Information Search: The second step in the decision-making process involves searching for information

once problems are identified. Adler distinguishes two forms of thinking for information gathering: logical
order and intuition. Logical thinkers gather facts, while intuitive thinkers gather ideas based on
relationships.

Logical vs. Intuitive Thinking: Logical thinkers rely on facts, while intuitive thinkers focus on
relationships and possibilities. This distinction influences how individuals gather information and make
decisions.

Kingdon's Model: While Kingdon's model does not have a specific stage dedicated to information search,
his second step, alternatives, encompasses this process. This step involves considering different options as
potential solutions to the identified problems.

Constructing Alternatives: The third step is to specify or construct the alternatives from which a choice
will be made. Participants consider various potential alternatives and propose ideas to address the
identified problems.

Cultural Backgrounds: The process of constructing alternatives is influenced by participants' cultural

backgrounds. Cultural factors shape the types of ideas proposed, such as whether they are rooted in
tradition or innovation, and the degree of change they entail.

Challenging and Supporting Ideas: As alternatives are presented, participants respond by challenging or
supporting them. This interaction may lead to modifications or removal of certain alternatives from
consideration based on cultural perspectives.

Narrowing Alternatives: Kingdon emphasizes that specifying alternatives narrows down the set of
conceivable options to those that are seriously considered. This stage involves brainstorming to generate
multiple solutions and is typically led by experts.

Brainstorming Process: During the specification of alternatives stage, experts brainstorm to generate a
wide range of solutions. This stage contrasts with the preceding agenda-setting stage, which is often led
by a leader and focuses on identifying the key issues to be addressed.

Cultural Influence on Brainstorming: Cultural backgrounds influence the brainstorming process, affecting
the types of solutions proposed and the extent to which alternatives are challenged or supported.
Collaborative Decision-Making: Both models highlight the collaborative nature of decision-making,
where participants contribute ideas, challenge assumptions, and work together to identify and evaluate
potential solutions to the identified problems.