EEE334E Week1 Introduction

Department of Electrical Engineering
ELK334E – DSGN. OF POWER

ELECTRON. CIRCUITS (CRN: 10418)
Week 1 - Introduction
Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. S. Barış ÖZTÜRK
E-mail: ozturksb@itu.edu.tr , Office: EEB 7313
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROFESSOR AND A
TEACHER?
○Up to now your instruction has been in the hands of teachers

until university, and a teacher’s job is to make sure that you
learn…
○However, things are very different for a university professor.
It is no part of his/her job to make you learn.
○At university, learning is your job — and yours alone. The
professor's job is to lead you to the fountain of knowledge.
Whether you drink deeply or only gargle is entirely up to you.
10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 2

WHAT IS POWER ELECTRONICS? – THE DEFINITION
○Power electronics is a branch of engineering that combines

the generation, transformation and distribution of electric
energy through electronic means. (Kevin Bai)
○Power electronics is the application of solid-state electronics
for the control and conversion of electric power. (Wikipedia)
○In broad terms, the task of power electronics is to process and
control the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages and
currents in the form that is optimally suited for user loads.
(Mohan et.al.)
○Power electronics combine power, electronics and control. (M.
Rashid)

WHAT IS POWER ELECTRONICS? – THE DEFINITION
(CONT.)
○Power electronics is the application of static converters to
process and control the electric energy. (Hacı Bodur)
○Power electronics circuits convert electric power from one
form to another using electronic devices. Conversion is done
using electronic semiconductor switches, capacitors,
magnetics (transformers, inductances), and control systems,
thereby controlling or modifying a voltage or current. (Daniel
Hart)

POWER ELECTRONICS
○Is used for the conversion of power

○During that process saving as much energy as possible

POWER ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS
○DC Motor Drive
https://cdn.thomasnet.com/kc/79/doc/motor-controllers-buying-guides.pdf

○AC Motor Drive
19 MW Motor + Drive (Modular)

IE2 Motor Kit – 1.5 kW 230 V Single Phase
https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/8-energy-efficiency-improvement-opportunities-in-electric-motors
https://simotech.com/products/hv-motors/

○AC Motor Drive

○SMPS – Switched Mode Power Supply

● Rectify AC to DC
● DC to DC power conversion
Source: Google images

○Various Types of Chargers and Adapters

● Rectify AC to DC

○Servers
● High power (kW) DC to DC converters

○Inverters and UPS

● DC to AC conversions UPS
Inverters https://www.deltapowersolutions.com/en/mcis/ups.php

○Solar PV Inverters
● Variable DC to constant DC
● Constant DC to constant AC
Grid-Tied String Inverters

Solar PV Farm

○Solar PV Inverters
● Variable DC to constant DC
Nacelle of Wind Turbine
Wind Farm

○Electric Car
● Traction inverter(s) and on-board charger and converters

○Electric Bus
● Traction inverter(s) and on-board charger and converters

○Wireless Power Charging

● For phones and cars
Wireless Power Charging of Phones
https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1070298_nissan-leaf-goes-wireless-charging-mat-under-development
https://insideevs.com/news/333194/30-kw-wireless-charging-for-your-nissan-leaf-chademo-ev-anyone/

○Power electronic converters range from a few Ws to MWs

○Different applications need different power electronic
circuits
● DC-DC
● DC-AC
● AC-DC
● AC-AC
○In each type of power conversion, numerous circuits are
available

INSIDE POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS
○Various power electronic converters
SMPS
Bi-directional DC-DC converter
A: Bridge rectifier;
B: input filter capacitors; Rectifier and three phase inverter
Between B and C: heat sink for switching active
components of primary voltage ;
C: transformer:
Between C and D: heat sink for switching active
components
D: output filter coil for the secondary
E: output filter capacitors.

CONVERSION CLASSIFICATION
Figure 1-1 A source and load interfaced by a power electronics converter.
○According to power conversion type:

● AC input - DC output (rectifier)
○ Half-wave and Full-wave rectifiers
● DC input - AC output (inverter)
○ 220 VAC/50 Hz inverter with battery input (e.g. 12 V)
● DC input (unregulated) - DC output (converter)
○ Voltage regulator
● AC input - AC output (converter, cycloconverter)
○ Light-dimmer circuit, speed control of an induction machine
Source: Daniel W. Hart, Introduction to Power Electronics, Int. Ed., 1st Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2013

CONVERSION CLASSIFICATION
Figure 1-1 A source and load interfaced by a power electronics converter.
○According to power conversion type:

● AC input - DC output (rectifier)
○ Half-wave and Full-wave rectifiers
● DC input - AC output (inverter)
○ 220 VAC/50 Hz inverter with battery input (e.g. 12 V)
● DC input (unregulated) - DC output (converter)
○ Voltage regulator
● AC input - AC output (converter, cycloconverter)
○ Light-dimmer circuit, speed control of an induction machine

CONVERSION CLASSIFICATION (CONT.)
○According to the power flow direction

● Unidirectional
● Bidirectional

AC-DC BIDIRECTIONAL CONVERTER
○The instantaneous power flow through the converter can be

forward or backward direction at any instant of time.
○Rectifier operation: The power flows from AC source to the
DC source in forward direction.
○Inverter operation: The power flows from DC source to the
AC source in backward direction.
Figure 1-2 A converter can operate as a rectifier or an inverter, depending on the direction of average power P.

MULTISTEP CONVERSION
○Power conversion can be a multistep process involving more

than one type of converter.
○For example, an ac-dc-ac conversion can be used to modify
an ac source by first converting it to direct current and then
converting the dc signal to an ac signal that has an amplitude
and frequency different from those of the original ac source.
Fix or Variable AC Fix DC Fix or Variable AC
AC-DC Rectifier DC-AC Inverter

Figure 1-3 Two converters are used in a multistep process.

POWER ELECTRONICS CONCEPTS
○The purpose is to supply 3 V to a load resistance.

○One simple solution is to use a voltage divider.
○Problem 1 (regulation): If the value of the load resistance
changes, the output voltage will change unless the 2RL
resistance changes proportionally.
○Problem 2 (efficiency): The power absorbed by the 2RL
resistor is twice as much as delivered to the load and is lost
as heat, making the circuit only 33.3% efficient.
Figure 1-4 A simple voltage divider for creating 3 V from a

9-V source.
Source: Daniel W. Hart, Introduction to Power

Electronics, Int. Ed., 1st Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2013

POWER ELECTRONICS CONCEPTS (CONT.)
○One another solution is using pass transistor.

○The pass transistor behaves as a variable resistor.
○Problem 1 (regulation) can be solved by using a control
system.
○The control system acts on the transistor to obtain fixed
output voltage by varying the effective resistance of the pass
transistor.

○This type of regulator is known as Linear Regulators.

Pass transistor
Transistor
control
○But Problem 2 (low efficiency) is still exist !!!!

○More desirable design solution is using an electronic switch

instead of pass transistor.
○The switch is opened and closed periodically.
○This type of regulator is known as Switching Regulator.
○If the switch is closed for one-third of the period, the average
value of vx(t) (denoted as Vx) is one-third of the source
voltage.
Figure 1-5 (a) A switched circuit; (b) a pulsed voltage waveform.


○What about the efficiency?

○Instantaneous power absorbed by the switch is the product
of its voltage and current.
○When the switch is open, power absorbed by it is zero

because the current in it is zero.
○When the switch is closed, power absorbed by it is zero
because the voltage across it is zero.
○Since power absorbed by the switch is zero for both open
and closed conditions, all power supplied by the 9 V source is
delivered to RL, making the circuit 100% efficient.

○But there is a serious problem: the output voltage waveform

is not pure DC!
○However, the voltage waveform vx(t) can be expressed as a
Fourier series
Low Pass
Filter

○To create a 3 Vdc voltage, vx(t) is applied to a low-pass filter.

○An ideal low-pass filter allows the dc component of voltage
to pass through to the output while removing the ac terms,
thus creating the desired dc output.
Figure 1-6 A low-pass filter allows just the average value of vx Low Pass
to pass through to the load.
Filter Response

○What about the output voltage regulation?

○The power conversion process usually involves system
control.
○Converter output quantities such as voltage and current are
measured, and operating parameters are adjusted to maintain
the desired output.
○In our example, a feedback control system would detect if
the output voltage were not 3 V and adjust the closing and
opening of the switch accordingly.

Figure 1-7 Feedback is used to control the switch and maintain the desired output voltage.

○Regarding the switching regulators in practice:

○The filter will have some losses and will absorb some power.
○Additionally, the electronic device used for the switch will
not be perfect and will have losses.
○However, the efficiency of the converter can still be quite
high (more than 90 percent).
Loss
Loss Source: Daniel W. Hart,
Introduction to Power Electronics,
Int. Ed., 1st Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2013

ELECTRONIC SWITCHES
○An electronic switch is characterized by having two states:

● ON state: ideally short circuit,
● OFF state: ideally open circuit
○If the switch is ideal, either switch current or switch voltage
is zero, making the power absorbed by it is zero.
○However, real devices absorb some power,
● when it is ON state,
● when making transition between the ON and OFF states.
○The behavior of circuit is not affected significantly by non-
ideal switches, if the voltage drop across the conducting
switch are small compared to other circuit voltages.
○Therefore semiconductor switches usually is modeled as ideal
switch. st
Source: Daniel W. Hart, Introduction to Power Electronics, Int. Ed., 1 Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2013

DESIGN OF POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS
○How to practically realize these circuits i.e. how to design

power electronic converters
○Different applications have different design requirements
○Common principles while designing all of them

DESIGN OF POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS
○Learn
● Theory related to the design of converters
● Simulations tools
● Schematic designing
● PCB designing
● Testing of converters – Demo of experimental testing of a power
electronic converter

CONTENTS OF THE COURSE
○Analysis of power electronic converters for design

○Power semiconductor devices
○Gate drivers
○Snubber design
○Thermal design
○Magnetics design
○Electromagnetic interference in power electronic converters
○Familiarity with power electronic hardware
○Design of hardware

OUTCOMES OF THE COURSE
○First design of a prototype of a power electronic converter

○Good design of power electronic converters – knowledge of
proper theoretically concepts

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Department of Electrical Engineering

ELK334E – DSGN. OF POWER

○Up to now your instruction has been in the hands of teachers

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 2

○Power electronics is a branch of engineering that combines

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 3

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 4

○Is used for the conversion of power

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 5

○DC Motor Drive

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 6

○AC Motor Drive

19 MW Motor + Drive (Modular)

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 7

○AC Motor Drive

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 8

○SMPS – Switched Mode Power Supply

Source: Google images

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 9

○Various Types of Chargers and Adapters

Source: Google images

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 10

Source: Google images

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 11

○Inverters and UPS

Source: Google images

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 12

Grid-Tied String Inverters

Source: Google images

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 13

Source: Google images

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 14

Source: Google images

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 15

Source: Google images

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 16

○Wireless Power Charging

Wireless Power Charging of Phones

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 17

○Power electronic converters range from a few Ws to MWs

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 18

○Various power electronic converters

Source: Google images

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 19

Figure 1-1 A source and load interfaced by a power electronics converter.

○According to power conversion type:

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 20

Figure 1-1 A source and load interfaced by a power electronics converter.

○According to power conversion type:

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 21

○According to the power flow direction

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 22

○The instantaneous power flow through the converter can be

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 23

○Power conversion can be a multistep process involving more

Fix or Variable AC Fix DC Fix or Variable AC

AC-DC Rectifier DC-AC Inverter

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 24

○The purpose is to supply 3 V to a load resistance.

Figure 1-4 A simple voltage divider for creating 3 V from a

Source: Daniel W. Hart, Introduction to Power

10/5/2023 ELK334E – Dsgn. of Power Electron. Circuits – Week 1 25

○One another solution is using pass transistor.