Hysteresis loss

Hysteresis loss is caused by the magnetization and demagnetization of the core as

current flows in the forward and reverse directions. As the magnetizing force
(current) increases, the magnetic flux increases. But when the magnetizing force
(current) is decreased, the magnetic flux doesn’t decrease at the same rate, but less
gradually. Therefore, when the magnetizing force reaches zero, the flux density
still has a positive value. In order for the flux density to reach zero, the
magnetizing force must be applied in the negative direction.
The equation for hysteresis loss is given as:
Pb = η * Bmaxn * f * V
Pb = hysteresis loss (W)
η = Steinmetz hysteresis coefficient, depending on material (J/m 3)
Bmax = maximum flux density (Wb/m2)
n = Steinmetz exponent, ranges from 1.5 to 2.5, depending on material
f = frequency of magnetic reversals per second (Hz)
V = volume of magnetic material (m3)

Eddy current losses

Eddy current losses are the result of Farady’s law, which states that, “Any change
in the environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage to be induced in the coil,
regardless of how the magnetic change is produced.” Thus, when a motor core is
rotated in a magnetic field, a voltage, or EMF, is induced in the coils. This induced
EMF causes circulating currents to flow, referred to as eddy currents. The power
loss caused by these currents is known as eddy current loss.

Lenz's law
It states that the current induced in a circuit due to a change in a magnetic field is
directed to oppose the change in flux and to exert a mechanical force which
opposes the motion.

Generator Parallel Operation

In order to put a generator onto a live bus bar or in other words, for the parallel
operation generators in ships, the following conditions must be fulfilled.
1. The incoming generator voltage is almost equal to the bus bar voltage.
2. The incoming generator frequency is equal to or slightly higher than the bus bar
frequency.
3. With the conditions 1 and 2 met, the incoming generator circuit breaker must be
closed at the exact instant when the generator voltage is in phase in opposition
to the bus bar voltage (synchronism)
The following describes, as an example, how to put D/G 2 onto the main switch
board (MSB) bus already served by D/G 1. Follow the procedure for proper
placing of an incoming generator to the bus bar and to load shift a generator which
is already powering up bus bar.

1. Engine Start and Voltage Establishment

 Start D/G 2 engine and let D/G 2 voltage establish to the rated value.

2. Comparison of Voltage and Frequencies

 Compare D/G 2 voltage and frequency with the bus voltage and frequency
(D/G 1 voltage and frequency as measured on the bus). Read the bus voltage
and frequency on the bus voltmeter and frequency meter, which are assumed
to be at the rated values.
 To read D/G 2 voltage and frequency, set “VOLT & FREQ METER” switch
on the synchro panel to D/G 2.
 Automatic voltage regulator will bring the D/G 2 voltage to its rated value.
So no need to adjust voltages. At this step, the generator frequency is
acceptable if it is sufficiently close to the bus frequency.

3. Synchronism
 On confirmation that the frequency difference is small (1 Hz or less),
position “SYNCHROSCOPE” switch to D/G 2 and observe the movement
of the synchroscope pointer as well as the brilliance change of the synchro
lamps.
 Synchroscope pointer is rotating in “FAST” direction (clockwise). The
generator frequency (D/G 2 ‘s) is higher than the bus frequency (D/G 1 ‘s).
The sequence of the synchro lamp brilliance change is also in clockwise
direction.
 Synchroscope pointer is rotating in “SLOW” direction (anticlockwise). The
incoming generator frequency is lower than the bus frequency. The sequence
of the synchro lamp brilliance change is also in anticlockwise direction.

4. Synchroscope pointer is stopping

 The generator and bus frequency are the same. The position of the
synchroscope pointer (assumed to be stationary) indicates the relative phase
angle. In this case, there is no synchro lamp brilliance change.

5. Synchroscope pointer is at 12 o’ clock position

  Whether the synchroscope pointer is moving slowly or stationary this
condition indicates that the generator and bus voltages are in phase
(synchronism). At that moment, the two outside synchro lamps will be on at
the same brightness while the middle top one will be at completely dark.

6. Closing the Generator ACB at Synchronism

 Observing the synchroscope or synchrolamps, operate “GOVERNOR
MOTOR” switch for D/G 2 to RAISE or LOWER and bring D/G 2
frequency about 0.3 Hz higher than the bus frequency (in this case,
synchroscope pointer will rotate in “FAST” direction and complete one
rotation in 3 or 4 seconds).
 Operate ACB control switch for D/G 2 to CLOSE a little prior to
synchronism, anticipating a timing that D/G 2 ACB be closed at the exact
instant of synchronism.

7. Load Division
 On closure of D/G 2 ACB, operate “GOVERNOR MOTOR” switch for D/G
2 to RAISE so that D/G 2 takes on KW load and let each generator share the
load in proportion to their capacity ratio.
 Also operate “GOVERNOR MOTOR” switch for D/G 1 if necessary to
maintain the bus frequency at 60 Hz. Then position “SYNCHROSCOPE”
switch to OFF.

8. Load Shift
 To remove one of the generators running in parallel, first transfer load on
that generator to other generator(s). When the KW output of this generator is
reduced to almost zero, remove the generator from the bus by opening its
ACB.
 For example, to remove D/G 1 running in parallel with D/G 2as mentioned
above, operate “GOVERNOR MOTOR” switch for D/G 1 to lower; load
on D/G 1 transfers to D/G 2.
 Also operate GOVERNOR MOTOR” switch for D/G 2 if necessary to
maintain the bus frequency at 60 Hz. When D/G 1 output is reduced to about
5% of its rated output, operate “ACB CONTROL” switch for D/G 1 to open
from the bus.

Cautions
1. Pay attention to the variation in bus frequency during the load division or shift
control, and be sure to maintain it at 60 Hz.
2. Pay attention to the loading condition of the generator(s) remaining on the bus
during the load shift control, and do not overload it for them.
3. If the output of a generator is reduced below 0 KW during the load shift control,
the induction type reverse power relay (RP setting: 10% of the rated output,
time setting: 10 sec) will operate and trip the generator ACB.

Synchroscope Method
1. The synchroscope consists of a small motor with coils on the two poles
connected across two phases. Let’s say it is connected in red and yellow
phases of the incoming machine and armature windings supplied from red
and yellow phases from the switchboard bus bars.
2. The bus bar circuit consists of an inductance and resistance connected in
parallel.
3. The inductor circuit has the delaying current effect by 90 degrees relative to
current in resistance.
4. These dual currents are fed into the synchroscope with the help of slip rings
to the armature windings which produces a rotating magnetic field.
5. The polarity of the poles will change alternatively in north/south direction
with changes in red and yellow phases of the incoming machine.
6. The rotating field will react with the poles by turning the rotor either in
clockwise or anticlockwise direction.
7. If the rotor is moving in clockwise direction this means that the incoming
machine is running faster than the bus bar and slower when running in
anticlockwise direction.
8. Generally, it is preferred to adjust the alternator speed slightly higher, which
will move the pointer on synchroscope is in clockwise direction.
9. The breaker is closed just before the pointer reaches 12 o clock position, at
which the incoming machine is in phase with the bus bar.

Three bulb method

Three lamps should be connected between three phases of the bus bar and the
incoming generator

1. The two lamps will be bright and one lamp will be dark when incoming
machine is coming in phase with the bus bar.
2. The movement of these bright and dark lamps indicates whether the incoming
machine is running faster or slower.
3. For e.g. there is a moment when lamp A will be dark and lamp B & C will be
bright, similarly there will be instance when B is dark and others are bright
and C is dark and other two are bright. This example indicates that machine is
 running fast and the movement of the lamps from dark and bright gives an
clockwise movement
4. Clockwise movement indicates fast and anti clockwise direction indicates
slow running of incoming generator.

1. What is special about steering gear safety.

It has got overload alarm at 150% and short circuit trip.

2. Maintenance of alternator what all to do.

(a) Clean the felt/ air filters.
(b) Remove dust/ dirt from the rotor.
(c) Clean the connections and put some petroleum jelly.
(d) Check the air gap with the plastic feeler gauge.
(e) Check the lub oil level in bearing.
(f) Insulation resistance to take with megger.
(g) Check condition of winding.
(h) Carry out continuity test.

3. Purpose of air gap and how checked.

To avoid the mechanical contact between the stator & rotor and to determine the
condition of the bearing. Measured with the help of feeler gauge.

4. Trips on air circuit breaker with values

1. Short Circuit Trip
2. Circuit Overload
3. Ground Surge Fault

5. conditions for paralleling alternators

(a) Frequency
(b) Phase
(c) Voltage

6. How to parallel alternators

There are three methods of Paralleling alternators:-
(i) Dark lamp method
(ii) Bright lamp Method
(iii) Synchorscope
7. Why megger is used to test insulation and not multi meter
Megger is used to test insulation because it has higher range say upto 500V.

8. Suppose a motor is not starting what checks u will make

Electrical Checks:
a. Check the connections.
b. Check, if has tripped, then reset and try to start.
c. Check supply is coming from MSB or not.
d. Check single-phasing has not occurred.
Mechanical :
Check the coupling between the motor and driven part is not too tight.

9. Suppose a motor is running hot what checks.

a. Single-phasing
b. Fan is working or not.
c. Overload is occurring.
d. Check condition of bearing.

10. Why insulation resistance checked and how?

A measurement of the insulation resistance gives the best guide to the state of
health of the electrical equipment.
a. Disconnect the electrical supply.
b. Refer to the electrical circuit & manufacturer’s instruction before testing.
c. Measure the insulation of the windings to the earth and as soon as possible when
the machine is just hot after it has stopped. The minimum value should be
1 MW.

11. Why motor insulation deteriorates

a. Moisture – results in decrease in the measured value of insulation resistance.
b. Dust & dirt deposits – reduces insulation resistance & failure of insulation due to
oxidation.
c. Oil & Grease – prevents heat dissipation & causes dirt and dust to settle on the
insulation.
d. Ageing – over the period of time the insulation deteriorates due to it getting
affected by temperature variation, mechanical stresses, vibrations, moisture and
some varnish tend to become hard with age & crack during the operation.
e. Temperature – Excessive temperature dehydrates and oxidizes the insulation,
making it brittle & disintegrate under vibration & shock.

12. If water goes to motor what you do.

a. Disconnect the electrical supply.
b. Put MEN AT WORK tag.
c. Remove the coupling bolts.
d. Now, lift the motor using lifting gear & put it on a clean place.
e. remove the cover & fan.
f. Take out bearing & the shaft.
g. The salt contamination must be removed by thoroughly washing with clean fresh
water (preferably warm) or if possible , distilled water.
h. De-greasants must be used if it is found that there was ingress of oil.
i. Spirits or alcohol may be used to clean contacts.
j. Dry the motor with dry air & then switch on its heaters or use powerful lamps.
During this process , keep its inspection covers open to permits moisture to escape.
k. Put the varnish on the winding & let it dry.
l. Check the insulation resistance. If it is ok then assemble it back & put it for use.
m. The motor must be started on less load & its current monitored for few hours to
confirm its satisfactory operation.

13. How do you test that Megger is working Ok

14. What are portable electrical testing instruments used in ER

a. Clampmeter
b. Megger
c. Multimeter
d. Tester

15. What is harm if reverse power flow?

Motoring effect will take place & can damage the prime mover.

16. Why preferential trip provided Purpose?

Preferential trip is provided to safe guard the machineries which are important for
safety of ship & safety of personnel onboard.
Preferential trips are designed to disconnect the non-essential services i.e.,
Breakers controlling Air Conditioning, Galley power, blowers, refrigeration) in the
event of partial overload or partial failure of the supply, with the aim of preventing
operation of the main breaker trip & loss of power to essential services.

17. How do you test emergency generator?

a. Regular or weekly testing of the emergency generator should include simulation
of the loss of normal power.
b. The start up equipment may be provide a push button to interrupt the normal
voltage supply to the panel which then triggers the start sequence.
c. Loss of main power supply can easily be simulated by pulling a fuse in the auto-
start panel which supplies the under voltage or under frequency relay.
d. This no load running checks should, when practicable, be supplemented
occasionally by a proper load test. This requires the disconnection of the normal
mains power while the emergency generator is loaded upto near its rated value.

18. How do you check press and temp alarms. What equipment used for same

19. If you get earth fault alarm what you do?

a. Accept the alarm.
b. First of start isolate the breakers one by one.
c. Then, check where the alarm has came & should be eliminated when located.
d. Damaged conductor insulation must be repaired.
e. Dampness or moisture in insulation must be dried out by gentle heat &
precautions should be taken to prevent future ingress of moisture.
f. If dirt is the cause, then a thorough cleaning with electro cleaner solvent should
be applied & clean.

20. If on starting Generator you find that voltage is not building up what you
do?
Residual magnetism is lost. So supply power from outside by connecting battery.

21. What equipment emergency generator supplies.

(a) For a period of 3 Hrs at Emergency lighting at every muster & embarkation
station.
(b) For a period of 18 hrs at:-
(i) In all service & accommodation alleyways, stairways & exits, personal lift cars
& personnel lift trunks.
(ii) In the machinery spaces & main generating stations including their control
positions.
(iii) In all control stations, machinery control rooms, and at each main &
emergency switchboard.
(iv) At all stowage positions.
(v) At the steering gear.
(vi) At the fire pump & in all cargo pump rooms.
(vii) The navigational lights.
(viii) VHF & MF Radio installation.
(ix) The ship earth radio station.
(x) At all internal communication equipment
(xi) The fire detection & fire alarm system.
(xii) Intermittent operation of the daylight signaling lamp & all integral signals that
are required in an emergency.

22. What is diff between AC and DC?

The difference between AC and DC is that AC is an alternating current (the
amount of electrons) that flows in both directions and DC is direct current that
flows in only one direction;
The wires outside of our house are connected at two ends to AC generators. DC is
found in batteries and solar cells.
alternating current varies with time, sinusoidally... where as DC remains steady.

23. What is rms value?

The term "RMS" stands for "Root-Mean-Squared", also called the effective or
heating value of alternating current, is equivalent to a DC voltage that would
provide the same amount of heat generation in a resistor as the AC voltage would
if applied to that same resistor.

24. What maintenance carried out on Lead acid batteries.

a. Connection to be checked for tightness.
b. Casing surface to be kept clean.
c. Terminals are protected with petroleum jelly or Vaseline.
d. Specific gravity to be check with hydrometer.
1.21 Charged Condition
1.18 Discharged Condition
e. Batteries to be topped up with distilled water.
f. Check & clear vents to ensure H2 gas produced is vented.S

Safeties to be observed while operation & maintenance.

i. Use hand gloves & safety goggles while adding distilled water, shifting of
battery, or checking sp. Gravity.
ii. Use insulated spanners to tighten terminals (No Sparking, short-circuiting
should take place)
iii. Use plastic bottle or jar to add distilled water.
iv. Should not be left in discharged condition for long period.
v. If adding acid, then first put little Acid, then add water & do the same process.
vi. No naked lights to be taken inside.
vii. No smoking inside battery room.
25. What precautions you will take before entering battery room.
a.Inform the bridge & the engine control room
b.Check the oxygen content.
c. Should be ventilated properly.
d. All PPE to be donned properly & rubber hand gloves to be used.
e. No Naked lamps to be taken inside.

26. What is meaning of power factor. What is best value. What is normal
value onboard. How do you improve?
Power Factor :- The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the
ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power and is a
dimensionless number between 0 and 1
The best value is 0.85. The normal value onboard varies in between 0.8 to 0.9.
Power factor can be improved by connecting a Capacitor in parallel.

27. What is meaning of saying current and voltages are in phase

Current is in phase with voltage when there is no phase shift between the sinusoids
describing their time varying behavior. This generally occurs when the load
drawing the current is resistive.

28.What happens to resistance of conductor when temp rises.

Resistance is directly proportional to temperature.
So, resistance will increase if temperature rises.

29. Types of starters in ERoom

a. DOL (Direct On-Line)
b. Star-delta
c. Auto-transformer.
d. Face plate starter

30. Types of Motors in Eroom

a. Induction Motor.
b. Synchronous Speed Motor.
c. DC Motor.
d. Shunt motor
e. Series Motor

31. How do you check continuity.

By using the multimeter, continuity is checked. Continuity is checked between the
earth & the motor connection.
32. Meaning of open and short circuit. How checked.

33. Voltage generated in megger.

500 V.

34. What is explosion proof equipment?

It is an equipment:
(a) Having an enclosure capable of withstanding an explosion within it of a
specified flammable gas or vapor & preventing the ignition of the specified
flammable gas or vapor in the atmosphere surrounding the enclosures by the
sparks, flashes or explosion of the gas or vapor within.
(b) That operates at such an external temperature that a surrounding flammable
atmosphere will not be ignited.

35. What precautions to take while using megger ion circuits containing
Electronic components.

Safety Measures while Doing Megger Test

 Use megger for higher resistance
 While the device is on testing mode, do not touch the leads.
 Make sure that the electrical system is disconnected before the megger is
connected.

36. What precautions to take before starting a work on electric equipment?

a. Do get to know the electrical circuit or system.
b. Rubber gloves, insulated tools to be used.
c. Portable lamp, if used should be fully insulated without metal guards.
d. Precautions must be observed to isolate and lock off the apparatus. Where, fuses
are there, these should also be removed.
e. Before commencing work, it should be confirmed that the system is dead using
live line tester.
f. Men at Work signboard to be put.

37. how does tube light work.

Fluorescent lamps work by ionizing mercury vapor in a glass tube. This causes
electrons in the gas to emit photons at UV frequencies. The UV light is converted
into standard visible light using a phosphor coating on the inside of the tube.
38,. Trips on Electric Motor.
Short Circuit trip.
Overload trip.
Reverse power trip.
Reverse current trip
Fuse

39. Overhaul of an Electric Motor.

a. Disconnect the electric circuit.
b. Isolate the system.
c. Remove the fuse & check the electric supply is not coming.
d. Put MEN at Work tag.
e. Remove the coupling bolts.
f. Lift the motor with the help of lifting gear.
g. Open the end cover & remove the fan and clean the fan.
h. Remove the bearing and renew it.
i. Check the condition of winding visually & check the insulation resistance by
using megger.
h. If low, then apply varnish on it & dry it with gentle heat.
i. Check the continuity.
j. Assemble the motor.
k. Before putting it into operation, check the load being taken & any noise coming
from it.

40. Purpose of AVR

AVR :- Automatic Voltage Regulator
The AVR is used as an exciter. The purpose of AVR is to maintain terminal
voltage of an alternator constant on load.

41. What is shaft generator

The shaft generator is operated via a tunnel gear unit installed in the shaft line
between the low-speed main diesel engine and the propeller.

42 how does air compressor start stop automatically

The air reservoir has pressure switch which is set for cut-off and cut-in depending
on the pressure desired. When the pressure drops below the cut-in setting, the
switch energises the contactor coil and the compressor starts. When the pressure
reaches the cut-off setting, thes witch opens its closed contact in series with the
power circuit to contactor and cuts supply to the contactor.
43 Main switchboard safeties.
a. Ebonite Rod.
b. Rubber pad infront of switchboard.
c. Dead-front type switchboard.
d. 0.6 meter gap behind the switchboard.
e. Fuse
f. Circuit Breakers.
g. Earth Fault indicators.
h. Panel doors are earthed.
i. No water, steam or oil pipelines to pass in its vicinity.
j. Undervoltage Relay
k. Reverse Power trip.
l. Preferential trip.
m. Overcurrent trip
n. Arc Chute
o. Short-circuit trip.

44. Precautions while connecting shore power?

a. Check terminal box cover screws/nuts to remove(Find out location), lightly
greased & ease up.

45 Why load picked by crane does not fall if power goes off
Because Electro-magnetic brakes get operated.

46. How electricity is generated.

47.Maintenance on Alternator?
a. Ventilation passages & air filters to clean.
b. Insulation resistance to check for Stator, rotor winding. If low, then varnish to be
done
c. Air gap to check using plastic feeler gauge.
d. Bearing oil to be renewed.
e. Use vaccum cleaner to remove dirt/ dust.
f. Terminal box cover gasket integrity to check.
g. Terminal connections to check for tightness.
h. AVR components, diodes to keep free from oil, moisture or any dirt.
i. Heaters to be checked.

48. What is the function of Diode?

The function of a diode is to allow current in one direction and to block current in
the opposite direction.

48. How to carry out Open Circuit & Short circuit test?
Open Circuit Test: The purpose of this test is to determine no load loss or core loss.
One winding of the transformer, usually high voltage side if left open and the other
is connected to its supply of normal voltage and frequency. A wattmeter, voltmeter
and the ammeter are connected in the low voltage winding.
With the normal voltage applied to the low voltage side, normal flux will be set up
in the core, hence normal iron losses will occur which are recorded by the
Wattmeter.
The load current on the low voltage winding will be small(2 to 5 % of rated full
load current ), the copper loss in the winding will be negligible and will be nil in
the high voltage side winding..
So, the wattmeter reading will represent practically the core loss under no load
condition.
Short-Circuit Test: This is also known as Impedance test.
In this test, the low voltage winding is short circuited by using a thick conductor
(or Ammeter, which serves additional purpose of Indicating Rated load current).
A low voltage at correct frequency is applied to the primary and is cautiously
increased till full load current is flowing the high voltage side.
In this test, the applied voltage is small percentage of its rated value, hence flux
produced is small with the result that iron losses will be negligible and the
Wattmeter reading will represent the full load Cu-loss.

49. Suppose your motor has short-circuited, then how much value will you get
on Megger.

51. An example of each.

- Where does magnetic field cuts the conductor?
-where does conductor cuts the magnetic field?

52. How is signal transmitted from Navigational bridge to steering gear?

The Transmitter is located on the navigation bridge in the form of a wheel, which
transmits the given order to the Receiver located in the steering gear compartment,
by turning the steering wheel. The Receiver conveys this order to the Control Unit,
also located in the steering gear compartment, via linear motion.

53. How is the load decided on AC Compressor & how does it works?
54. What is Open-circuit & short-circuit in a control unit ?

55. Safeties in motor?

a. Fuse
b. Overload trip
c. Short-circuit trip
d. Reverse power relay

56. Working principle of Explosimeter?

An explosimeter is a device which is used to measure the amount of combustible
gases present in a sample. When a percentage of the lower explosive limit (LEL) of
an atmosphere is exceeded, an alarm signal on the instrument is activated.
"Explosimeter"
The device, also called a combustible gas detector, operates on the principle of
resistance proportional to heat—a wire is heated, and a sample of the gas is
introduced to the hot wire. Combustible gases burn in the presence of the hot wire,
thus increasing the resistance and disturbing a Wheatstone bridge, which gives the
reading.
A flashback arrestor is installed in the device to avoid the explosimeter igniting the
sample external to the device.
The combustible gas indicator shown diagrammatically above consists of a
Wheatstone bridge with current supplied from a battery. When the bridge
resistances are balanced, no current flows through the galvanometer. One
resistance is a hot filament in a combustion chamber. An aspirator bulb and
flexible tube are used to draw a gas sample into the chamber. The gas will burn in
the presence of the red hot filament causing the temperature of the filament to rise.
Rise of temperature increases the resistance of the filament and this change of
filament unbalances the bridge. The current flow registers on the meter which is
scaled in percentage of LFL or ppm.

57. Safeties and precautions on portable electrical equipments?

1.
Before portable electrical tools are used theymust be inspected and approved
for shipboarduse by the ship's electrical safety officer.
2.
Prior to the use of any portable electric tools, youshould make sure the tools have a
current ship'sinspection mark.
3. Personnel using portable electric tools arerequired to wear
safety glasses/goggles.
4.Only explosionproof (class I, group D, orbetter) portable electric tools
should be usedwhere flammable vapors, gases, liquids, orexposed explosive
s are present.
5.Rubber gloves must be worn when you are using portable electric tools under
hazardous conditions; for example, wet decks, bilge areas,working over the side, in
boats, and so forth.

58. what is the routine maintenance on the starter of main air compressor
which is of automatic start stop type?

59. How to test a fuse?

Multimeter
Put the contact pins against the two ends of the fuse.
Fuse working: there will be system continuity if the screen displays the value 0, or
it emits a continuous sound.
Fuse is blown: the fuse is dead if the display shows the value 1 or no sound is
heard.
To test a fuse without multimeter
Take a flashlight equipped with a flat battery. Unscrew the bulb and get the
battery. Place the fuse of one of the battery “blades” and the base of the bulb on the
other side of the fuse. Put the bulb pad in contact with the second “blade” of the
battery. If the bulb lights up, the fuse is good. There is no risk because the battery
voltage is extremely low.

60. Types of Fuses & diagram?

a. Catridge Type.
b. HRC(High Rupturing Capacity)

61. Which is the largest induction motor used onboard?

Alternator

62. Which current is coming out from Alternator?

63. How will know proper working of Megger?

64. Types of Switchboard?

a. Open Type
b. Dead front type.

65. Whats the use of apparent power(kva) & reactive power(kvar)??????

Apparent power consists of active and reactive power. Active power is the share of
the apparent power which transmits energy from the source (generator) to the user.
Reactive power is the share of the apparent power which represents a useless
oscillation of energy from the source to the user and back again

66. What is a Thyristor?

SCR or Thyristor is a four-layered, three-junction semiconductor switching
device. It has three terminals anode, cathode, and gate. Thyristor is also a
unidirectional device like a diode, which means it flows current only in one
direction.
Thyristors are mainly used where high currents and voltages are involved, and are
often used to control alternating currents, where the change of polarity of the
current causes the device to switch off automatically, referred to as "zero cross"
operation.

67. Maintenance carried out in Stator.

68. Why Star-Delta starters are used?

69. What all testing equipment is used for testing an electric motor?

70. Basic meaning of Intrinsically safe motor?

An intrinsically safe circuit is one that is designed for a power so low that any
spark or thermal effect produced by it whether there is fault or not, is incapable of
igniting the surrounding gas or vapor.
There are three main components in the barrier that limit the voltage and current: a
resistor, at least two Zener Diodes, and a fuse. The resistor limits the current to a
specific value known as the short circuit current, Isc. The Zener Diode limits the
voltage to a value referred to as open circuit voltage, Voc. The fuse will open
when the Zener Diode conducts thereby further protecting the circuit.
 Radios
 Cameras
 Gas detectors
 Even flashlights

71. Difference between Intrisically safe & Explosion proof?

An intrinsically safe circuit is one that is designed for a power so low that any
spark or thermal effect produced by it whether there is fault or not, is incapable of
igniting the surrounding gas or vapor.
Explosion proof, according to the National Electrical Code, applies to an apparatus
enclosed in a case that is capable of withstanding a gas or vapor explosion. It
means that, should there be an explosion, it will be contained within an enclosure.

72.Circuit diagram of Megger?

73.What is the function of Commutator?

To keep the torque on a DC motor from reversing every time the coil moves
through the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field, a split-ring device called a
commutator is used to reverse the current at that point.

74.What is the supply given to shipboard general alarm.

24 Volt DC.

75. Maintenance on switchboard?

a. Check contacts of Circuit breaker for damage & dirt.
b. Cleaning of contact using electro-cleaner.
c. Interlocks fitted to check for proper functioning.

How to make sure motor is in good condition? While Running

No noise No vibrations Motor frame temperature normal. Current drawn by the
motor is normal. No dirt or dust or no corrosion on fins. Drawing rated current.
During Stop condition.
Isloate the system Dismantle the parts Check condition of internal parts, like
bearing, fan. No damage to rotor, stator. Insulation resistance to check. No signs of
overheating should be there. While starting
Developing correct torque & high starting current. Coming back to its normal rated
current in designated time.

76. Draw star, delta 3 phase connections?

77. What are various portable electrical equipment used?

a. Megger
b. Multimeter
c. Clampmeter
d. Live line tester.
78. what is the difference between KW and KVA?
KW means that it is the power deliverd to the load. whereas the kva is the power
can be meet the load demand. so that kva is not with respect to load.

79. There are following reasons for using double tube light fitting.
1. Saving in number of fittings for a given illumination.
2. Two tubes emit light at small distance from each other, so shadows get blurred
and light is more uniform.
3. Often double tube light fixture is provided with a capacitor in series with one
tube, and its choke is different from the other. This phase difference in the two
tubes creates a time difference in light flicker from the two tubes. Since peaks
and valleys of flicker from two sources differ in time, you get flicker free
uniform light.

Preparation and checks before drydock for receiving shore power

Ensure the receiving box is not obstructed with any object, pipes or spares. It is
usually located either on the deck near accommodation entrance or the
emergency generator room
 If the box is not used or maintained for long, clean the box and ensure the safety
door hinges and locks are functioning smoothly
 Ensure all the receiving terminals inside the box are present and in good
working condition
 Ensure earthing cable is provided to earth the ship’s hull to shore earth
 Ensure measuring instrument such as voltmeter, phase sequence indicator, and
tester etc. are present
 Ensure the indication of shore power (in the form of light bulb) is present and
working
 Ensure a safety device (circuit breaker or fuse) is provided in the terminal to
protect the MSB of the ship
 Ensure details of shore power requirement is pasted near the shore receiving
terminal box, which includes required voltage, frequency, and method of
connecting the shore supply
 Ensure the ship’s batteries are tested for full charging.

A p-n junction
It is an interface or a boundary between two semiconductor material types, namely
the p-type and the n-type, inside a semiconductor. The p-side or the positive side of
the semiconductor has an excess of holes and the n-side or the negative side has an
excess of electrons.

A voltage doubler
It is an electronic circuit which charges capacitors from the input voltage and
switches these charges in such a way that, in the ideal case, exactly twice
the voltage is produced at the output as at its input.

Ni-Cd Battery
The cell is the basic unit of the NiCad battery. It consists of positive and negative
plates, separators, electrolyte, cell vent, and cell container. The positive plates are
made from a porous plaque on which nickel-hydroxide has been deposited. The
negative plates are made from similar plaques on which cadmium-hydroxide is
deposited.
The electrolyte used in the NiCad battery is a 30 percent solution of potassium
hydroxide (KOH) in distilled water.

Discharging: When the cell discharges, the potassium hydroxide (KOH) is

dissociated into potassium (K+) and hydroxyl (OH–) ions.

The hydroxyl ions go to cathode and potassium ions go to the anode. The
following chemical reaction takes place during discharging.

At cathode: Cd + 2OH —–> Cd(OH)2

At anode: Ni(OH)4 + 2K ——> 2KOH + Ni(OH)2

Thus, the anode is converted from Ni(OH)4 to NI(OH)2 and cathode is converted
from cadmium (Cd) to cadmium hydroxide [Cd(OH)2]. The strength of the
electrolyte remains the same.

Charging: When the battery is put on charging, the hydroxyl (OH-) ions move
towards the anode, whereas the potassium ions (K+) move towards the cathode.
The following chemical reaction takes place during the charging:

At anode: Ni(OH)2 + 2OH —–> NI(OH)4

At cathode: Cd(OH)2 + 2K —–> Cd + 2KOH

Thus anode and cathode regain their previous chemical composition without
changing the strength of electrolyte.
 The potassium hydroxide in NiCad batteries is an alkali solution that
is dangerous and highly corrosive to skin. This fluid can be released in the event of
damage to the battery. If it comes in contact with the skin, it can cause burns.
Contact with the eyes can result in permanent eye damage.

Transformers are rated in kVA because the losses occurring in

the transformers are independent of power factor. KVA is the unit of apparent
power. It is a combination of real power and reactive power. Transformers are
manufactured without considering the load being connected.

What will happen if Dc motor supplied with AC?

If motor windings are series in position the motor may run.but if its in parallel
position pump will not run.
Humming sounds ,vibrations will happen.torque producs in positive and negative
cycle will cancel out each other.motor will be heated up

How to make a synchronous motor self-starting?

To make synchronous motor self-starts a squirrel cage arrangement is cleverly
fitted through pole tips.

Blackout Testing
 Obtain permission Port clearance
 Deactivation of critical equipment
 Generate RA.
Before a Blackout
 Emergency generator should be tested and has to be kept in auto mode.
 All the flashlights are recharge or with new battery and ready to use.
 Inform the master in Bridge and cargo control room (must give a public
announcement).
 Steering gear system manual and stop the pumps.
 Ensure that the UPS is working correctly.
 Shutdown and switch off the cargo monitoring system .
 One of the standby aux engines is to be changed over to the pre-lubrication
priming pump supply is given from the emergency generator.
 Aux boilers Main steam valve shut and stop the boiler, power supply off (local
panel and remote PC)
 Stop all purifies and power supply off.
 Change over all the pumps from auto to manual.
 power supply off Unnecessary pumps and AC and the Reefer plant.
 incinerator and Inert gas system switch off – main and local panel
 Ensure main and emergency air bottles are free from water and full
 All the expansion tanks level in normal
 Ensure proper operation of emergency air compressor
 All the compressors are to be changed to manual and should be switched off
 If any equipment operates with PLC, it needs to be switch oft (Diesel engine power
packs)
 Stand by generators are to be in manual mode
 Reduce the running generator load to minimum
 Manually disconnect ACB from main Bus bar on running generator
 Check emergency generator auto-start and takes load withing 45 sec
 Stop the running generator engine
After Blackout recovery (consider ship’s specific)
 Start one of the standby generater in engine side, if not started automatically (Rem:
If revs are not enough open all Do valves to supply AE from DO service Tank by
gravity)
 Alternator ACB Connect it to the main bus bar
 Check sequential start pumas if not start manually and monitor all the pumps are in
operation
 Start the aux boiler and purifiers, check function and ensure all in good order
 Restart all other essential equipment and ensure all in good order
 Switch on all PCs and the communication system
 Power supply on the cargo monitoring system, check the function and ensure
whether all in good order.
 Ensure not any alarms are activated in the alarm monitoring system
 Stop and keep the Emergency generator in auto mode.
 Switch on the inert gas system and incinerator and ensure the proper function of
the PLO-operation function
 Ensure all the equipment and machineries are in good order