02 - Exercise - Maths Y4-Y5 Learning With Euclid

第一教育 · 品质十年 · 匠心铸就品牌
First Education
Lesson 2
Learning with Euclid
First Education
Content
• Identify and describe factors and multiples
• Factor trees
• Lowest common multiples and highest common factor
• Make a connection between fractions and division
• Proper and improper fractions
• Addition between whole numbers, mixed numbers, proper
fractions, and improper fractions
• Subtraction between whole numbers, mixed numbers, proper
fractions, and improper fractions
First Education
Part A
Key Knowledge
Factors
• Almost all numbers are made up of smaller numbers called factors.
• Factors are numbers that can multiply together to get another number.
For example:
2 4 = 8
factor factor
2 and 4 are both factors of 8.
Example
Answering Euclid’s Question
What are the factors of the following numbers?
1. 12
2. 16
© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 1

First Education
Question 1
Find the factors of each of the following numbers.
a. 6 b. 24
c. 8 d. 78
e. 36 f. 81
g. 120 h. 19

First Education
Recall
Multiples
A multiple is made from multiplying a number by another whole number (i.e. not a fraction).
The multiples of 4 are: 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 …
Example
Answering Euclid’s Second Question
What are the multiples of the following numbers that are between 0 and 20 (inclusive)?
1. 3
2. 6
Question 2
What are the multiples that are between 0 and 40 (inclusive) for the following numbers?
a. 2 b. 6
c. 7 d. 8
e. 4 f. 13

First Education
Question 3
There are 35 lily pads between one riverbank and the other. The frog prince has been cursed by a witch,
where his jump distance on lily pads must be the same. For example, if he jumps from the riverbank to the
third lily pad, then he can only jump to the sixth lily pad next. Afterwards, he can only jump to the ninth lily
pad, and so on. On the thirty second lily pad there is a princess frog who can get rid his curse, but the witch
has crocodile guards waiting on the fourth and ninth lily pad. If the frog prince must land on the same lily
pad as the princess frog to get rid of his curse, which lily pad should he jump to first?

First Education
Key Knowledge
Prime Numbers
Prime numbers are numbers that only have 2 factors, 1 and itself.
For example:
7 is a prime number because its factors are 1 and 7.
8 is not a prime number because its factors are 1, 2, 4 and 8.
Composite Numbers
Composite numbers are numbers that have more than 2 factors.
For example:
8 is a composite number because other than 1 and 8, it can also be made by multiplying 2 and 4 together.
7 is not a composite number as it can only be made by multiplying 1 and 7 together.
A number cannot be both prime and composite.
Note: we consider 0 and 1 to be neither prime numbers not composite numbers.
Example
Find Prime Numbers Together with the Computer
Circle the prime numbers that are between 0 and 20.

First Education
Question 4
Determine the next prime number and composite number after each of the following numbers.
a. 2 b. 19
c. 9 d. 32
e. 12 f. 54

First Education
Key Knowledge
Factor Trees
Factor trees is a way of getting the prime factors (factors that are prime numbers) of a number.
It is done by finding any pair of factors (that is not 1 and the number itself) for each number until the
number is a prime number.
The numbers that cannot be factorized (find the factor) any more are the prime factors.
For example:
24
4 6
2 2 2 3
The prime factors of 24 are 2, 2, 2 and 3.
Note: Every number will always have the same prime factors, no matter how we factorise.
If we multiply the prime factors together, we will get the original number!

First Education
Example
Try Another Maths Question with the Computer
Draw a factor tree for the following numbers:
1. 36 2. 45
Question 5
Draw a factor tree for the following numbers.
a. 12 b. 32
c. 18 d. 98

First Education
Key Knowledge
Highest Common Factor (HCF)
The highest common factor (or greatest common factor) between two numbers is the biggest number that is
a factor of both numbers.
For example:
The highest common factor (HCF) of 15 and 30 is 15.
If we look at the factors of both we can see why:
The factors of 15 are: 1, 3, 5, 15
The factors of 30 are: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30
Example
Answer Euclid’s Next Question
What is the highest common factor (HCF) between the following numbers?
1. 6 and 12 2. 14 and 32
3. 12 and 7

First Education
Question 6
What is the highest common factor (HCF) between the following numbers?
a. 21 and 7 b. 45 and 68
c. 18 and 28 d. 45 and 72
e. 12, 15 and 21 f. 35, 49 and 84

First Education
Key Knowledge
Finding Highest Common Factor (HCF) Using Prime Factors
We can actually find the highest common factor (HCF) using prime factors.
We begin by finding the prime factors of the numbers we want to find the highest common factor (HCF) of.
Then, we find the product of the prime factors that appears in all lists.
Example
Answer Euclid’s Question About Highest Common Factor (HCF)
Using the new method, find the highest common factor (HCF) between the following numbers.
1. 24 and 16 2. 64 and 92
3. 30, 78 and 112

First Education
Question 7
Using factor trees, find the highest common factor (HCF) between the following numbers.
a. 6 and 20 b. 32 and 68
c. 9 and 12 d. 24, 96 and 108

First Education
Key Knowledge
Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)
The lowest common multiple between two numbers is the smallest number that can be divided by both
numbers.
For example:
The lowest common multiple between 2 and 3 is 6.
One way of finding the lowest common multiple (LCM) is by listing the multiples of both numbers and
finding the smallest number that appears in both lists.
For example:
The lowest common multiple between 6 and 10 is 30.
The multiples of 6 are: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 …
The multiples of 10 are: 10, 20, 30 …
The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 6 and 10 is 30.
Example
Satisfy Euclid By Solving His Problem
What is the lowest common multiple (LCM) between the following numbers?
1. 7 and 5 2. 16 and 12

First Education
Question 8
a. 3 and 8 b. 16 and 24
c. 12 and 18 d. 3, 15 and 35

First Education
Key Knowledge
Finding Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) Using Prime Factors
Sometimes, a quick way of finding the lowest common multiple (LCM) is to multiply the two numbers
together. This guarantees a common multiple, but it does NOT guarantee the lowest common multiple.
For example:
The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 7 and 5 is 35, and 7  5 = 35 .
However, the lowest common multiple (LCM) of 16 and 12 is 48, which is not the same as their product
(192). Here is the guaranteed way of finding the lowest common multiple (LCM) quickly using prime
factors.
Step
1. Find the prime factors of the numbers
2. Match the primes vertically whenever possible
3. Bring down the primes in each column. The lowest common multiple (LCM) would be the product of
the factors
Example
Use the New Method to Find the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) Faster
1. 21 and 33 2. 15 and 23

First Education
Question 9
Using prime factors, find the lowest common multiple (LCM) for the following two numbers.
a. 8 and 12 b. 35 and 68
c. 6 and 16 d. 8, 12 and 32

First Education
Part B
Recall
The Relationship Between Fractions and Division
Reminder on dividends, divisors and quotients.
To convert a division expression into a fraction, we place the dividend on the top of the fraction where the
numerator is, and the divisor on the bottom of the fraction where the denominator is.
For example:
7
7  12 is the same as .
12

First Education
Example
Get Ready to Fix the Computer
Convert the following into fractions.
1. 15  4 2. 58 115
Convert the following into division expressions.

35 87
1. 2.
46 211

First Education
Question 10
Convert the following into fractions.
a. 27  13 b. 93  23
c. 19  89 d. 528  754
Question 11
Convert the following into a division expression.
51 67
a. b.
65 86
75 1325
c. d.
98 984

First Education
Key Knowledge
Simplifying Fractions
One reason why we learnt about factors is so that we can simplify fractions!
For example:
20
15
We can simplify this fraction by dividing the numerator and the denominator with common factors.
The factors of 15 are: 1, 3, 5, 15
The factors of 20 are: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20
A common factor is 5.
Dividing both the numerator and the denominator by 5 gives us:
20  5 4
=
15  5 3
4 and 3 don’t have any common factors (other than 1), meaning that we have made the numerator and the
denominator as small as we can.

First Education
Example
Help Team FIRST Connect the Wires to the Correct Place
Draw a line between two fractions that are equal in value.

First Education
Question 12
Simplify each of the following fractions to its most basic form.
9 15
a. b.
27 85
18 8
c. d.
24 124
Recall
Proper Fractions, Improper Fractions, and Mixed Numbers
Proper fractions are fractions whose numerator is smaller than its denominator.
1 3 5
For example: , ,
2 7 9
Improper fractions are fractions whose numerator is greater than or equal to its denominator.
5 8 9
For example: , ,
2 5 9
Mixed numbers are numbers with both a proper fraction and a whole number.
4 3 6
For example: 1 , 6 , 3
5 4 7

First Education
Example
Fix the Computer’s Code
Label the following with either whole number, improper fraction, proper fraction or mixed number.
5 19
1. 2.
7 2
3. 8 2
4. 4
7
Question 13
Label each of the following with either whole number, improper fraction, proper fraction, or mixed number.
138 5
a. b. 6
135 26
c. 5 46
d.
134

First Education
Example
Fix the Computer’s Code
Choose the greatest number among teach of the following groups of fractions.
17 4 2 15 32
1. and 2 2. 4 , and
2 7 4 6 8
Question 14
Choose the smallest number among each of the following groups of numbers.
28 2 3 46 12
a. ,1 b. 7 , and
10 7 6 5 7
1 6 4 1 22 35
c. 5 , 3 and 4 d. 4 , and
3 7 9 5 5 7

First Education
Key Knowledge
Addition between Whole Numbers, Mixed Numbers, Proper Fractions, and Improper Fractions.
Addition between any proper fractions and improper fractions:
1. Make sure the denominators (bottom number) of the fractions are the same. One way of doing this is by
multiplying the numerator and denominator of each fraction by the other fraction’s denominator.
Another way is to find the lowest common multiple (LCM) between the numbers and try and make the
denominator of all fractions the same as the lowest common multiple (LCM).
2. Add the numerator (top number) of the fractions together and put that answer over the denominator.
3. Simplify the fraction if needed.
3 1
For example: +
5 6
3  6 1 5 18 5
Make the denominators the same. + = +
5  6 6  5 30 30
18 5 23
Add the numerators and place the result over the denominator. + =
30 30 30
As we cannot simplify fraction we are finished.
Example
Help the Fairy Solve the Computer Problem
Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.
12 3 2 7
1. + = ________ 2. + = ________
6 6 6 9

First Education
Question 15
4 2 5 1
a. + = ________ b. + = ________
7 7 12 8
3 1 2 4
c. + = ________ d. + = ________
8 7 9 11

First Education
Key Knowledge
Addition Involving Whole Numbers and Mixed Numbers
Before we perform any addition, we must convert any whole numbers into fractions and any mixed numbers
into improper fractions.
We can convert whole numbers into fraction by placing the whole number over 1.
4
For example: 4 =
1
We can convert any mixed numbers into improper fractions by multiplying the whole number by the
denominator and adding the result to the numerator of the fraction.
2 17
For example: 3 =
5 5
Example
Help the Fairy Solve the Computer Problem
3 5 3 1
1. 2 + 5 = ________ 2. + 2 + 2 + = ________
6 6 12 4

First Education
Question 16
3 8
a. 2 + 6 = ________ b. 4 + 2 = ________
5 9
7 5 4 9
c. 1 + + 3 = ________ d. + 7 + 7 = ________
8 4 3 12
4 1 3 14 5
e. 1 + 4 + 2 = ________ f. 1 + + 2 = ________
10 3 6 3 8

First Education
Key Knowledge
Subtraction between whole numbers, mixed numbers, proper fractions, and improper fractions.
Subtraction follows the same steps as addition, just that instead of adding we subtract the numerators!
Example
12 8 7 8
1. − = ________ 2. 1 − = ________
7 7 9 6
2 3 1
3. 4 − − 3 − = ________
5 8 10

First Education
Question 17
3 1 1 9
a. − = ________ b. 3 − = ________
8 8 4 6
3 1 3 3 6 1
c. 1 − − = ________ d. 1 − − = ________
12 3 4 7 5 35
7 2 1 5 5 5
e. 2 − − = ________ f. 7 − − − 4 = ________
8 4 2 6 5 12

First Education
Challenge Question
The Stars
Arrange a certain number of dots in a circle (3 or more dots) and draw some lines from a starting point,
connecting the dot to another dot. The lines must skip the same number of dots each time.
1. Can you find the relationship between the number of dots on the circle and the number of steps that will
make all dots connected? (Very important! The number of dots in the circle must be 5 or higher!)
2. There are some special number of dots that no matter the step size, the dots are always connected.
5 is an example of this. Can you think of other numbers that have this property and why?

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第一教育 · 品质十年 · 匠心铸就品牌

• Almost all numbers are made up of smaller numbers called factors.

2 and 4 are both factors of 8.

Answering Euclid’s Question

What are the factors of the following numbers?

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 1

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 2

The multiples of 4 are: 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 …

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 3

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 4

A number cannot be both prime and composite.

Note: we consider 0 and 1 to be neither prime numbers not composite numbers.

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 5

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 6

The prime factors of 24 are 2, 2, 2 and 3.

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 7

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 8

The highest common factor (HCF) of 15 and 30 is 15.

If we look at the factors of both we can see why:

The factors of 15 are: 1, 3, 5, 15

The factors of 30 are: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 9

e. 12, 15 and 21 f. 35, 49 and 84

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 10

3. 30, 78 and 112

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 11

c. 9 and 12 d. 24, 96 and 108

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 12

The lowest common multiple between 2 and 3 is 6.

The lowest common multiple between 6 and 10 is 30.

The multiples of 6 are: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 …

The multiples of 10 are: 10, 20, 30 …

The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 6 and 10 is 30.

Satisfy Euclid By Solving His Problem

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 13

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 14

Finding Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) Using Prime Factors

The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 7 and 5 is 35, and 7  5 = 35 .

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 15

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 16

Reminder on dividends, divisors and quotients.

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 17

Convert the following into division expressions.

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 18

© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 19

The factors of 15 are: 1, 3, 5, 15

The factors of 20 are: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20

Dividing both the numerator and the denominator by 5 gives us:

denominator as small as we can.

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© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 24

Addition between any proper fractions and improper fractions:

3. Simplify the fraction if needed.

As we cannot simplify fraction we are finished.

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© Copyright First Education & Technology Group Page 30