COMPLEX ANALYSIS HOMEWORK 7

ATHARV SAMPATH

Exercise 10
Proof. First, let us find the residue at 𝑖𝑎 and then integrate over the given contour. Let
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧log 𝑧
2 +𝑎2 , where we take the branch cut of the logarithm along −𝑖𝑏 for all 𝑏 ∈ [0, ∞).

Furthermore, 𝑖𝑎 is a pole of order 1. Finding the residue at 𝑖𝑎, we have

log 𝑧 log 𝑧 log 𝑖𝑎 log 𝑎 𝜋
res𝑖𝑎 𝑓 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑖𝑎) = lim = = +
𝑧→𝑖𝑎 2
𝑧 +𝑎 2 𝑧→𝑖𝑎 ( 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑎 ) 2𝑖𝑎 2𝑖𝑎 2𝑎
Label the contours from the portion on the positive real axis 𝛾1 , the larger arc 𝛾2 , the
portion on the negative real axis 𝛾3 , and the smaller arc 𝛾4 . Choose 𝜖 < min{𝑎, 1}, 𝑅 >
max{𝑎, 1}. Parametrize 𝛾1 with 𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑡 from 𝜖 to 𝑅, 𝛾2 with 𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝑡 from 0 to 𝜋, 𝛾3 with
𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑡 from −𝑅 to −𝜖, and 𝛾4 with 𝑧(𝑡) = 𝜖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 from 𝜋 to 0 . Integrating over the 𝛾2 and
taking absolute values, we have
| log 𝑧 | | 𝜋 log 𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝑡 |
| 𝑑𝑧 |=| 𝑅𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 |
𝑑𝑡
|∫ 𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 | |∫ (𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝑡 ) + 𝑎2 2 |
| 𝛾2 | | 0 |
𝜋| 𝑖𝑡 |
log 𝑅𝑒
≤ ∫ || 2 2𝑖𝑡 2
𝑅𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 || 𝑑𝑡
0 |𝑅 𝑒 + 𝑎 |
𝜋| 𝑖𝑡 |
log 𝑅𝑒
= ∫ || 2 2𝑖𝑡 2|
| 𝑅𝑑𝑡
0 | 𝑅 𝑒 + 𝑎 |
𝜋| |
log 𝑅 + 𝑖𝑡
= ∫ || 2 2𝑖𝑡 2
| 𝑅𝑑𝑡
|
0 | 𝑅 𝑒 + 𝑎 |
𝜋
log 𝑅 + |𝑖𝑡|
≤∫ 𝑅𝑑𝑡
0 |𝑅2 𝑒 2𝑖𝑡 | + |𝑎2 |
𝜋 𝜋
log 𝑅 + 𝑡 log 𝑅 + 𝑡 log 𝑅 + 𝜋
=∫ |𝑎2 |
𝑑𝑡 ≤ ∫ |𝑎2 | 𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝜋 2
0 |𝑅𝑒 2𝑖𝑡 | + 𝑅 0 𝑅+ 𝑅 𝑅 + |𝑎𝑅 |
|𝑎2 |
since 𝑡, log 𝑅 > 0. Since 𝑅 → ∞, log 𝑅 + 𝜋, 𝑅 + 𝑅
→ ∞,
log 𝑅 + 𝜋 1/𝑅 1
lim |𝑎2 |
= lim |𝑎2 |
= lim |𝑎2 |
= 0.
𝑅→∞ 𝑅+ 𝑅
𝑅→∞ 1− 𝑅2
𝑅→∞ 𝑅− 𝑅

Date: April 2023.

1
2 ATHARV SAMPATH

Thus, as 𝑅 → ∞, the contribution along 𝛾2 vanishes to 0 . Similarly, for 𝛾4 , we have

| log 𝑧 | | 0 log 𝜖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 |
| 𝑑𝑧 |=| 𝜖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 |
𝑑𝑡
|∫ 𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 | |∫ (𝜖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 )2 + 𝑎2 |
| 𝛾4 | | 𝜋 |
0| 𝑖𝑡 |
log 𝜖𝑒
≤ ∫ || 2 2𝑖𝑡 2
𝜖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 || 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 | 𝜖 𝑒 + 𝑎 |
0| 𝑖𝑡 |
log 𝜖𝑒 |
= ∫ || 2 2𝑖𝑡 2|
𝜖𝑑𝑡
𝜋 |𝜖 𝑒 + 𝑎 |
0|
− log 𝜖 + 𝑖𝑡 ||
= ∫ || 2 2𝑖𝑡 2 |
𝜖𝑑𝑡
𝜋 | 𝜖 𝑒 +𝑎 |
0
− log 𝜖 + |𝑖𝑡|
≤∫ 2 2𝑖𝑡 2
𝜖𝑑𝑡
𝜋 |𝜖 𝑒 | + |𝑎 |
0 0
− log 𝜖 + 𝑡 − log 𝜖 + 𝑡 − log 𝜖 + 𝜋
≤∫ |𝑎2| 𝑑𝑡 ≤ ∫ |𝑎2| 𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝜋 2 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 |𝜖𝑒 2𝑖𝑡 | + 𝜖 𝜋 𝜖+ 𝜖 𝜖 + |𝑎𝜖 |

|𝑎2 |
since 𝑡, − log 𝜖 > 0. Since 𝜖 → 0, − log 𝜖 + 𝜋, 𝜖 + 𝜖
→ ∞,

− log 𝜖 + 𝜋 −1/𝜖 −1
lim |𝑎2 |
= lim |𝑎2 |
= lim |𝑎2 |
= 0.
𝜖→0 𝜖+ 𝜖
𝜖→0 1− 𝜖2
𝜖→0 𝜖− 𝜖

Thus, as 𝜖 → 0, the contribution along 𝛾4 also vanishes to 0 . For the integral over 𝛾1 , 𝛾3 ,
we have
𝑅 −𝜖
log 𝑧 log 𝑡 log 𝑠
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑑𝑠.
𝛾1 +𝛾3 𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 𝜖
2
𝑡 +𝑎 2 2
−𝑅 𝑠 + 𝑎
2

Letting 𝑠 = −𝑡, we have

𝑅 𝜖
log 𝑧 log 𝑡 log −𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ (−1)𝑑𝑡
𝛾1 +𝛾3 𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 𝜖 𝑡 2 + 𝑎2 2
𝑅 (−𝑡) + 𝑎
2

𝑅 𝑅
log 𝑡 log −𝑡
=∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝜖 𝑡 +𝑎 𝜖 𝑡 2 + 𝑎2
𝑅 𝑅
log 𝑡 log 𝑡 + 𝑖𝜋
=∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝜖 𝑡 +𝑎 𝜖 𝑡 2 + 𝑎2
𝑅
log 𝑡 𝑅
1 𝑅
log 𝑡 𝑖𝜋 𝑡 ||𝑅
= 2∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 + arctan |
𝜖 𝑡 +𝑎 𝜖 𝑡 + 𝑎2
2
𝜖 𝑡 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎 |𝜖
 COMPLEX ANALYSIS HOMEWORK 7 3

log 𝑎 𝜋
Thus we have, as 𝑅 → ∞, 𝜖 → 0 and as res𝑖𝑎 𝑓 = 2𝑖𝑎
+ 2𝑎
, we have
𝑅 | 𝑅
log 𝑡 𝑖𝜋 𝑡 log 𝑎 𝜋
lim 2∫ 𝑑𝑡 + arctan || = 2𝜋𝑖 +
𝑅→∞,𝜖→0 ( 𝜖 𝑡2
+𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑎 |𝜖 ) ( 2𝑖𝑎 2𝑎 )
𝑅
log 𝑡 𝑖𝜋 𝑡 ||𝑅 𝜋 log 𝑎 𝑖𝜋 2
lim 2∫ 𝑑𝑡 + lim arctan = +
𝑅→∞,𝜖→0 ( 𝜖 𝑡 2 + 𝑎2 ) 𝑅→∞,𝜖→0 ( 𝑎 𝑎 ||𝜖 ) 𝑎 𝑎
𝑅
log 𝑡 𝑖𝜋 2 𝜋 log 𝑎 𝑖𝜋 2
lim 2∫ 𝑑𝑡 + = +
𝑅→∞,𝜖→0 ( 𝜖 𝑡 2 + 𝑎2 ) 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑅
log 𝑡 𝜋 log 𝑎
lim 2∫ 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑅→∞,𝜖→0 ( 𝜖 𝑡 +𝑎 )
2 2 𝑎
∞
log 𝑡 𝜋 log 𝑎
∫ 𝑡 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑎
0
as desired. ■
Exercise 11
Proof. First, note that log |1 − 𝑎𝑒 𝑖𝜃 | is the real part of log(1 − 𝑎𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ). Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = log(1 − 𝑎𝑧).
Since 𝑓 is holomorphic on the unit disk, we have
2𝜋 2𝜋
1 𝑖𝜃 1
0 = 𝑓 (0) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑒 )d𝜃 = ∫ log(1 − 𝑎𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )d𝜃
2𝜋 0 2𝜋 0
for all 𝑎 such that |𝑎| < 1. Then, only taking the real part, we have
2𝜋

∫ log |1 − 𝑎𝑒 𝑖𝜃 |d𝜃 = 0
0
√
as desired. If 𝑎 = 1, then note that we have ||1 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 || = 2(1 − cos(𝜃)) = 2| sin 𝜃/2|. Now,
we have
2𝜋 𝜋/2
| 𝑖𝜃 |
log |1 − 𝑒 | d𝜃 = 4 ∫ log(2 sin(𝜃))d𝜃 = 0
∫
0 0
since
𝜋/2
𝜋
∫ log(sin(𝜃))d𝜃 = − log(2).
0 2
Therefore, the equality holds even when |𝑎| = 1. ■
4 ATHARV SAMPATH

Exercise 15
b.
Proof. Write 𝑆 ∶= {0 < Arg(𝑧) < 𝜙} and choose 𝑛 large enough so that
𝔻 ⊆ 𝑆 ∪ 𝜁𝑛 𝑆 ∪ 𝜁𝑛2 𝑆 ∪ ⋯ ∪ 𝜁𝑛𝑛−1 𝑆
so that the rotated sectors cover the disc. By uniform convergence of 𝑓 to 0 on 𝑆, choose
𝑟 < 1 small enough so that |𝑓 (𝑧)| < 𝜀 for |𝑧| < 𝑟 in 𝑆. Note that 𝔻𝑟 ⊆ ⋃𝑛−1 𝑘
𝑘=0 𝜁𝑛 𝑆𝑟 , where
𝑆𝑟 ∶= {𝑧 ∈ 𝑆 ∣ |𝑧| ≤ 𝑟} is a subsector of radius 𝑟. By the maximum modulus priciple, let 𝑀
be the maximum of 𝑓 on 𝔻, which is (WLOG) attained at some point on 𝑆. Then |𝑓 | < 𝑀
on every 𝜁𝑛𝑘 𝑆𝑟 . Now define
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
𝑘
𝑔(𝑧) ∶= 𝑓 (𝑧) ∏ 𝑓 (𝜁𝑛 𝑧 ) ∶= 𝑓 (𝑧) ∏ 𝑓𝑘 (𝑧).
𝑘=1 𝑘=1
Note that |𝑓 (𝑧)| ≤ 𝜀 and |𝑓𝑘 (𝑧)| ≤ 𝑀, so
𝜀→0
|𝑔(𝑧)| ≤ 𝜀 ⋅ 𝑀 𝑛−1 ⟶ 0
since 𝑀 is a constant. So 𝑔(𝑧) ≡ 0 on 𝔻𝑟 , and by the identity principle, on 𝔻. Thus some
factor 𝑓𝑘 (𝑧) is identically zero. But if 𝑓 (𝜁𝑛𝑘 𝑧 ) ≡ 0 on 𝔻, then 𝑓 (𝑧) ≡ 0 on 𝔻, since every
𝑧 ∈ 𝔻 can be written as 𝜁𝑛𝑘 𝑤 for some 𝑤 ∈ 𝔻. ■
d.
Proof. Write 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 where by assumption 𝑢 is bounded. Both 𝑢 and 𝑣 are harmonic,
so if |𝑢| ≤ 𝑀 on ℂ, there is some disc where |𝑢| = 𝑀 for some point in the interior. By the
maximum modulus principle, 𝑢 is constant on ℂ. So 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 = 0, and by Cauchy-Riemann,
𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 = 0, so 𝑣′ = 0 and 𝑣 is constant, making 𝑓 constant. ■
Exercise 16
a.
Proof. Note that if 𝜖 is sufficiently small, then |𝜖𝑔(𝑧)| < |𝑓 (𝑧)|. Then, we can apply Rouche’s
theorem to see that 𝑓 and 𝑓 + 𝜖𝑔 have the same number of zeros inside the unit disk.
Since 𝑓 has a unique zero in the unit disk, so does 𝑓 + 𝜖𝑔. ■
b.
Proof. By the argument principle we have
𝑓 ′ (𝑧)
𝑧𝜖 = ∫ 𝑧 d𝑧,
𝛾 𝑓 (𝑧)

which shows that 𝜖 ↦ 𝑧𝜖 is continuous as desired. ■

 COMPLEX ANALYSIS HOMEWORK 7 5

Exercise 17
a.
Proof. Suppose 𝑓 (𝑧) does not have a zero in the unit disc, 𝔻. Then 1/𝑓 (𝑧) is holomorphic
in 𝔻. Note that since |𝑓 (𝑧)| = 1 whenever |𝑧| = 1, |1/𝑓 (𝑧)| = 1/|𝑓 (𝑧)| = 1 whenever
|𝑧| = 1 as well. But 𝑓 (𝑧) is holomorphic in 𝔻, implying |𝑓 (𝑧)| ≤ 1 in 𝔻 by the maximum
modulus principle since |𝑓 (𝑧)| = 1 on the boundary of 𝔻. We find 1 ≤ |𝑓 (𝑧)| ≤ 1 in
the unit disk, which implies that our function is constant as its modulus is constant, a
contradiction. Let 𝑤0 ∈ 𝔻. Consider the constant function 𝑔(𝑧) = −𝑤0 . On the unit circle,
|𝑓 (𝑧)| = 1 > |𝑤0 | = |𝑔(𝑧)| for all |𝑧| = 1. By Rouché’s theorem, 𝑓 (𝑧) and 𝑓 (𝑧) + 𝑔(𝑧) have
the same number of zeros inside the unit circle (in 𝔻). But we have shown that 𝑓 (𝑧) has
at least one zero, thus for some 𝑧𝑤 , 0 = 𝑓 (𝑧𝑤 ) + 𝑔 (𝑧𝑤 ) = 𝑓 (𝑧𝑤 ) − 𝑤0 . Thus for all 𝑤0 ∈ 𝔻,
there exists 𝑧𝑤 such that 𝑓 (𝑧𝑤 ) = 𝑤0 . Thus the image of 𝑓 (𝑧) contains the unit disc. ■
b.
Proof. Since |𝑓 | is continuous on the compact closed unit disk, the modulus of 𝑓 attains
a minimum on the closed unit disk. By the maximum modulus principle, the minimum
must be attained inside the open unit disk since 𝑓 (𝑧0 ) < 1 but 𝑓 (𝑧) ≥ 1 when |𝑧| = 1.
Now assume that the minimum is attained at 𝑧 ′ ∈ 𝔻 and |𝑓 (𝑧 ′ )| > 0. Then 𝑓 (𝑧) is never
1
zero inside 𝔻 so 𝑓 (𝑧) is holomorphic in 𝔻. Now we have that
1
≥1 𝑧∈𝔻
|𝑓 (𝑧)|
by the maximum modulus principle but this contradicts the existance of the point 1 >
|𝑓 (𝑧 ′ )| > 0 Therefore, there is a point 𝑧 ∈ 𝔻 at which 𝑓 (𝑧) = 0. Now consider 𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑤0
for 𝑤0 ∈ 𝔻 Since |𝑓 (𝑧)| ≥ |−𝑤0 | when 𝑧 ∈ 𝜕𝔻 by rouche’s theorem, 𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑤 has the same
number of zeros as 𝑓 which has at least one. Therefore, finishing in the same way as
above, the unit disk is contained in the image of 𝑓 . ■