Statistics for business and economics

First year 2024

Class (3)
Chapter (2): Describing data: Frequency tables
frequency Distribution and graphic representation

:Chapter aims
Organize qualitative data into a frequency table-1

Present a frequency table as a bar chart or pie chart -2

Organize Quantitative data into a frequency distribution-3

Present a frequency distribution for quantitative data using -4

histograms ,frequency polygons, and cumulative frequency polygons

Presentation of data

Tabular Graphical

Quantitative
data qualitative dataqualitative Quantitative data
data

Frequency-1 frequency-1 Histogram-1

Pie chart-1
table distribution freq polygon-2
Bar chart-2
Relative freq-3
Histogram
commulative freq-4
graph(Ogive)
stem and leaf-5
dot plot-6

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Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

Frequency Distribution for qualitative data -1

Frequency(F) is: How often something occur
Frequency table : variable's values(classes) and their frequency (How often each)

Variable’s values Frequency

Classes No.observations in each class
Example (1)
The table below shows a sample of 22 students with their preferred mobile phone brand

subjec Mobile phone subject Mobile phone

t brand brand
1 Sony 12 Sony
2 Nokia 13 Nokia
3 Nokia 14 Sony
4 Samsung 15 Nokia
5 Sony 16 Nokia
6 Samsung 17 Nokia
7 Samsung 18 Samsung
8 Nokia 19 Sony
9 Samsung 20 Nokia
10 Nokia 21 Samsung
11 Samsung 22 Nokia

?Make a frequency table

Mobile phone frequency

Brand
Sony 5

Nokia 10

Samsung 7

Total ∑ f =22

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Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

Class Relative frequency ‫التكرار النسبي‬

It is the class frequency divided by the total number of observation in the data set
Class frequency class frequency f
number of observation =class relative frequency n ∑f =

Class percentage frequency ‫التكرار المئوي‬

It is the class relative frequency multiplied by100

 class percentage frequency =Class relative frequency∗¿ 100

Example (2)
For the previous example construct Relative and percentage frequency table ?
sol

Mobile phone Frequency Relative frequencyClass percentage

Brand frequency
Sony 5 0.227=5/22 22.7%=100*0.227

Nokia 10 0.455=10/22 45.5%=100*0.455

Samsung 7 0.318=7/22 31.8%=100*0.318

Total 22 1=22/22 100%

Graphic representation for qualitative data

1-Bar chart 2 ‫األشرطة البيانية‬-pie chart ‫القطاعات الدائرية‬

1-Bar chart

A graph in which the Qualitative classes (Category) are reported on the horizontal axis
and class frequencies on vertical axis. The class's frequencies are proportional to
the height of bars

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Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

5
4.5
4
3.5
frequencies

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
calss1 class2 class3 class4
classes

Example (3)

In 2014 , these were the leading causes of death in the united states

 Use a bar chart to organize the data , what was the leading cause of
death in the united states in 2014 ?

Sol

The leading cause of death in the United States in 2014 was from heart disease

4
Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

2-Pie chart‫القطاع الدائري‬

 A chart that show the percent or proportion that each class represents of the total
number of frequencies.
 A pie chart is acircle that is divided into sectors that represent catagories
 The area of each sector is proportional to the relative frequency of each category

Brand of mobile

Samsung Nokia
31.8% 45.5%

sony
22.7%

Important note

1-Bar chart can only use for comparison

2-Pie chart can used to show the share of each part from the total

Example (4)

The numbers of earned degrees conferred (in thousands) in 2014 shown in table below
use a pie chart to organize the data

Type of degree Number ( in thousands )

Associate’s 1003
Bachelor’s 1870
Master’s 754
Doctoral 178
Sol

1-Find the relative frequency or percent of each category

2-Find the central angle that corresponds to each category

Central angle = (Relative frequency )×360

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Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

Type of degree F Relative (f) percentage Angle

Associate’s 1003 1003
=0.264 26.4% 0.264×360=95°
3805
Bachelor’s 1870 1870
=0.491 49.1% 0.491×360=177°
3805
Master’s 754 754
=0.198 19.8% 0.198×360=71°
3805
Doctoral 178 1003
=0.047 4.7% 0.047×360=17°
3805
Total ∑ f =38051 100% 360
°

:Note
Almost one – half of degrees conferred in
2014 were bachelor’s degree

Example

For the following graph

type of cars
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
fiat kia Honda opel

1-what does this chart called ?

2- What type of variable used ?

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Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

3- What level of measurement used ?

4- What are the number of classes ?

5- What is the class with greatest frequency ?

6- What are the number of observation ?

: Frequency table for quantitative data

Case (1):if the numbers are few( range small) and their frequencies is
large
Step (1): construct a table with three columns. The first column shows what is
being arranged in an ascending order . The second column represent tally
marks .the third column represent the frequency

Step (2): count the number of tally mark for each mark

Example (2)
The marks awarded for an assignment set for a year 2 class of 20students were as
follow

7 9 6 7 8 7 7 5 7 6
?Make a frequency table for the data 8 4 6 5 9 8 8 6 10 4
sol

Put the data in ascending order -1

Count each number and make a tally marks -2

Marks Tally frequency

4 // 2
5 // 2
6 //// 4
7 //// 5
8 //// 4
9 // 2

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Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

10 / 1
Total 20

Example(3)
A survey was taken on Mansoura. In each of 20 Number Tally frequency
Of children
homes, people were asked about the number of
0 //// 4
children they had. The results were recorded as
follow 1 //// / 6
2 //// 5
0,3,4,0,1,1,1,2,2,3,2,3,2,1,4,0,0 , 1 , 2 ,1
3 /// 3
?Make a frequency table for this data 4 // 2
sol Total 20

Put the data in ascending order -1

Count each number and make a tally marks -2

8
Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

Test bank (true / false question)

To summarize the gender of students attending a college, the number of classes in a .1
.frequency distribution depends on the number of students
.In a bar chart, the x-axis is labeled with the values of a qualitative variable .2
.In a bar chart, the heights of the bars represent the frequencies in each class .3
To convert a frequency distribution to a relative frequency distribution, divide each class .4
.frequency by the sum of the class frequencies
To convert a frequency distribution to a relative frequency distribution, divide each class .5
.frequency by the number of classes

.A pie chart is similar to a relative frequency distribution .6

.A pie chart shows the relative frequency in each class .7
A frequency distribution groups data into classes showing the number of observations in .-8
.each class

9
Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

A frequency distribution for qualitative data has class limits -9

sol

false 2-True 3-True-1

True 5-False 6-True-4

True 8-True 9- false-7

Mark choice question

Monthly commissions of first-year insurance brokers are $1,270, $1,310, $1,680, $1,380, $1,410, -1
:$1,570, $1,180 and $1,420. These figures are referred to as
.A. histogram
.B. raw data
.C. frequency distribution
.D. frequency polygon

A small sample of computer operators shows monthly incomes of $1,950, $1,775, $2,060, .2
?$1,840, $1,795, $1,890, $1,925 and $1,810. What are these ungrouped numbers called
A. Histogram
B. Class limits
C. Class frequencies
D. Raw data

When data is collected using a qualitative, nominal variable, what is true about a frequency .3
?distribution that summarizes the data
.A. Upper and lower class limits must be calculated
.B. A pie chart can be used to summarize the data
.C. Number of classes is equal to the number of variable's values plus 2
.D. The "5 to the k rule" can be applied

When data is collected using a qualitative, nominal variable, i.e., male or female, what is true .4
?about a frequency distribution that summarizes the data
.A. Upper and lower class limits must be calculated
.B. Class midpoints can be computed
.C. Number of classes corresponds to the number of a variable's values
.D. The "2 to the k rule" can be applied

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Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

A student was interested in the cigarette smoking habits of college students and collected data from an .5
:unbiased random sample of students. The data is summarized in the following table

?What type of chart best represents the frequency table

A. Bar Chart
B. Pie Chart
C. Scatter plot
D. Frequency Polygon

A student was interested in the cigarette smoking habits of college students and collected data from an -6
:unbiased random sample of students. The data is summarized in the following table

?What type of chart best represents relative class frequencies

A. Bar Chart
B. Pie Chart
C. Scatter plot
D. Frequency Polygon

The relative frequency for a class is computed as the class .-7

.A. width divided by class interval
.B. midpoint divided by the class frequency
.C. frequency divided by the class interval
.D. frequency divided by the total frequency

The relative frequency for a class represents the .8

.A. class width
.B. class midpoint
.C. class interval
.D. percent of observations in the class

11
Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

A group of 100 students was surveyed about their interest in a new International Studies .9
program. Interest was measured in terms of high, medium, or low. 30 students responded high
interest; 40 students responded medium interest; 30 students responded low interest. What is the
?relative frequency of students with high interest
A. .30 B..50
.C. .40 D. Cannot be determined

30
=0.3 : Ans
100

A group of 100 students were surveyed about their interest in a new Economics major. .-10
Interest was measured in terms of high, medium, or low. 30 students responded high interest; 50
students responded medium interest; 20 students responded low interest. What is the best way to
?illustrate the relative frequency of student interest
A. Cumulative frequency polygon
B. Bar chart
C. Pie chart
D. Frequency table

A student was studying the political party preferences of a university's student population. .11
The survey instrument asked students to identify their political preference, for example, democrat,
republican, libertarian, or other party. The best way to illustrate the frequencies for each political
:preference is a
.A. Bar chart
.B. Pie chart
.C. Histogram
.D. Frequency polygon

In a frequency distribution, the number of observations in a class is called class .-12

A. midpoint B. interval
C. array D. frequency

.Refer to the following breakdown of responses to a survey of room service in a hotel -13

?What percent of the responses indicated that customers were satisfied

A. 40%
B. 33%
C. 50%
40
D. 100% Ans: 120 ×100= 33%

12
Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

Refer to the following breakdown of responses to a survey of "Are you concerned about being -14
?"tracked while connected to the Internet

?What is the class interval for the frequency table above

A. 10
B. 20
C. 40
D. None of the above

Refer to the following breakdown of responses to a survey of "Are you concerned about .-15
?"being tracked while connected to the Internet

?What is the class with the greatest frequency

A. Very concerned
B. Somewhat concerne
C. No concern
D. None of the above

A pie chart shows the -16

.A. relative frequencies of a qualitative variable
.B. relative frequencies of a quantitative variable
.C. frequencies of a nominal variable
.D. frequencies of a ratio variable

Answer

B 2-D 3-B 4-C 5-A 6-B-1

D 8-D 9-A 10-C 11-A 12-D-7

B 14-D 15-A 16-A-13

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Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

Quiz (4)

?What is the number of observations in each class of a frequency distribution called .0

a)variable b)frequency c)relative frequency d)percentage frequency

A ___________ is useful for displaying the relative frequency distribution for a .1

.nominal variable

A. Bar chart. B. Pie chart

.C. Histogram. D. Frequency polygon

To calculate a relative frequency, a class frequency is divided by .2

.____________

a)number of classes b)class width c)total frequencies d)class limits

In a relative frequency distribution, the sum of the relative class frequencies is .3

a) 0.9 b)1 c)1.2 d)0.99

.A class relative frequency represents a __________ of the total observations in the class .4

A _____ chart is useful for displaying a frequency distribution for a qualitative .5

.variable

A. Bar chart. B. Pie chart

C. Histogram. D. Frequency polygon. E-(A, B)

A _____ chart is useful for displaying a frequency distribution for a nominal .6

.variable

.A. Bar chart

.B. Pie chart
.C. Histogram
.D. Frequency polygon

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Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

Un organized data is referred to as ________ data .8

.A. histogram
.B. raw data
.C. frequency distribution
.D. frequency polygon

To construct a bar chart, the class frequencies are plotted on the _______________axis .9

a)x – axis b)y- axis c)z- axis d)none of the above

To construct a pie chart, the class frequencies are converted to .10

__________________

a)relative frequency b)percentage frequency

c)degrees d)All of the Above

To summarize the gender of 50 students attending a college in a frequency .11

________________ ?distribution, how many classes would be required

a)1 b)2 c) 50 d)10

Refer to the following breakdown of responses to a survey of room cleanliness .13

.in a hotel

?What is the class interval for the frequency table above

a)20 b)40 c)10 d)none of the above

15
Eng: Ameer El3tma
 Statistics for business and economics
First year 2024

Refer to the following breakdown of responses to a survey of room cleanliness .14

.in a hotel

?What is the class with the greatest frequency

a)Satisfied b)not satisfied c)Highly satisfied d)none of the above

Refer to the following breakdown of responses to a survey of room cleanliness .15

.in a hotel

?What percent of the responses indicated that customers were satisfied

a)10% b)5% c)50% d)25%

16
Eng: Ameer El3tma