Data Visualization

or
Data Presentation

1
 Data Visualization or Presentation
• Data visualization means-

“to convey information throughvisual representations”

• Visalisation tools produces

“interactive visual representations of data to reinforce
human cognition; enabling the viewer to gain
knowledge about the internal structure of the data
and causal relationships in it”
 Significance of Visualization/
Presentation
• They give a bird’s eye view of entire data
• They are attractive to the eye
• They have great memorizing effect
• They facilitate comparison
• They give visual indications of
– Magnitudes,
– Grouping,
– Trends and patterns
 Functions of Visualization/
Presentation
• Three functions of visualization
are:
– Record
i.e. Store information

– Analyze
i.e. Support reasoning about information

– Communicate
i.e. Convey information to others
 Tools for Visualization
(Diagrammatic & Graphic Representation)

Bar-
diagram
Diagrammati
Pie-
c chart
Representatio
n Pictogra
m
Histogra
Visualization/ m
Representatio
n Frequency
Polygon

Graphic Smoothed
Representatio Frequency
n Curve
Cumulative
Frequency
Curve (Ogive)
5
 Tools for Visualization
(Diagrammatic & Graphic Representation)

• Diagrammatic Representation
a) Bar-diagram (One dimensional diagram)
b) Pie-chart (Two dimensional diagram)
c) Pictogram/ Cartograms (Statistical Maps)
• Graphic Representation
a) Histogram
b) Frequency Polygon
c) Smoothed Frequency Curve
d) Cumulative Frequency Curve (Ogive)

6
 100%

80%

60%
profit/loss
40% polishing

20 other cost
% wages
-
20%

0%
1986 1987 1988

DIAGRAMMATIC
REPRESENTATION
 Types of Diagram

Bar-diagram
(One Dimensional Diagram)

Diagrammatic Pie-chart
Representation (Two Dimensional Diagram

Pictogram/Cartograms
(Statistical Maps)

8
 700

600

500

400

300

200

100

1993 - 94 1994 - 95 1995 - 95

years

One Dimensional Diagram

BAR DIAGRAM
9
 Bar Diagram
• “Bar-Diagramare vertical lines where length of the bars
are proportional to their corresponding numerical values”.
• “Bar is a thick line whose width is shown merely for
attention”.
– But, all bars should have the same width so as not to
confuse
the reader of diagram.
• It is called one dimensional diagram becauseit is only
length of bar which matters not the width.
10
• Width of bars should be uniform through out the
diagram

• The gap between one diagramand other should be

uniform F ig u r e 1 -1 1 : S H I F T IN G G E A R S

Q u a r te ly n e t in c o m e f o r G e n e r a l M o to r s ( in b illio n s )

1 .5

• Bars may be either 1 .2

– Horizontal or
0 .9

0 .6

– Vertical 0 .3

0 .0

1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q

C4 2004
2003

• The vertical bars should be preferred because they give a better look 11
 Types of Bar Diagram
Simple bar diagram

Sub-divided Bar diagram

Bar Multiple-bars diagram

Diagram
Percentage-bar diagram

Deviation bars diagram

12
 Types of Bar Diagram

1. Simple bar diagram

2. Sub-divided Bar diagram
3. Multiple-bars diagram
4. Percentage-bar diagram
5. Deviation bars.

13
 Simple Bar diagram
• It is used to represent only one variable

• Ex-
– Figures of sales for various years

– Figures of production for various years

– Figures of population for various years

14
 45

• Following table gives

birth rate per thousand of 40

different countries over a 35

period of time. 30

25

Country Birth rate

20
India 33
15
Germany 16
10
U.K 20

China 40 5

Newzealand 30 0
india germany united chin new
Swedan 15 kingdom a
n zeland
sweda

birth rate per thousand of different

countries

15
 Example 2:
Fund flow for various years may be shown by
means of a simple bar-diagram
Funds Flow
Funds Flow 250

Year (Rs. crores)

200

2009-10 85.80
150

2010-11 109.61 100 Funds Flow

2011-22 204.29 50

2012-13 126.31 0
2009-10

2012-13
2011-12
2010-11

16
 Exercise: 1
Prepare a Simple bar diagram for your internal and external marks in
previous semester examination

External
Subject External Internal Total Marks
Name Marks Marks Marks
Production &
Operations
Marketing 67 30 97
Statistic
s
Organization
55 25 80
al
Computer
Behavior Application

Accounting 45 20 65
Accountin
g

Computer
60 28 88
Application Organization
al

Statistics 39 21 60 Marketin
g

Production 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
48 25 73
&
Productio
Operations Marketing
Organiza
Accountin
Computer
Statistics n &
ti onal Applicatio
g Operation
n
s
External 67 55 45 60 39 48
Marks

17
 Sub-divided Bar Diagram
• “In Sub divided Bar Diagram each bar
representing the magnitude of given
phenomenon is further subdivided in its various
components”.

• Each component occupies a part of the bar

proportional to its share in total.

18
• The growth of production of fish
for the period 1950-51 to 1986- 35
87 is-
30

25
Year Marine Inland total
1950-51 5.34 2.18 7.52 20
1960-61 8.80 2.80 11.60
15
1970-71 10.86 6.70 17.56 inland
1980-81 15.55 8.87 24.42 10 marine
1984-85 16.98 11.03 28.01
5
1985-86 17.16 11.60 28.76
1986-87 12.47 8.42 20.89 0

(In lakh
tonnes).

YEARS
 Exercise
Prepare a sub-divided bar diagram for your internal and external
marks in previous semester examination
Subject External Internal Total
Name Marks Marks Marks internal and external marks
120
Marketing 67 30 97
100
Organization
55 25 80
al
Behavior
80

MArk
Accounting 45 20 65 60

s
Computer
60 28 88 40
Application
20
Statistics 39 21 60
0 Marketi Org Accou Comp Pro
Production ng Beh n Statisti &
48 25 73
& a ting c App s Oper
Internal 30 25 20 28 21 25
Operations
Externa 67 55 45 60 39 48
l

20
 Multiple-bars diagram
• In multiple bars “two or more set of
interrelated data are represented”.

• This diagram should be preferred, when

ever comparison between two or more
related variables is to be made.

21
• Draw a suitable diagram
160
from the following data-
140
120
100
sales
Year Sales Gros Net 80
gross profit
s profi 60
profi t net profit
t 40
1984 120 40 20 20
1985 135 45 20 0
1986 140 55 35 1984 1985 1986 1987
1987 150 60 40

22
 3500
3104 3123
3000 Gross Profits

2002-03 2003-04
2500

Profits Before
2000 Tax
Gross profits 3104 3123
1663

1500 1376
Profits before tax 1663 1376 1219 Profit After
982 Tax
1000 846
Profit after tax 1219 982 589
500 Retained
Profits
Retained profits 846 589
0
2002-03 2003-04

23
 Percentage-bar diagram
• “Sub-divided bar chart drawn on percentage basis
is known as percentage bar diagram”.
• In Percentage bar diagram, we express each
component as the percentage of its respective
total.
• Bars of length equal to 100 for each class are
drawn at first step and sub-divided in the
proportion of the percentage of their component in
the second step.
24
• Represent the following by sub divided bar diagram on
percentage
basis-

Particulars 1986 1987 1988

Cost/chair
Wages 9 15 21
Other costs 6 10 14
Polishing 3 5 7
Total 18 30 42
Proceeds 20 30 40
/chair
Profit/loss +2 - -2

25
 100%
obtained are given below-

80%
Particulars 1986 1987 1988
60%
Cost/chair profit/loss
polishing
Wages 45 50 52.5 40%
other cost
Other 30 33.3 35 wages
costs 20%
Polishing 15 16.7 17.5
0%
Total cost 90 100 105
1986 1987 1988
Sales price 100 100 100 -20%

Profit/loss +10 - -5.0

 Deviation Bar-diagram
• Deviation bars are popularly used for representing net
quantity-
excess or deficit i.e.
– Net profit,
– Net loss,
– Net exports, or
– Net imports, etc.
• Such bars can have both positive and negative values.
Positive values are shown above the base line and
negative values below it.
28
 70
Net %
Year Sales
profits 60
%
14%
2011-12 29% 50
%

2012-13 11% 61% 30

40
% 2001-
%
2013-14 20
02
17% -21% % 2002-
10 03
% 2003-
0 04
% sale net profit
- s
10%
-
20%
-
30%
2001-02 2002- 2003-04
03
sales 14% 11% 17% 29
net profit 29% 61% -21%
 Two dimensional
diagram or
Surface Diagram/ Area Diagram

1. Pie
diagrams.

30
 Pie
Charts 1st Qtr
2nd

or
Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr

Round

31
• “A pie chart is a circular chart in which the
circle is divided into sectors. Each sector
visually represents an item in a data set to
match the amount of the item as a
percentage or fraction of the total data set”.

• Pie charts are useful to compare different

parts of a whole amount.

32
• A pie chart is not useful for displaying relationships
over
time or relationships among several variables.

• A pie chart should not require more than seven

sections.

• The steps to draw a pie diagram are:

– Convert the various observations (in percent) in the data
set into corresponding degree in the circle by multiplying
each by 3.6 (360 /100)

– Draw the circle and its parts using different degrees 33

 Example

• Draw a pie chart for the following data of

6th five year plan public sector outlays:

Sector Percentage
outlay
Agricultural and rural 12.9%
development
Irrigation etc. 12.5%
Energy 27.2%
Industry and mineral 15.4%
Transport, communication etc. 15.9%
Social service and other 16.1%

34
The angle at the centre is given by-

=(Percentage outlay/100)x 360

= Percentage outlay x 3.6

Sector Percentage Angle at the centre

outlay
Agricultural and rural development 12.9% 12.9 x 3.6 = 46°
Irrigation etc. 12.5% 12.5 x 3.6 = 45°
Energy 27.2% 27.2 x 3.6 =98°
Industry and mineral 15.4% 15.4 x 3.6 = 56°
Transport, communication etc. 15.9% 15.9 x 3.6 = 57°
Social service and other 16.1% 16.1 x 3.6 = 58°

Total 100% 360°

35
 Percentage outlay
Agricultural and
rural development
13
% Industry and
27 mineral
%
13%
Transport,
communicatio
n etc.

15 Social service and

16 % other
%
16 Energ
% y

36
U.S. Auto Sales 2003 - 2007

37
Pie Chart of 2007 U.S. Auto Sales

9% GM

Ford
7% 24%
Chrysler

Toyota

11% Honda

Nissan

Other

18%

18%

13%

38
 Column2
Ocean Area % Area Degree

Pacific 70.8 46.31 166.70 5% 3%

Atlantic 41.2 26.94 97.00 Pacific
Indian 28.5 18.64 67.10 Atlantic
19 46
Antarctic 7.6 4.96 17.89 % Indian
%
arctic 4.8 3.15 11.31 Antarcti
27 c arctic
%

Total 152.9 100.00 360.00

39
 Pictographs
• “A pictograph uses small pictures or symbols to
display

the data”.

• Pictographs do not depict results precisely. Hence,

caution should be exercised when using them.

• To construct pictograms the following suggestions

are made:
– The symbols must be simple and clear.
– The quantity represented by a symbol should be given.
40
 Pictograph for 2007 U.S. Auto Sales

GM

Ford

Chrysler

Toyota

Honda

Nissan

Other

*Each Symbol Equals 1,000,000 Units

41
Example of pictogram:
Output of cars during the year by a car
manufacturing company:

Scale = 1000 cars

1999
Year Output
2000
1999 2004
2000 2996
2001
2001 4052
2002 5924
2002
42
 Types of Graphs

Graphs of time
series or
Line graphs
graphs
Graph of
frequency
distribution

43
 Line
graphs or
graph of time series
• Graph of one variable.
• Graph of two or more
variables.
• Graph having two scales.
• Range chart
• Band graph.
• Ratio chart.
44
 Graph of frequency distribution

• Histogram
• Frequency Polygon.
• Smoothed frequency curve.
• Ogives or cumulative frequency
curves.

45
 Histogram

 A histogram is a chart made of bars of

different heights.
 Widths and locations of bars correspond to
widths and locations of data groupings
 Heights of bars correspond to
frequencies or relative frequencies of
data groupings

46
 Frequency Histogram

Histogram Example

47
 Relative Frequency Histogram

Histogram Example

48
1-8 Methods of Displaying Data
 Pie Charts
Categories represented as percentages of total
 Bar Graphs
Heights of rectangles represent group frequencies
 Frequency Polygons
Height of line represents frequency
 Ogives
Height of line represents cumulative frequency
 Time Plots
Represents values over time

49
 Pie Chart
Figure 1-10: Twentysomethings split on job satisfication

Category
Don't like my job but it is on my career path Job is OK, but it is
not on my career path Enjoy job, but it is not on my career path
My job just pays thebills
Happy with career

6.0% Do not like my job, but it is on my career path

19.0%

Happy with career Job OK, but it is not on my career path

33.0%

19.0%

23.0% Enjoy job, but it is not on my career

My job just pays the bills path

50
Frequency Polygon and Ogive

Relative Frequency Polygon Ogive

0 1.
.3 0

0
.2
0.
5
0
.1

0 0.
.0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Sale Sale
s s

(Cumulative frequency or
relative frequency graph)

51
 Time Plot

M o n th ly S te e l P ro d u c
tio n
8
.5

7
.5
Millions of
Tons

6
.5

5 .5

Mon th J F MA M J J A S O N D J F MA M J J A S O N D J F MA MJ J
AS O

52
 Scatter Plots

• Scatter Plots are used to identify and report

any underlying relationships among pairs of
data sets.
• The plot consists of a scatter of points, each
point representing an observation.

53
Scatter
Plots
• Scatter plot
with trend line.
• This type of
relationship is
known
as a positive
correlation.

Correlation will be
discussed in later
chapters.
54
U.S. Auto Sales 2003 - 2007

55
Guidelines for Graphs: Line Charts

• A line chart connects a series of data points using

continuous lines.

• This is an attractive way of illustrating trends and

changes over time.

• Several series can be compared on the same

chart, and forecasts, interpolations, and
extrapolations can be shown.

56
 Line Chart of Total U.S. Auto Sales
Fig.
23.3
5000000
4500000 GM
4000000 Ford
3500000
Chrysler
Unit Sales

3000000
2500000 Toyota
2000000 Honda
1500000
Nissan
1000000
500000 Other

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year

57
Guidelines for Graphs: Line Charts

• A stratum chart is a set of line charts in which

the data are successively aggregated over the
series.

• Areas between the line charts display the

magnitudes of the relevant variables.

58
 Stratum Chart of Total U.S. Auto Sales

20000000
18000000 Other
16000000 Nissan
14000000
Honda
Unit Sales

12000000
10000000 Toyota
8000000 Chrysler
6000000
Ford
4000000
2000000 GM

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year

59
 Guidelines for Graphs:
Histograms and Bar Charts

• A bar chart displays data in various bars that

may be positioned horizontally or vertically.

• The histogram is a vertical bar chart in which

the height of the bars represents the relative or
cumulative frequency of occurrence of a
specific variable.

60
 Histogram of 2007 U.S. Auto Sales
4,500,000

4,000,000

3,500,000

3,000,000

GM
2,500,000 Ford
Chrysler
2,000,000 Toyota
Honda

1,500,000 Nissan
other

1,000,000

500,000

61