COMMUNICABLE AND

NONCOMMUNICABLE
MR. RAYMUND J. CAPAGAS, RMT

DISEASES
 Discuss the difference
between communicable and Describe and explain
OBJECTIVES noncommunicable disease,
between acute and chronic
communicable and
multicausation disease
diseases, and provide models.
examples of each.

Explain the transmission

Identify why communicable
process of communicable
diseases a community and
diseases using the chain of
public health concern.
infection.

Comparison of primary,
Outline a noncommunicable
secondary, and tertiary
disease control program.
prevention of disease.

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 Classification of Disease and Health Problems

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 Causative agents for Diseases and injuries
Chemical Agents Physical Agents
Biological Agents

Pesticides Heat
Fungi
Food Additives Light
Protozoa
Pharmacologics Radiation

Viruses
Industrial chemicals Noise

Bacteria Cigarette smoke Vibration

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 Acute vs Chronic
Acute Chronic

Onset Rapid, Sudden Gradual

Duration Short, Limited (3 months) Indefinite, long term (life-long)

Cause Usually single Usually multiple ang changes

overtime
Diagnosis and Prognosis Usually accurate Often uncertain

Intervention Usually effective Often indecisive, adverse

effects common
Outcome Cure possible No cure

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 Communicable Disease
Infectious Disease Disease process of
communicable disease

- Is a type of disease caused Entry of agent to

by some specific biological susceptible host.
agents or its toxic products
Reproduction of agent
that can be transmitted from within the host.
an infected animal, or
inanimate reservoir to a Infection
susceptible host.

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 Noncommunicable Disease

Noninfectious Disease Genetic

(Multicausation Diseases)

- Illnesses that cannot be transmitted

Behavioral
from one person to another.

- Delineating the cause of NCD’s are

more often difficult due multiple Environmental
contributing factors.

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COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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 Infectivity VS Pathogenicity VS Virulence

INFECTIVITY PATHOGENECITY VIRULENCE

the ability of a the capability of a
biological agent communicable Ability of an
to enter and disease agent to infectious agent to
grow in the cause disease in a cause severe
host . susceptible host. disease.

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 Infectivity VS Pathogenicity VS Virulence

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 Exposure outcome

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 Communicable Disease Model
Susceptible
The minimal organism

requirements for the

occurrence and
spread of e d i s ease to
for th
communicable Need occur. Factors that inhibit or
promote disease
nic transmission.
diseases in a ti v e /p a thoge
Communicable
(causa agent)
population—agent, Disease

host, and
environment.

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 Case - a person who is sick with a disease.

Carrier - a person or animal that harbors a specific communicable agent in the

absence of discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection
to others.

Zoonosis - a communicable disease transmissible under natural conditions from

vertebrate animals to humans

Anthroponosis - a disease that infects only humans.

Vehicle - an inanimate material or object that can serve as a source of infection.

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 Vector - a living organism, usually an arthropod (e.g., mosquito, tick, louse, or flea), that can
transmit a communicable agent to susceptible hosts.

Incubation - time interval between initial contact with an infectious agent and appearance of
the first sign or symptom of disease in question.

Communicability - period of communicability is the time during which an infectious agent

may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person, from an
infected animal to humans, or from an infected person to animals. Also known as the
‘infectious period’.

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 Chain of Infection

- Model that can be used to visualize the

step-by-step process by which
communicable disease spread from
infected person to an uninfected
person from the community.

- Used to conceptualize the

transmission of a communicable
disease from its source to a
susceptible host.

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 1. Causative Agent

- Any microorganism
capable of causing a
disease.

Ex: Bacteria, Virus,

Parasite, Fungi

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 2. Reservoir

- Is the habitat where the

agent survives, grows,
and/or multiplies.
- 2nd link in the chain of Measles Brucellosis Histoplasmosis
Mumps Anthrax Legionairres
infection. STD’s Plague Paragonimiasis
Smallpox Trichinosis Schistosomiasis
Ex. Human, Animal, Tularemia
Environment Rabies

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 3. Portal of Exit

- Path by which an infectious

agent leaves its reservoir.

Ex. Respiratory tract,

Genitourinary tract,
Gastrointestinal tract, Skin,
Mucus membrane, Placenta

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 4. Mode of Transmission

1. Contact transmission

Direct – immediate transfer of an infectious agent by

direct contact.

Ex. Touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse,

droplet

Indirect – transmission involving an intermediate step.

Ex. Airborne, vehicleborne, vectorborne

2.Ingestion (through GIT)

3.Vertical Transmission

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 5. Portal of Entry

- Refers to the manner in

which a pathogen enters a
susceptible host.
- Must provide access to
tissues in which the
pathogen can multiply or a
toxin can act.

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 6. Susceptible Host

- The final link in the chain

of infection.
- A susceptible host is a
person who can become
infected by the infectious
agent.

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 Agent
(metacercariae of
P. westermanii

Host

Reservoir
(snail) f
lo
tr a y
Po Entr

Disease: MOT
(ingestion of
Paragonimiasis crabs/crustaceans)

Portal of Exit

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(defecation)
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NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Noncommunicable diseases (NCD’s)

- Also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a
combination of genetic, physiologic, environmental, and behavioral factors.

The main types of NCD are;

- cardiovascular diseases (CVD) , Hypertension, CHD

- Cancers
- chronic respiratory diseases (COPD, asthma)

- Diabetes.

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 Etiology - the cause of a disease.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) - a chronic disease characterized by damage to the

coronary arteries in the heart

Cerebrovascular disease (stroke) - a chronic disease characterized by damage to

blood vessels of the brain resulting in disruption of circulation to the brain.

Malignant neoplasm - uncontrolled new tissue growth resulting from cells that have
lost control over their growth and division.

Metastasis - the spread of cancer cells to distant parts of the body by the circulatory
or lymphatic system.
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 Multicausation Disease Model

a visual
representation of the
host together with
various internal and
external factors that
promote and protect
against disease.

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 Risk Factors

Modifiable Non-Modifiable Metabolic

Risk Factors Risk Factors Risk Factors
Tobacco use Age High Blood
Pressure
Physical Inactivity Gender
Obesity
Diet Race/Ethnicity
Hyperglycemia
Alcohol use Family History

Lifestyle Autoimmune disease Hyperlipidemia

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 15 LEADING NCD’s (PHILIPPINES)

1. Alzheimer’s Disease 6. CVD (Stroke) 11. Obesity

2. Cancer 7. COPD 12. Diabetes
3. Epilepsy 8. Coronary Artery Disease 13. Depressive Disorders
4. Osteoarthritis 9. Heat Stroke 14. Alcohol Abuse
5. Osteoporosis 10. Hypertension 15. Drug Abuse (Ecstacy)

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 PREVENTION,
INTERVENTION, CONTROL,
AND ERADICATION OF
DISEASES

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 Prevention - the planning for and taking of action to
forestall the onset of a disease or other health problem.

Intervention - efforts to control a disease in progress.

Eradication - the complete elimination or uprooting of a

disease (e.g., smallpox eradication).

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Levels of Prevention for Disease Control
Primary
Intervention
preventive measures that
forestall the onset of
illness or injury during the
prepathogenesis period.
Secondary
Tertiary
Intervention
Intervention
preventive measures that lead
to an early diagnosis and measures aimed at
prompt treatment of a disease rehabilitation following
or injury to limit disability and
significant
prevent more severe
pathogenesis pathogenesis.

Ex. Health education, health

promotion, personality Ex. Health screening, Ex. Rehabilitation, Retrain,
development, immunization, diagnostics Re-educate
handwashing

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Primary Prevention (Communicable Diseases)

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 Active immunity - occurs when exposure to a disease-
causing organism prompts the immune system to develop
antibodies against that disease.

Passive immunity - occurs when a person receives

antibodies against a disease rather than their immune
system producing them.

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 Isolation - the separation of infected persons from those
who are susceptible
Quarantine - limitation of freedom of movement of those
who have been exposed to a disease and may be
incubating it
Disinfection - the killing of communicable disease agents
outside the host.
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 Secondary Prevention Tertiary Prevention
(Communicable Diseases) (Communicable Diseases)

Self-diagnosis and self-treatment

(OTC medicine) Convalescence from infection
Recovery to full health
Diagnosis and treatment with Return to normal activity.
prescription.
Complete removal of causative
Isolation agent.
Quarantine Reapplication of primary and
Disinfection secondary prevention.

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 Primary
Prevention (NCD)
1. Adequate food and energy.
2. Good opportunities for
education, employment, and
housing.
3. Efficient community
services.
4. Health education, promotion,
medical services.
5. Protection from
environmental and
occupational hazards.
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Secondary Tertiary
Prevention (NCD) Prevention (NCD)
1. Mass and Medical
screening 1. Adequate emergency
2. Case finding measures. personnel, facilities and
3. Provision of adequate services.
health personnel, 2. Lifestyle and behavioral
equipment, and facilities change.
for the community.
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 Thank You For
Listening!

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 Any Questions?

Post Quiz.
Next Lecture
Synchronous Class
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