READING PAPER 10

Time permitted: 60 minutes

Number of questions: 40
_______________________________________________________________________
Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed
by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or
D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill
in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all
questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.
You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your
answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 - Questions 1-10

Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe and was perhaps the first to form.
It is among the ten most common elements on Earth as well and one of the most useful
for industrial purposes. Under normal conditions of temperature, hydrogen is a gas.

Designated as H, hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table because it contains
only one proton. Hydrogen can combine with a large number of other elements, forming
more compounds than any of the others. Pure hydrogen seldom occurs naturally, but it
exists in most organic compounds, that is, compounds that contain carbon, which account
for a very large number of compounds. Moreover, hydrogen is found in inorganic
compounds. For example, when hydrogen bums in the presence of oxygen, it forms
water.

The lightest and simplest of the elements, hydrogen has several properties that make it
valuable for many industries. It releases more heat per unit of weight than any other fuel.
In rocket engines, tons of hydrogen and oxygen are burned, and hydrogen is used with
oxygen for welding torches that produce temperatures as high as 4,000 degrees F and can
be used in cutting steel. Fuel cells to generate electricity operate on hydrogen and
oxygen.

Hydrogen also serves to prevent metals from tarnishing during heat treatments by
removing the oxygen from them. Although it would be difficult to remove the oxygen
by itself, hydrogen readily combines with oxygen to form water, which can be
heated to steam and easily removed. Furthermore, hydrogen is one of the coolest
refrigerants. It does not become a liquid until it reaches temperatures of -425 degrees F.
Pure hydrogen gas is used in large electric generators to cool the coils.

Future uses of hydrogen include fuel for cars, boats, planes, and other forms of
transportation that currently require petroleum products. These fuels would be lighter, a
distinct advantage in the aerospace industry, and they would also be cleaner, thereby
reducing pollution in the atmosphere.

Hydrogen is also useful in the food industry for a process known as hydrogenation.
Products such as margarine and cooking oils are changed from liquids to semisolids by
combining hydrogen with their molecules. Soap manufacturers also use hydrogen for this
purpose.
In addition, in the chemical industry, hydrogen is used to produceammonia, gasoline,
methyl alcohol, and many other important products.

1. What is the author’s main purpose in thepassage?

A. To explain the industrial uses of hydrogen
B. To describe the origin of hydrogen in the universe
C. To discuss the process of hydrogenation
D. To give examples of how hydrogen and oxygen combine
2. How does hydrogen generally occur?
A. It is freely available in nature. B. It is contained in many compounds.
C. It is often found in pure form. D. It is released during hydrogenation.
3. How can hydrogen be used to cut steel?
A. By cooling the steel to a very lowtemperature
B. By cooling the hydrogen with oxygen to a very low temperature
C. By heating the steel to a very high temperature
D. By heating the hydrogen with oxygen to a very high temperature
4. The word “them” in paragraph 4 refers to_______.
A. fuel cells
B. metals
C. treatments
D. products
5. Where in the passage does the author explain why hydrogen is used as a
refrigerant?
A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 2
C. Paragraph 3
D. Paragraph 4
6. The word “readily” in paragraph 4 could best be replaced by_______.
A. completely
B. slowly
C.easily
D. usually
7. What does the author mean by the statement underlined in paragraph 4?
A. Oxygen is removed by combining it with hydrogen and heating it.
B. Water can be made by combining hydrogen and oxygen.
C. Hydrogen cannot be separated from oxygen because it is too difficult.
D. It is easy to form steam by heating water.
8. The word “combining” in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to_______.
 A. trying
B. changing
C. finding
D. adding
9. The author mentions all of the following as uses for hydrogen EXCEPT_______.
A.to remove tarnish from metals.
B. to produce fuels such as gasoline and methyl alcohol.
C. to operate fuel cells that generate electricity.
D. to change solid foods to liquids.
10. It can be inferred from the passage that hydrogen_______.
A. is too dangerous to be used for industrial purposes.
B. has many purposes in a variety of industries.
C.has limited industrial uses because of its dangerous properties.
D. is used in many industries for basically the same purpose.

PASSAGE 2 - Questions 11 – 20
The work of the railroad pioneers in America became the basis for a great surge of
Line 2 railroad building halfway through the nineteenth century that linked the nation together as
never before. Railroads eventually became the nation’s number one transportation
system, and remained so until the construction of the interstate highway system halfway
through the twentieth century. They were of crucial importance in stimulating economic
expansion, but their influence reached beyond the economy and was pervasive in
American society at large.

By 1804, English as well as American inventors had experimented with steam engines for
moving land vehicles. In 1820, John Stevens ran a locomotive and cars around in a
circular track on his New Jersey estate, which the public saw as an amusing toy. And in
Line 11 1825, after opening a short length of track, the Stockton to Darlington Railroad in
England became the first line to carry general traffic. American businesspeople,
 especially those in the Atlantic coastal region who looked for better communication with
the West, quickly became interested in the English experiment. The first company in
America to begin actual operations was the Baltimore and Ohio, which opened a thirteen-
Line 15 mile length of track in 1830. It used a team of horses to pull a train of passenger carriages
and freight wagons along the track. Steam locomotive power didn’t come into regular
service until two years later.

However, for the first decade or more, there was not yet a true railroad system. Even the
longest of the lines was relatively short in the 1830’s, and most of them served simply to
connect water routes to each other, not to link one railroad to another. Even when two
Line 22 lines did connect, the tracks often differed in width, so cars from one line couldn’t fit
onto tracks of the next line. Schedules were unreliable and wrecks were frequent.
Significantly, however, some important developments during the 1830’s and 1840’s
included the introduction of heavier iron rails, more flexible and powerful locomotives,
and passenger cars were redesigned to become more stable, comfortable, and larger. By
the end of 1830 only 23 miles of track had been laid in the country. But by 1836, more
than 1,000 miles of track had been laid in eleven States, and within the decade, almost
3,000 miles had been constructed. By that early age, the United States had already
surpassed Great Britain in railroad construction, and particularly from the mid-1860’s,
the late nineteenth century belonged to the railroads.

11. The word “stimulating” in paragraph1 is closest in meaning to______.

A. helping
B. changing
C. promoting
D. influencing
12. The word “their” in paragraph1 refers to
A. railroad pioneers
B. railroads
C. the interstate highway system
D. American society
13. Which of the following can be inferred from the second passage?
A. The United States regarded Great Britain as a competitor in developing railroad
system.
B. Steam locomotive power was first used in 1832.
C. American businessmen saw railroads as a threat to established businesses.
D. Steam locomotives replaced horses because of the distances across the country.
14. The author concludes that for the first decade or more, there was not yet a true
railroad system because_____.
A. passenger cars were not stable, comfortable or large.
B. locomotives were not powerful enough.
C. schedules were unreliable and wrecks were frequent.
D. lines were relatively short and not usually linked.
15. The word “schedules” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to______.
A. safety procedures
B. employees
C. timetables
D. railroad tracks
16. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true about the 1830’s
and 1840’s?
A. passenger cars became larger
B. schedules were reliable
C. locomotives became more powerful
D. tracks were heavier
17. The word “stable” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to______.
A. fixed
B. supportive
C. reliable
D. sound
18. By what time had almost 3,000 miles of track been laid?
A. 1830
B. 1836
C. 1840
D. mid-1860s
19. The word “surpassed” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to______.
A. exceeded
B. beaten
C. overtaken
D. equaled
20. Where in the passage does the author outline the main conclusions about the
importance of railroads in America?
A. Lines 2-5
B. Lines 11-15
C. Lines 15-17
D. Lines 22-25

PASSAGE 3 - Questions 21 – 30
The Asian migration hypothesis is today supported by most of the scientificevidence. The
first “hard” data linking American Indians with Asians appeared in the 1980s with the
finding that lndians and northeast Asians share a common and distinctive pattern in the
arrangement of the teeth. But perhaps the most compelling support for the hypothesis
comes from genetic research. Studies comparing theDNA variation of populations
aroundthe worldconsistentlydemonstrate the close genetic relationship of the two
populations, and recently geneticists studying a virus sequestered in the kidneys of all
humans found thatthe strain of virus carried by Navajos and Japanese is nearly identical,
whilethat carried by Europeans and Africans is quite different.
The migration could have begun over a land bridge connecting the continents. During the
last Ice Age 70,000 to 10,000 years ago, huge glaciers locked up massive volumes of
water and sea levels were as much as 300 feet lower than today. Asia and North America
were joined by a huge subcontinent of ice- free, treeless grassland, 750 miles wide.
Geologists have named this area Beringia, from the Bering Straits. Summers there were
warm, winters were cold, dry and almost snow-free. This was a perfect environment for
large mammals - mammoth and mastodon, bison, horse, reindeer, camel, and saiga (a
goatlike antelope). Small bands of Stone Age hunter-gatherers were attracted by these
animal populations, which provided them not only with food but with hides for clothing
and shelter, dung for fuel, and bones for tools and weapons. Accompanied by a husky-
like species of dog, hunting bands gradually moved as far east as the Yukon River basin
of northern Canada, where field excavations have uncovered the fossilized jawbones of
several dogs and bone tools estimated to be about 27,000 years old.

Other evidence suggests that the migration from Asia began about 30,000 years ago
around the same time that Japan and Scandinavia were being settled. This evidence is
based on blood type. The vast majority of modern Native Americans have type O blood
and a few have type A, but almost none have type B. Because modern Asian populations
include all three blood types, however, the migrations must have begun before the
evolution of type B, which geneticists believe occurred about 30,000 years ago.

By 25,000 years ago human communities were established in western Beringia, which is
present-day Alaska. But access to the south was blocked by a huge glacial sheet covering
much of what is today Canada. How did the hunters get over those 2,000 miles of deep
ice? The argument is that the climate began to warm with the passing of the Ice Age, and
about 13,000B.C.E.glacial melting created an ice-free corridor along the eastern front
range of the Rocky Mountains. Soon hunters of big game had reached the Great Plains.

21. According to the text, what happened in the 1980s?

A. A research into American Indians teeth was first conducted.
B. Researchers started investigating the distinctive features of American Indians.
C. Studies on human kidneys were encouraged.
D. A shared characteristic of American Indians and Asians was discovered.
22.The word “distinctive” inparagraph 1 is closest in meaning to_______.
A. new
B. simple
C. different
D. particular
23. Recent studies found that Navajos carry the strain of virus similar to that
of_______.
A. Japanese
B. Asians
C. Europeans
D. Africans
24.According to paragraph 2, why did Stone Age tribes begin to migrate into
Beringia?
A. To intermarry with tribes living there
B. To trade with tribes that made tools
C. To hunt for animals in the area
D. To capture domesticated dogs
25. All of the following animals are mentioned as examples of large mammals
EXCEPT_______.
A. saiga
B. bison
C. camel
D. goat
26. The phrase “Accompaniedby”in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_______.
A. found with
B. joined by
C. threatened by
D. detoured with
27. The word “which” in paragraph 3 refers to_______.
A. migrations
B. evolution
C. geneticists
D. populations
28.Why does the author mention blood types in paragraph 3?
A. Comparisons of blood types in Asia and North America established the date of
migration.
B. The presence of type B in Native Americans was evidence of the migration.
C. The blood typing was similar to data from both Japan and Scandinavia.
D. Blood types offered proof that the migration had come from Scandinavia.
29. Which blood type do most Native Americans have?
A. Type A
B. Type B
C. Type AB
D. Type O
30.How did groups migrate into the Great Plains?
A. By walking on a corridor covered with ice
B. By using the path that big game had made
C. By following a mountain trail
D.By detouring around a huge ice sheet

PASSAGE 4 – Questions 31-40

Learning means acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors.
It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of
human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout
their lives.
Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their
hands to manipulate toys, food, and other objects. They use all of their senses to learn
about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environments. They learn how to
interact with their parents, siblings, friends, and other people important to their world.
When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as reading, writing,
and mathematics. They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom. They
learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished.
They learn social skills for interacting with other children. After they finish school,
people must learn to adapt to the many major changes that affect their lives, such as
getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job.

Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the
study of learning is important in many different fields. Teachers need to understand the
best ways to educate children. Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other
human-service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people’s
behaviors. Employers, politicians, and advertisers make use of the principles of learning
to influence the behavior of workers, voters, and consumers.

Learning is closely related to memory, which is the storage of information in the brain.
Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge,
where this storage takes place, and how the brain later retrieves knowledge when we
need it. In contrast, psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and
how behavior changes as a result of a person’s experiences.

There are many forms of learning, ranging from simple to complex. Simple forms of
learning involve a single stimulus. A stimulus is anything perceptible to the senses, such
as a sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. In a form of learning known as classical
conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli that occur in sequence, such as
lightning followed by thunder. In operant conditioning, people learn by forming an
association between a behavior and its consequences (reward or punishment). People and
animals can also learn by observation - that is, by watching others perform behaviors.
More complex forms of learning include learning languages, concepts, and motor skills.

31.According to the passage, which of the following is learning in broad view

comprised of?
A. Acquisition of social and behavioural skills
B. Knowledge acquisition and ability development
C. Acquisition of academic knowledge
D. Knowledge acquisition outside the classroom
32.According to the passage, what are children NOT usually taught outside the
classroom?
A. literacy and calculation
B. life skills
C. interpersonal communication
D. right from wrong
33.Getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job are mentioned
in paragraph 2 as examples of ______.
A. the situations in which people cannot teach themselves
B. the areas of learning which affect people’s lives
C. the changes to which people have to orient themselves
D. the ways people’s lives are influenced by education
34.Which of the following can be inferred about the learning process from the
passage?
A. It is more interesting and effective in school than that in life.
B. It becomes less challenging and complicated when people grow older.
C. It plays a crucial part in improving the learner’s motivation in school.
D.It takes place more frequently in real life than in academic institutions.
35.According to the passage, the study of learning is important in many fields due to
______.
A. the great influence of the on-going learning process
B. the influence of various behaviours in the learning process
C. the exploration of the best teaching methods
D.the need for certain experiences in various areas
36.It can be inferred from the passage that social workers, employers, and
politicians concern themselves with the study of learning because they need to
______.
A. change the behaviours of the objects of their interest towards learning
B. make the objects of their interest more aware of the importance of learning
C. understand how a stimulus relates to the senses of the objects of their interest
D. thoroughly understand the behaviours of the objects of their interest
37.The word “retrieves ” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. generates
B. recovers
C. creates
D. gains
38.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Psychologists studying memory are concerned with how the stored knowledge is used.
B.Psychologists studying memory are concerned with the brain’s storage of knowledge.
C. Psychologists are all interested in memory as much as behaviours.
D.Psychologists studying learning are interested in human behaviours.
39.According to the passage, the stimulus in simple forms of learning ______.
A. makes associations between behaviours
B. is created by the senses
C. is associated with natural phenomena
D. bears relation to perception
40.The passage mainly discusses ______.
A. simple forms of learning
B. practical examples of learning inside the classroom
C. application of learning principles to formal education
D. general principles of learning
 ĐÁP ÁN
1 A 6 C 11 C 16 B 21 D 26 B 31 B 36 D
2 B 7 A 12 B 17 D 22 D 27 B 32 A 37 B
3 D 8 D 13 B 18 C 23 A 28 A 33 C 38 C
4 B 9 D 14 D 19 A 24 C 29 D 34 D 39 D
5 D 10 B 15 C 20 A 25 D 30 C 35 A 40 D