P.

E-16M

(1.)Examine why MOSFET is more suitable for high power applications than IGBT
and elucidate the characteristics of N channel Enhancement MOSFET with a neat
sketch.

MOSFETs are used, it is their low ON resistance that is particularly attractive.

This reduces power dissipation which reduces cost and size less metalwork and
cooling is required. Also the low ON resistance means that efficiency levels can
be maintained at a higher level.
Drain characteristics:

(i) The lowest curve is the VGST curve. When VGS is lesser than
VGST , ID is approximately zero.

(ii) When VGS is greater than VGST, the device turns- on and the
drain current ID is controlled by the gate voltage.

The characteristic curves have almost vertical and almost

horizontal parts.

(iii) The almost vertical components of the curves correspond to the

ohmic region, and the horizontal components correspond to
the constant current region.

(iv) Thus E-MOSFET can be operated in either of these regions.

(v) It can be used as a variable-voltage resistor (WR) or as a constant

current source.
Transfer Characteristics:

(i) The current IDSS at VGS <=0 is very small, being of the order of a few
Nano-amperes.

(ii) When the VGS is made positive, the drain current ID increases slowly at
first, and then much more rapidly with an increase in VGS.

(iii) The equation for the transfer characteristic is given as:

ID=K(VGS-VGST)^2
(2.) A chopper is supplying an inductive load with a free-wheeling diode. The
load inductance is 5 H and resistance is 10Ω. The input voltage to the chopper is
200 volts and the chopper is operating at a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the ON/OFF
time ratio is 2:3. Calculate (i) Maximum and minimum values of load current in
one cycle of chopper operation (ii)Average load current
(3.) Analyze the operation of the buck converter and examine the
minimum and maximum current expression with suitable waveforms.

A Buck converter steps down a DC voltage from the input to the output.
The circuit operation depends on the conduction state of the MOSFET:

● On-state: The current through the inductor increases and the diode
blocks.
● Off-state: Since the current through the inductor can not abruptly
change the diode must carry the current so it commutates and
begins conducting. Energy is transferred from the inductor to the
capacitor resulting in a decreasing inductor current. During steady
state the circuit is said to operate:

○ in discontinuous conduction mode if the inductor current

reaches zero and
○ in continuous conduction mode if the inductor current never
reaches zero.

The circuit has two limits of operation. For a PWM duty cycle D ➝ 0 the
output voltage equals zero, and for D ➝ 1 the output voltage equals Vin.
In between those limits the output voltage in continuous conduction
mode is given by: Vout = D · Vin.
(6.) A buck boost converter operating at 20 kHz is shown in Fig. The output

Capacitor C is sufficiently large to ensure a ripple-free output voltage. The

input voltage Vin is 15 V. The converter is supplying a load of 10 W. If the
output voltage is required to be 10 V, find the duty ratio (D) of the switch.

Vin =15v; Vout=10v; f=20kHz ; L= 390 MicroF ; R=10v;

Vo = -α Vs / (1-α )

10 = - 15 α /(1-α )

10-10α = -15α

10= -5α

α = -2v
(7.) Explain the operation of series resonant inverters with a neat sketch
and derive the expression for resonant and maximum possible output
frequency.

Series Resonant Inverters:

● Based on resonant current oscillation.

●
● Switching devices are placed in series with Load.
●
● Thyristors work in switching devices.
●
● This type of inverter produces an approximately
● sinusoidal waveform at a high Frequency ,ranging from
● 200Hz to 100KHz.
12.Distinguish constant frequency & variable frequency control strategies of
varying the duty cycle of DC chopper ?

PWM control
Sr Variable
Parameter (Constant
No. frequency control
frequency control)

TON is variable, (f TON is constant, f

or T is constant) to is varied to vary
1. Variable parameter
vary average average output
output voltage. voltage.

Design of output East due to Difficult due to

2. filter for continuous constant frequency variable frequency
current operation operation. operation.

3. Filter cost Lowest Highest

DC motor speed
4. Application Not used much
control