Understanding

Graphs & Purpose

Effective presentation of data

Process Excellence Team

What are some of the graphs you are
familiar with…..?
Resignations Category wise Teamwise LTO
: January to June
Transport Another Job
3% 25
12% Caring for
Children 20
8%
Sickness Disciplinary 15
Residence 21% 5%
Change Family Dis- 10
4% agreement
Rejoin 8% 5
7% Marriage
23% Hometown 0
Overseas 4% 1 4 7 10 14 18 21 25 28 32 35 38 41 44 47 50 53 56
2% TC
Internal Issue
3%

Monthly LTO January to June

Less than 6 Months More than 6 Months

66 25
23 33
8
9
28 36
26 22 19 14
January February March April May June
X Y
Input 1
Out put 1

Input 2
Out put 2
Input 3
 Continuous X Categorical
Continuous

Y
Categorical
Exploring Graphs for continuous Y’s
 Exploring Graphs for continuous Y’s
1. Dot Plots

• Arranging the Continuous data in an ascending order in the X axis

• Plotting the data on the X axis
• Each dot of the Dot Plot represents the value of indicator
• Y axis shows the number of observations

Advantages – Dot Plot

• Get a sense of where the center of the data
• What is the spread of the observation
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Dot plot
Graph – Dot Plots –
Choose the Options –
Select Graph Variables -
OK

7
 Exploring Graphs for continuous Y’s
2. Histogram

• Creating the X axis as in Ranges in an ordered form (equal intervals) in

order to plot the data within ranges
• Y axis shows the number of observations

Advantages of Histogram
Can see the spread of a distribution when its been given under range data

8
Histogram
Graph – Histograms –
Choose the Options -
Select Graph
Variables - OK

9
Exploring Graphs for continuous Y’s vs. Time

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 Exploring Graphs for Continuous Y’s Vs. time
1. Time Series Chart

1.Y axis illustrates the performance characteristic

2.X axis illustrates the Time

Advantages of Run Charts

•Gives a running record of a process characteristic over time

•Gives a sense of statistical control
•It shows the trends, freaks of a certain process
•Gives a sense of stability
•Provide some predictability
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Time Series Chart
Graph – Time Series Plot
– Choose the Options –
Select Series - OK

12
 Variation
Types of variation

1. Common cause variation

- Process output is stable and predictable over time

2. Special Cause variation

- Process output is not stable and not predictable over time

*objective is to convert a special cause variation to a common cause variation

which is predictable

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 Exploring Graphs for Continuous Y’s Vs. time
1. Control Charts

1.Y axis illustrates the performance characteristic

2. X axis illustrates the Time
3. Includes the Mean Line, Upper and Lower control limits (control limits are drawn
from 3 sigma above and below the mean)

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 X
Continuous Categorical
Continuous

Y
Categorical

15
 Exploring Graphs for Categorical X’s Vs. Categorical Y’s
a. Pareto Charts

Stat – Quality Tools –

Pareto Chart– Choose
the Chart Defect Data
- OK
 X
Continuous Categorical
Continuous

Y
Categorical

17
 Exploring Graphs for Continuous X’s Vs. Continuous Y’s
Scatterplot of LineSpeed vs Mils
190

185
LineSpeed

180

175

170
190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204
Mils

Graph – Scatter Plot –

Choose the Option -
OK
 X
Continuous Categorical
Continuous

Y
Categorical

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Exploring Graphs for Categorical X’s Vs. Continuous Y’s

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 Exploring Graphs for Categorical X’s Vs. Continuous Y’s

Graph – Interval Plot /

Histogram – Choose
the Option - OK

b. Multiple Histograms

a. Multiple Interval Plots