+

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Textile Engineering
Project (Thesis) Report on
A Comparative Study of spectral data and color fastness on 100% Linen and
100% Cotton Dyed with Reactive Dye in CPB AND PDPS dyeing process
Course Code: TE-4214
Course Tittle: Project (Thesis)

Submitted by:
Kazi Mahadi Hasan
ID: 191-23-5515

Supervised by:
MS. Nawshin Farzena
Assistant Professor
Department of Textile Engineering
Daffodil International University

A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Textile Engineering
Major in Wet Processing
Fall2022

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 DECLARATION

This Project (Thesis) Report has been done by me under the direction of MS.
Nawshin Farzena, Assistant Professor, Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty
of Engineering, Daffodil International University. I also certify that this report, in
whole or in part, has been submitted for any degree.

Submitted by:

Kazi Mahadi Hasan

ID: 191-23-5515
Department of Textile Engineering
Daffodil International University

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 LETTER OF APPROVAL

This project report prepared by Kazi Mahadi Hasan (ID: 191-23-5515) is approved
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Textile Engineering. The said students have completed their project work entitled
“A Comparative Study of spectral data and color fastness on 100% Linen and 100%
Cotton Dyed with Reactive Dye in CPB AND PDPS dyeing process” under my
supervision. During the research period, I found them sincere, hardworking, and
enthusiastic.

Ms. Nawshin Farzana

Assistant Professor
Department of Textile Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Daffodil International University

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Contents
CHAPTER- 01............................................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2
1.1 Objective: ........................................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER- 02 ................................................................................................................................................. 4
LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 About cotton ...................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Cotton fiber characteristics ....................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Origin of cotton fiber ................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 About Lenin ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Lenin fiber characteristics......................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Origin of Lenin fiber: ................................................................................................................ 6
2.3 Reactive dyes: .................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.1 Structure of reactive dyes: ........................................................................................................ 8
2.3.2 The reactive dye's characteristics. ............................................................................................ 9
2.3.3 Dyeing mechanism of reactive dye with cotton fiber. ............................................................. 9
2.4 (CPB) Cold pad batch ..................................................................................................................... 10
2.4.1 Advantages of CPB: ................................................................................................................. 10
2.5 (PDPS) Pad-Dry-Pad-Steam .............................................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER- 03........................................................................................................................................... 12
MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................................. 12
3.1 MATERIALS: ................................................................................................................................. 13
3.2 METHODS: ..................................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Flowchart of cold pad batch machine: -........................................................................................ 13
3.3.1 Method for cold pads batch-dying: ........................................................................................ 13
3.3.2 Recipe for cold pads batch-dying ........................................................................................... 14
3.3.3 Chemicals used & their functions of cold pad batch: - ......................................................... 14
3.4 Pad Dry Pad Steam Dyeing sequence: .......................................................................................... 15
3.4.1 Method for Pad Dry Pad Steam Process: .............................................................................. 15
3.4.2 Recipe for Pad Dry Pad Steam: .............................................................................................. 17

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 3.4.3 Chemical Used & Their Function of Pad batch machine ......................................................... 17
3.5 As fabric sample I take 2 kinds of fabric: ..................................................................................... 17
3.5. Sample Attachment of RFD fabric: .............................................................................................. 18
3.6 Sample Attaching of dyed fabric: .................................................................................................. 19
3.6.1 Sample Attaching of dyed fabric in CPB dyeing process: .................................................... 19
3.6.2 Sample Attaching of dyed fabric in PDPS dyeing process: .................................................. 20
3.7 Testing of color fastness to rubbing for two different dyeing process: ......................................... 20
3.8 Testing of color Fastness to perspiration: ....................................................................................... 21
3.9 Testing of color Fastness to washing ............................................................................................... 21
3.10 CMC Report /Data color report .................................................................................................. 21
3.11 CIALAB COLOR SPACE: .......................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER- 04........................................................................................................................................... 22
RESULTS OF DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................. 22
4.1 Sample attachment of the color fastness to rubbing: ................................................................... 23
4.1.1 Sample attachment of the color fastness to rubbing of 100% cotton in CPB and PDPS
dyeing process: .................................................................................................................................. 23
4.1.2Sample attachment of the color fastness to rubbing of100% linen in CPB and PDPS
dyeing process: .................................................................................................................................. 24
4.3 Sample attachment of the color fastness to Perspiration: ........................................................... 25
4.3.1 Sample attachment of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% cotton in CPB ............. 25
4.3.2 Sample attachment of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% cotton in PDPS ........... 25
4.3.3 Sample attachment of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% Linen in CPB .............. 26
4.3.4 Sample attachment of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% Linen in PDPS ............ 26
4.4 Sample attachment of the color fastness to washing .................................................................... 27
4.4.1 Sample attachment of the color fastness to washing of 100% cotton in CPB ..................... 27
4.4.2 Sample attachment of the color fastness to washing of 100% cotton in PDPS ................... 27
4.4.3 Sample attachment of the color fastness to washing of 100% linen in CPB ....................... 28
4.4.4 Sample attachment of the color fastness to washing of 100% linen in PDPS ..................... 28
4.5. CMC Report /Data color report: .................................................................................................. 29
4.5.1 CMC Report /Data color report of 100% cotton fabric dyed by PDPS dyeing PROCESS
............................................................................................................................................................ 29
4.5.2 CMC Report /Data color report of 100%cotton fabric dyed by CPB dyeing process ....... 29
4.5.3 CMC Report /Data color report of 100% linen fabric dyed by PDPS dyeing PROCESS 30
4.5.4 CMC Report /Data color report of 100%linen fabric dyed by CPB dyeing process ......... 30

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 4.6CIALAB COLOR SPACE: ............................................................................................................. 31
4.6.1 CIALAB color space of 100% cotton fabric dyed by CPB dyeing PROCESS ................... 31
4.6.2 CIALAB COLOR SPACE of 100% cotton fabric dyed by PDPS dyeing PROCESS ....... 31
4.6.3 CIALAB COLOR SPACE of 100%linen fabric dyed by CPB dyeing process .................. 32
4.6.4 CIALAB COLOR SPACE of 100%linen fabric dyed by PDPS dyeing process ................ 32
4.7 Result of the color fastness to rubbing .......................................................................................... 33
4.7.1 Result of the color fastness to rubbing of 100% cotton in CPB and PDPS dyeing process:
............................................................................................................................................................ 33
4.7.2 Result of the color fastness to rubbing of 100% linen in CPB and PDPS dyeing process: 33
4.8 Result of the color fastness to Perspiration ................................................................................... 34
4.8.1Result of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% cotton in CPB ..................................... 34
4.8.2 Result of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% cotton in PDPS ................................. 34
4.8.3 Result of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% Linen in CPB .................................... 34
4.8.4 Result of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% Linen in PDPS .................................. 34
4.9 Result of the color fastness to washing: ........................................................................................ 35
4.9.1Result of the color fastness to washing of 100% cotton in CPB ............................................ 35
4.9.2 Result of the color fastness to washing of 100% cotton in PDPS ......................................... 35
4.9.3 Result of the color fastness to washing of 100% linen in CPB ............................................. 35
4.9.4 Result of the color fastness to washing of 100% linen in PDPS ........................................... 35
CHAPTER-05............................................................................................................................................ 36
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 36
5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 37
6. REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................................ 38
7. Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 39

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we want to thank the Almighty Allah for giving us the ability to execute this project
effectively through his divine grace.
I'm appreciative of my supervisor, Ms. Nawshin Farzana, an assistant professor in the department
of textile engineering at Daffodil International University's faculty of engineering. Our supervisor's
extensive experience and deep interest in the field of textile dyeing and finishing encouraged us to
complete the task. This endeavor was made feasible by his never-ending tolerance, academic
direction, constant encouragement, active supervision, constructive criticism, insightful advice,
reading numerous subpar versions, and rectifying these at every stage.
I want to express my gratitude to Md. Mominur Rahman, the head (in-charge) of Daffodil
International University's Faculty of Engineering's Department of Textile Engineering, for his kind
assistance in bringing our Project (Thesis) report to a conclusion.
Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to all of our classmates at Daffodil International
University who took part in the conversation while the Project (Thesis) report was being completed
and written.

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 DEDICATION

In honor of my parents and my dear teacher, I want to

dedicate this project report.

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 Abstract

Due to environmental concerns and ethical challenges in the supply chain, pressure on the textile
industry to adopt more sustainable methods has been growing. If 100% cotton or Linen fabric is a
more environmentally friendly and superior choice is one of the arguments that are made in the
industry. Throughout the various dyeing methods, the two fabrics will be thoroughly analyzed in
this study.
The dyeing process was carried out using a standard dyeing method by using reactive dyes.
Reactive dyes produce brilliant colors that are resistant to fading and washing by chemically
reacting with the molecules of the fabric to form a strong link.
This study aims to evaluate and compare the color fastness, rubbing fastness, color strength,
dimensional stability, and overall appearance of these two materials following reactive dyeing in
various dyeing processes.
The findings revealed that, depending on the dying method utilized, both materials displayed
variable dyeing efficiencies and color strengths. Also, the study found that cotton fabrics have
superior color fastness characteristics than linen fabrics. In order to optimize the dying process and
raise the caliber of the finished product, the textile industry can benefit from these results' insights
on the dyeing behavior of 100% cotton and linen fabrics.

Key words: cotton, Linen, reactive dyes, color fastness, rubbing fastness, color strength

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 CHAPTER- 01

INTRODUCTION

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1. Introduction

The textile industry is a vital sector in the global economy, and the use of natural fibers such as
cotton and linen has been a long-standing tradition. Reactive dyes are widely used in the textile
industry to color cotton and linen fabrics due to their excellent colorfastness and high affinity to
these natural fibers. However, little research has been conducted on the comparative study of 100%
cotton and linen fabrics dyed with reactive dyes.

Dyeing is a process of coloring fabrics to give them an appealing appearance. Reactive dyes are
widely used in the textile industry to dye natural fibers like cotton and linen due to their excellent
washability and color permanence. The comparison of the reactive dyed 100% cotton and 100%
linen's dyeing characteristics is the main goal of this study.

I use two types of RFD woven fabrics for my thesis: 1. 100% cotton and 2. 100% linen. I use a 1%
stock solution of a reactive dye as a dye. I employ two different types of dyeing processes: 1. Cold
Pad Batch (CPB) and 2. Pad Dye Pad Steam (PDPS), also known as Continuous Dyeing Process.

Softness, breathability, and strength are the defining qualities of cotton fibers. They are also quite
absorbent, which makes them perfect for usage in items like towels and bathrobes. Cotton fibers
are well-liked in the fashion business since they are very simple to dye and have high color
retention.

It is well known that linen fibers are strong, long-lasting, and capable of absorbing moisture. Also,
they are inherently hypoallergenic, making them the best choice for those with sensitive skin. Since
they are so breathable, linen fibers are a preferred material for clothes and bedding in warm areas.

Both 100% cotton and Lenin cloth are produced through intricate, multi-step processes that include
growing, harvesting, processing, and dyeing. Due to its capacity to produce vibrant and long-
lasting colors while lowering the environmental effect of the dying process, the use of reactive
dyes in fabric dyeing has gained widespread acceptance. Reactive dyes create covalent connections
with the strands of the cloth, providing high color fastness and lowering the amount of water used
during the dyeing process.

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CPB dyeing, also known as Cold Pad Batch dyeing, is a textile dyeing process that involves the
use of reactive dyes to color fabrics. This approach is an economical and environmentally
sustainable replacement for conventional dyeing techniques because of its low energy, water, and
chemical usage.
PDPS dyeing, also known as Pad-Dry-Pad-Steam dyeing, is a textile dyeing process that involves
the use of reactive dyes to color fabrics. The excellent color yield, quick processing time, and
effective water and energy utilization of this technology are its distinguishing features.

The textile industry uses two common dyeing methods, CPB and PDPS, each of which has benefits
and drawbacks. When handling various textiles and colors, CPB dyeing is effective, quick, and
adaptable, but PDPS dyeing results in great color fastness, vibrant colors, and intricate patterns.
The precise demands and requirements of the cloth as well as the intended result ultimately
determine which dying procedure should be used.

1.1 Objective:
The objective is to provide a comparative study for 100% Lenin and 100% Cotton fabrics using
Reactive Dye in CPB and PDPS dyeing methods. The presentation aims to highlight the
differences in the dyeing process and the resulting colorfastness of the fabrics. The objective is to
provide a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and to
provide recommendations for selecting the most suitable method for different applications

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 CHAPTER- 02

LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.1 About cotton
Cotton is a naturally occurring, cream-white, fluffy, cellulose staple fiber that surrounds the cotton
plant's seeds in a protective, ball-shaped shell. It is one of the most economically cultivated crops
and is used to produce items that are relatively cheap. It has excellent dye1-ability, can take a
variety of colors, can be washed frequently, and can withstand high heat.[3]

2.1.1 Cotton fiber characteristics

1. Fiber Size: 0.5 to 2.5 inches
2. Tenacity and strength (gm per denier): 3 to
3. Moisture recovery: 7–10% (average: 8.5%)
4. Moderate Dimensional Stability
5. Flexibility: 1.50 to 1.58.
6. Medium abrasion resistance [4]

2.1.2 Origin of cotton fiber

Three thousand years ago, cotton was being farmed, spun, and fashioned into textile in the
Pakistani Indus River Valley. Natives of Egypt's Nile Valley began producing and using cotton
clothes around the same time. In 800 A.D., Arab traders introduced cotton cloth to Europe. The
Bahama Islands were home to cotton farms when Columbus first arrived in America in 1492. By
the year 1500, cotton was well-known on a global scale. It is thought that the first cotton seeds
were sown in Virginia in 1607 and Florida in 1556. Cotton was being grown by colonists in
Virginia near the James River around 1616. In England around 1730, the first machine-spun cotton
was produced. The major position cotton holds in the globe today was made possible by the
industrial revolution in England and the development of the cotton gin in the United States.[6]

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2.2 About Lenin
Fabric called linen is created from flax plant fibers. Compared to cotton, linen is more durable,
absorbent, and quick to dry. These characteristics make linen valuable for use in clothing and make
it comfortable to wear in hot weather.[5]

2.2.1 Lenin fiber characteristics

1. Absorbency: Linen has a 20% moisture absorption capacity.
2. Strength: After silk, it is the second-strongest fabric. Cotton is just approximately 30% as sturdy
as linen.
3. Comfort: Because it is made of natural fiber, it is incredibly cozy and comfortable to wear.[7]

2.2.2 Origin of Lenin fiber:

Since 8,000 BC, linen has been used in Egypt as apparel. It was prized for keeping cold and
refreshing in hot weather. The flax plant, or more precisely the cellulose fibers that develop inside
the stalks of the flax plant, is the source of the fiber used to make linen. The flax plant grows on
an annual cycle and doesn't need much water or upkeep.

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2.3 Reactive dyes:
Reactive dyes are the most frequently used dyes for coloring cellulosic textiles because of their
favorable characteristics, including their water solubility, ease of use, variety of applications,
availability of various shades, brightness of color shades, good wash and light fastness, and
reasonable price. Reactive dye materials could be weaker than chlorine bleach.
In this instance, the dye material covers a reactive group, which connects to the fiber through a
covalent bond and becomes an essential component of the fiber. This covalent connection is
created between the terminal -OH (hydroxyl) group of the dye molecule's cell molecular fibers and
the group of terminals -NH2 (amino) polyamide fibers. It is also established between the dye
molecules and these groups. This covalent connection is strong enough to [2]

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2.3.1 Structure of reactive dyes:
The structure of reactive dyes is: D - B - G - X. [1]

Fig: Structure of reactive dyes

In this case, D stands for a dye component or chromogen (color producing part).
Direct, acid, dispersion, premetallized, and other dyes are all possible.

Part of the bridge, B.

A -NH- group or a -NR- group could be the bridging portion.
G is the reactive group carrying component.
X is the reactive group.

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2.3.2 The reactive dye's characteristics.
1. An anionic dye with negative charge is a reactive dye.
2. Water soluble dye is reactive dye.
3. This dye is used to color a variety of fiber types, including protein-based fibers (wool, silk),
cellulosic fibers (cotton, rayon, flax), and polyamide fiber (Nylon)
4. Dye that is reactive and contains a reactive group. With fiber, this reactive group forms a solid
covalent connection.
5.Dyeing is carried out in an alkaline environment with alkali present, where the pH varies from
10.5 to 12.5
6.Reactive dyes have strong light-fastness characteristics, with a grade of around 6.
7. The reactive dye's wash fastness is quite good, scoring 4-5.
8. This dye has a fair amount of rubbing fastness.
9. This dye results in a lighter tint.
10. These colors are inexpensive and the way

2.3.3 Dyeing mechanism of reactive dye with cotton fiber.

Dyeing mechanism of the reactive dye with cotton fiber is carried out in 3 steps.
They are: 1. exhaustion
2. Fixation
3. Wash off

Exhaustion stage: Cellulosic fiber includes cotton fiber. Negative charge is present on the cotton
fiber surface when it is submerged in a dye bath containing a solution of reactive dye and various
auxiliaries. built up. Due to the anionic nature of reactive dye, the two negative charges resist one
another. We need to employ electrolyte as a salt to reduce this issue. As an electrolyte, we utilize
Glauber salt or sodium chloride. This salt balances the negative charge on the surface of the fiber,
allowing dye to permeate the fiber with ease. Adsorption, sorption, and desorption take place here.
Adsorption occurs when the dye molecule contacts the fiber surface; sorption occurs when the dye
molecule contacts the inner surface of the fiber. Desorption is the term used when a dye molecule
emerges from the inner surface to the outside surface. The quantity of dye absorbed by the fiber
throughout the exhaustion period

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Fixation stage: At this step, cotton fiber and reactive color chemically bind. Cotton fiber and
reactive dyes form a strong covalent connection. Here, the reactive dye's reactive group forms a
covalent link with the cellulosic fiber's terminal hydroxyl group. This fixation takes place in an
alkaline environment where the pH must be more than 7. To maintain the dye bath's pH, which
fluctuates from 10.5 to 12, we must utilize soda ash. Fixation happens in this manner.
Wash off: The wash-off procedure involves washing the cotton fiber with soap to remove
unfixable color and chemicals. It enhances the reactive colored fabric's wash fastness
characteristics.

2.4 (CPB) Cold pad batch

Cold Pad-Batch (CPB) dyeing is a well-liked method for uniformly and continuously dying
materials. The cloth goes through a succession of pad rollers and a dye bath as part of the CPB
process before being batched. The cloth is dyed uniformly using pad rollers, and the batching
procedure makes it possible for consistent coloring.
The CPB dyeing method is renowned for its effectiveness, swiftness, and adaptability when
working with various textiles and colors. The great efficiency and speed of CPB dyeing, which
can swiftly and consistently dye huge amounts of cloth, is one of its main benefits. A broad variety
of textiles and colors, including natural fibers like cotton, may be worked with using CPB dyeing.
Moreover, CPB dyeing uses less water than other dyeing processes, making it a low-water
consumption procedure. As a result, it is a more ecologically responsible choice because it uses
less water during the dyeing process. Also, since less water is used, less energy is needed to heat
and circulate the water, which further lowers the process's overall energy consumption.

2.4.1 Advantages of CPB:

1. CPB has a number of advantages over other reactive dyeing techniques, such jet dyeing.
2. reduced water use
3. Less wastewater that contains extremely little salt
4. Less energy is used because it is carried out at ambient temperature.
5. increased dye fixation percentage
6. No salt was utilized.
7. Compared to a jet machine, one CPD machine can dye more cloth.

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2.5 (PDPS) Pad-Dry-Pad-Steam
The four steps of the Pad-Dry-Pad-Steam (PDPS) dyeing process for textiles are padding, drying,
repadding, and steaming. Using a padding machine, the cloth is first submerged in a dye solution
to begin the process. The cloth is evenly coated with the dye solution thanks to the padding
machine, which also ensures that the color is absorbed equally.
After padding, the cloth is heated with a heat source, such a dryer or a hot air oven, to dry it. The
fabric's surplus water is removed during drying, which enables the dye to soak deeply into the
fibers. Repadding is the following step in the procedure, which involves running the cloth through
the padding machine once more to make sure the dye is applied uniformly.
The cloth is then steamed at a high temperature for a certain amount of time, which helps to fix
the dye and enhance the fabric's color fastness. Also, any extra color that could have built up on
the fabric's surface is helped to remove by the steam.

1.PDPS dyeing is a productive procedure that may be finished in a single continuous run, cutting
down on processing costs and time.
2. As PDPS dyeing is adaptable, it may be used to color a variety of fabrics, even those made of
natural fibers like cotton.
3. As comparison to other dyeing methods, PDPS dyeing may be more ecologically beneficial
because it requires less water and energy.
4. The use of PDPS dyeing minimizes the possibility of color bleeding or fading by ensuring
uniform color across the cloth.

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 CHAPTER- 03

MATERIALS AND METHODS

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3.1 MATERIALS:
For my thesis, I used two types of RFD woven fabric: 100% cotton woven fabric and 100% linen
woven fabric. I use a reactive dye stock solution diluted to 1% as a dye.

3.2 METHODS:
I utilize two different dyeing techniques: 1. (CPB) Cold Pad Batch and 2. (PDPS) Pad Dye Pad
Steam, commonly known as Continuous Dyeing Process

3.3 Flowchart of cold pad batch machine: -

Fabric inlet
↓
Cooling (25o C)
↓
Dye padding (Color: chemical = 4:1)
↓
Batching
↓
Rotating (8-12) hour
↓
Washing

3.3.1 Method for cold pads batch-dying:

1. Chemical Tank: Depending on the needs, both chemicals and colors are created in separate
tanks. For instance, we'll produce a 100% dye solution and 25% chemical after requiring 1000
liters of liquor. After that, the two are combined and stirred in a storage tank before being fed
into a padding bath.

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2. Padding Unit: To maintain an even range on the padding tank, chemical is delivered here from
a storage tank. According to the needed pick up and fabric speed, padding pressure is
established.
3. Batching: Padding fabric is immediately wrapped in
to a batcher and packaged with poly bags after being finished.
Then it rotates for 8 to 12 hours to fix the color.
4. Washing: The cloth is finally washed, soaped, neutralized, and dried.

3.3.2 Recipe for cold pads batch-dying

chemical volume
Soda Ash 20 (g/l)
Caustic Soda (38oB) 5 ml/l

3.3.3 Chemicals used & their functions of cold pad batch: -

Name Function
Dyes Color the fabric
Wetting agent (Alba Flow R PAD) Reduce surface tension & increase
absorbency
Thermocol MP (Anti-migration agent) Protect the color from migration
Caustic soda Maintains the alkaline condition & helps in
color fixation.
Soda Ash Works as an electrolyte

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3.4 Pad Dry Pad Steam Dyeing sequence:
Preparation of dye liquor with auxiliaries
↓
Padding
↓
Drying
↓
Chemical pad
↓
Steam
↓
Wash off (rinsing, soaping, neutralization)
↓
Squeezing
↓
Drying

3.4.1 Method for Pad Dry Pad Steam Process:

1. Fabric inlet: The pad steam machine's fabric inlet receives fabric. when a free roller is used to
pass the fabric across.
2. Padding with coloring stuff: The pad steam machine uses more chemicals.

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3. IR Chamber: Next, the fabric is exposed to IR (Infrared Radiation) radiation in a chamber that
is 700–800 C hot. This chamber removes 30% of the moisture.
4. Chemical padding: Fabric is then padded by running pad liquor comprising salt, soda, caustic,
and a moderate oxidizing agent through the pad roller. Here, a moderate oxidizing process is
employed to aid in the reduction of dye material and reduce tailing.
5.Steaming: After chemical padding, cloth is fixed by steaming in a pad steam machine. There
are two chambers in it. The temperature in this steam-heated room is between 100 and 105
degrees Celsius. Fabric will stay in place for 1.5 minutes (approximate) 6.A water lock that
regulates hydrolyzation
7. Washing unit: Fabric dye is repaired after steaming. Unfixed dyestuffs are now washed away.
Here, a separate chamber is used for both hot and cold washing. The temperature for cold and
hot washing is around 40°C and 90–100°C, respectively. There are eight washers. While 2-7 are
hot wash units and 1 & 8 are cold wash units
8.Neutralization unit: To manage the pH-7 of the cloth, neutralization is carried out after
washing. Acetic acid does the action.
9. Cooling roller: Fabric has to be cooled after drying in a cylinder dryer. Therefore, the cooling
roller is passed over the fabric. Cold water is rolled via a stainless-steel roller in this device.
10. Fabric outlet: After passing through a few rollers, the fabric is finally rolled on a batcher. If
the shade is acceptable, finishing can begin.

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3.4.2 Recipe for Pad Dry Pad Steam:

chemical volume
Salt 250(g/l)
Soda Ash 20(g/l)
Mild Oxidizing 0.5(g/l)
Caustic Soda (36oB) 3 (ml/l)

3.4.3 Chemical Used & Their Function of Pad batch machine

Name Function
Dyes Color the fabric
Wetting agent Increase absorbency while lowering
surface tension
Thermocol MP (Anti-migration agent) Keep the color from fading
Caustic soda keeps the pH alkaline and aids in color
fixing.
Soda Ash Works as an electrolyte

3.5 As fabric sample I take 2 kinds of fabric:

1. 100% cotton woven fabric
❖ EPI= 120
❖ PPI= 60
❖ Warp count = 20Ne
❖ Weft count =16NE
❖ Z twill fabric

2. 100%linen woven fabric

❖ EPI= 56
❖ PPI= 50
❖ Warp count = 16Ne
❖ Weft count =14NE
❖ Plain fabric

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3.5. Sample Attachment of RFD fabric:

Fig: 100% cotton fabric Fig: 100% linen fabric

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3.6 Sample Attaching of dyed fabric:

3.6.1 Sample Attaching of dyed fabric in CPB dyeing process:

Fig: 100%cotton fabric Fig: 100%linen fabric

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3.6.2 Sample Attaching of dyed fabric in PDPS dyeing process:

Fig: 100%linen fabric Fig: 100%cotton fabric

3.7 Testing of color fastness to rubbing for two different dyeing process:

The resistance of a colored textile material to rubbing is determined by the color fastness to rubbing.
This research used the following approach to assess color fastness to rubbing. I used a sample size of 14
x 5 cm (about 1.97 in) to examine the effectiveness of both dry and wet rubbing. Use a crock meter with
a finger clamped on a white cloth for this test, which measures rubbing. as for wet rubbing, we set the
sample on the rubbing frame and wet the white cloth by submerging it in water. A fabric's resistance to
rubbing is determined by its color fastness. The white wet fabric was then clamped onto the rubbing
machine's finger. Then we shall begin rubbing. 10 repeats of rubbing are done in 10 seconds, and after
that, the sample cloth is evaluated using a grayscale sample together with the original color sample. The
grade of the rubbing is determined by the scale's reading. We place the sample on the rubbing frame for
dry rubbing. The white cloth was then clamped onto the rubbing machine's finger. Then we shall begin
rubbing. 10 repeats of rubbing are done in 10 seconds, and after that, the sample cloth is evaluated
using a grayscale sample together with the original color sample. We determine the grade of the
rubbing based on the scale's reading.

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3.8 Testing of color Fastness to perspiration:
It shows how resistant a color textile material is to fading brought on by sweat. This approach
uses the ISO 105 E04 method to assess color fastness to sweat. There are two forms of
perspiration. One is corrosive Alkali is still another. We must collect a sample with a 104 cm
size for this test. Then, we must include this sample with a Multifiber Sample of the same size.
For acidic and alkali sweat, we need different chemicals, and we need to keep the liquor ratio at
1:50 throughout the procedure. Ten samples can be tested simultaneously in this assay. A weight
of 5KG is kept above the sample during this operation to create pressure. The sample is dried in
a woven drier at a temperature of 37 2 °C for four hours. The color stain is then measured using a
grey scale.

3.9 Testing of color Fastness to washing

The testing process involves cutting a sample of the material to be tested, usually a 10 cm by 04
cm square. The sample is then washed and dried according to the specified conditions. After
each cycle, the sample is evaluated for color change using a grey scale, which is a series of
standardized color chips that range from white to black. The sample is compared to the chips to
determine the level of color fading or bleeding. Here I do two type of wash test 1. (ISO 150 CO6)
And 2. (ISO 105 E01)

3.10 CMC Report /Data color report

The Data color Report provides in-depth analysis of color measurements, including the CIE Lab*
values that represent the color's lightness, red-green, and blue-yellow components. The report
this reports provide information on the color difference between two samples, which is critical
for maintaining color consistency in products. This information can help identify any variations
in color and ensure that the products meet the required color standards.

3.11 CIALAB COLOR SPACE:

The three-color values used in CIELAB, often known as CIE L*a*b*, allow for precise
measurement and comparison of all perceivable colors. The degree of variation in colors that
people perceive in this color space is generally represented by the numerical variations between
values.[8]

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 CHAPTER- 04

RESULTS OF DISCUSSION

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4.1 Sample attachment of the color fastness to rubbing:

4.1.1 Sample attachment of the color fastness to rubbing of 100% cotton in

CPB and PDPS dyeing process:

Fig: CPB 100% cotton Fig: PDPS 100% cotton

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4.1.2Sample attachment of the color fastness to rubbing of100% linen in CPB
and PDPS dyeing process:

Fig: CPB 100% Linen Fig: PDPS 100% Linen

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4.3 Sample attachment of the color fastness to Perspiration:

4.3.1 Sample attachment of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% cotton

in CPB

4.3.2 Sample attachment of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% cotton

in PDPS

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4.3.3 Sample attachment of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% Linen
in CPB

4.3.4 Sample attachment of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% Linen

in PDPS

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4.4 Sample attachment of the color fastness to washing

4.4.1 Sample attachment of the color fastness to washing of 100% cotton in

CPB

4.4.2 Sample attachment of the color fastness to washing of 100% cotton in

PDPS

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4.4.3 Sample attachment of the color fastness to washing of 100% linen in
CPB

4.4.4 Sample attachment of the color fastness to washing of 100% linen in

PDPS

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4.5. CMC Report /Data color report:

4.5.1 CMC Report /Data color report of 100% cotton fabric dyed by PDPS
dyeing PROCESS

As a standard, I take 100%cotton fabric dyed by CPB dyeing process

Ill-obs L* a* b* c*
D65-10 59.43 40.99 -8.51 41.87

As a sample, I take 100% cotton fabric dyed by PDPS dyeing PROCESS.

Ill-obs L* a* b* c*
D65-10 -5.28D 3.28R 0.19Y 3.18B
Shade result of sample:
❖ 52.28% darker
❖ 32.8% redder
❖ 1.9% yellower
❖ 31.8% brighter

4.5.2 CMC Report /Data color report of 100%cotton fabric dyed by CPB
dyeing process

As a standard, I take 100%cotton fabric dyed by PDPS dyeing PROCESS:

Ill-obs L* a* b* c*
D65-10 53.92 46.13 -8.36 44.88

As a sample, I take 100% cotton fabric dyed by CPB dyeing process:

Ill-obs L* a* b* c*
D65-10 5.18L -5.03G -0.22B -4.90D
Shade result of sample:
❖ 51.7% lighter
❖ 50.3% greener
❖ 2.2% bluer
❖ 49.0% Duller

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4.5.3 CMC Report /Data color report of 100% linen fabric dyed by PDPS
dyeing PROCESS

As a standard, I take 100%linen fabric dyed by CPB dyeing process

Ill-obs L* a* b* c*
D65-10 58.46 40.16 -6.87 40.74

As a sample, I take 100% linen fabric dyed by PDPS dyeing PROCESS.

Ill-obs L* a* b* c*
D65-10 0.50L 1.64R -0.93B 2-22B
Shade result of sample:
❖ 5.0% lighter
❖ 16.4% redder
❖ 9.3%bluer
❖ 10.1% Brighter

4.5.4 CMC Report /Data color report of 100%linen fabric dyed by CPB
dyeing process

As a standard, I take 100%linen fabric dyed by PDPS dyeing PROCESS.

Ill-obs L* a* b* c*
D65-10 58.88 41.68 -8.17 42.47

As a sample, I take 100% linen fabric dyed by CPB dyeing process

Ill-obs L* a* b* c*
D65-10 1.18L -2.84G 0.65Y -2.67D

Shade result of sample:

❖ 11.8% lighter
❖ 2.84% greener
❖ 6.5% yellower
❖ 26.7% duller

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4.6CIALAB COLOR SPACE:

4.6.1 CIALAB color space of 100% cotton fabric dyed by CPB dyeing
PROCESS

4.6.2 CIALAB COLOR SPACE of 100% cotton fabric dyed by PDPS dyeing
PROCESS

Result:

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4.6.3 CIALAB COLOR SPACE of 100%linen fabric dyed by CPB dyeing
process

4.6.4 CIALAB COLOR SPACE of 100%linen fabric dyed by PDPS dyeing

process

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4.7 Result of the color fastness to rubbing

4.7.1 Result of the color fastness to rubbing of 100% cotton in CPB and PDPS
dyeing process:
CPB 100% cotton PDPS 100% cotton
dry 4-5 4-5
wet 4 2-3

4.7.2 Result of the color fastness to rubbing of 100% linen in CPB and PDPS
dyeing process:
CPB 100% linen PDPS 100% linen
dry 4-5 4-5
wet 4 4

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4.8 Result of the color fastness to Perspiration

4.8.1Result of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% cotton in CPB

acid alkali
Color change 4-5 4-5
Color stain 4-5 4-5

4.8.2 Result of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% cotton in PDPS

acid alkali
Color change 4-5 4-5
Color stain 4-5 4-5

4.8.3 Result of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% Linen in CPB

acid alkali

Color change 4-5 4-5

Color stain 4-5 4-5

4.8.4 Result of the color fastness to Perspiration of 100% Linen in PDPS

acid alkali
Color change 4-5 4-5
Color stain 4-5 4-5

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4.9 Result of the color fastness to washing:

4.9.1Result of the color fastness to washing of 100% cotton in CPB

Washing Water @ 37c
(ISO 150 CO6) (ISO 105 E01)
Color change 4 4-5

Color stain 4-5 4-5

4.9.2 Result of the color fastness to washing of 100% cotton in PDPS

Washing Water @ 37c
(ISO 150 CO6) (ISO 105 E01)
Color change 4 4-5

Color stain 4-5 4-5

4.9.3 Result of the color fastness to washing of 100% linen in CPB

Washing Water @ 37c
(ISO 150 CO6) (ISO 105 E01)
Color change 4 4-5

Color stain 4-5 4-5

4.9.4 Result of the color fastness to washing of 100% linen in PDPS

Washing Water @ 37c
(ISO 150 CO6) (ISO 105 E01)
Color change 4 4-5

Color stain 4-5 4-5

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 CHAPTER-05

CONCLUSION

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5. CONCLUSION

The comparative study between 100% Lenin and 100% Cotton dyed with reactive dye in CPB
and PDPS dyeing processes have shown that there are significant differences in terms of
colorfastness, dye uptake, and overall color quality. It was observed that the dyeing process of
Lenin using CPB yielded better results in terms of colorfastness and dye uptake compared to
cotton. On the other hand, the PDPS dyeing process resulted in better color quality and
brightness for cotton compared to Lenin. The study also revealed that the choice of dyeing
process and the type of fabric plays a crucial role in determining the quality of the final product.

The results of this study may offer useful information to academics and the textile industry who
are working to improve the dyeing procedure and raise the standard of textiles. Further research
may be done to examine the effects of other variables, like as temperature, pH, and dye solution
concentration, on the dyeing process of Lenin and cotton textiles.

Overall, this comparative study has helped us better understand how reactive dye is used to color
cotton and Lenin utilizing the CPB and PDPS procedures. The data may be utilized to enhance
the dyeing process to obtain greater colorfastness, dye absorption, and color quality. The work
has added to the body of knowledge in textile technology.

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6. REFERENCE
1. https://textilelearner.net/reactive-dyes-classification-dyeing-mechanism/
2. https://textileapex.blogspot.com/2013/10/definition-of-cotton-end-
uses.html
3. https://textileapex.blogspot.com/2013/10/definition-of-cotton-end-
uses.html
4. https://textiletutorials.com/physical-and-chemical-properties-of-cotton-
fibre/
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen
6. https://www.cotton.org/pubs/cottoncounts/story/
7. https://idyllo.eu/blogs/news/linen-properties-and-care
8. https://www.hunterlab.com/blog/what-is-cielab-color-
space/#:~:text=CIELAB%20or%20CIE%20L*a,change%20humans%2
0see%20between%20colors

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 7. Appendix

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