to 28.4 million
2

23
3

23
22

22

23

M 3
3

23

O 3
3
-2

-2
2

-2

l-2

2
-2
g-
n-
v-

c-

n-

b-

r-

p-
metric tons”, after increasing by
ct

ay
ar

ct
Ju

Au
Ap
No

Ju
De

Ja
O

Se
Fe

+12.5% in 2021 and decreasing by
-5.1% in 2022. Forecast figures for
world stainless steel consumption (as of
October 2023) indicate a level of around
+1.2% for 2023 and +3.4% for 2024.
These figures confirm that demand
growth from the stainless steel sector
is recovering and is expected to be
stronger next year.
As reported by the consultant “EV
Volumes”, world sales of EVs reached
9.4 million in the first 9 months of 2023
(+39% growth), after increasing +109%
in 2021 and +55% in 2022. EV sales
represented 16% of global light vehicle
sales so far in 2023, compared to a share
of 8.3% in 2021 and 14% in 2022. Year-
to-date in 2023, battery electric vehicles
(BEVs) had a share of around 11% (over
6.5 million) with plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles (PHEVs) accounting for the
remaining 5% share (more than 2.8
million), while in 2022 BEVs stood at 10%
share (about 7.2 million) and PHEVs at
4% share (about 2.9 million). For the total
year of 2023, it is possible that total EV
sales could reach more than 13 million.
In China, annual production of ternary
precursors used to produce different
types of nickel-containing batteries has
been consistently rising, reaching 320kt
in 2020, 634kt in 2021, and 843kt in
2022, according to MySteel. With regard
to NCM batteries, high-nickel NCM811
and NCM622 precursors are becoming
more favoured and represented 42%
(21% in 2020 and 29% in 2021) and 28%
(18% in 2020 and 24% in 2021) of NCM
precursor production, respectively,
in 2022. In the first 9 months of 2023,
production increased +1.5%, with
negative growth until April (-1.6%) –
M
Sources: London Metal Exchange, Shanghai Futures Exchange.
due to subsidy cuts and the peak of the
pandemic in the country. September
and provisional figures for October
show a decline in the production.
Nickel prices and stocks
Lastly, we will briefly analyse nickel
prices and exchange stocks for the first
10 months of 2023.
Since the beginning of 2023, the London
Metal Exchange (LME) nickel price
(close, cash settlement) has been
trending downwards. After starting the
year at 31,200 USD/t, prices decreased
to 21,895 USD/t in mid-March. This was
followed by a recovery that ended on 20
April with a peak of 25,540 USD/t. Since
then, a decreasing trend has become
apparent. In mid-September prices fell
below 20,000 USD/t for the first time since
December 2021. During this period,
peaks have been successively lower –
25,100 USD/t on 3 May, 23,140 USD/t on
16 June and 22,355 USD/t on 1 August
(this latter spike matching Indonesia’s
announcement of decisions to prevent
nickel oversupply). Looking at monthly
average prices, after a decrease of
3,383 USD/t in March 2023, the 3rd largest
since 2010 (the two largest decreases
were in the atypical year of 2022), April
was the only month with an average
monthly price increase (+450 USD/t). This
coincided with reports of short covering
and very low visible stocks. From May to
October, coinciding with growing reports
of the market being oversupplied, the
rising possibility of converting class 2 to
exchange deliverable class 1 nickel and
new listings at the LME, average monthly
nickel prices have been decreasing on
average at about 900 USD/t each month,
with a faster decrease seen in May
(-1,527 USD/t) and a slower one in
July (-295 USD/t).
After a more or less steady decrease
from 270,000t since April 2021, followed
by a slight increase in the fourth quarter
of 2022, combined LME and Shanghai
Futures Exchange (SHFE) nickel
stocks started 2023 at a level of about
57,900t. Since the beginning of the
year, destocking recommenced at an
average pace of about 4,000t per month
until end-May. 27 April marked the
first time LME stocks had fallen below
40,000 t since 2007, and on 16 June the
LME had its lowest nickel stocks level
declined to 36,810t. At that time SHFE
stocks were already recovering from
the lowest value to ever be recorded
since the contract was launched in 2015,
506t, in the last week of May. Combined
exchange stocks hit a lowest point on
1 June (38,162t) and, apart from July, have
been increasing every month, finishing
October at 53,952t. Significantly, about
9,000t were added in September, 5,000t
to LME and 4,000t to SHFE warehouses.
LME end-of-month off-warrant stocks in
August were 7,580t. A minimum level
of 385t in May 2023, the lowest since
this figure started to be published in
February 2020, was followed by a sharp
increase in June, to 6,587t. This was
boosted by additions to European and
US warehouses, whilst in Asia the figure
remains under 100t.

www.stainless-steel-world.net Stainless Steel World December 2023 25

 P E R KU M P U L A N
P E N G E M B A N GA N
S TA I N L E S S S T E E L

PPSSI INDONESIA
I N D O N E S I A S TA I N L E S S S T E E L
D E V E L O P M E N T A S S O C I AT I O N
 [ Solder ]

Solder paste for stainless steel

A new zinc chloride-based solder paste that works on hard-to-solder 316 stainless steel
alloy has been developed. The paste consists of powdered solder alloy suspended in flux
paste with binders. The solder paste can be heated rapidly by torch yet is stable enough to
be heated for long periods of time in an oven. The bond strength of the soldered connection
is very strong and, in some cases, exceeds the strength of the underlying steel.

By William F Avery, Dr. Y. Baskin, and Rebecca Zronek, Superior Flux & Mfg. Co., USA

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 1. Solder Test (a) Paste 1 (b) Paste 2 (c) Paste 3 (d) Paste 4

A stable stainless steel soldering paste
has been needed for some time. While
we have great liquid and paste fluxes
for soldering stainless steel, we haven’t
had stable and sufficiently strong solder
paste products to do this work. There are
several considerations regarding this:
•• Simple conversion of flux in paste form
to solder paste does not work because
the chemistry of these fluxes will often
result in the flux attacking the solder
powder owing to the activity of the flux.
•• An ideal stainless steel soldering
paste can be heated rapidly by torch.
•• An ideal stainless steel soldering
paste can be heated in long heating
processes such as in ovens and be
able to solder connections after long
heating periods.
•• The stainless steel used in this test
was 316 stainless.
•• The solder used for evaluation was
96.5/3.5 tin-silver, often used for
stainless steel connections.
•• The completion of this test compares
the resultant new proposed solder
paste to the best liquid flux we have
for stainless steel soldering, and to
another alternate zinc chloride-free
stainless steel soldering paste.
chloride) to maximize the mixture as a
paste. One mixture was found to be stable
with the solder powder.
Deciding on an Activator Package - Step
2: None of the formulations, when made
into solder paste, were capable of soldering
stainless steel, suggesting that other
chemical activation schemes were needed.
Deciding on an Activator Package -
Step 3: The next test looked at altering
the activating scheme and changing the
paste consistency. A different acid choice
was used along with other activators. The
paste chemistry was altered to make a
more fluid flux paste formulation. Figure
1 shows how the pastes looked when
soldered to stainless steel using hot plate
heating at 350°C. The results were quite
dramatic; see figure 1 (a)-(d).
Reducing solder paste splattering
Because of the chemistry used with this
solder paste, it was necessary for some
water to be present. Pastes made in the
previous section had intentionally too much
water added, simply to ease the creation
process. The series of successful fluxes
created in this round were then tested via
the solderability tester to measure their
viability. The best visual (the least amount
of splattering) and mixing result (went into
solution the easiest) was found to be the
new solder paste shown in Figure 2.
Testing the new soldering paste
The new soldering paste has been tested
as described previously, by a simple
tensile test, and by solderability testing.
The test results are shown in Figure 3.
Tensile strength
A simple tensile strength test was carried
out to measure the overall strength of
the solder bonds with the new stainless
steel soldering paste. An interference
joint was created by soldering one strip
of stainless to another using the solder
paste and torch heating. The tensile tester

New development work

Deciding on an Activator Package -
Step 1: Development was concentrated
on improving soldering to stainless steel.
Several formulations were developed to
determine the best mixture of ingredients (a) (b)
(particularly activators beyond the zinc Figure 2. (a) Liquid flux and solder alloy (b) New solder paste

www.stainless-steel-world.net Stainless Steel World December 2023 27

[ Solder ]

Tensile Test Strip Test Run Adjusted Strength at Break Comments

1 88.0 lbs./ per sq. inch

Solder Stainless Steel
2 97.5
3 86.0
4 88.0
5 95.0
6 105.0* Steel broke before the solder joint
Stainless Steel
7 84.0
8 85.0
9 94.0
10 96.0
Figure 3. Tensile strip test results
solder wetting. This is the measure of
Metal Strip
how fast the solder will start to spread
on a surface.
Molten Solder Solder wetting (in µN/mm) at given
B/C D E/F
A G Times - Wetting force expressed in
G H
micronewtons / millimeter (µN/mm) at
F
the time indicated in the solderability
Downward curve.
Maximum wetting (MW) - Maximum
force; expressed in micronewtons/
Force on A E H
millimeter (µN/mm), in the positive
Metal Strip Time Buoyancy
D solder wetting region of the solderability
B C curve. This is a measure of how far the
Upward solder will spread on a surface.
Figure 4. Example of how solderability tester works. Integrated area under the curve
(IA) - The area between the curve and
was used to pull on the parts until there of wetting force. The wetting force is a the x-axis during the entire immersion
was a break in the solder connection, or a measure of the extent of solder flow. Greater cycle. The area is recorded in units of
break in the base metal strip. solder flow will result in better soldering. micronewtons/ millimeter-seconds
(µN/mm-sec). This measure combines
Solderability tester Solderability test terms the effects of both maximum wetting
The solderability tester measures the Time to cross axis (TCA) - Time, in and time to cross axis to give a single
interfacial force between molten solder seconds, needed to achieve positive performance value.
and the specimen being soldered; in
essence, measuring the ability of the Solderability test results: Comparison of standard liquid stainless steel flux to best stainless steel
solder to flow on a surface. A common soldering pastes
definition of solderability is “the ability of Solder Wetting (in µN/mm) at given Times
a metal to be wetted by molten solder”.
Flux TCA 0.70s 1.00s 2.00s 3.00s 4.00s 5.00s
The solderability test is unique in that it Stainless Steel Flux 0.34 167 226 250 251 251 251
permits the simultaneous evaluation of Zinc Chloride Free Solderpaste 2.60 -129 7 213 255 256 253
base metal, solder, flux, and temperature Zinc Chloride Based Solderpaste 1.26 -159 -107 143 247 263 261
to determine the effect of these factors
Flux MW IA @ 5.00s
in the soldering process. Three of these
Stainless Steel Flux 253 1094
factors are held constant, while the fourth
Zinc Chloride Free Solderpaste 218 -73
is the measured variable.
Zinc Chloride Based Solderpaste 282 762
In the test, a fluxed metal strip specimen
is held above the molten solder and
connected to a load cell. The solder pot F
is raised to immerse the specimen to a Maximum Wetting (E) E
preset depth below the solder for a set
period of time. The load cell measures Downward
the weight change as solder draws up the
test specimen. The weight difference is
converted to wetting force by an on-line Force on
A G
computer analysis. The solder pot then is Metal Strip
Time
lowered at the end of the immersion cycle,
Integrated Area Under the Curve
pulling the specimen out of the solder.
B C
To evaluate the results, the height of the
Upward
curve within the immersion time of the
solderability test dip is measured in terms Figure 5. Description of how to read solderability testing results.

28 Stainless Steel World December 2023 www.stainless-steel-world.net

 [ Solder ]
solder paste used for this application, this
Solderability Test
new soldering paste can withstand torch
Comparison Stainless Steel Flux To Best Stainless Steel Soldering Pastes heating and long oven heating processing.
This new solder paste works on 316
350 Solder Alloy: 96.5/3.5 Tin-Silver Solder @350°C
316 Stainless Steel stainless steel and all other easier to
300 Each Line Based On 5 Part Dip Average solder steels and metals.
Force (micronewtons/mm)

250

200
About the authors
William Avery is Metal
150 Joining Specialist at Superior
Flux and Mfg. Co. with
100 expertise in solderability
Meniscograph Conditions:
Immersion Speed: 20 mm/sec testing, evaluating solder
50 Immersion Depth: 4 mm
Immersion Time: 5 seconds
joint quality, and product
0 development of innovative
Buoyancy Corrected Zero
flux and soldering solutions
-50 for hard-to-solder metals for the electronic and
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 industrial soldering industries. He graduated
Immersion Time (seconds) from the State University of New York at
Stainless Steel Flux Zinc Chloride Zinc Chloride Buffalo.
Free Solderpaste Based Solderpaste

Dr. Baskin is the president of

Figure 6. Solderability test results Superior Flux.

Conclusions impressively, the new solder paste has

As a result of the testing described in this maximum wetting like that of the strong
article there is now a better soldering paste stainless steel liquid flux.
for soldering stainless steel available. The The new zinc chloride-based solder Rebecca Zronek has been a
new zinc chloride-based solder paste paste has the advantage of being much chemist with Superior Flux
has faster positive solderability than the more like the highly active corrosive for over 20 years.
previous zinc chloride-free solder paste liquid fluxes typical of this application.
used for this application, and, equally Unlike the earlier zinc chloride-free

www.stainless-steel-world.net Stainless Steel World December 2023 29

Photo ©Weltec Biopower

Molybdenum in biogas plants

Biogas plants make a valuable contribution to green energy generation: they provide electricity,
heat, gas and vehicle fuel, thereby significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Additionally, these plants contribute to the reduction of organic waste. Due to their exceptional
corrosion resistance and strength, molybdenum-containing stainless steels have been proven to
be an excellent choice for various biogas production applications.

By Martina Helzel, circa drei

Biogas production has huge potential
across the globe, as a wide variety
of organic materials can be used to
produce green energy. The range
of feedstock is diverse and includes
biomass-containing residual waste
such as sewage sludge, biowaste from
households and production processes,
and food waste. Liquid manure and
dung derived from livestock farming,
as well as previously unused plants
or plant parts, can also be effectively
utilized, avoiding the waste of
valuable resources. In some countries,
specifically cultivated energy crops
like corn are grown as renewable raw
materials for biogas production.
Biogas production
The anaerobic digester or fermenter
is the core of the biogas plant. In its
oxygen-free environment, various
microorganisms, primarily bacteria,
break down the organic material
in multiple stages resulting in the
production of biogas. Most forms
of feedstock must be pretreated
to enhance digestibility. Some are
shredded or ground into smaller parts,
depending on the material. The pH
value of the biomass, usually between
6.5 to 8, also affects gas production.
The system can be self-heated by the
exothermic digestion process, though
usually additional heat is provided
by burning some of the biogas. Most
systems have an operating temperature
between 25° and 45°C. Higher
temperatures between 50° and 60°C are
possible to produce gas more quickly.
Biogas comprises about 60% methane
and 35% carbon dioxide, as well
as small amounts of other gases.
Methane and carbon dioxide are both
greenhouse gases that contribute to
environmental damage. However, the
process of anerobic digestion captures
these gases that would otherwise be
emitted directly into the atmosphere
from the decomposition of organic
matter. Since the greenhouse gas
potential of methane is many times

30 Stainless Steel World December 2023 www.stainless-steel-world.net


higher than that of carbon dioxide,
capturing methane and burning it to
produce carbon dioxide is much better
for the environment.
The biogas generated in the digester
is collected through a network of pipes
and transferred to a gas storage system,
where it remains until it is ready for use
or further processing. Biogas serves
various purposes: it can be directly used
as heating or cooking fuel or channeled
into a combined heat and power
(CHP) generator to produce heat and
electricity. This flexibility makes biogas
a valuable local energy source, suitable
for households, farms, communities,
and industries. Biogas or generated
electricity can also be fed into the grid
to contribute to the broader energy
supply. Additionally, biogas can be
further processed, resulting in a higher-
quality fuel suitable for converted
road vehicles. This upgraded biogas,
known as renewable natural gas (RNG)
or biomethane, has a similar quality
as fossil-based natural gas, typically
containing 90% or more methane.
The material left over after digestion,
called digestate, accounts for around
50% of the input mass. Digestate is
a valuable fertilizer that significantly
reduces greenhouse gas and odor
emissions compared to unprocessed
manure fertilizer. Rich in nutrients,
digestate can be applied as a liquid or
a solid, thus diminishing reliance on
costly and potentially harmful chemical
fertilizers.
Better than concrete
Concrete, and to a lesser extent, carbon
steel are currently the most common
digester tank materials, mainly because
of their lower initial cost. However,
concrete tank construction must be
relatively large scale to be cost effective,
requires heavy machinery, is labor
intensive and takes a long time to
cure. Regular maintenance is crucial
to prevent leakages in a digester.
Leaking gas, water and odor can cause
serious problems for the plant and
its surrounding areas. Nevertheless,
corrosion is difficult to avoid in concrete
and carbon steel digester tanks, even
when a special coating system is utilized.
Stainless steel tanks, on the other hand,
can be quickly installed without the
need for heavy machinery, scaffolding
or cranage. Typically circular in
shape, with diameters up to 35 m,
these tanks are assembled on-site by
bolting segments of stainless steel
www.stainless-steel-world.net
[ Renewables ]
sheet together. The tanks are built depend on the composition of the
up ring by ring, starting with the feedstock and the operating conditions
top ring. The partially built tank is inside the digester. Unprocessed plant-
then lifted with simple jacks to make based feedstock generally results in the
space for assembly of the next ring, least corrosive byproducts. However,
until the desired height is reached. if the feedstock contains residues
Prefabrication and construction allow from meat or fish processing, higher
for a precise fit and individual design levels of sulfur compounds may be
of the tanks. Due to the segmental produced. Similarly, if the feedstock
design of the tanks, vertical extensions includes convenience food or food
can easily be added at a later stage. scraps, sodium chlorides may be
Even after years of use, the tanks can present, contributing to the corrosivity.
be dismantled and reconstructed at The desulfurization of biogas, which is
a different location. At the end of its necessary before feeding it into a CHP
long life, stainless steel can be sold generator, can also produce highly
as valuable scrap which is 100% corrosive byproducts.
recyclable. Managing the corrosive compounds in
biogas production is crucial to prevent
Avoiding corrosion damage to the equipment. Repairing
Corrosive compounds, such as organic and restarting a digester is a complex
acids, hydrogen sulfide or chlorides and time-consuming process, so using
are unavoidable byproducts of the materials that resist corrosion in the first
biogas production process. The type place is key. Fortunately, there is a wide
and concentration of these byproducts range of stainless steel grades available
Japan is the most
earthquake-prone
country on earth. While
it remains heavily
dependent on fossil
fuels, renewable energy
already accounts for
one-fifth of total energy
production. Stainless
steel biogas tanks are
resilient and can easily Photo ©Weltec Biopower
be customized to meet
earthquake-resistance requirements as well as local wind load specifications.
This new plant in Saitama near Tokyo converts 12,000 tonnes of organic waste,
including cattle manure from a nearby farm, into energy each year. Three
stainless steel tanks for upstream feedstock storage, digestion and digestate
storage ensure an efficient and durable production process of the biogas plant.
Stainless Steel World December 2023 31
[ Renewables ]

Two rows of bolts join the prefabricated stainless steel segments vertically. Once an enormous ring is completed, jacks lift it so that
the next ring can be assembled at the bottom of the tank. The rings are horizontally connected with special profiles that enhance the
stability of the tank wall. All vertical and horizontal joints are sealed. Photo ©Erich Stallkamp ESTA GmbH

that allows for cost-effective material

choices. By selecting an appropriate
corrosion resistant grade, it is possible
to mitigate the negative effects of
corrosive compounds. This ensures
trouble-free operation throughout the
lifespan of digestion and storage tanks,
as well as other components like pumps,
valves, agitators, pipes, fittings, and
purification equipment.
A digester tank for example, can be
divided into two zones, the lower
part which is filled with liquid and
solid biomass and the gaseous zone
above. The splash or tidal zone at the
interface is particularly susceptible to
corrosion, as corrosive substances can
concentrate on the tank walls during
wetting and drying cycles. To address
this, it is common to use a more highly
alloyed grade such as 2205 duplex
stainless steel, for the upper part. For
the permanently submerged bottom
part a lower alloyed stainless steel can Agitators inside the digester help to mix different feedstock components, homogenize
be used, such as 2101 duplex. These the temperature of the biomass and reduce crust formation. The internal heating system
molybdenum-containing stainless steels ensures constant temperature of the biomass. Flexible, corrugated stainless steel tubes
provide sufficient corrosion resistance with up to 50% more surface area allow for continuous optimal heat transfer. Photo
and durability for each particular ©Weltec Biopower

Near Belfast, Northern Ireland, a food logistics company implemented

an innovative approach to fuel its trucking fleet with food waste
from the grocery stores it serves. A total of 17,500 tonnes of organic
material sourced from over 40 supermarkets is converted to
RNG on an annual basis. The food leftovers undergo a process of
pasteurization, shredding and homogenization, followed by anaerobic
digestion in two stainless steel digesters with a capacity of 2,625 cubic
meters each. To use it as a truck fuel, 450 cubic meters of biogas are
upgraded into RNG every hour. The company’s fleet of trucks, which
run on this biofuel, emit an impressive 93% fewer carbon emissions
compared to traditional diesel trucks. Photo ©McCulla Transport

32 Stainless Steel World December 2023 www.stainless-steel-world.net

 [ Renewables ]

The coastal region around Turku in

southwestern Finland is characterized by
its livestock farms. In this area, a 250 kW
biogas plant makes use of around 40,000
tonnes of pig manure every year as its sole
feedstock. The generated heat powers the
4,903 cubic meter stainless steel digester
and also provides heat to nearby hog
fattening houses. The entire operation
of the biogas plant is fully automated,
finishing with the separation of the
digestate. Compression of the digestate
makes it easier to transport, allowing
excess fertilizer to be moved to regions
where it is needed. Most importantly, by
processing the manure, the plant actively
combats the accumulation of nutrients in
the already vulnerable local waterways
and the Baltic Sea. Photo ©Weltec Biopower

environment. Using duplex stainless The big picture the world has the potential to produce
steels instead of standard austenitic Biogas plants easily adapt to shifts biogas or biomethane. With the
grades, like Type 304 or 316 stainless in power demand. As the share of development of local collection logistics
steel, offers another advantage. In renewable energy sources continues to and supply chains, the availability
some cases, the high strength of duplex grow, the flexibility of biogas in covering of sustainable feedstocks for these
stainless steels will enable the wall of peak demands and balancing the purposes is set to grow by 40% by 2040,
the tank to be reduced, resulting in intermittent periods of other renewables according to the International Energy
weight savings, which makes them a such as wind and solar power becomes Agency (IEA) report, “The Outlook for
cost-effective alternative. increasingly important. Every part of Biogas and Biomethane” (2020).
Most of the biomethane resources
examined in the IEA report are currently
The Könnern industrial park near Magdeburg, Germany hosts one of the world’s
more expensive to produce than the
largest biogas refineries, which began operating in 2009. This impressive
prevailing natural gas prices in their
plant processes about 120,000 tonnes of raw materials and liquid manure each
region, but the cost gap is projected to
year, supplied by around 30 local farmers. According to the operator WELTEC narrow over time. Recognizing the value
BIOPOWER, the plant annually produces 15 million cubic meters of biomethane, of avoiding carbon dioxide and methane
enough to power around 10,000 households or provide 9,000 cars with an annual emissions goes a long way towards
mileage of 30,000 kilometers. The plant contains over 1,500 tonnes of stainless improving the cost-competitiveness of
steel in its storage tanks, pumps, and other systems. biomethane. Overall, biogas production
costs are projected to decrease
slightly while natural gas prices tend
to rise. The invasion of Ukraine tends
to put upward pressure on the price of
natural gas. Coupled with the potential
environmental benefits of biogas
production in reducing emissions
from organic waste, there is a stronger
incentive than ever to increase biogas
production.

About IMOA
Reproduced with the kind permission
of the International Molybdenum
Association (IMOA). IMOA is a non-
profit trade association representing
the majority of the molybdenum
industry worldwide. For information,
Photo ©Weltec Biopower visit www.imoa.info

www.stainless-steel-world.net Stainless Steel World December 2023 33

[ Community ]

Sun, smiles and stainless; PacRim

Stainless 2023 a great success!
Organised for its members by the Australian Stainless Steel Development Association (ASSDA),
the annual PacRim Stainless conference brings together leading companies in the country’s
stainless industry for two days of networking and fun.

By Joanne McIntyre, Stainless Steel World

Chaired by Joanne McIntyre of Stainless Steel World, the Networking was a high priority at PacRim Stainless; pictured is
conference featured speakers from around the globe. ASSDA President David Sheedy from Arcus Wire Group.

Held in the QT hotel in Surfers Paradise,
Queensland, on 18 & 19 October, the 2023
PacRim Stainless conference brought
together Australia’s stainless steel
industry and colleagues from abroad in
an exclusive networking environment.
Two half-day conference sessions
offered a stellar lineup of speakers
to share their experience, expertise
in new trends and technologies, and
perspectives on global and local
stainless steel market direction.
The event was kicked off by business
futurist and innovation expert Craig
Rispin. Delegates found his presentation
equally fascinating and disturbing as he
outlined the rapid growth of technologies
such as artificial intelligence and what this
could mean for our business and lives.
He was followed by Des Watkins from
Watkins Steel, who gave an enlightening
demonstration on digital transformation
practices. Des provided practical
examples such as holographic twins and
the everyday use of virtual reality in his
day-to-day business in the construction
and steel fabrication industry.
There was a strong forward-looking
focus to the conference program, which
also included presentations from;
•• Peter Munckton from the Bank of
Queensland
•• Jim Lennon from Red Door Research
•• Harry Fisher from Benchmark
Mineral Intelligence
•• Richard Matheson from the Nickiel
insttitue
•• Nicole Kinsman from the
International Molybdenum
Association (IMOA).
•• Lauren Howe from Arup
Josh Sheedy from Arcus Wire Group
provided an update on ASSDA’s
highly successful Young Professionals
organisation, which brings together
stainless industry professionals under
the age of 40 to network and share their
experiences.

Outstanding networking
The PacRim Stainless conference offers
outstanding networking opportunities,
from the buffet lunches to a formal
Gala Dinner at the stylish QT Hotel.
The dinner was an opportunity to meet

34 Stainless Steel World December 2023 www.stainless-steel-world.net


Lissel Pilcher from ASSDA, preparing to announce the annual
Fabricator Project of the Year Awards.
with many industry notables from
across Australia as well as guests from
abroad. The highlight of the evening
was the Awards ceremony, followed by a
sumptuous buffet.
For many ASSDA members, the half-
day golf tournament is an unmissable
event. The 2-ball Golf Ambrose is an
annual PacRim Stainless Conference
tradition, with players vying for the
coveted Barry Durrant Memorial Trophy.
Congratulations to champions Chris
Ritchie (Atlas Steels) and Trent Davis
(InfraBuild Recycling) for taking out the
win this year.
Fabricator Project of the Year
Awards
The annual Awards during the event
include three categories which
recognise excellence in Australian
design and fabrication of stainless steel.
Architecture Building and
Construction – Awarded to Mack Bros
Roofing Products for the Queenscliff
Ferry Terminal. The Terminal at Port
Pure Piping were awarded for Project Hawara.
www.stainless-steel-world.net
[ Community ]
Mack Bros Roofing Products were awarded for the Queenscliff
Ferry Terminal project.
Phillip Bay is an architectural gem clad
in gracefully curved ferritic stainless Industry Service Award
steel panels, exemplifying precision and
artistry in fabrication and construction.
Food, Beverage and Pharmaceutical –
Awarded to Pure Piping for Project
Hawara, CSL Global Headquarters. In the
heart of Melbourne CBD’s biomedical
precinct, Pure Piping played a pivotal role
in delivering an 18-level pharmaceutical
plant, utilising stainless steel as the primary
material for laboratory construction, setting
a new standard for quality. Special recognition was given to
Process Industries – Awarded to TFG long-term ASSDA member and
Group Pty Ltd for the Horsley Park Mixing
industry personality Kim Burton,
Plant. TFG Group’s stainless steel expertise
shone in the design, fabrication, and who was presented with the
mechanical installation of a Greenfield prestigious Peter Matheson Industry
distribution facility. The facility caters to Service Award. Kim’s unwavering
the non-food FMCG sector, demonstrating
dedication and remarkable 48+
TFG’s commitment to quality and precision
in stainless steel engineering. years of contributions to the stainless
steel industry have left an indelible
For information about ASSDA and future mark, and the award recognises his
events, please visit
outstanding service and commitment.
https://www.assda.asn.au/
TFG Group won the Process Industries award.
Stainless Steel World December 2023 35
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 [ Nickel ]

Full speed ahead: Nickel in India’s

rapidly expanding rail networks
From metro to mainline, Indian Railways (IR) is one of the world’s largest rail networks
under a single administration, handling over 22 million passengers and approximately 3.5
million tonnes of freight daily. It is recognised as one of the world’s largest commercial
employers, with over 1.6 million employees. To keep up with the pace of change from
population growth, urbanisation, and industrialisation, the Indian rail sector is undergoing
rapid development, aiming to create a faster, more efficient, and expansive network. The
ambitious future of India’s rail infrastructure requires prudent investments that ensure its
long-term viability. This is where nickel-containing steels play a vital role.

By Richard Matheson, Director, Market Development, Nickel Institute

The modernisation of India’s rail
system, both metro and mainline,
encompasses various aspects. These
include increasing the speed of
both freight and passenger systems,
electrifying the entire network, and
rapidly expanding rail lines within and
between cities. Such a monumental
shift necessitates the adoption of
innovative train technologies and the
development of stations and platforms
on an unprecedented scale.
Metros multiplying in major cities
First opened in Delhi in 2002, metro
rail systems have become a common
sight in almost all major Indian cities,
either operational or in various
stages of construction. These metro
systems rely extensively on unpainted
austenitic stainless steels, with nearly
100% of metro coach shells made
from nickel-containing steels. These
materials that offer lightweight,
high-strength construction with
exceptional durability and resilience.
Each metro coach incorporates
approximately 8 tonnes of Type
301LN (UNS S30153) stainless steel,
exhibiting cold-worked yield strength
levels ranging from 345 to 690 MPa
(50 to 100 ksi). The benefits include
reduced weight, enhanced energy
efficiency, elimination of painting
requirements, and significantly
decreased maintenance needs.
Already, more than 3,000 metro

www.stainless-steel-world.net Stainless Steel World December 2023 37

[ Nickel ]

METRO
8 tonnes of Type 301LN stainless
steel per coach
3,000 current stainless steel
coaches
3,000 new stainless steel coaches
in the next 3–5 years

840 km of current metro routes

480 km under construction
375 km proposed

660 current stations

228 stations under construction
213 stations planned

a costly and challenging task. To

minimise maintenance requirements
and increase serviceability
The utilisation of nickel in India’s rail sector is indispensable for its transformation into an and lifespan, the use of nickel-
efficient and resilient network that will serve the nation for decades to come. containing stainless steels is highly
recommended for railing systems,
coaches are in operation, with an Stainless steel in every station cladding, canopies, counters,
additional 3,000 coaches scheduled The Indian metro network currently signage, and various other utility
to be added within the next three comprises 660 functional stations, functions. Tenders for all such
to five years. To meet this surging with a further 228 under construction
demand, three metro rail coach and 213 in the planning phase. In RAIL
factories are in operation, two are in addition, another 500 stations will
advanced stages of construction, and be built in the foreseeable future. 22 million passengers daily
two more are in the planning phase. Given that metro systems operate
These developments position India to extensively throughout the day,
3.5 million tonnes of freight daily
potentially become a global hub for maintenance of the infrastructure,
metro coach manufacturing. particularly the stations, becomes

Nickel-containing stainless steels offer unmatched advantages in terms of strength, durability, energy efficiency, and reduced
maintenance requirements.

38 Stainless Steel World December 2023 www.stainless-steel-world.net


RAIL
60,000 current rail cars
7,000 rail cars in production
7,800 rail cars in 2024
29,000 tonnes of Type 304
nickel-containing stainless steel
each year
3,600 tonnes of Type 316L for
accessories
8,000 current stations
100 stations currently under
redevelopment
1,275 stations identified for
redevelopment
applications specify the use of Type 304
(S30400) stainless steel. To date,
metro stations completed or under
construction, have required about
30,000 tonnes of stainless steel.
Mainline moves into high
production
Mainline trains are a critical sector of
Indian rail, facilitating passenger and
freight haulage between cities. This part
of the network operates over 60,000
rail cars. Since 2018, Indian Railways
has exclusively employed stainless
steel for all of its coach production,
including mainline and fast trains.
Components prone to corrosion, such
as the roof, trough-floor, toilet inlay,
bio-toilet digester, water storage
tanks, and entrance gangways, are all
manufactured using nickel-containing
austenitic grades of stainless steel.
The side and end panels utilise utility
stainless steels that are painted based
on coach category requirements. Indian
Railways recently announced its annual
coach production program, projecting
an increase in stainless steel demand.
This year, a total of 7,000 coaches are
in production, with plans for 7,800
coaches next year. This will require
over 29,000 tonnes of nickel-containing
Type 304 stainless steel a year. An
additional 3,600 tonnes of Type 316L
(S31603) stainless steel will be used for
accessories in coaches, such as bio-
digester tanks. As new coach designs
are developed and the government’s
focus shifts towards reducing weight,
temper-rolled nickel-containing
austenitic stainless steels for side walls
are being considered. This will expand
their share in the market over the next
two years.
Large scale redevelopment plans
With around 8,000 mainline and other
train stations in India, a comprehensive
redevelopment plan was established
to prioritise construction projects.
Approximately 100 stations are
undergoing redevelopment as self-
sustaining commercial real estate
ventures. Notably, major railway
stations in Delhi, Ahmedabad,
and Mumbai are undergoing
redevelopment with a combined
investment of over USD 1.25 billion.
Extensive work is underway at five
other prominent stations. In these
[ Nickel ]
large-scale government projects,
nickel-containing stainless steels
are the preferred choice for facades,
railing systems, and various amenities
due to their corrosion resistance,
durability, ease of fabrication, and low
or minimal maintenance requirements.
Earlier this year, Indian Railways
announced the Amrit Bharat Station
Scheme, identifying a further 1,275
railway stations across the country
for redevelopment. With a budgetary
outlay of USD 30 billion for the next
fiscal year, it is anticipated that nickel-
containing stainless steel will play a
prominent role in these developments.
This will ensure that India’s vital
rail network continues to provide
sustainable solutions to the challenges
of urbanisation and industrialisation
in the world’s most populous nation.
As India’s rail infrastructure expands,
incorporating nickelcontaining
materials becomes increasingly crucial.
It ensures the long-term sustainability
and success of the rail network,
supports the nation’s economic
growth, and meets the demands of its
burgeoning population.
About Nickel Institute
The Nickel Institute is the global association
of leading primary nickel producers. Its
mission is to advocate for the responsible
supply and sustainable development of nickel
and the nickel industry. For information,
visit nickelinstitute.org
[ Welding ]
Stainless steel welding characteristics
& suitability with dissimilar metals
Welding plays a key role
in all types of fabrication.
This article discusses the
mechanism of welding
different categories of
stainless steel with carbon
steel, galvanised steel,
aluminium, copper and
tungsten.
By A. K. Vaish, Ritesh Patel*, B. J. Chauhan,
S. D. Kahar, Ankit Bhojani, K.M.Bhaisaheb
and Keshva Narayana.* Department of
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,
The M.S.University of Baroda, India;
*Larsen and Toubro Ltd., Hazira.
Welding is a fabrication process in
which metals are heated, melted and
mixed to produce a joint, whereby two
or more parts are fused together. When
used with filler material, it produces a
40 Stainless Steel World December 2023
stronger weld than the base material.
The weldability of stainless steel is
influenced by its alloying elements.
Versatile stainless steel
Stainless steel comprises at least
10.5% chromium, <1.2% carbon and
other alloying elements such as nickel,
molybdenum, nitrogen, titanium,
niobium, manganese, etc. Chromium
forms a stable oxide (Cr2O3) film on the
surface, which is continuous, impervious
and passive to stop any further reaction
between steel and the surrounding
atmosphere and protects the steel from
further oxidation. A higher chromium
content in stainless steel leads to higher
resistance to oxidation. It possesses
higher strength at room temperature as
well as at high temperatures.
Stainless steel can be grouped into five
main categories:
(i) Ferritic stainless steel
Its microstructure is ferrite with a
body-centered cubic grain structure.
It is non-hardenable by heat treatment
and marginally hardenable by cold
rolling.
(ii) Martensitic stainless steel
It is austenitic at temperatures 950-1000°C,
but transforms to martensite on cooling
to room temperature. This steel can be
quenched in oil or air from 1050°C (when
fully austenitic) and then tempered to
obtain a yield strength of 550-1860 Mpa.
(iii) Austenitic stainless steel
Has an austenite crystalline structure
as well as a face-centered cubic
structure. This steel is a single-phase
FCC material and can be strengthened
by cold working and cold solution
strengthening.
(iv) Duplex stainless steel
Contains low carbon and is a mixture
of ferrite (bcc) plus austenite (fcc). This
steel has both structures and gets the
benefit of both phases.
(v) Precipitation–hardening
stainless steel
An iron-nickel-chromium alloy
containing one or more precipitation-
hardening elements such as
www.stainless-steel-world.net

Figure 1. Different categories of stainless steel- their chemical composition
aluminium, titanium, copper, niobium
or molybdenum. It is a special alloy
produced by vacuum melting.
Different categories of stainless steels
with their chemical compositions are
depicted in Figure 1.
Mechanism of welding of stainless
steel
It is essential to acquire details of the
composition and properties of stainless
steel to comprehend the welding
mechanism, which depends upon:
•• Carbon content
•• Alloying elements
•• Grain coarsening at high
temperature
•• Type of filler and its composition
•• Pre- or post weld heat treatment
•• Hardening effect of heat on the
welded joint
As the composition of stainless steel
changes from one category to another,
the welding mechanism changes
accordingly.
Ferritic stainless steel
Ferritic stainless steel is predominantly
single-phase and non-hardenable
and is readily fusion welded. It
undergoes rapid grain growth at high
temperatures, leading to brittle, heat-
www.stainless-steel-world.net
affected zones (HAZ), and it therefore
has poor weldability. Usually, ferritics
are welded in thin sheets or sections
less than 6 mm thick. Filler metals
that match or exceed the chromium
level of the base alloy should be used.
Ferritic stainless steel may crack
during welding due to excessive grain
coarsening, leading to poor toughness
in the heat-affected zone. Caution is
required for welding thin sections. With
thicker sections, a low heat input can
minimise the size of the grain coarsened
zone and, therefore, sensitivity to
cracking [1]. Ferritic stainless steel is
generally welded using the TIG process,
offering high quality, versatility and
longevity. The low heat input of the TIG
process makes it ideal for thin material.
Martensitic stainless steel
There are two types of martensitics: low-
carbon (between 0.05 to 0.35 %) high
strength and high-carbon (between 0.60
and 1.5 %) high hardness. Martensitics
are vulnerable to cool cracking and do
not weld easily. Low-carbon martensitic
stainless has high strength and good
weldability, whereas high-carbon
martensitic stainless has low weldability
and toughness and increased carbides.
This steel becomes hard and brittle
Stainless Steel World December 2023
[ Welding ]
upon cooling. Precautions must be
taken to avoid cracking in the HAZ,
especially in thick section components.
High hardness in the HAZ makes this
type of steel very prone to hydrogen
cracking. When the joint cools to room
temperature, the weld is completely
transformed to untempered martensite.
The risk of cracking increases with
the carbon content and is combated
using hydrogen-controlled fillers.
For thicker sections and higher
carbon materials, pre- and post-weld
treatments are carried out to reduce the
risk of cracking [2]. The filler metals are
selected to match the chromium and
carbon content of the martensitic steel.
Austenitic stainless steel
Austenitics have a crystalline structure
and a face-centred cubic lattice structure.
It has high weldability, ductility,
toughness and formability. Austenitic
stainless steel is readily welded using any
arc welding process, namely TIG, MIG,
MMA or SA. Since it is non-hardenable
on cooling, it exhibits good toughness,
and it does not require pre- or post-
weld heat treatment. Normally, fillers
with a matching composition to the
base material are used. This steel is a
single-phase FCC material; it can be
strengthened by cold working and cold
solution strengthening.
Duplex (austenitic+ ferritic)
stainless steel
Duplex is an almost equal mixture
of ferrite (bcc) plus austenite (fcc),
combining the toughness and
weldability of austenite with the strength
and resistance to localised corrosion
of ferrite. It has higher tensile and
yield strengths and better weldability
and formability than austenitic and
ferritic stainless steels. Duplex stainless
steel’s weldability is better than ferritic
stainless steel’s and not as good as
austenitic stainless steel. Duplex is
welded with a relatively high heat
input and low interpass temperatures.
Welding temperatures should be
chosen carefully, as too much heat can
compromise the structural integrity of
the steel. Weld filler is selected more
carefully since filler metal cools much
more quickly than the base metal.
Precipitation hardening stainless
steel
PH stainless steel is a combination of
martensitic and austenitic stainless steel.
While its weldability is not on par with
41
[ Welding ]
austenitic stainless steel, it is still very
good. It is welded without preheating
treatment but is heated after the weld
is complete to preserve its structural
integrity. PH stainless is readily welded
through standard fusion and resistance
methods. Special care is needed during
heat treatment to achieve optimum
mechanical properties in the weld and
the parent material. The matching filler
is selected, and heat treatment after
welding helps the weld to achieve close
similarities to the parent material.
The salient features of the mechanism
of welding of different categories of
stainless steel are shown in Figure 2.

Welding stainless steel to other

metals
Stainless steel components are often
welded to components made of other
metals. Extreme differences in the melting
points of metals make them more difficult
to join using standard methods.
Plain carbon steel - Austenitic stainless
steels, e.g. 304 or 316, are welded to
plain carbon steel using MIG and TIG
welding. Filler materials are preferred
during MIG welding. Due to differences
in electrical conductivity between
stainless and plain carbon steel, it
is difficult to reach the correct weld
temperature. Resistance welding can be
used if carbon steel is preheated, as it
is more electrically conducive and does
not heat up as fast as stainless steel.
Figure 2. Salient features of the welding mechanism of stainless steel
Low carbon plain steel (mild steel) -
The carbon content in low carbon plain
steel (mild steel) typically ranges from
0.05% to 0.25% by weight. The welding
of low carbon steel to stainless steel is
not difficult since these two metals have
almost similar properties. MIG welding
or GMAW is an excellent process to
weld stainless steel to low carbon steel.
The most important thing is to select
the proper wire. The best filler metal for
welding stainless steel to low carbon
steel is the 309[3]. This filler material has
low carbon content and a small amount
of ferrite to prevent cracking. Grade
309 has enough chromium and nickel
to counter the low carbon steel dilution
problem. As a result, the deposited weld
metal will have excellent corrosion
resistance.
Medium carbon plain steel - Medium
carbon steel containing 0.30-0.60%
carbon and 0.60-1.65% manganese
is stronger than low carbon steel but

The weldability of stainless steel is influenced by its alloying elements.

42 Stainless Steel World December 2023 www.stainless-steel-world.net


is more difficult to weld, and is more
prone to cracking. Medium carbon steel
is welded with stainless steel using
a low-hydrogen welding process or
controlled hydrogen fillers.
High carbon plain steel - High
carbon steel containing 0.60-1.0%
carbon and 0.30-0.90% manganese
is extremely hard and strong. It has
poor weldability and is difficult to
weld without cracking. As the carbon
content of steel increases, the steel
becomes stronger and harder as well
as less ductile. High carbon steel is
typically considered “hard to weld”
due to the hardening effect of heat at
the welded joint. It may readily form the
hard and brittle martensite phase as it
cools from welding. Because of the high
carbon content and the heat treatment
usually given to this steel, its basic
properties are impaired by arc welding.
Therefore, this steel requires thorough
preheating and post-heating to avoid
this. Austenitic stainless steel, such as
grade 304 stainless or grade 316, can be
welded to plain carbon steel using MIG
and TIG welding. During MIG welding,
filler material is preferred [4].
Galvanised steel - Stainless steel has
good weldability to galvanised steel. The
Airbus Helicopters boosts competitveness with AM
Airbus Helicopters has opened a new 3D printing centre at
its Donauwörth, Germany, site, significantly expanding its
in-house capacity for this innovative process.
Text & images by Airbus Helicopters
Airbus Helicopters now operates three
additive manufacturing (AM) machines
for components made of titanium, four
for plastic parts and, as a new element,
one that can produce components
made of aluminium. AM offers several
benefits compared to conventional
manufacturing. It can be used for serial
production as well as for components
for prototypes such as the electrically
powered CityAirbus NextGen and the
experimental high-speed helicopter,
Racer.
“Our extensive capabilities in this
process along the manufacturing chain
are a real competitive advantage,”
said Stefan Thomé, Managing Director
of Airbus Helicopters in Germany.
“Among other advantages, 3D printing
www.stainless-steel-world.net
[ Welding / Additive Manufacturing ]
zinc coating around the area to be joined
is removed before welding as molten
zinc, if present in the weld fusion zone,
can result in embrittlement or reduced
corrosion resistance of the finished weld.[5]
Aluminium - It is possible to weld
aluminium with stainless steel.
Aluminium-steel-aluminium joints find
applications in aerospace, automotive and
shipbuilding to reduce the weight of the
structure, thereby enhancing efficiency.
There is a huge difference in melting
point between aluminium alloy and steel,
which makes this a great disadvantage for
the process. Stainless steel and aluminium
are joined via arc welding; two special
techniques have been developed to
isolate the metals from each other during
the arc welding process. Very brittle
intermediate compounds are not formed
during welding.
•• The first method uses bimetallic
transitions, in which aluminum and
stainless steel are joined by methods
that do not create the compound
and allows the joining of the two
metals by only welding aluminium
to aluminium and stainless steel to
stainless steel.
•• In the second method, the stainless
steel is coated with aluminium.
can reduce the weight of aircraft
components which leads to less fuel
consumption. Such potential can bring
financial benefits and contribute
to reducing CO2 emissions during
operations.”
Resource efficiency
Other advantages of 3D printing include
a significant increase in resource
efficiency in the manufacturing process
and high flexibility. Components with
new configurations can be printed as
individual pieces or in small series
for testing purposes. This also makes
the process appealing for building
prototypes. Additive layer printing uses
laser beams to melt metal or plastic
powders, so the desired shapes are
Stainless Steel World December 2023
This is sometimes achieved by dip
coating (hot dip aluminising) or
brazing the aluminium to the surface
of the steel. Once coated, the steel
member can be arc welded to the
aluminium member, if care is taken
to prevent the arc from impinging on
the steel [6]
Copper - Copper and stainless steel can
be welded together, but it is extremely
difficult and offers very little structural
strength.[7] The melting point of stainless
steel is much higher than that of copper.
Electron beam welding (EBW) is the
preferred welding process, mainly
because EBW is a great process for
welding copper in general.
Tungsten - Tungsten is an ideal welding
material for stainless steel due to its
high melting point and strength and
is used to easily weld stainless joints.
Thoriated tungsten electrodes, containing
1-2% thorium oxide (ThO2), are ideal
for high amperage welding of stainless
steel. Tungsten is welded in a very pure
atmosphere of either inert gas (gas
tungsten-arc process) or vacuum (electron
beam process) to avoid contamination of
the weld by interstitials [8]
References available on request
©Airbus Helicopters 2022 - Christian Keller
created layer by layer, making it easier
to produce complex structures than with
conventional methods. A conventional
manufacturing process requires up to ten
times more raw material than the final
product, whereas additive manufacturing
requires only 1.5 times as much.
Since 2017, Airbus Helicopters has
mass-produced more than 9,400 locking
shafts for the doors of the Airbus A350,
using the additive process as part of
the Donauwörth-based airplane door
business. Eleven tonnes of titanium
powder have been used in Donauwörth
for printing the locking shafts.
43
Recycled steel in the scrap yard of Outokumpu’s mill in Tornio, Finland, which is the largest material recycling center in Europe.
Taking circularity to new heights
Outokumpu and CRONIMET have expanded their partnership to take circularity to new heights –
securing access to high-quality scrap near Outokumpu’s sites in Europe.
Text & images by Outokumpu
Outokumpu, a leading producer
of sustainable stainless steel, and
CRONIMET, a specialist in recycled
stainless steel, are expanding their
collaboration to further secure the
sourcing and retain the supply of high-
quality scrap within Northeastern Europe.
Outokumpu has signed an agreement
to acquire a 10% minority interest in
CRONIMET North-East GmbH, the holding
company for CRONIMET’s Northeastern
business in Europe, which holds
subsidiaries near Outokumpu’s European
production sites. The continuous supply
of high-quality stainless steel scrap is
an important factor in maintaining and
increasing the company’s industry-
highest rate of recycled content of 94%
and continuing to achieve the company’s
ambitious climate targets.
Reducing CO2 footprint of scrap
“Partnering around our value chain
and strengthening our sustainability
leadership are key priorities in our
strategy. Outokumpu has the lowest
carbon footprint in the stainless steel
industry, 70% smaller than the global
44 Stainless Steel World December 2023
average*, which is a competitive
advantage for us. The better the quality
and the closer the scrap is sourced,
the smaller the carbon footprint of our
production, allowing Outokumpu to
decrease the supply chain emissions
further. We are excited about this
partnership with CRONIMET, as we
have a shared ambition on regional
development – to accelerate the circular
economy in the Northeastern European
market area. Together, we can further
strengthen our scrap supply and drive
a green transition in the industry”, says
Marc-Simon Schaar, Chief Procurement
Officer at Outokumpu.
Outokumpu and CRONIMET have also
agreed to cooperate in areas such as
joint innovation and research, with
the goal of improving technologies to
further reduce CO2 emissions, lower
costs through better predictability and
drive waste reduction within the supply
chain. Jointly with better scrap quality,
this will enable an improvement in
Outokumpu’s process efficiency.
“This partnership is another step to
achieve the sustainable development
goals: low CO2 footprint for stainless
production with locally sourced
stainless scrap,” says Jürgen Pilarsky,
CEO of CRONIMET Holding GmbH.
Strategic partners
As a shareholder, Outokumpu acts as
a strategic partner in CRONIMET’s
Northeastern business, thus, expanding
the successful existing collaboration, while
CRONIMET retains full operational control
of the companies involved. Outokumpu
does not see vertical integration into the
supply chain of stainless steel scrap as part
of its raw material strategy but considers
cooperation and partnerships as the way
forward.
The completion of the transaction is
subject to customary closing conditions
and regulatory approvals by the
competition authorities. The transaction
will be carried out as a share sale.
Reference
* Global average CO2 emissions (2023):
7 kilos of CO2 e per kg of stainless steel
(based on data provided by CRU and
worldstainless).
www.stainless-steel-world.net
Heat Exchanger World
Conference & Expo Europe
6 & 7 November 2024 Rotterdam Ahoy, Netherlands

“EXCHANGE WHAT MATTERS”

CONFERENCE
EXHIBITION
NETWORKING

Proudly sponsored by:

www.heat-exchanger-world-europe.com
[ Carbon Reduction ]

European Commission backs RINA’s Hydra

Project for near-zero emission steel
The multinational engineering consultancy, inspection, and certification company, RINA, has
announced the commencement of the six-year Hydra project to build a 100% hydrogen-fuelled
pilot plant. This ambitious open research project will provide ground-breaking near-zero carbon
technology and capabilities to the international steel industry.

Text & images by RINA

Funded by the European
Commission’s NextGenerationEU
plan and backed by the Italian
Ministry of Enterprises and Made
in Italy through RINA’s Centro
Sviluppo Materiali (CSM) in Castel
Romano (Italy), the EUR 88M R&D
Hydra project is part of the IPCEI
(Important Projects of Common
European Interest). The hydrogen-
fuelled pilot plant will comprise a
30m high direct iron ore reduction
(DRI) tower, an electric arc furnace
EAF and a reheating furnace that will
all operate with near zero emissions
for the production of all types of
‘green steel’.
Reducing CO2 from tonnes to kgs
Each tonne of steel manufactured using a
blast furnace produces up to two tonnes
of CO2. Although the use of an electric
arc furnace (EAF) reduces this to 0.68
tonnes, the average for total global steel
production currently sits at 1.63 tonnes
of CO2 per tonne of steel. The open
research Hydra project aims to reduce
emissions to mere kilograms of CO2 per
tonne of steel and will make this world-
changing technology available to the
industry on the way to net zero.
Ugo Salerno, Chairman and CEO of
RINA, says, “The new plant will make
the entire steel production process
cleaner. It will further provide a fully
open testing facility available to
steelmakers worldwide to meet the
decarbonisation challenge and prove
the quality of steel produced using
hydrogen instead of carbon-based
energy sources.”
DRI tower
The DRI tower, which reduces iron ore
(oxide) into metallic iron, will initially
run on natural gas. The project team
will then assess production using a
gas mixture with increasing levels
of hydrogen and, ultimately, 100%
hydrogen. The testing results will establish
the quality of steel produced using
hydrogen as the reducing agent in the DRI

46 Stainless Steel World December 2023 www.stainless-steel-world.net


tower with the EAF and characterise the
material and infrastructure needed for the
steel industry to use this gas in production.
The project team, including up to 120
engineers, will further evaluate the effects
of different mixes of raw materials using
metallic iron from the DRI tower and steel
scraps within the process.
The construction of the plant is scheduled
for completion by 2025. When fully
operational, it will produce up to seven
tonnes of steel per hour for research.
Open research facility
“The truly unique nature of this project is
its position as an open research facility.
It is not intended or designed to provide
a commercial advantage to any one steel
producer, but rather move the industry
and the world forward in the use of 100%
hydrogen production with near zero
emissions. This is why the Hydra project
has been supported since its inception
by leading European steel producers,
plant suppliers, utilities, and major
stakeholders in the sector. There are
many infrastructure and industry projects
underway for the use of hydrogen, and
it is hoped this project will also help
move these forward by establishing a
clear supply chain need within the steel
industry.” concludes Mr Salerno.
H2 availability key
Ultimately, the technology will rely on
the availability of hydrogen to power
the steelmaking processes. As part
of Hydra, RINA, thanks to extensive
experience in hydrogen-based
decarbonisation technologies, among
which the world’s first test of a 30%
www.stainless-steel-world.net
[ Carbon Reduction ]
gas-hydrogen blend in steel forging,
will include a testing and qualification
hub of materials and components for H2
transportation and storage and launch
an international centre of excellence
for the dissemination of hydrogen
know-how, fostering collaboration and
research among stakeholders in the
steel and energy sectors.
What is NextGenerationEU?
The centrepiece of NextGenerationEU is
the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)
- an instrument that provides grants and
loans to support reforms and investments
in the EU Member States.
Part of a wide-ranging response, the
Recovery and Resilience Facility helps
• mitigate the pandemic’s economic and
social impact
• make sure Member States are more
resilient, more sustainable and better
prepared for the challenges and
opportunities of the green and digital
transitions
Stainless Steel World December 2023
• a chieve the EU target of climate
neutrality by 2050
• set Europe on a path of digital
transition
• create jobs and spur growth.
The Facility provides funds for Member
States to invest EUR 807 billion in
reforms and projects in six key areas.
Green transition - sustainable mobility,
energy efficiency and renewables,
climate change adaptation; circular
economy; and biodiversity
Policies for the next generation -
improving access to and the quality
of general, vocational, and higher
education; digital education, early
childhood education and care; youth
employment
Smart, sustainable growth - promoting
entrepreneurship, competitiveness,
industrialisation; improving the business
environment; fostering R&D and
innovation, supporting SMEs.
Digital transformation - promoting the
roll-out of very high capacity networks,
digitalisation of public services,
government processes, and businesses,
in particular SMEs; developing basic
and advanced digital skills; supporting
digital-related R&D and the deployment
of advanced technologies
Social and territorial cohesion -
improving social and territorial
infrastructure and services, including
social protection and welfare systems,
the inclusion of disadvantaged groups;
supporting employment and skills
development; creating high-quality,
stable jobs
Health and economic, social &
institutional resilience - improving the
resilience, accessibility and quality of
health and long-term care, including
measures to advance their digitalisation;
increasing the effectiveness of public
administration systems.
47
One-stop additive manufacturing for
maritime & offshore industries
Strong industry owners
Maritime and offshore industry spare parts will now be The new company brings with it the
delivered more efficiently through new technology. Saving storied history and capabilities of its
founders. thyssenkrupp contributes
cost and time, the use of additive manufacturing or 3D its technological expertise in
printing brings a whole new way of ensuring operations keep additive manufacturing as well as
momentum up and waiting times at a minimum. capabilities from its own Tech Centers
in Singapore and Germany to supply
3D metal products for application
in shipping and other industries.
Text & images by Pelagus 3D
thyssenkrupp Materials Services,
the company’s materials distribution
thyssenkrupp and Wilhelmsen have spare parts more efficiently in terms and service provider, further adds
launched a joint venture company, of time and cost, allowing customers deep knowledge in the development
Pelagus 3D, into global maritime and to ensure their vessels’ seaworthiness of digital supply chain solutions and
offshore services market. and keep their operations moving on platforms.
Pelagus 3D envisions to be the schedule. The company produces AM Wilhelmsen brings its in-depth
largest one-stop, on-demand digital parts in a wide range of materials, maritime expertise and direct ongoing
manufacturing partner for the maritime including nickel alloys, titanium, steel, experience in understanding the
and offshore industries. It uses Additive cobalt chrome, copper, refractory needs of vessel fleet managers,
Manufacturing (AM) to deliver maritime metals and aluminium. supporting the delivery of a wide

48 Stainless Steel World December 2023 www.stainless-steel-world.net


portfolio of maritime products and
services for more than half of the
global merchant fleet.
Highly secure platform
Pelagus 3D hosts a highly secure
digital platform that serves as the
main connection between customers
such as vessel managers and Original
Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs).
As a one-stop platform for maritime
and offshore spare parts, Pelagus 3D
has access to the different printing
technologies used by its network of
partners around the world, allowing
Pelagus 3D to respond to requests to
print any material. Bringing together
highly specialised engineering
capabilities as well as a strong
maritime and offshore network,
Pelagus 3D elevates this digital
storefront for customers, ensuring that
this ecosystem can deliver their needs
more cost efficiently and in a timely
manner.
thyssenkrupp and Wilhelmsen will
have equal ownership of Pelagus, with
both companies having 50% stake
in the newly formed company. Its
Board of Directors consists of industry
leaders who bring invaluable skills
and experience to aid the company in
navigating challenges and opportunities
ahead.
Pivotal industry entry
The debut of Pelagus 3D will help usher
in the acceleration of the adoption of AM
technologies, which will guide further
growth for the industry.
The launch of the Pelagus 3D thysenkrupp - Wilhelmsen joint venture in October.
www.stainless-steel-world.net
[ Additive Manufacturing ]
A stainless steel return oil stand pipe
produced using selective laser melting.
The benefits of producing this item
using on-demand manufacturing are a
weight reduction of >90%, elimination of
the need for a crane during installation,
and a production lead time of 14 days.
“Beyond addressing perennial pain
points in the maritime and offshore
sectors such as obsolescence and
long lead-times for mission-critical
parts with on-demand production,
Pelagus 3D is well positioned to
address similar needs in other
industry sectors, improving customer
experience with added supply chain
Stainless Steel World December 2023
A nickel alloy pump impeller produced
using rapid casting. The benefits of using
on-demand manufacturing for this part
include improved surface finishing, lead
time reduction, and a product lead time
of just 14 days.
resilience, lowering material waste
and inventory cost, contributing to
environmental and sustainability
goals,” added Dr Ho, Chief
Executive Officer, National Additive
Manufacturing Innovation Cluster
(NAMIC).
The entry of Pelagus 3D also
underscores the positive steps the
maritime industry has been making
towards digital transformation.
Singapore, for example, leverages
technology to enhance the sector’s
operations such as establishing a
digital clearing process and port
systems.
“In the maritime sector, AM can
help unlock tremendous efficiency
potentials with its fast and low-volume
high-value fabrication capability
of equipment component parts
on-demand. This agility ensures
responsive support to meet the
needs of ships and ports for urgent
and critical spares. MPA welcomes
the establishment of Pelagus 3D
in Singapore and the business
opportunities it will bring along,
including new and exciting jobs.”, said
Kenneth Lim, Assistant Chief Executive
(Industry & Transformation), Maritime
and Port Authority of Singapore.
49
[ Community ]
Dierk Raabe receives NIMS Award 2023
Dierk Raabe has been
honoured for his
outstanding achievements
on sustainable metallurgy
and advanced alloy
design by Japanese
National Institute for
Materials Science.
By Yasmin Ahmed Salemby, MPIE
Prof. Dierk Raabe, director at the Max-
Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung
(MPIE), has received the NIMS Award
2023 by the Japanese National Institute
for Materials Science (NIMS). The
award recognizes his outstanding
achievements pioneering research on
the sustainable and microstructure-
based design of advanced metallic
alloys.
The award ceremony and honorary
lecture took place on 6th November
during the NIMS Award Symposium
2023 in Tsukuba, Japan. “I am delighted
and deeply honoured to receive this
recognition from the international
community for my dedication to
sustainable metallurgy. This award,
coupled with the engaging discussions
at the NIMS conference, reaffirm the
direction of my research. Fundamental
research plays a pivotal role in
achieving our climate objectives and
making a tangible impact on climate
change and the required global
industrial transformation”, states
Raabe.
Advancing frontiers
At MPIE, Raabe and his colleagues
are committed to advancing the
frontiers of sustainable materials
science and digitalization. Their work
encompasses various domains, such
as reducing carbon emissions by
employing hydrogen and ammonia
in steel production, developing
more efficient catalysts for green
hydrogen production, developing
alloys made from scrap that tolerate
higher impurity contents, balancing
electrons and hydrogen as reductants
in plasma metallurgy, designing rare-
earth-free and recycled magnets for
electrification, and increasing the
recycling rates of complex alloys to
Prof. Dierk Raabe, director at the Max-
further the goal of a circular economy.
Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung in
Their research involves cutting-edge
Düsseldorf (Germany), received the NIMS
experiments and simulations down
Award 2023 by the Japanese National
to the electronic structure scale
Institute for Materials Science (NIMS).
and integrates artificial intelligence
Copyright: ©Thor Nielsen, NTNU
techniques.
The NIMS Award honours exceptional
researchers who have made ground- •• materials for environment and
breaking contributions to the field of energy,
materials science and technology. Since •• functional materials,
2007, nominees have been selected •• structural materials, and
annually by world-leading scientists and •• basic materials science.
chosen by the NIMS award committee. This year’s award acknowledged
The laureates are selected from the four outstanding achievements in the
major research topics of NIMS in turn realm of structural materials through
every year: fundamental research.

Prof. Thomas Böllinghaus
elected as President of IIW
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas
Böllinghaus from the
Bundesanstalt für
Materialforschung
und -prüfung (BAM)
is the new President
Prof. Dr.-Ing.
of the International
Thomas
Institute of Welding
Böllinghaus
(IIW).
Prof. Böllinghaus, who heads the
Department of Component Safety at
BAM and has conducted intensive
research on various aspects of welding
technology, wants to achieve an even
more intensive connection of research
and development with training and
teaching in the IIW during his three-year
term of office. In addition, he plans to
internationalise the IIW on a broader
basis, especially in Africa and South
America.
Williamson named LME
Chairman
The London Metal
Exchange (LME)
has announced that
John Williamson will
become the LME’s
Chairman under
John Williamson
a new fixed-term
contract through 28 April 2026.
John Williamson was appointed Interim
Chairman of the London Metal Exchange
in April 2023. He is Chairman of the
UK Tote Group and an Independent
Non-Executive Director on the Board
of Pacific Basin Shipping Limited. He is
a Chartered Accountant, a Chartered
Fellow of the Securities Institute, and
a Senior Fellow of the Hong Kong
Securities Institute. He was formerly an
Independent Non-Executive Director on
the Board of HKEX and has previously
served on the Boards of the Hong Kong
Securities Institute and several other
private companies.
Mr Williamson has worked within the
finance and securities industry for over
40 years and has deep expertise across
commerce, investment banking, etc.
www.stainless-steel-world.net
Community Update
Outokumpu appointments in
Alabama
left to right: Michael Tecza, Stefan
Erdmann, Hugh Embrey
Outokumpu has conducted a feasibility
study to explore options to increase
its existing cold-rolling capacity and
investigate different options for its hot-
rolling arrangements in Calvert, Alabama.
Outokumpu has now appointed two key
people to drive the program further.
Michael Tecza has been appointed
as Project Director. He is joining from
Intel and has an extensive background
in large capital investment projects
across the globe. Prior to Intel,
Michael Tecza led also several capital
investment projects for BCG and
McKinsey.
Hugh Embrey has been appointed as
Technical Project Director, leading
and supervising the technical
implementation of Outokumpu’s
selected equipment. He has an
exceptional background in steel-rolling
investment projects.
Sébastien Leclerc starts up
XPIM
With years of
experience and
proven expertise in
stainless and nickel
alloy seamless
and welded pipe
manufacturing,
Mr Leclerc has Sébastien
founded XPIM to Leclerc
provide services
for the piping industry. Previously,
he held executive and operational
management positions at BSL
Stainless Steel World December 2023
Pipes & Fittings, SXP USA, Asiaflex
TechnipFMC, Mannesmann Stainless
Tubes. The services offered through
XPIM include:
•• General / plant management for
a transition period, especially for
turnaround or start-up where he has
significant experience,
•• Operational performance
improvement, quality rate increases,
process reliability improvements
(including Lean Manufacturing, Lean
Six Sigma, Kaizen, FMECA, etc,
•• CAPEX project management
(from functional definition to
commissioning),
•• Advising buyers on technical
specifications and sourcing complex
piping packages in stainless and
nickel alloys for the best price,
in compliance with technical
requirements, and ensuring
order follow-up and all aspects of
expediting.
For more information, visit www.xpim.fr
Becker Stahl-Service
appoints CEO
Hasso Haibach has
been appointed as
the CEO of Becker
Stahl-Service GmbH.
Mr Haibach has
more than 15 years Hasso Haibach
of experience in
managing companies in the steel and
metals industry and a recognised expert
in corporate development with a focus
on sales and operational excellence.
Before joining Becker, Hasso Haibach
held numerous management positions.
Most recently, he worked as Managing
Director at Timken Germany GmbH,
where his responsibilities included
supply chain management and new
business development. Before that, he
was Managing Director at Altenloh,
Brinck & Co - Umformtechnik,
responsible for two subsidiaries in
Germany and France. At ArcelorMittal,
Hasso Haibach was Managing Director
of Flat Steel Sales in the DACH
region, responsible for expanding the
company’s market position.
51
 Industry Update
Creaform unveils customer service centers
Creaform unveiled a significant stride towards elevating
customer experience worldwide through substantial
investments in cutting-edge customer service centres. This
year, Creaform has inaugurated eight new service centres in
Korea, Thailand, Brazil, Mexico, Taiwan, Indonesia, Turkey,
and the UK. The international company plans to open other
centres in Malaysia, Israel, Australia, India, Singapore, New
Zealand, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam.
The service centres will specialise in a comprehensive
range of services, including hardware and software support,
calibration, diagnostics, logistics, and supplies provisioning.
Offering multilingual services and support to ensure that
customers get the most out of their products and solutions,
the proximity of these centres will provide faster service and
reductions in shipping costs.
Siderval S.p.A.: a heritage in hot steel
extrusion
With Siderval’s entry into Montanstahl’s network of companies,
the group has added a second hot extrusion production hub
in Europe, enabling it to expand its presence in international
markets. This allows it to exploit important production and
commercial synergies, strengthening its position in the niche
of custom steel profile. With complementary know-how in
hot and cold deformation processes, the Montanstahl group
positions itself as an ideal partner for the production of special
profiles in steel.
With a shared technology park that includes hot rolling, hot
extrusion, cold rolling, cold drawing, and laser welding, the
group has almost unlimited possibilities in the realisation of
52 Stainless Steel World December 2023
complex geometries as well as in the choice of material to be
used, embracing a wide range of application fields.
Poppe + Potthoff invest in new facility
Poppe + Potthoff Maschinenbau will invest around EUR 10M in
the new company headquarters in Nordhausen. The final move
is scheduled to take place at the end of 2024.
Poppe + Potthoff Maschinenbau has many years of experience
in testing and high-pressure technology as well as in special
machine construction. The focus is on the testing of cooling
circuit components in electric vehicles, test systems for
the development of H2 components, as well as test stands
individually adapted to customer specifications for use in
various industries such as aerospace.
Combi-CB70E wins Italian Award
Combilift announced that the Combi-CB70E has been
honoured with the coveted Italian Terminal and Logistics
Award. The Award is a significant industry recognition,
presented annually to highlight the skills of operators in port,
intermodal and logistics terminals both in Italy and abroad.
The new Combi-CB70E is a further addition to Combilift’s
ever-growing range of electric models which offers
powerful performance, extensive battery life and unrivalled
ergonomics. This model, in the vibrant Combi-green livery,
boasts the distinction of being the shortest 7t capacity
counterbalance truck on the market whilst also benefitting
from multidirectional ability, enabling the versatile space-
saving handling of both long and bulky loads.
www.stainless-steel-world.net

Kaltenbach signs deal with Fraunhofer IPA
Kaltenbach.Solutions GmbH has agreed on a strategic
partnership in the field of sawing technology with the
Fraunhofer Institute for Production Engineering and
Automation (IPA) in Stuttgart. Due to the great demand from
the steel and wood processing industries, a solution for the
simple digitization of sawing processes is being developed
in the Sawing Technology business unit of the Fraunhofer IPA.
Its research activities focus on the economic production of
sustainable and personalized products. In the field of sawing
technology, machines and production lines are tested, in
addition to components, devices and processes. As a specialist
in digital transformation in steel processing, Kaltenbach.
Solutions is contributing its proven industry expertise to the
agreed collaboration.
Sawing machines in industry are designed for maximum
material capacity, which leads to high demands on the
processing quality and the cost efficiency of the workflows.
In the first step of the project, automatic data evaluation is
planned for circular and band saws in trial operation on
Fraunhofer IPA machines.
“The Connected Pipeshop” showroom opens
The showroom “The Connected Pipeshop” of the four partners
Smap3D Plant Design, Pipe Bending Systems, Polysoude and
T-Drill in Lennestadt is now open.
For years now, the companies, all experts in the field of plant
engineering, have worked closely together and, as part of
an in-depth partnership, have launched a unique turnkey
solution for the design and fabrication of pipes and pipelines.
Many customers already rely on the combination of the four
partners’ competencies and benefit from this integrated
concept.
In the area of design, Smap3D Plant Design presents its
software solution that is fully integrated into the most common
www.stainless-steel-world.net
[ Industry Update ]
CAD systems. Pipe Bending Systems’ bending machines,
Polysoude’s welding solutions and T-Drill’s collaring, flanging
and pipe-cutting machines can be directly integrated.
STILFOLD sells “industrial origami” to
Georgia Tech
STILFOLD has sold its first “industrial origami” metal-folding
machine to industry in a deal with Georgia Tech’s School of
Civil and Environmental Engineering in the USA.
The company has created groundbreaking technology that
involves the use of a specialist robotic cell and computational
design software to fold flat sheet metal over curves to create
complex, light, and sustainable new structures using minimal
parts.
At Georgia Tech, the STILFOLD tooling will be used for
education and innovation purposes, where students will be
able to use the technology to design and build work on-site as
part of Georgia Tech’s “Origami Engineering” programme.
Alleima expands its operations in Switzerland
To meet the growing demand for plated components used
for electric mobility, the luxury industry, and medical
applications, Alleima is expanding operations in Switzerland.
Manufacturing will be moved from Saint-Imier to a larger
facility in Sonceboz, both in the canton of Bern. The unit
in Saint-Imier is an expert in electroplating and also has a
long history as a supplier to the luxury industry. The project
supports the transportation and medical segment and the
increased manufacturing space from 500 m² in Saint-Imier
to 4,000 m² in Sonceboz, Switzerland, will allow Alleima to
become a major regional player in surface treatment. The
project includes an investment in a new, fully automated
plating line that will provide surface treatment for electric
vehicles and charging station connectors.
Stainless Steel World December 2023 53
[ Industry Update ]
Tenova receives Hasçelik order
Tenova has received an order from Hasçelik Sanayi ve Ticaret
A.S., to install and commission state-of-the-art equipment in a
new plant in Osmaneli (Bilecik, Türkiye).
The new line will comprise a Consteel® Electric Arc Furnace
(EAF) equipped with Consteerrer®, an electro-magnetic liquid
steel stirring system, a Ladle Furnace (LF) and a Twin Vacuum
Degasser (VD). All units are linked and governed by an
extensive, state-of-the-art automation system to optimize the
whole process and guarantee high-quality steel grades.
ESAB battery-powered welding system
The ESAB Renegade VOLT™ ES 200i Stick/TIG battery-powered
welding system is now available. Powered by four DEWALT®
FLEXVOLT® 12 Ah (amp-hour) batteries, Renegade VOLT offers
a Stick output of 10–130A and TIG output of 10–150A on battery
power. The Renegade VOLT provides the power to weld with up
to 33 (E6013) electrodes or TIG weld for up to 45 minutes on a
single charge in standard operating conditions.
Renegade VOLT also connects to 120V/230V primary power
and provides a maximum welding output of 200A when
connected to 230V. Additionally, Renegade VOLT has an
exclusive AMP + Hybrid Mode that supplements wall power
with battery power to mitigate nuisance circuit breaker
tripping.
54 Stainless Steel World December 2023
Bar finishing line for Acciaierie Valbruna
A new bar finishing line at Acciaierie Valbruna is designed
to maximise efficiency and resource optimisation to enable
a high level of operational process automation. This will
reduce operation costs and allow the company to cater to the
specific needs of its customers. By using the best available
technologies, the risk of accidents will be minimised, ensuring
a safe and sustainable working environment for all employees.
The TAU rolling mill processes a wide range of stainless steel,
duplex and super duplex, superalloys, and titanium. The new
line will handle round bars, round-edge square bars, and
square billets. The project will also include the L1 automation,
the software integration with the rolling mill’s PLC system,
and the software communication with the existing L2 system.
POMINI Long Rolling Mills will provide supervision services
for equipment installation and commissioning and training
services to the personnel. Hot commissioning of the new line is
scheduled for last quarter 2024.
TPREL signs PDA with Mukand
Tata Power Renewable Energy Limited (TPREL) and Mukand
have entered into a power delivery agreement (PDA) for a
43.75MW AC group captive solar project in Maharashtra,
India.
The facility is situated in the town of Jamkhed and is expected
to produce 99.82 million stainless steel units annually and
offset more than 54,687 tons of carbon dioxide emissions
annually. The plant’s goal is to meet Mukand’s increasing
energy needs, as well as contribute to greener steel
manufacturing procedures and production in the country. The
group captive solar power facility will be built, operated, and
maintained by TPREL. The project is scheduled for completion
in March next year.
www.stainless-steel-world.net

Kemi mine carbon-neutral by 2025
As part of Outokumpu’s emission reduction targets, its Kemi
mine will become carbon neutral by 2025. Outokumpu will
take a significant step forward in reaching the target by
replacing fossil fuels with renewable solutions provided by
Neste. With renewable fuels, the annual greenhouse gas
emissions of the Kemi mine will be cut by almost 11.3 million
kilos.
The Kemi mine is the only chrome mine in the European Union
and part of the sustainable supply chain of Outokumpu’s
stainless steel mill in Tornio. Outokumpu’s operations in
Kemi and Tornio also provide a significant number of jobs in
Finland.
Petrofac & Saipem support UK decommissioning
Petrofac has been awarded a new multi-million-pound deal
with Saipem to support the decommissioning of a platform in
the UK sector of the North Sea. Under the terms of the contract,
the companies will work as an integrated team to prepare and
remove the 20,000-tonne topside using the Saipem 7000.
Petrofac will execute the three-year project over two phases;
first the preparations onboard the platform, then on the Saipem
7000 for the actual removal campaign.
Hunting’s major subsea order and Q3 2023
trading update
Hunting PLC has received a
large order for its titanium stress
joints for a client operating
in South America. In line with
the Hunting 2030 Strategy, the
Group has continued to pursue
growth opportunities in the
offshore segment of the global
energy market, with the recent
www.stainless-steel-world.net
[ Industry Update ]
announcement confirming the continued success of Hunting’s
stress joint technology for application to Floating, Production,
Storage and Offloading facilities. The USD 59M order will
be completed over the next 28 months with revenue being
recognised over this timescale.
Swiss Steel completes divestiture
Swiss Steel Group announced the successful completion of the
divestiture of several distribution entities in Eastern Europe.
This strategic move towards a global distribution network that
promotes and sells its own mill products represents a milestone
in the ongoing implementation of Swiss Steel Group’s vision for
the future and the continuation of its strategic program, SSG 2025.
The divestiture allows Swiss Steel Group to streamline its
operations and bolster its focus on core strengths, positioning the
company for increased competitiveness and long-term growth.
Swiss Steel Group reaffirms its commitment to maintaining its
existing mill-direct business in the respective countries.
This marks the second significant agreement between Swiss
Steel Group and JACQUET METALS, further strengthening the
relationship between the two companies.
DNV launches RPs for industrial AI
DNV has published a suite of recommended practices (RPs)
that will enable companies operating critical devices, assets,
and infrastructure to safely apply artificial intelligence (AI).
High-quality AI systems require strong building blocks, that is,
data, sensors, algorithms, and digital twins. The nine new or
updated RPs cover each of these digital building blocks. The
advent of AI requires a new approach to risk. This necessitates
a different assurance methodology and a thorough
understanding of the intricate interplay between the system
and AI, allowing for a proper assessment of failure modes as
well as the potential for real-world performance enhancement.
The RPs bridge the gap between the generically written law
and affected stakeholders, providing a practical interpretation
of the EU AI Act.
Stainless Steel World December 2023 55
[ Industry Update ]
3D printing expected to grow to USD 100bn
Singaporean companies that use 3D printing for manufacturing
account for 40% of the ASEAN market, which is expected to
grow to USD 100bn (SD 136bn) by 2025. Additive manufacturing
can unlock the doors to sustainability, supply chain resilience
and innovation, and attract new companies that will create an
impact across other sectors. To foster the rapid growth of this
new technique, there are plans to launch the Digital Design
Innovation Centre (DDIC) in Singapore next year, as well as an
academy to train professionals and technicians.
Although startups and large enterprises can also make use of
the design centre, it is there to support SMEs because they
employ the bulk of the Singapore workforce.
The academy would not only focus on the 3D-printing skills but also
help to develop the entire value chain, providing job accreditation
and certification across the entire spectrum of qualifications
needed to meet the industry’s demand for skilled manpower.
Alleima: major oil & gas orders
Alleima has received two major orders in the oil and gas
segment; for advanced tubes and umbilicals, the other for
corrosion-resistant alloy OCTG tubes (Oil Country Tubular
Goods). The total value amounts to approximately SEK 450M.
The umbilical order, valued at approximately SEK 210M,
will be used in an offshore project in Brazil. Deliveries are
scheduled for H2 of 2024 and early 2025.
The OCTG order, valued at approximately SEK 240M, will
be used in an offshore project in North Africa. Deliveries are
scheduled during mid-2024.
Swiss Steel Group wins German sustainability
award
This year’s German Sustainability Award, probably the most
prestigious award of its kind in Europe, will be presented in
Düsseldorf. In the metal industry category, the Swiss Steel
56 Stainless Steel World December 2023
Group, based in Lucerne and Düsseldorf, is delighted to have
won against extremely strong competition.
When the finalists and winners of the German Sustainability
Award meet in Düsseldorf, this prestigious award will be
presented for the 16th time.
The DNP has been awarded annually since 2008 by the Stiftung
Deutscher Nachhaltigkeitspreis e.V. and its cooperation
partners. These include the German government, the German
Council for Sustainable Development, municipal associations
and business associations.
The German Sustainability Award is an award that focuses
entirely on the topic of sustainability. The award honors
exemplary sustainability achievements in business,
municipalities and research. With five competitions, over 800
applicants and around 2,000 guests at the closing ceremony, it
is the largest award of its kind in Europe.
With expertise, a sense of proportion and courage, the 140
jurors of the DNP for companies have chosen those companies
that, in their view, are leading the sustainable transformation in
their industries this year. Their choices recognizably reflect the
breadth and depth of transformation.
The finalists in the metals industry included 4 very strong
companies, among which Swiss Steel Group emerged as the
winner.
Stamicarbon signs contracts with Shandong
Lianmeng in China
Shandong Lianmeng Chemical Company awards licensing
and equipment supply contracts for a grassroots urea melt and
prilling plant in China to Stamicarbon, the nitrogen technology
licensor of MAIRE Group. The plant located in Shouguang city
of Shandong province in China will use Stamicarbon’s Ultra-
Low Energy design with a highly efficient pool reactor concept
and have a capacity of 2334 MTPD.
Stamicarbon will provide the license, proprietary equipment,
including high-pressure equipment made of super duplex
stainless steel and associated services. This grassroots project
will be the eighth urea plant worldwide to utilize Stamicarbon’s
proprietary Ultra-Low Energy design.
The Ultra-Low Energy Design allows heat supplied as
high-pressure steam to be used three times instead of two,
compared to the conventional CO2 stripping processes. This
results in a 35% reduction in steam consumption and a 16%
decrease in cooling water use. The efficiency of this design is
proven with two operational plants, making its energy savings
unparalleled in the market.
www.stainless-steel-world.net

Framatome launches Framatome Space
Framatome has announced that it is putting its 65 years of
nuclear and industrial expertise at the service of the space
industry with the creation of a new brand; Framatome Space.
Space is enjoying renewed interest across the globe and a
whole new generation is set to embark on a new age of space
travel. As on Earth, access to a safe, continuous and reliable
source of energy is key for any development. Future space
exploration can be enabled or enhanced by nuclear power.
Nuclear propulsion can offer higher speeds and greater
efficiency. It would significantly reduce the time needed to
reach Mars for example, and, in so doing, reduce exposure
times to intense space radiation. Nuclear power could also
provide electricity enabling the development of a suitable
environment for a sustained human presence on the Moon.
Over the past six decades, Framatome teams have designed,
built, and serviced the nuclear steam supply system of nuclear
plants across the globe. It is present at every stage of the
process on all types of reactor technologies. Framatome is
also involved in the future of nuclear power generation from
third generation reactors to advanced reactors and Small
Modular Reactors (SMRs). The CERCA division is the world’s
leading supplier of uranium fuel and targets for research
reactors, and the Isogen joint-venture specializes in producing
radioisotopes in commercial CANDU power reactors.
Outokumpu plans restructuring measures in
Germany
Outokumpu plans restructuring measures in Germany
to strengthen competitiveness and market leadership in
advanced materials.
In the second phase of the strategy, Outokumpu strengthens
the core of the company and aims to make the most of its
current assets. Now, in the weakened market environment,
there is a need to take prompt actions to secure
competitiveness in Europe while strengthening Outokumpu’s
global market leadership in advanced materials.
Consequently, Outokumpu aims to streamline its operations in
Germany and plans restructuring measures to utilize its assets
most efficiently. These measures would include centralizing
advanced materials production in Germany fully to Dillenburg.
www.stainless-steel-world.net
[ Industry Update ]
In practice, this would mean that precision strip operations
would be transferred from Dahlerbrück to Dillenburg.
Simultaneously, Outokumpu plans to close its coil service center
in Hockenheim and intends to transfer the volumes to other sites.
The planned restructuring measures are expected to impact
close to 200 people in Germany. Outokumpu intends to
commence negotiations with employee representatives in
Germany in full respect of local legislation and practices.
The possible closure of Hockenheim is planned to be
completed by the end of the second quarter of 2024 and
Dahlerbrück by the end of 2024.
Project with Thomann GmbH
Kaltenbach.solutions launched a digitalization project at
Thomann GmbH in Hergatz on Lake Constance. The fully
integrated IoT-based solution will record, analyze and clearly
visualize the order data, process data and machine data of
saws in real time in the area of prefabrication. In the future, the
carbon footprint can also be recorded digitally. The aim is to
increase efficiency, reduce costs and make work easier.
Thomann GmbH has agreed a strategic cooperation with
Kaltenbach.Solutions to strengthen its market position as a
leading steel trader in the southwest. In future, employees in
the processing department will use handhelds to scan order
data. Faults on the machines and other operating information
will also be recorded via handheld devices. At the same
time, the IoT-based BoosterBOX will measure relevant data
on the sawing machines and assign it to the orders. The data
collected will be visualized on the web-based Steelsuite
platform as a basis for comprehensive analysis. The PDA/MED
system can be expanded to include energy data acquisition
and can then also determine energy consumption on an order-
related basis.
As a steel supplier for industry and trade, the owner-managed
Thomann GmbH plays a pioneering role among trading
companies in the areas of quality, sustainability, climate
protection and humane working practices. With a stock range
of over 50 materials in more than 2,500 dimensions, rapid
availability is guaranteed. The processing options range from
sawing, centering, sandblasting, preserving and galvanizing to
deburring and washing. The planned project is now intended
to optimize the processes surrounding the sawing machines
and make work easier.
Stainless Steel World December 2023 57
Buyers’ Guide
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6Mo
Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co Ltd.
Sanei Building, 1-5-8 Kyobashi
Reach new Chuo-ku,
customers Tokyo 104-8365
via our Japan
Buyers’Guide tel: +81-3-3273-4618
+Online fax: +81-3-3273-4634
inquiry@nyk.co.jp
www.nyk.co.jp/en/
Ratnamani Metals &
PRINTED MAGAZINE: Tubes Ltd.
9th Floor, A Wing ‘THE FIRST’
■ Company details
B/H Keshavbaug Party Plot
■ Company logo
Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015
■ Application Guide
Gujarat,
India
tel: +91-79-2960 1200
ONLINE: info@ratnamani.com
■ Company profile Sankyo & Co Ltd
■ Company logo 1-13-12, Umezato,
■ Product images Suginami-Ku
Tokyo 166-0011
Japan
tel: +81-3-5929-1981
fax: +81-3-5929-1944
sales@sankomj.co.jp
DIGITAL MAGAZINE:
www.sankomj.co.jp/en/
■ Clickable entries
link direct to your Sverdrup Steel
Buyers’Guide
Strandsvingen 2,
Company Profile
4032 Stavanger
■ Clickable company Norway
logos link direct to tel: +47 51 81 69 00
your website
mail@sverdrupsteel.com
PLUS: www.sverdrupsteel.com
Direct link to your
company video S & N Stainless Pipeline
Products Ltd
Unit B4 Fallons Road,
Wardley Industrial Estate
Worsley, Manchester M28 2NY
United Kingdom
tel: +44-161-728-1148
For more informatiion fax: +44-161-351-6689
please contact
Vera Solis sales@snstainless.com
v.solis@kci-world.com www.snstainless.com
We are the leading supplier
of pipe, pipe fittings &
flanges IN UNS31254,
DUPLEX and SUPER
(continued above➚)
DuplexYOUR
Seminar
LOGO IN& Summit
THE 2014,CONTACT
BUYER’S GUIDE: 24 - 25 october
US: BG.SSW@KCI-WORLD.COM
(continued) (continued)
S & N Stainless Pipeline Kuze Bellows Kogyosho
Products Ltd Co Ltd
DUPLEX stainless steel. Japan
We carry extensive stocks in tel: +81-76-289-2139
above grades in both UNS32750 fax: +81-76-289-4141 https://kci-world.com/
and UNS32760 in sizes from ½” s-info@kuze.com
NB through to 24” NB www.kuze.com
Manufacture of Seamless
CLADDING
Pipe: Aust.Stainless Steel
Sankyo & Co., Ltd.
DAE HWA METAL CO., LTD. (TP304L, TP316L..) :
1-13-12, Umezato,
Suginami-Ku
Explosion welded clad metal ~24”NB, 6Mo(S31254):
Tokyo 166-0011
46, Gimhae-daero ~6”NB, Duplex(S31803):
Japan
2635beon-gil, ~20”NB, S.Duplex(S32750):
tel: +81-3-5929-1981
Gimhae-si, ~20”NB, High Nickel
fax: +81-3-5929-1944
Gyeongsangnam-do Alloy (C22)
sales@sankomj.co.jp
153-10, Samnyeong-ro,
MARUICHI STAINLESS www.sankomj.co.jp/en/
Stainless Steel WORLD Buyers’Guide+Online • December 2023
Hwaseo-myeon,
TUBE CO., LTD. Exporter of Duplex Tube &
Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do
Tokyo Head Office: Pipe 31803, 32205, 32750,
South Korea
9-11, Kitashinagawa 32760
tel: +82-55-336-1211
fax:+82-55-336-1216 5-chome, Shinagawa-ku,
Sverdrup Steel
dhclad@dhclad.co.kr Tokyo, 141-8688
Strandsvingen 2,
www.dhclad.co.kr Japan
4032 Stavanger
tel: +81-3-5739-5051
Norway
fax:+81-3-5739-5055
tel: +47 51 81 69 00
Inquire-mst@mstube.co.jp
mail@sverdrupsteel.com
https://www.mstube.co.jp
www.sverdrupsteel.com
https://www.mstube.co.jp/english/ NIPPON STEEL Stainless
index.html S & N Stainless Pipeline
Steel Corporation
1-8-2 Marunouchi, Products Ltd
Chiyoda-ku Unit B4 Fallons Road,
Tokyo, 100-0005 Wardley Industrial Estate
Duplex Japan Worsley
Alleima tel: +81-3-6841-4800 Manchester M28 2NY
811 81 Sandviken info@stainless.nipponsteel.com United Kingdom
Sweden http: stainless.nipponsteel.com tel: +44-161-728-1148
+46 26 4260000 fax: +44-161-351-6689
Raccortubi Group
www.alleima.com sales@snstainless.com
Viale De Gasperi 194
Subsidiaries or representatives www.snstainless.com
in most countries. I-20010 Marcallo con We are the leading supplier
Casone (Mi) of pipe, pipe fittings &
Jiuli Hi-Tech Metals Italy flanges IN UNS31254,
No 1899, Zhongxing Road tel: +39-029-76300-1 DUPLEX and SUPER
Wuxing District, fax: +39-029-0376337 DUPLEX stainless steel.
Huzhou, Zhejiang info@raccortubi.com We carry extensive stocks
313028 www.raccortubigroup.com in above grades in both
China UNS 31803 fittings, pipes UNS32750 and UNS32760
tel:+86-572-253-9999 and flanges to Norsok specs in sizes from ½” NB through
fax:+86-572-253-9000
to 24” NB
sales@jiuli.com Ratnamani Metals &
www.jiuli.com Tubes Ltd.
9th Floor, A Wing ‘THE FIRST’
Kuze Bellows Kogyosho B/H Keshavbaug Party Plot
Co Ltd Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015
74-1, Minamichujo Gujarat,
Kahoku-Gun India www.steeltrade.it
Ishikawa-Ken 929-0343 tel: +91-79-2960 1200
(continued above➚) info@ratnamani.com
2014, Stresa, italy

marphil@marphil.eu
Stalatube Oy
Taivalkatu 7,
FIN-15170 Lahti
Finland
tel: +358-3-882-190
fax: +358-3-882-1914
sales@stalatube.com
www.stalatube.com
Stainless Steel Hollow
Sections, Custom Made
Stainless Steel WORLD Buyers’Guide+Online • December 2023
Quality i.e. cut length
service, angular or laser
cutting, perforating, special
profiles, higher strength
materials and special
materials.
TUBACEX GROUP
Tres Cruces 8,
PO Box 22
E-01400 Llodio, Alava
Spain
tel: +34-94-671-9300
fax: +34-94-685-0894
sales@tubacex.es
http://www.tubacex.com
Yada Piping Solution
Co.,Ltd
Xinfeng Industry Paryk,Nanhu
District,
Jiaxing City Zhejiang
Province,Prc
China
tel: +86-573-83127999
fax: +86-573-83127155
yada@cnyada.net
www.cnyada.net
YADA,the leader of green
ship pipeline equipment
integration solution
https://www.lastingtitanium.com/
Duplex Seminar & Summit
Zhejiang Xintongda Special
Steel Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
No. 209 Ruiyang Road
Songyang Couty Lishui City
Zhejiang Province, 323400
China
tel: +86-577-86862205
fax: +86-577-86635318
info@xtd-ss.com
www.xtd-ss.com
leading manufacturer of
seamless stainless-steel pipe
and tube big stock of 32205
32750 32760
EVENTS
Duplex World Conference
& Exhibition 2024
6 - 7 November 2024
AHOY Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
Organised By
Duplex World
KCI Publishing B.V
PO Box 825
7400 AV Deventer
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 575 585 270
Conference
Mrs Joanne McIntyre
Conference Organizer
Tel: +31 575 585 298
E-mail:
j.mcintyre@kci-world.com
Exhibition
Mr Jan Dieperink
Exhibition Co-ördinator
Tel: +31 575 585 299
E-mail:
j.dieperink@kci-world.com
Green Steel World
Expo & Conference
14 and 15 May, 2024
If you are interested in joining
our exhibition and showcase
your efforts and results in the
domain of green steel, please
send an e-mail to:
Mr.Simon Neffelt
tel. +49 2821 71145 44
s.neffelt@kci-world.com
https://greensteelworld.com/
exhibition
Conference
The Green Steel World
Conference will focus on green
steel production and use.
(continued above➚)
2014, 24 - 25 october 2014, Stresa, italy
https://stainless-steel-world.net/buyersguide
(continued)
Green Steel World
Expo & Conference
The Conference unites
researchers, manufacturers,
end-users and suppliers in an
open and focused forum.
It’s the ideal platform to
profile your expertise,
network with industry peers,
and share your knowledge
with the international steel
community.
Ms Kiyo Ichikawa
Conference Coordinator
Phone: +31 575 789260
Email: k.ichikawa@kci-world.com
https://greensteelworld.com/
conference
www.xtd-ss.com
Stainless Steel World Asia
Conference and Expo 2024
September 11th and 12th, 2024.
Singapore EXPO, Hall 2
Street Address:
1 Expo Drive, #02-01,
Singapore 486150
https://stainless-steel-world-
asia.com/
Contact Information
Conference
Ms. Joanne Mclntyre
Conference Manager
Tel: +31 575 585 298
E-mail: sswasia.conf@kci-
world.com
Exhibition Coordinator
Ms. Jie Zhou (Jojo)
Tel: +86 150 2121 5180
E-mail: j.zhou@kci-world.com
Stainless Steel World
Conference & Exhibition
Contact Information
Conference
Ms Kiyo Ichikawa
Conference Organizer
tel: +31 575 789 260
k.ichikawa@kci-world.com
(continued above➚)
(continued)
Stainless Steel World
Conference & Exhibition
Exhibition Co-ordinator
Mr. Jan Dieperink
tel: +31-575-585-299
j.dieperink@kci-world.com
www.stainless-steel-world.net
FITTINGS & FLANGES
Cangzhou Heli Machinery
Co.,Ltd
Jiuhe East Road 11,
Cangzhou Economical
Development Zone Hebei
China
tel: +86-317-3092360/3093308
fax: +86-317-3092360
helisales@czheliltd.com
www.czheliltd.com
Jiuli Hi-Tech Metals
No 1899, Zhongxing Road
Wuxing District,
Huzhou, Zhejiang
313028
China
tel:+86-572-253-9999
fax:+86-572-253-9000
sales@jiuli.com
www.jiuli.com
Raccortubi Group
Viale De Gasperi 194
I-20010 Marcallo con
Casone (Mi)
Italy
tel: +39-029-76300-1
fax: +39-029-0376337
info@raccortubi.com
www.raccortubigroup.com
Manufacturer and stockist
BWT up to 56”
Yada Piping Solution
Co.,Ltd
Xinfeng Industry Paryk,Nanhu
District,
Jiaxing City Zhejiang
Province,Prc
China
tel: +86-573-83127999
fax: +86-573-83127155
yada@cnyada.net
www.cnyada.net
YADA,the leader of green
ship pipeline equipment
integration solution
FORGINGS
Yada Piping Solution Co.,Ltd
Xinfeng Industry Paryk,Nanhu
District,
Jiaxing City Zhejiang Province,Prc
China
tel: +86-573-83127999
fax: +86-573-83127155
yada@cnyada.net
www.cnyada.net
YADA,the leader of green ship
pipeline equipment integration
solution
Hafnium
Marphil International
36 Rue De Richelieu 75001 Paris
France
tel: +33142974474
fax:+33142962718
marphil@marphil.eu
Specialist since 1985 of the
Nickel Alloys,Titanium,
Zirconium, Tantalum,
Hafnium and Niobium
Heat Exchanger Tubes
Alleima
811 81 Sandviken
Sweden
+46 26 4260000
www.alleima.com
Ratnamani Metals &
Tubes Ltd.
9th Floor, A Wing ‘THE FIRST’
B/H Keshavbaug Party Plot
Vastrapur, Ahmedabad
380015
Gujarat,
India
tel: +91-79-2960 1200
info@ratnamani.com
HEAT RESISTANT
TUBES & PIPES
TECNYMAT ACEROS, S.L.
Pol.Ind. Ugaldeguren 3,
Parcela 17-2
ES 48170 Zamudio (Vizcaya)
Spain
tel: +34 944710035
fax:+34944710227
tecnymat@tecnymat.com
www.tecnymat.com
Heat Resistance Materials
Tube & Pipes In Stock
Great Service & Quality
Products Founded In 1978
 Hollow Bar (continued) Nickel Alloys HARALD PIHL Germany
Merinox bv tel: +49 2161 57 598-0
Alleima Alleima
Seamless instrumentation & info@haraldpihl.de
811 81 Sandviken 811 81 Sandviken
hydraulic tubes OD range 0,3
Sweden Sweden
to 60 mm special SS, Nickel HARALD PIHL Poland
+46 26 4260000 +46 26 4260000
Alloys, (S)Duplex, Titanium tel: +48 798 700 388 www.nipponsteel.com
www.alleima.com www.alleima.com
and Copper. info@haraldpihl.pl
Tubular products, welding
Ratnamani Metals & consumables, bars, billets,
Ratnamani Metals & HARALD PIHL England
Tubes Ltd. wire & strip steel.
Tubes Ltd. tel: +44 1902 833 839 (continued)
9th Floor, A Wing ‘THE FIRST’
9th Floor, A Wing ‘THE FIRST’ fax: +44 1902 462 001 MARUICHI STAINLESS
B/H Keshavbaug Party Plot Corrosion Resistant Alloys
B/H Keshavbaug Party Plot info@haraldpihl.com TUBE CO., LTD.
Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 4424 W Sam Houston Pkwy
Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015 5-chome, Shinagawa-ku,
380015 N, Ste. 580, Houston, TX
Gujarat, HARALD PIHL Norway Tokyo, 141-8688
Gujarat, 77041
India tel: +47 90 20 40 40 Japan
India USA
tel: +91-79-2960 1200 info@haraldpihl.no tel: +81-3-5739-5051
tel: +91-79-2960 1200 +1 (713) 827-8600
info@ratnamani.com fax:+81-3-5739-5055
info@ratnamani.com HARALD PIHL China
sales@cralloys.com Inquire-mst@mstube.co.jp

Stainless Steel WORLD Buyers’Guide+Online • December 2023

Sankyo & Co., Ltd.
TUBACEX GROUP
1-13-12, Umezato,
Tres Cruces 8,
Suginami-Ku
PO Box 22
Tokyo 166-0011
E-01400 Llodio, Alava
Japan
Spain
tel: +81-3-5929-1981
tel: +34-94-671-9300
fax: +81-3-5929-1944
fax: +34-94-685-0894
sales@sankomj.co.jp
sales@tubacex.es
www.sankomj.co.jp/en/
http://www.tubacex.com
Manufacturer &
HYDRAULIC & Exporter of Hydraulic &
INSTRUMENTATION Instrumentation
TUBING Tubing. 6mm OD - 16mm OD
TP304/L, TP316/L A&P, OD
Alleima
Polish (320 Grit)
811 81 Sandviken
Sweden MANUFACTURING
+46 26 4260000
Ecoke
www.alleima.com
Westthorpe Fields Road,
Subsidiaries or representatives
Killamarsh,
in most countries.
Sheffield S21 1TZ
United Kingdom
MARUICHI STAINLESS
tel: + +44 (0)1246 925999
TUBE CO., LTD.
ecoke@cplindustries.co.uk
Tokyo Head Office:
https://www.ecoke.biz/
9-11, Kitashinagawa
5-chome, Shinagawa-ku,
METAL POWDERS
Tokyo, 141-8688
Japan Acnis International
tel: +81-3-5739-5051 17 Rue des Frères Lumière
fax:+81-3-5739-5055 69680 Chassieu
Inquire-mst@mstube.co.jp France
https://www.mstube.co.jp tel: +33 6 60 33 38 51
fax:+33 4 72 14 55 09
Merinox bv fcarrillon@acnis-titanium.com
Kleine Beer 18 www.acnis-titanium.com
2952AS Alblasserdam stocks and distributes
The Netherlands Titanium, cobalt
tel:. +31-78-6917800 chromium, stainless steel,
www.merinox.eu nickel based alloys for
Europe’s largest stockist for Medical and Industrial
(continued above➚) market
www.cralloys.com
CRA is a just-in-time (JIT) mill
providing high-quality corrosion
resistant alloy pipe and tube.
CRA’s products include oil
country tubular goods (OCTG),
mechanical tube for downhole
equipment, and schedule pipe
and tube. We specialize in
the non-standard: expedited
deliveries, custom sizes,
lengths, and specs, and smaller
production runs.
https://www.ecoke.biz/
HARALD PIHL Sweden
tel: +46 8 731 56 00
info@haraldpihl.se
www.haraldpihl.com
ISO 9001 certified since
1997 AS/EN 9120 certified
since 2013
HARALD PIHL Finland
tel: +358 20 749 7040
info@haraldpihl.fi
Q-Metal Denmark
tel: +45 45 86 2622
ab@q-metal.dk
Euracciai s.r.l. Italy
tel: +39 0248 704428
haraldpihl@euracciai.it
tel: +86-138 6214 1887
https://www.mstube.co.jp
rex.huang@haraldpihl.com
NIPPON STEEL Corporation
HARALD PIHL India
6-1 Marunouchi,
tel: +91- 9503 786 577
2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku
vishal.ranjan@haraldpihl.com
Tokyo 100-8071
Japan
HARALD PIHL is Europe’s
tel: +81-3-6867-5788
fastest supplier of Nickel
fax: +81-3-6867-3569
alloys and Titanium.
www.tubular.nipponsteel.com
Updated stock list at:
www.haraldpihl.com Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co Ltd.
Sanei Building,
HART BV
1-5-8 Kyobashi, Chuo-ku,
Beurtschipper 4
Tokyo 104-8365
NL-3861 SC Nijkerk
Japan
The Netherlands
tel: +81-3-3273-4618
tel: +31-33-245-3848
fax: +81-3-3273-4634
sales@hartbv.nl
inquiry@nyk.co.jp
www.hartbv.nl
www.nyk.co.jp/en/
Nickel Alloy Stockist
200/201, 400, 600 Officine Orsi SpA
625, 825, C276 Villaggio Francolino
Seamless and welded I-20080 Carpiano (MI)
Piping Products Italy
tel: +39-02-9850-951
Jiuli Hi-Tech Metals fax: +39-02-9815-452
No 1899, Zhongxing Road orsi@officineorsi.com
Wuxing District, www.officineorsi.com
Huzhou, Zhejiang Manufacturer stockist pipes,
313028 fittings, high performance
China materials nickel alloys,
tel:+86-572-253-9999 zirconium titanium gr.1-2-7-12
fax:+86-572-253-9000
sales@jiuli.com
www.jiuli.com
MARUICHI STAINLESS
TUBE CO., LTD.
Tokyo Head Office:
9-11, Kitashinagawa
http://www.czheliltd.com
(continued above➚)

Duplex Seminar & Summit 2014, 24 - 25 october 2014, Stresa, italy

https://stainless-steel-world.net/buyersguide

www.impactspecialmetals.com
P.A. Inc.
6626 Gulf Freeway
Houston, TX 77087
USA
tel: +1-713-570-4900
fax: +1-713-570-4950
sales@painc.com
www.painc.com
Stainless Steel WORLD Buyers’Guide+Online • December 2023
Raccortubi Group
Viale De Gasperi 194
I-20010 Marcallo con
Casone (Mi)
Italy
tel: +39-02-976300-1
fax: +39-02-90376337
info@raccortubi.com
www.raccortubigroup.com
625 & 825
Stalatube Oy
Taivalkatu 7
FIN-15170 Lahti
Finland
tel: +358-3-882-190
fax: +358-3-882-1914
sales@stalatube.com
www.stalatube.com
Stainless Steel Hollow Sections,
Custom Made Quality i.e.
cut length service, angular
or laser cutting, perforating,
special profiles, higher
strength materials and special
materials.
TUBACEX GROUP
Tres Cruces 8,
PO Box 22
E-01400 Llodio, Alava
Spain
tel: +34-94-671-9300
(continued above➚)
https://www.nickelalloyworld.com/
(continued)
TUBACEX GROUP
fax: +34-94-685-0894
sales@tubacex.es
http://www.tubacex.com
Nickel Alloy
Seamless Tubes
Corrosion Resistant Alloys
4424 W Sam Houston Pkwy
N, Ste. 580, Houston,
TX 77041
USA
+1 (713) 827-8600
sales@cralloys.com
www.cralloys.com
CRA is a just-in-time (JIT)
mill providing high-quality
corrosion resistant alloy pipe
and tube. CRA’s products
include oil country tubular
goods (OCTG), mechanical
tube for downhole equipment,
and schedule pipe and tube.
We specialize in the non-
standard: expedited deliveries,
custom sizes, lengths, and specs,
and smaller production runs.
Jiaxing MT Stainless Steel
Co., Ltd
No. 501, Changsheng
South Road, Occident
Biotechnology Industry Park,
Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
China
tel: +86-573-82717867
fax: + 86-573-82718785
mtsco@mtstainlesssteel.com
www.nickelalloyworld.com
Provide Pipe,Tube,Wire,
Fitting, Flange and Plate of
Nickel Alloys/ Cobalt Alloys
Alloy 625/825/C22/C276
Alloy 600/400/25/188
Marphil International
36 Rue De Richelieu
75001 Paris
France
tel: +33142974474
fax:+33142962718
marphil@marphil.eu
Specialist since 1985
of the Nickel Alloys,
Titanium, Zirconium,
Tantalum, Hafnium and
Niobium
https://stainless-steel-world.net/buyersguide
Ratnamani Metals &
Tubes Ltd.
9th Floor, A Wing ‘THE FIRST’
B/H Keshavbaug Party Plot
Vastrapur, Ahmedabad
380015
Gujarat,
India
tel: +91-79-2960 1200
info@ratnamani.com
Sankyo & Co Ltd
1-13-12, Umezato,
Suginami-Ku
Tokyo 166-0011
Japan
tel: +81-3-5929-1981
fax: +81-3-5929-1944
sales@sankomj.co.jp
www.sankomj.co.jp/en/
www.loverebilbao.com
Nickel Alloy
Welded Tubes
Marphil International
36 Rue De Richelieu
75001 Paris
France
tel: +33142974474
fax:+33142962718
marphil@marphil.eu
Specialist since 1985
of the Nickel Alloys,
Titanium, Zirconium,
Tantalum, Hafnium
and Niobium
NIOBIUM
Marphil International
36 Rue De Richelieu
75001 Paris
France
tel: +33142974474
fax:+33142962718
marphil@marphil.eu
Specialist since 1985
of the Nickel Alloys,
(continued above➚)
(continued)
Marphil International
Titanium, Zirconium,
Tantalum, Hafnium and
Niobium
PLATE, SHEETS &
STRIPS
MARCEGAGLIA
via Bresciani, 16
I-46040 Gazoldo degli
Ippoliti (Mantua)
tel: +39-0376-685-1
fax: +39-0376-685-600
info@marcegaglia.com
www.marcegaglia.com
The leading industrial
group worldwide
processing sector
PIPING
PACKAGES
Raccortubi Group
Viale De Gasperi 194
I-20010 Marcallo con
Casone (Mi)
Italy
tel: +39-02-976300-1
fax: +39-02-90376337
info@raccortubi.com
www.raccortubigroup.com
BWF, pipes, flanges in any
grade
Yada Piping Solution Co.,Ltd
Xinfeng Industry
Paryk,Nanhu District,
Jiaxing City Zhejiang
Province,Prc
China
tel: +86-573-83127999
fax: +86-573-83127155
yada@cnyada.net
www.cnyada.net
YADA,the leader of green
ship pipeline equipment
integration solution
STAINLESS STEEL
BARS
LOVERE BILBAO I.
Pol. Ugaldeguren 3 P 20 N 3
E-48170 Zamudio Bizkaia
Spain
(continued above➚)
(continued)
LOVERE BILBAO I.
tel: +34-94-454 5130
fax: +34-94-454 5100
lovere@loverebilbao.com
www.loverebilbao.com
STAINLESS STEEL
PH GRADE
Aerometals & Alloys (Acnis
Group)
60/62 Avenue du Progrès
69680 Chassieu
France
tel: +33 6 60 33 38 51
fax:+33 4 26 49 63 67
fcarrillon@acnis-titanium.com
www.aerometals-alloys.com
Aerometals & Alloys
17-4PH - H1025 / H1150
15-5PH - H1025
In bars and plates
AMS 5659 – AMS 5643…
1.4545 – 1.4542
Stainless Steel
Plates
NIPPON STEEL Stainless
Steel Corporation
1-8-2 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo, 100-0005
Japan
tel: +81-3-6841-4800
info@stainless.nipponsteel.com
http: stainless.nipponsteel.com
STOCKIST/SUPPLIERS/
DISTRIBUTORS
BIBUS METALS Group
Head Office Switzerland
Allmendstrasse 26
8320 Fehraltorf
Switzerland
info@bibusmetals.com
www.bibusmetals.com
Stockist and distributor for
Nickel-based Alloys and
Titanium/Titanium Alloys
Sales organisations
and Service centres in
Switzerland, Germany,
Poland, Hungary,
Czech Republic, UK,
Romania, Austria, Ukraine,
China, ASEAN/Korea
HARALD PIHL Sweden
tel: +46 8 731 56 00
info@haraldpihl.se
www.haraldpihl.com
ISO 9001 certified since 1997
AS/EN 9120 certified since 2013
HARALD PIHL Finland
tel: +358 20 749 7040
info@haraldpihl.fi
Q-Metal Denmark
tel: +45 45 86 2622
ab@q-metal.dk
Euracciai s.r.l. Italy
tel: +39 0248 704428
haraldpihl@euracciai.it
HARALD PIHL Germany
tel: +49 2161 57 598-0
info@haraldpihl.de
HARALD PIHL Poland
tel: +48 798 700 388
info@haraldpihl.pl
HARALD PIHL England
tel: +44 1902 833 839
fax: +44 1902 462 001
info@haraldpihl.com
HARALD PIHL Norway
tel: +47 90 20 40 40
info@haraldpihl.no
HARALD PIHL China
tel: +86-138 6214 1887
rex.huang@haraldpihl.com
HARALD PIHL India
tel: +91- 9503 786 577
vishal.ranjan@haraldpihl.com
HARALD PIHL is Europe’s
fastest supplier of Nickel
alloys and Titanium.
Updated stock list at:
www.haraldpihl.com
HART BV
Beurtschipper 4
NL-3861 SC Nijkerk
The Netherlands
tel: +31-33-245-3848
sales@hartbv.nl
www.hartbv.nl
Nickel Alloy Stockist 200/201,
400, 600 625, 825, C276
Seamless and welded
Piping Products
Duplex Seminar & Summit
Impact Special Metals Ltd (continued)
76 Cookstown Industrial TA Trading (Beijing) Co., Ltd.
Estate, Tallaght, Beijing
Dublin D24 AF84. China
Ireland tel:+86 10 84830821
tel: + 353 1 451 2144 fax: 86 10 84830821
fax: +353 1 450 5405 brandon.liu@tatrd.com
liamvickers@impactirl.ie www.tatrd.com
www.impactspecialmetals.com
Super Duplex
INVEX AB
Alleima
Möbelgatan 4 43133
811 81 Sandviken
Mölndal
Sweden
Blekegatan 2 652 21
+46 26 4260000
Karlstad MODIFICATION FILE JUNE Ratnamani
www.alleima.com
Sweden
Subsidiaries
Please moveor representatives
the Logo SpecialthSteel Stock from page 5 to page
tel: +46 31 57 77 90
inAmericas)
most countries.
info@invex.se
www.invex.se Put the logo of Harald Phil onVastrapur,
Bars/Sheets/Plates/Fine
tubes of Titanium,
Nickel alloys, special SS
Corrosion resistant, heat
resistant etc.
Nichelcrom Acciai Inox SpA
Via Trento 96/100 20099 –
Sesto San Giovanni Milano NICKEL ALLOYS
Kuze Bellows Kogyosho
Italy
CoModify
Ltd
tel: +39022479151
HARALD PIHL Sweden
74-1, Minamichujo
info@nichelcrom.com tel: +46 8 731 56 00
Tsubata-Cho,
info@haraldpihl.se
www.nichelcrom.com
www.haraldpihl.com
Kahoku-Gun
NichelcromLab shows the
ISO 9001 certified
Ishikawa-Ken 929-0343since 1997
infinite possibilities of stainless AS/EN 9120 certified since sales@sankomj.co.jp
Japan
steel in interior design and 2013
tel: +81-76-289-2139
lifestyle.
HARALD
fax: PIHL Finland
+81-76-289-4141
tel: +358 20
s-info@kuze.com 749 7040
Paul Meijering Metalen BV
info@haraldpihl.fi
Bossekamp 9-13 www.kuze.com
NL-5301 LZ Zaltbommel Manufacture of Seamless
Q-Metal Denmark
tel: +45
Pipe: 45 86 2622
Aust.Stainless Steel
The Netherlands
ab@q-metal.dk
(TP304L, TP316L..) :
tel: +31-418-576-060
~24”NB, 6Mo(S31254):
fax: +31-418-541-215 Euracciai s.r.l. Italy
~6”NB, Duplex(S31803):
info@paulmeijering.nl tel: +39 0248 704428
haraldpihl@euracciai.it
~20”NB, S.Duplex(S32750):
www.paulmeijering.nl
~20”NB, High Nickel
HARALD PIHL Germany
P.A. Inc. Alloy (C22)
tel: +49 2161 57 598-0
6626 Gulf Freeway
info@haraldpihl.de
Houston, TX 77087
MARUICHI
HARALD PIHL STAINLESS
Poland
USA
TUBE CO.,
tel: +48 LTD.
798 700 388
tel: +1-713-570-4900
Tokyo Head Office:
fax: +1-713-570-4950
9-11, Kitashinagawa
sales@painc.com
5-chome, Shinagawa-ku,
www.painc.com
Tokyo, 141-8688
TA Trading (Beijing) Co., Ltd. Japan
Rm.510, Jinmeng Plaza, tel: +81-3-5739-5051
No.17, Xiaoying Rd., fax:+81-3-5739-5055
Chaoyang, Inquire-mst@mstube.co.jp
(continued above➚) https://www.mstube.co.jp
2014, 24 - 25 october 2014, Stresa, italy
https://stainless-steel-world.net/buyersguide
Raccortubi Group
Viale De Gasperi 194
I-20010 Marcallo con
Casone (Mi)
Italy
tel: +39-02-976300-1 http: stainless.nipponsteel.com
fax: +39-02-90376337
info@raccortubi.com
www.raccortubigroup.com
Yada Piping Solution Co.,Ltd
UNS 32760 - UNS 32750
Xinfeng Industry
fittings, pipes and flanges to
Paryk,Nanhu District,
Norsok specs
Jiaxing City Zhejiang
Province,Prc
China
Metals STEEL
2018 STAINLESS & WORLD
tel: +86-573-83127999
Tubes Ltd.
4 (instead of SSW
fax: +86-573-83127155
9 Floor, A Wing ‘THE FIRST’
yada@cnyada.net
Stainless Steel WORLD Buyers’Guide+Online • December 2023
B/H Keshavbaug Party Plot
page 5 inAhmedabad
the center www.cnyada.net
YADA,the leader of green
380015
ship pipeline equipment
Gujarat,
integration solution
India
tel: +91-79-2960 1200
Tantalum
info@ratnamani.com
Marphil International
36 Rue De Richelieu
Sankyo & Co Ltd 75001 Paris
1-13-12, Umezato, France
tel: +33142974474
Suginami-Ku
Tokyo 166-0011 fax:+33142962718
marphil@marphil.eu
Japan
Specialist since 1985
tel: +81-3-5929-1981
fax: +81-3-5929-1944 of the Nickel Alloys, Titanium,
Zirconium, Tantalum,
Hafnium and Niobium
www.sankomj.co.jp/en/
Titanium
Acnis International
S & N Stainless Pipeline
Products Ltd 17 Rue des Frères Lumière
Unit B4 Fallons Road, 69680 Chassieu
France
Wardley Industrial Estate
tel: +33 6 60 33 38 51
Worsley, Manchester,
fax: +33 4 72 14 55 09
M28 2NY
fcarrillon@acnis-titanium.com
United Kingdom
www.acnis-titanium.com
tel: +44-161-728-1148
Stocks and distributes. 500
fax: +44-161-351-6689
sales@snstainless.com tons in stock Titanium, Special
Alloys Stainless steel, Cobalt
www.snstainless.com
We are the leading chromium, Nickel based alloys
supplier of pipe, pipe Cutting service centers
fittings & flanges IN ISO9001/13485 - EN9120
UNS31 254,
DUPLEX and SUPER
DUPLEX stainless steel. We
carry extensive stocks in
above grades in both UNS
32750 and UNS32760 in www.tatrd.com
sizes from ½” NB through
to 24” NB

www.acnis-titanium.com
Aerometals & Alloys (Acnis
Group)
60/62 Avenue du Progrès
69680 Chassieu
France
fcarrillon@acnis-titanium.com
tel: +33 6 60 33 38 51
fax: +33 4 26 49 63 67
Stainless Steel WORLD Buyers’Guide+Online • December 2023
www.aerometals-alloys.com
Aerometals & Alloys
stocks and distributes
500 tons in stock
Titanium Stainless Steel
Special Alloys
Cutting service center
waterjet, laser, sawing
17-4PH, 15-5PH bars
ISO9001-EN9120
Baoji Titanium Industry
Co.,LTD
No.88, High-Tech Road
Baoji City, Shaanxi Province
China
tel: +86 917 3382075
fax: +86 917 3382136
sunyuwei@baoti.com
http://www.baoti.com
HARALD PIHL Sweden
tel: +46 8 731 56 00
info@haraldpihl.se
www.haraldpihl.com
ISO 9001 certified since
1997 AS/EN 9120 certified
since 2013
Duplex Seminar & Summit
HARALD PIHL Finland
tel: +358 20 749 7040
info@haraldpihl.fi
Q-Metal Denmark
tel: +45 45 86 2622
ab@q-metal.dk
Euracciai s.r.l. Italy
tel: +39 0248 704428
haraldpihl@euracciai.it
HARALD PIHL Germany
tel: +49 2161 57 598-0
info@haraldpihl.de
HARALD PIHL Poland
tel: +48 798 700 388
info@haraldpihl.pl
HARALD PIHL England
tel: +44 1902 833 839
fax: +44 1902 462 001
info@haraldpihl.com
HARALD PIHL Norway
tel: +47 90 20 40 40
info@haraldpihl.no
HARALD PIHL China
tel: +86-138 6214 1887
rex.huang@haraldpihl.com
HARALD PIHL India
tel: +91- 9503 786 577
vishal.ranjan@haraldpihl.com
HARALD PIHL is Europe’s
fastest supplier of Nickel
alloys and Titanium.
Updated stock list at:
www.haraldpihl.com
Officine Orsi SpA
Villaggio Francolino
I-20080 Carpiano (MI)
Italy
tel: +39-02-9850-951
fax: +39-02-9815-452
orsi@officineorsi.com
www.officineorsi.com
Manufacturer stockist
pipes,fittings, high performance
materials nickel alloys,
zirconium titanium gr.1-2-7-12
Shaanxi Lasting Titanium
Industry Co.,Ltd
1# Zhuquedajie nanduan, Xi’an,
(continued above➚)
2014, 24 - 25 october 2014, Stresa, italy
https://stainless-steel-world.net/buyersguide
(continued)
Shaanxi Lasting Titanium
Industry Co.,Ltd
Shaanxi, China 710061
China
tel: +86 29 8965103/ 89651196
fax: +86 29 89651193
karen@lastingtitanium.com
sales@lastingtitanium.com
www.lastingtitanium.com
Leading supplier of titanium
& titanium alloy. Products
include Titanium Bars, Plates,
Pipes, Powder, Forgings, &
Tailor made machine parts.
Sincemat Co.,Ltd.
Room 805, No 1 Building,
7866 Humin Road
Shanghai 201102
China
tel: +86-21-52962271
fax: +86-21-52962270
info@sincemat.com
www.sincemat.com
www.officineorsi.com
TITANIUM TUBES & PIPES
SEAMLESS
Jiangsu Hongbao Group
Co., Ltd
Daxin Town,
Zhangjiagang City,
Jiangsu Province, 215636
P.R.China
tel: +86-512-58715276,
+86-15895686919
fax: +86-512-58760120
export@hongbao.com
www.weldedsteel-tube.com
Marphil International
36 Rue De Richelieu
75001 Paris
France
tel: +33142974474
fax:+33142962718
marphil@marphil.eu
Specialist since 1985
of the Nickel Alloys,
(continued above➚)
(continued) MARCEGAGLIA
Marphil International via Bresciani, 16
Titanium, Zirconium, I-46040 Gazoldo degli Ippoliti
Tantalum, Hafnium (Mantua)
and Niobium tel: +39-0376-685-1
fax: +39-0376-685-600
P.A. Inc. info@marcegaglia.com
6626 Gulf Freeway www.marcegaglia.com
Houston, TX 77087 The leading industrial
USA group worldwide processing
tel: +1-713-570-4900 sector
fax: +1-713-570-4950
sales@painc.com
www.painc.com Paul Meijering Metalen BV
Bossekamp 9-13
TITANIUM TUBES &
5301 LZ Zaltbommel
PIPES WELDED
The Netherlands
Marphil International
tel: +31-418-576-060
36 Rue De Richelieu fax: +31-418-541-215
75001 Paris info@paulmeijering.nl
France www.paulmeijering.nl
tel: +33142974474
fax:+33142962718
Yada Piping Solution
marphil@marphil.eu
Co.,Ltd
Specialist since 1985
Xinfeng Industry Paryk,Nanhu
of the Nickel Alloys,
District,
Titanium, Zirconium,
Jiaxing City Zhejiang
Tantalum, Hafnium
Province,Prc
and Niobium
China
tel: +86-573-83127999
Ratnamani Metals &
fax: +86-573-83127155
Tubes Ltd.
yada@cnyada.net
9th Floor, A Wing ‘THE FIRST’
www.cnyada.net
B/H Keshavbaug Party Plot
YADA,the leader of green
Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015
ship pipeline equipment
Gujarat,
integration solution
India
tel: +91-79-2960 1200
info@ratnamani.com Zhejiang Tsingshan Steel
Pipe Co., Ltd.
Tubes & Pipes
Tsingshan Building A,
Alleima No. 2666,
811 81 Sandviken
Longxiang Road, Longwan
Sweden
District
+46 26 4260000
Wenzhou City,Zhejiang Province
www.alleima.com
China
Subsidiaries or representatives
tel: +86-577-866-20-888
in most countries.
fax:+86-577-866-20-871
sales@tsingshan.net
Jiuli Hi-Tech Metals www.tsingshan.net
No 1899, Zhongxing Road Tsingshan products are
Wuxing District, widely applied to various
Huzhou, Zhejiang industries including
313028 petroleum, petrochemical,
China refinery, chemical,
tel:+86-572-253-9999 machinery, power,
fax:+86-572-253-9000 shipbuilding, paper-
sales@jiuli.com making harmacy and
www.jiuli.com food, etc.
 Tubes & Pipes -
Rectangular
Stalatube Oy
Taivalkatu 7
FIN-15170 Lahti
Finland
tel: +358-3-882-190
fax: +358-3-882-1914
sales@stalatube.com
www.stalatube.com
Stainless Steel Hollow
Sections, Custom Made
Quality i.e. cut length
service, angular or laser
cutting, perforating, special
profiles, higher strength
materials and special
materials.
Tubes & Pipes -
Seamless
Corrosion Resistant Alloys
4424 W Sam Houston Pkwy
N, Ste. 580, Houston, TX
77041
USA
+1 (713) 827-8600
sales@cralloys.com
www.cralloys.com
CRA is a just-in-time
(JIT) mill providing high-
quality corrosion resistant
alloy pipe and tube.
CRA’s products include
oil country tubular goods
(OCTG), mechanical tube
for downhole equipment,
and schedule pipe and
tube. We specialize in the
non-standard: expedited
deliveries, custom sizes,
lengths, and specs, and
smaller production runs.
HART BV
Beurtschipper 4
NL-3861 SC Nijkerk
The Netherlands
tel: +31-33-245-3848
sales@hartbv.nl
www.hartbv.nl
Nickel Alloy Stockist
200/201, 400, 600
625, 825, C276
Seamless and welded
Piping Products
Duplex SeminarHANDY
Kuze Bellows Kogyosho
Co Ltd
74-1, Minamichujo
Tsubata-Cho,
Kahoku-Gun
Ishikawa-Ken 929-0343
Japan
tel: +81-76-289-2139
fax: +81-76-289-4141
s-info@kuze.com
www.kuze.com
Manufacture of Seamless
Pipe: Aust.Stainless Steel
(TP304L, TP316L..) :
~24”NB, 6Mo(S31254):
~6”NB, Duplex(S31803):
~20”NB, S.Duplex(S32750):
~20”NB, High Nickel
Alloy (C22)
MARUICHI STAINLESS
TUBE CO., LTD.
Tokyo Head Office:
9-11, Kitashinagawa
5-chome, Shinagawa-ku,
Tokyo, 141-8688
Japan
tel: +81-3-5739-5051
fax:+81-3-5739-5055
Inquire-mst@mstube.co.jp
https://www.mstube.co.jp
NIPPON STEEL Corporation
6-1 Marunouchi,
2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-8071
Japan
tel: +81-3-6867-5788
fax: +81-3-6867-3569
www.tubular.nipponsteel.com
P.A. Inc.
6626 Gulf Freeway
Houston, TX 77087
USA
tel: +1-713-570-4900
fax: +1-713-570-4950
sales@painc.com
www.painc.com
Raccortubi Group
Viale De Gasperi 194
(continued above➚)
& Summit 2014, 24 - 25 october 2014, Stresa, italy
TUBE CORPORATION www.handytube.com
(continued)
Raccortubi Group
I-20010 Marcallo con
Casone (Mi)
Italy
tel: +39-02-976300-1
fax: +39-02-90376337
info@raccortubi.com
www.raccortubigroup.com
Stockist of pipes and tubes
from 6 mm OD to 406.4 mm
(16”) OD in grades 304/L,
316/L, 321/H, 347/H, 304H,
31803, 32760, 32750,
31254, 904L
Ratnamani Metals &
Tubes Ltd.
9th Floor, A Wing ‘THE FIRST’
B/H Keshavbaug Party Plot
Vastrapur, Ahmedabad
380015
Gujarat,
India
tel: +91-79-2960 1200
info@ratnamani.com
www.snstainless.com
Sankyo & Co., Ltd.
1-13-12, Umezato,
Suginami-Ku
Tokyo 166-0011
Japan
tel: +81-3-5929-1981
fax: +81-3-5929-1944
sales@sankomj.co.jp
www.sankomj.co.jp/en/
Exporter of Seamless
Stainless Steel Tube/Pipe 1/2”
- 6” in common grade,
Copper Alloy
Alloy 20, Alloy C276
Alloy 600, Alloy 625
Alloy 800, Alloy 8250
TUBACEX GROUP
Tres Cruces 8,
PO Box 22
(continued above➚)
(continued)
TUBACEX GROUP
E-01400 Llodio, Alava
Spain
tel: +34-94-671-9300
fax: +34-94-685-0894
sales@tubacex.es www.nichelcrom.com
http://www.tubacex.com
(continued)
Tubes & Pipes -
voestalpine Böhler Welding
Welded
Group GmbH
Mill Masters Inc Germany
39 Mill Masters Dr. welding@voestalpine.com
United States of America www.voestalpine.com/welding
tel:1-731-668-5558 Think stainless, weld
fax:1-731-668-2477 stainless, love stainless.
sales@millmasters.com Böhler Welding is Matchless
Stainless Steel WORLD Buyers’Guide+Online • December 2023
www.millmasters.com in Stainless
Leading Manufacturer of Tube
Mills for fabricating Welded Welded Hollow
tubing - Stainless, Inconel, Sections
Aluminum, Copper & Steel
Thin wall & smaller diameters Stalatube Oy
Taivalkatu 7
FIN-15170 Lahti
Ratnamani Metals &
Finland
Tubes Ltd.
tel: +358-3-882-190
9th Floor, A Wing ‘THE FIRST’
fax: +358-3-882-1914
B/H Keshavbaug Party Plot
sales@stalatube.com
Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015
www.stalatube.com
Gujarat,
Stainless Steel Hollow Sections,
India
Custom Made Quality i.e.
tel: +91-79-2960 1200
cut length service, angular
info@ratnamani.com
or laser cutting, perforating,
special profiles, higher strength
Stalatube Oy materials and special materials.
Taivalkatu 7
FIN-15170 Lahti
Zirconium
Finland
Marphil International
tel: +358-3-882-190
36 Rue De Richelieu 75001 Paris
fax: +358-3-882-1914
France
sales@stalatube.com
tel: +33142974474
www.stalatube.com
fax:+33142962718
Stainless Steel Hollow
marphil@marphil.eu
Sections, Custom Made
Specialist since 1985
Quality i.e. cut length service,
of the Nickel Alloys,
angular or laser cutting,
Titanium, Zirconium,
perforating, special profiles,
Tantalum, Hafnium
higher strength materials and
and Niobium
special materials.
WELDING
consumables
Tecnymat
voestalpine Böhler Welding Aceros
Group GmbH STAINLESS STEEL – REFRACTORY – ALLOYS
CASTINGS
Peter-Müller-Strasse 14-14a,
www.tecnymat.com
40468 Düsseldorf,
(continued above➚)
 Stainless Steel World
Application Guide
December 2023

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Acnis International ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
AEROMETALS & ALLOYS – Acnis
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Group
Alleima ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Baoji Titanium Industry Co.,LTD ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

BIBUS METALS Group ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

HARALD PIHL ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

HART BV ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Impact Special Metals Ltd ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

INVEX AB ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Jiaxing MT Stainless Steel Co., Ltd ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Kuze Bellows Kogyosho Co Ltd ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

LOVERE BILBAO I. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

MARCEGAGLIA ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Marphil International ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Merinox B.V. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Mill Masters Inc ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Nichelcrom Acciai Inox SpA ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

NIPPON STEEL Corporation ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Officine Orsi SpA ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

P.A. Inc. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Raccortubi Group ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Ratnamani Metals & Tubes Ltd. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

S & N Stainless Pipeline Products Ltd ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Sankyo & Co Ltd ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

SANYO SEIKI CO., LTD. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Shaanxi Lasting Titanium Industry

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Co.,Ltd

Stalatube Oy ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Sverdrup Steel ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

TECNYMAT ACEROS, S.L ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

TUBACEX GROUP ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
voestalpine Böhler Welding
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Group GmbH
Yada Piping Solution Co.,Ltd ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Zhejiang Tsingshan Steel

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Pipe Co., Ltd.
Zhejiang Xintongda Special Steel
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

For more Buyers’Guide+Online information, please contact Vera Solís, e-mail: bg.ssw@kci-world.com or visit us at www.stainless-steel-world.net