Renewable Mid Sem

1) Question.What do you understand by energy conservation? Explain its various aspects.

For solving the problem of increased energy demand, evaluate the benefits of energy
conservation as compared to increasing the generation capacity. Write your views on
the energy planning issues aiming to bridge the gap between energy demand and the
supply situation in India.
Ans-
Energy conservation refers to the practice of reducing energy consumption and minimizing energy waste. It
involves using energy resources more efficiently and effectively to achieve the same level of output or service
while consuming less energy. The goal of energy conservation is to preserve natural resources, reduce
environmental impact, lower energy costs, and promote sustainability.
 various aspects
a. Efficient Use of Energy: This aspect focuses on using energy more efficiently to achieve the same level of
output or service while consuming less energy. It involves optimizing processes, technologies, and
behaviors to minimize energy waste and improve energy productivity.
b. Technological Innovations: Energy conservation relies on advancements in technology to develop more
energy-efficient appliances, equipment, and systems. This includes innovations in lighting, HVAC (heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning), transportation, industrial processes, and renewable energy
technologies.
c. Building Design and Construction: Energy-efficient building design and construction play a crucial role in
conserving energy. Features such as proper insulation, high-performance windows, passive solar design,
and efficient lighting and HVAC systems help reduce heating, cooling, and lighting energy requirements in
buildings.
d. Transportation Efficiency: Transportation accounts for a significant portion of energy consumption
globally. Energy conservation in transportation involves promoting fuel-efficient vehicles, public
transportation, walking, cycling, carpooling, and adopting alternative fuels such as electricity, hydrogen,
and biofuels.
e. Behavioral Changes: Energy conservation also requires changes in individual and organizational behavior.
This includes adopting energy-saving habits such as turning off lights and appliances when not in use,
using energy-efficient modes of transportation, reducing travel distances, and implementing energy-
saving practices in workplaces.
f. Renewable Energy Integration: Integrating renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric,
and geothermal power into the energy mix reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas
emissions. Energy conservation efforts often include promoting the adoption of renewable energy
technologies and increasing their share in the energy supply.
g. Energy Management and Monitoring: Effective energy management involves monitoring and analyzing
energy consumption data to identify energy-saving opportunities, track performance, and optimize
energy use. Energy management systems, smart meters, and energy monitoring software are used to
manage energy consumption in buildings, industries, and transportation
h. Policy and Regulation: Governments and regulatory bodies play a crucial role in promoting energy
conservation through policies, regulations, and incentives. This includes setting energy efficiency
standards for appliances and equipment, providing financial incentives for energy-saving projects,
implementing building codes and energy efficiency targets, and conducting public awareness campaigns.
i. Industrial Efficiency: Energy-intensive industries can significantly reduce energy consumption and
operating costs through process optimization, waste heat recovery, cogeneration, and the use of energy-
efficient equipment and technologies. Industrial energy conservation measures contribute to overall
energy savings and improve competitiveness.
j. Education and Awareness: Educating individuals, businesses, and communities about the importance of
energy conservation and providing information on energy-saving practices and technologies are essential
aspects of promoting energy conservation. Increasing awareness fosters a culture of energy efficiency and
encourages behavior change towards sustainable energy use.
Evaluate the benefits of energy conservation as compared to increasing the generation capacity.

 Cost-effectiveness: Energy conservation measures often offer higher cost-effectiveness compared to

increasing generation capacity. Implementing energy-efficient technologies, such as LED lighting or smart
thermostats, typically involves lower upfront costs than building new power plants or expanding
infrastructure. Energy conservation can lead to significant savings in energy bills over time, reducing the
overall cost of meeting energy demand.
 Environmental impact: Energy conservation has a lower environmental impact compared to increasing
generation capacity. Generating electricity from fossil fuels produces greenhouse gas emissions and other
pollutants that contribute to climate change and air pollution. By reducing energy consumption through
conservation measures, emissions from power plants can be decreased, leading to improved air quality
and reduced environmental degradation.
 Resource sustainability: Energy conservation helps preserve finite natural resources by reducing the
demand for fossil fuels, water, and other energy sources used in electricity generation. By using energy
more efficiently, conservation measures contribute to resource conservation and promote long-term
sustainability.
 Energy security: Energy conservation enhances energy security by reducing reliance on imported fuels
and diversifying energy sources. By using energy more efficiently, countries can reduce their vulnerability
to supply disruptions, price fluctuations, and geopolitical risks associated with imported energy resources.
 Resilience: Energy conservation enhances the resilience of energy systems by reducing demand and
stress on the grid, especially during peak demand periods or emergencies. By reducing overall energy
consumption, conservation measures help balance supply and demand, improving grid stability and
reliability.
 Social equity: Energy conservation can benefit low-income households and vulnerable communities by
reducing energy costs and improving access to affordable and reliable energy services. Energy-efficient
homes and appliances can help alleviate energy poverty and enhance quality of life for underserved
populations.
 Long-term sustainability: Energy conservation promotes a more sustainable and resilient energy future
by fostering a culture of efficiency and responsible energy use. By investing in energy conservation
measures, societies can reduce their carbon footprint, mitigate climate change, and build a more
sustainable and equitable energy system for future generations.
Write your views on the energy planning issues aiming to bridge the gap between energy demand and the
supply situation in India.
bridging the gap between energy demand and supply in India requires a comprehensive and integrated
approach to energy planning that addresses the country's diverse energy needs, environmental priorities,
socioeconomic considerations, and long-term sustainability objectives. By adopting a holistic strategy that
combines energy diversification, efficiency improvements, infrastructure enhancements, policy reforms,
capacity building, and international cooperation, India can build a resilient, inclusive, and sustainable energy
system that meets the needs of its growing economy and population while minimizing environmental impact
and maximizing social benefits.

2) Question.Explain in brief the "position of energy manager" and "Energy committee" in

an organization, Explain what do you expect as support from top management? List all
the requirements of energy action planning? Write ten key steps in "Monitoring and
targeting" that you will undertake as an energy manager in an educational institute.
Explain how you can save water during water crisis
Ans-The energy manager and energy committee play complementary roles in driving energy management and
sustainability initiatives within an organization, helping to optimize resource use, reduce environmental
impact, and achieve long-term operational and financial benefits.
Energy Manager:
An energy manager is an individual within an organization responsible for overseeing energy-related activities,
implementing energy efficiency measures, and optimizing energy use to reduce costs and environmental
impact.

Responsibilities of an energy manager may include:

a. Developing and implementing energy management strategies, goals, and action plans.
b. Conducting energy audits and assessments to identify opportunities for energy savings and efficiency
improvements.
c. Monitoring energy consumption, analyzing data, and identifying trends to inform decision-making.
d. Recommending and implementing energy-efficient technologies, practices, and behavior changes.
e. Managing energy-related projects, including procurement, installation, and maintenance of energy
systems and equipment.
f. Providing training and education to staff members on energy conservation practices and sustainability
initiatives.
g. Liaising with external stakeholders, including utility providers, government agencies, and industry
partners, to stay informed about energy regulations, incentives, and best practices.
Energy Committee:
An energy committee is a group within an organization tasked with providing oversight, guidance, and support
for energy management initiatives and sustainability efforts.
The composition of an energy committee may vary depending on the size and structure of the organization
but typically includes representatives from various departments or functions.
Responsibilities of an energy committee may include:
a. Setting energy management goals, targets, and performance metrics aligned with organizational
objectives and priorities.
b. Reviewing and approving energy management plans, policies, and budgets proposed by the energy
manager or energy team.
c. Monitoring progress towards energy goals, reviewing energy consumption data and performance reports,
and providing feedback and recommendations for improvement.
d. Identifying and prioritizing energy efficiency projects and initiatives based on cost-effectiveness, return on
investment, and potential impact.
e. Facilitating communication and collaboration among different departments or stakeholders involved in
energy management activities.
f. Advocating for energy management initiatives, promoting awareness and engagement among employees,
and fostering a culture of energy conservation and sustainability.

List all the requirements of energy action planning

1. Energy Audit and Assessment
2. Data Collection and Analysis:
3. Goal Setting and Target Establishment:
4. Regulatory Compliance:
5. Implementation Planning and Project Management:
6. Performance Monitoring and Reporting:
7. Continuous Improvement and Review:
8. Financial Analysis and Funding:

"Monitoring and targeting" Ten Key Steps

a) Conduct Scoping Study to understand the major consumption areas.
b) Get Senior Management approval
c) Improve Metering
d) Configure Software
e) Measure Utility Consumption and Production Variables
f) Develop Targets
g) Develop Opportunities Database
h) Conduct Energy Team Meetings
i) Actions
j) 10. Training for Culture Shift

how you can save water during water crisis?

A. Reducing Personal Water Consumption
a. Turn off the tap while brushing your teeth.
b. Take 5-minute showers.
c. Collect cold shower water or install a water-saving showerhead.
d. Use biodegradable cleaners.
e. Fix your leaky pipes and faucets.
f. Replace your toilet with a water-saving toilet.
g. Harvest rainwater for your garden.
h. Take advantage of water-saving yard incentives.
B. Protecting Drinking Water Sources

Use and dispose of harmful materials properly.

Use pesticides and fertilizers only when necessary.
Orgnize a storm drain stenciling project.
Call your local elected officials with concerns within your area.
Contact the EPA to take action in a specific U.S. region.

C. Spreading the Word

Start a social media campaign to help communities in need.

Raise money at school or work to donate to communities without water.
Host a workshop to educate people about the water crisis.

3) Question.Explain the working principle of 500 kg biogas plant located behind Aravali
hostel block NITK with a process flow diagram with following details:
a) Type of the waste used,
b) Temperature inside the digester.
c) Number of days required for generating the gas
d) Quantity of gas produced.
e) Gas cleaning methods used
f) Calorific value of the Biogas.
Solution-
4) Evaluate the economics of a stand-alone remote electrification project. The solar PV
array has a Q.5 peak rating of 40 kW and an average output of 220 kWh/day. The battery
rating is equivalent to 600 kWh of storage capacity. The capital cost of module is Rs
200/W (p) and battery cost is Rs 10/ kWh. The balance of system cost is Rs 150/W(p).
Estimate the total capital cost of the solar PV power plant. The O& M cost is Rs 0.4/kWh.
Determine the ALCC of the discount rate of 12% f the PV plant with a) b) discount rate of
30%. Take the battery life to be 10 years and the PV array life to be 20 years. What is the
cost of electricity generated from the plant?

Given data:

1. Solar PV array peak rating (Pp) = 40 kW

2. Average output of solar PV array (Ap) = 220 kWh/day
3. Battery storage capacity (Bs) = 600 kWh
4. Capital cost of solar PV module (Cp) = Rs 200/Wp
5. Capital cost of battery (Cb) = Rs 10/kWh
6. Balance of system cost (C_bos) = Rs 150/Wp
7. O&M cost (O&M) = Rs 0.4/kWh
8. Discount rates (r1, r2) = 12%, 30%
9. Battery life (Lb) = 10 years
10. PV array life (Lp) = 20 years
 Total capital cost of the solar PV power plant:
 Total capital cost (C_total) = (Cp + C_bos) * Pp + Cb * Bs
= (200 + 150) * 40 + 10 * 600
= 350 * 40 + 10 * 600
= 14000 + 6000
= Rs 20,000
 Annualized life cycle cost (ALCC):
 ALCC = C_total * (A/P, r, n) + O&M
where,
A = annual payment
P = present value
r = discount rate
n = number of years
Using the formula for the annuity factor
(A/P): A/P, r, n = (r * (1 + r)^n) / ((1 + r)^n - 1)
For r = 12% and n = 20 years:
A/P, 12%, 20 = (0.12 * (1 + 0.12)^20) / ((1 + 0.12)^20 - 1)
≈ 0.145
For r = 30% and n = 20 years:
A/P, 30%, 20 = (0.3 * (1 + 0.3)^20) / ((1 + 0.3)^20 - 1)
≈ 0.307
Substituting the values:
ALCC_12% = 20000 * 0.145 + 0.4 * 220 * 365 ≈ Rs 3770/year
ALCC_30% = 20000 * 0.307 + 0.4 * 220 * 365 ≈ Rs 8140/year
 Cost of electricity generated from the plant:
Cost per kWh = ALCC / (Ap * 365)
Cost per kWh_12% = 3770 / (220 * 365) ≈ Rs 0.063/kWh
Cost per kWh_30% = 8140 / (220 * 365) ≈ Rs 0.136/kWh
Therefore, the cost of electricity generated from the plant would be approximately Rs 0.063/kWh at a
discount rate of 12% and approximately Rs 0.136/kWh at a discount rate of 30%.
5) Discuss in detail about the current research in the photovoltaic's field, with a specific
emphasis on thin film silicon-based materials-Amorphous and microcrystalline silicon
thin-film photovoltaic cells, manufacturing method and amorphous and microcrystalline
silicon as a solar cell.
Solution-
Research in the field of photovoltaics (PV) is continually advancing, with a specific emphasis on thin-film
silicon-based materials such as amorphous silicon (a-Si) and microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si). These materials
offer several advantages over traditional crystalline silicon solar cells, including lower material usage,
flexibility, and potential for lower manufacturing costs. Here's a detailed discussion on the current research in
this area:
Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Thin-Film Photovoltaic Cells:
 Material Properties: Amorphous silicon is a non-crystalline form of silicon with disordered atomic
structure. It can be deposited on a variety of substrates, including glass, plastic, or metal, allowing for
flexible and lightweight solar modules.
 Advantages:
 Flexible: Thin-film a-Si solar cells can be deposited on flexible substrates, enabling applications in curved
or irregular surfaces.
 Low Material Usage: Compared to crystalline silicon, a-Si cells require less material, reducing
manufacturing costs and environmental impact.
 Low Light Sensitivity: Amorphous silicon has a broader spectral response, making it suitable for low-light
conditions or indirect sunlight.
 Challenges:
 Efficiency: Amorphous silicon solar cells typically have lower efficiency compared to crystalline silicon,
limiting their use in high-efficiency applications.
 Stability: Degradation over time due to light-induced defects and Staebler-Wronski effect is a concern,
although research is ongoing to improve stability.

Microcrystalline Silicon (μc-Si) Thin-Film Photovoltaic Cells:

 Material Properties: Microcrystalline silicon is a form of silicon with a mixture of crystalline and
amorphous phases. It offers higher carrier mobility and better light absorption compared to a-Si.
 Advantages:
 Higher Efficiency: μc-Si cells typically exhibit higher efficiency compared to a-Si due to improved carrier
transport properties.
 Light Absorption: Microcrystalline silicon has a higher absorption coefficient, allowing for thinner
absorber layers and reduced material usage.
 Stability: μc-Si cells exhibit better stability over time compared to a-Si, making them suitable for long-
term outdoor applications.
 Challenges:
 Manufacturing Complexity: The deposition process for μc-Si films is more complex compared to a-Si,
which can affect manufacturing costs.
 Material Quality: Achieving high-quality microcrystalline silicon films with uniform grain size and low
defect density is essential for maximizing cell efficiency.

Manufacturing Methods:
 Deposition Techniques: Thin-film silicon solar cells are typically fabricated using techniques such as
plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) or sputtering.
 Substrate Choice: Various substrates such as glass, plastic, or metal foil can be used for depositing thin-
film silicon layers, offering flexibility and scalability in manufacturing.
 Encapsulation: Proper encapsulation is crucial to protect thin-film silicon modules from moisture, oxygen,
and mechanical stress, ensuring long-term stability and performance.
 Research Focus Areas:
 Efficiency Enhancement: Ongoing research focuses on improving the efficiency of thin-film silicon solar
cells through innovative device structures, light-trapping techniques, and tandem cell configurations.
 Stability and Reliability: Developing materials and encapsulation methods to enhance the stability and
long-term reliability of thin-film silicon modules under different environmental conditions.
 Cost Reduction: Exploring novel deposition methods, materials, and manufacturing processes to reduce
the overall cost of thin-film silicon solar cells and enhance their competitiveness in the market.

Research in the field of thin-film silicon-based photovoltaics, particularly amorphous and microcrystalline
silicon, continues to advance, driven by the goal of improving efficiency, stability, and cost-effectiveness.
These technologies hold promise for a wide range of applications, including building-integrated photovoltaics,
portable electronics, and off-grid solar solutions, contributing to the global transition towards sustainable
energy sources.

6) Explain in detail the environmental, health, and safety (EHS) hazards associated with the
manufacture of solar cells in the PV industry.
Manufacturing solar cells in the photovoltaic (PV) industry involves several environmental, health, and safety
(EHS) hazards. Here's a detailed explanation of each category:
Environmental Hazards:
 Chemical Pollution: The production process of solar cells often involves the use of hazardous chemicals
such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and various solvents. Improper disposal of these chemicals can
lead to soil and water contamination, affecting ecosystems and local communities.
 Energy Consumption: While solar energy is a renewable energy source, the manufacturing process of
solar cells requires significant energy input, often sourced from non-renewable energy sources. This can
contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and exacerbate climate change.
 Water Usage: Some manufacturing processes require substantial amounts of water for cooling and
cleaning. Excessive water consumption can strain local water resources, especially in regions already
facing water scarcity issues.
Health Hazards:
 Chemical Exposure: Workers in PV manufacturing facilities are at risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals
used in the production process. Prolonged exposure to chemicals such as cadmium, lead, and various
solvents can lead to respiratory issues, skin irritation, and long-term health problems such as cancer.
 Physical Hazards: The manufacturing process may involve heavy machinery and equipment, posing risks
of accidents such as crush injuries, falls, and electrocution if proper safety measures are not implemented.
 Ergonomic Risks: Repetitive tasks and poor workstation design can lead to musculoskeletal disorders
among workers, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and back injuries.
Safety Hazards:
 Fire and Explosion Risks: The handling and storage of flammable chemicals pose fire and explosion
hazards if not properly managed. Additionally, malfunctioning equipment or electrical systems can
increase the risk of fire.
 Equipment Hazards: Improper operation or maintenance of manufacturing equipment can result in
mechanical failures or malfunctions, leading to injuries or fatalities.
 Workplace Safety: Inadequate training, lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), and disregard for
safety protocols can contribute to accidents and injuries in the workplace.
To mitigate these hazards, PV manufacturers must implement comprehensive EHS management systems. This
includes proper chemical management, waste treatment and disposal protocols, energy efficiency measures,
employee training on safety procedures, provision of appropriate PPE, ergonomic assessments, and regular
safety inspections. Additionally, regulatory compliance and stakeholder engagement are crucial for promoting
responsible and sustainable practices within the PV industry.
7) Design a suitable power plant to meet the power demands of One Hostel Block at
NITKSH. Is it feasible to construct the proposed power plant at our campus-Justify
8) Design a suitable power plant to meet the power demands of Mechanical Engineering
building at NITK. Is it feasible to construct the proposed power plant at NITK campus?
What are the Environmental Impacts associated with the Chosen Project.
9) What is the requirement for biogas upgrading? Explain in detail the different methods of
biogas upgrading technologies?
Solution
Biogas upgrading is the process of purifying raw biogas produced from organic waste digestion into a higher-
quality gas suitable for injection into the natural gas grid, use as vehicle fuel, or other energy applications. The
primary requirement for biogas upgrading is to remove impurities, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) and
hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which are present in raw biogas and can affect its quality and utility. The upgraded
biogas should meet specific quality standards to be compatible with existing gas infrastructure or suitable for
end-use applications.
Here are the different methods of biogas upgrading technologies:
Water Scrubbing (Wet Scrubbing):
 Process: Water scrubbing involves bubbling the raw biogas through a water column, where CO2 and H2S
dissolve into the water, leaving behind purified methane (CH4).
 Operation: The water is periodically replaced or regenerated to maintain efficiency.
 Advantages: Simple operation, low cost, and effectiveness in removing CO2 and H2S.
 Disadvantages: High water consumption, production of wastewater containing contaminants, and
potential corrosion issues.
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA):
 Process: PSA utilizes adsorbent materials, typically activated carbon or zeolite, to selectively capture CO2
and H2S molecules from the biogas under pressure. When the pressure is released, the adsorbed
impurities are desorbed, leaving purified methane.
 Operation: The process involves cyclic pressurization and depressurization of adsorption beds.
 Advantages: Higher purity of upgraded biogas, lower water consumption compared to water scrubbing,
and suitability for smaller-scale applications.
 Disadvantages: Higher capital and operational costs, reliance on adsorbent material regeneration, and
potential methane losses during cycling.
Membrane Separation:
 Process: Membrane separation involves passing the raw biogas through semipermeable membranes that
selectively allow methane to pass through while CO2 and H2S are retained.
 Operation: The membranes are typically made of polymers with specific pore sizes to achieve separation.
 Advantages: Lower energy consumption compared to other methods, compact system design, and
scalability.
 Disadvantages: Limited by membrane fouling and degradation over time, lower purity of upgraded biogas
compared to PSA, and sensitivity to impurities.
Chemical Absorption (Amine Scrubbing):
 Process: Chemical absorption utilizes liquid absorbents, such as amines, to chemically react with CO2 and
H2S, forming soluble compounds that are removed from the biogas stream.
 Operation: The absorbent is regenerated by heating or stripping off the absorbed gases.
 Advantages: High purity of upgraded biogas, effective removal of impurities, and potential for byproduct
recovery.
 Disadvantages: Higher energy consumption for regeneration, potential for solvent degradation, and
handling of chemical reagents.
Each biogas upgrading technology has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method depends
on factors such as feedstock composition, desired biogas quality, scale of operation, and economic
considerations. Integrating multiple technologies or hybrid systems may also be feasible to optimize
performance and efficiency.