THOERY OF DESIGN

https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/city-and-architecture/a2162-8-cities-in-
india-famous-for-their-heritage-architecture/
The principles of design are regarded as a basis of conduct which establish
success formed by design or plan

The principles of design are

1) Line
2) Shape
3) Color
4) Harmony
5) Proportion
6) Contrast

1] Form
 Usually three dimensional i.e. it has height, width and length/thickness.
 It is the underlying structure or composition in the work of art.
 Attained by general shapes like cone, cylinder, sphere, pyramid and cube.
 Geometric shapes found in nature are honeycombs, sea shells.
2] Shape
 Represented as an outline or external appearance of on object.
 Learners get confused between form and shape.
 Smooth and unbroken lines give a longer slimming effect.
 Types of shapes :
a) Abstract shapes
 Shapes with round corners.
 Seek to achieve effect and visual structure by using forms,
colors and textures.
 Used to create abstract shapes to generate conceptual
simplicity of a design.

b) Organic /irregular shapes

 Lend to curvilinear qualities that suggest growth and.
movement
 Easy to transform into beautiful designs.
 Control a big proportion of our ordinary design creations.
c) Geometric / regular shapes
 Usually man made and obtained from regular shapes.
 Such shapes largely exist as non-living things.
 Geometric shapes create pleasant decorative designs that
are based on regular lines, angles and curves.
3] Line
 Line is a path traced by a moving point.
 Commonly used in Chinese paintings.
 The quality of a line has the ability to express psychological characteristics
of a composition to an audience.
 types of lines :
HORIZONTAL LINE ZIGZAG LINE
DAHSED LINE WAVY LINE
DIAGONAL LINE PARALLEL LINE
STRAIGHT LINE PERPENDICULAR LINE
CURVED LINE OUTLINE AND DOTTED LINE

 uses of lines
a) reveals movement and activity in all designs
b) used to mold shapes
c) used to generate a sketch
d) used to convey texture and design
e) reveal areas of emphasis on a design
 f) determines shapes

Volume: gives impression of height, length and width in 3D

Mass: volume or bulk of an object
Space: area surrounded by mass
Dots: small round spots or marks
 used to create a line , project movement , can form texture , depict
distances within a perspective

4] Space
 2D artists mainly refer real white space as breathing-space, as is
predominantly used on layouts.
 It reveals depth in a receding background.
 “Space is an element, which when arranged according to design
principles, creates unity.”
 Types of spaces :
a) Negative Space
 Produces a silhouette of contrasting image.
 It is the Inset half-done dots obtained from a section of
smooth tones on a shoe surface/ unoccupied area.
  It lies within the inhabited shapes of spaces.

B) Positive Space
 Found in area usually occupied by images and dominates our
sense of sight on a design.
 On 3D artworks like sculptures, positive spaces and negative
space function together to cause a worthwhile display of
forms.
5] Texture
 The roughness or smoothness of a surface.
 It is also made up of surface qualities known as visual or tactile textures.
 It is used to describe the quality of a surface. Example => rough, hard,
smooth, soft, shiny, dull etc.
 Type of textures :
a) Tactile texture
 Texture that can be seen by the eye or could be felt by a
touch.
 It is real texture.

b) Visual texture
 Also called as implied texture.
 Effortlessly realized by our eyes visually.
 It can be created on 2D surfaces by using patterns or colors.

 Uses of textures are

a) Used to show distance in a design
b) Used to express true quality of a shape
c) Used to suggest as a desirable meaning to a work of art. Example
=> showing themes like aggression or agitation
6] Value
 Associated with proportionate
lightness or darkness of colors.

7] Color
 Powerful element of design.
 Color is a mixture of light with different wavelengths and a form of
energy which we can actually see.
 Sir Isaac Newton developed the first circular diagram of color in 1666
called as the Newton’s Color Wheel.
 Coloring matter used during painting or printing is called as pigments.
 Types of colors :
a) Primary colors :
 Cannot be obtained by mixing any other colors and are
called as pure pigments.
 They include red, blue, and yellow.
 b) Secondary colors :
 Created using secondary colors.
Yellow + Blue Green
Yellow + Red Orange
Red + Blue Purple

c) Tertiary/Intermediate colors :
 Made with equal mixtures of primary colors and
secondary colors.
 Basic Tertiary Color =>
Green + Orange Olive/ Greenish Grey
Orange + Red Russet/ Reddish Grey
Green + Purple Slate
 Neutral Tertiary Color =>
Yellow-Orange, Red-Orange, Red-Purple, Blue-Purple,
Blue-Green, Yellow Green
 System of colors :
a) Subtractive colors :
 They are cyan, magenta and yellow.
 They are seen differently on physical objects and in
light.
b) Additive colors :
 Apply to radiant light of sun and are hence optical.
 The additive mixing of primary optical colors produces
a sensation of colorless light.
 They are red, blue, and yellow.
It is used to organize the structural elements of design.
1] Contrast
 Used to create differences between tones, colors, textures, images within
a work of art.
 Using Chroma (pure) colors emphasis of hue contrast, while weak
Chroma neutralizes the contrast.
2] Emphasis
 Used to indicate parts of design, which express exceptional importance.
 It can be done using colors, shapes, textures and other elements of
design.
 Perspective is an angle of vision depicting foreshortening.

 Types of perspective :
a) Standpoint :
 Operates linearly.
 Object in foreground are drawn bigger and distinct, in
the middle ground are drawn smaller and less distinct
while in the background are drawn faintly.
 It is important to rely on parallel lines converging to a
single vanishing point of an object.
b) Birds-eye view :
 Translated as a general view seen from above/ looking
downwards.
 Also referred to as a three point perspective.
 Used for portraying maps and landscapes.
 Artists make use of high grounds to sketch this.

c) Frog view :
 It is a worm’s eye view which is looking upward.
 Sketching from slanted mirror helps artist attain a
sketch in frogs eye view.
3] Balance
 Types of balance :
a) Symmetrical/ formal balance :
 Also known as passive balance.
 Contains an imaginary central vertical line also known
as axis.
 It displays an uncommutative line that divides artistic
arrangements in two proportional parts.
 It is characteristic of all nature objects like birds,
plants, animals etc.
 They are perceived as simpler and more stable.

b) Asymmetrical balance :
 Also referred as informal or active balance.
 Can be made by arranging contrasting objects of equal
visual weight.
c) Radial balance :
 Displays all design aspects starting from center point
and then spreads them towards the enclosing
boundary of the design.
 Perceived as helpless, honest and innocent.
 Also a feature of natural world.
d) Approximate symmetry :
 Consists of necessary appeal required by most
designers and artists.
 They display the two portions as not exactly as same.
4] Rhythm And Movement
 It happens by creating actions or visual intervals on distinguished
elements of design and color, shape, texture.
 Artists use rhythm to gibe movement to the manner in which our eyes
move over a work of art to control the pace at which our gaze travels in a
harmonious way.

5] Proportions
 It is used for describing scale and its consistent relationship of sizes on
objects, or parts of the body.
 Once we appreciate this intimate connection between proportion and
scale, the central importance of proportion in design becomes apparent.
6] Harmony
 It forms a compatibility of arrangements, which results into pleasing
relationships.
 Harmony as the pleasing combination of parts make up a whole
combination.
 A design having harmony will have proper placements of existing objects.

7] Unity
 It is a state of forming a pleasing whole of the design.
 The three aspects that contribute to the unity of work of art are the
rhythms, the balances and the proportions.
1] The Golden Section
 It is the law of proportionality.
 It is famously known from Leonardo Da Vinci’s 1509 drawing “The Divine
Proportion” and developed by Vitruvius.
 The law states that : “ two unequal parts of a whole must be in
relationship to each other to create a satisfactory image to the eye.”
 Numerically it is equal to 1.618034 or 38% to 62%.
 It is formed with the help of Fibonacci numbers.
1+√5
 Its fractional value is :
2
2] Renaissance Theory
 Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the
early 15th and 17th Century in Europe.
 This theory is introduced by “Special Order” or “Ideal Order” pioneered by
Vitruvius.
 It’s based on human dimension for produce architecture creation to
harmony and beautiful for human and nature.
 Its divided into two parts :
a) Theory on seven types of plan for designing a room
b) Theory to determine the height of a room

3] Sistem Modulor
 It was developed as a visual bridge between two incompatible scales, the
Imperial and the metric systems. It is based on the height of a man with
his arm raised.
 Developed by Le Corbusier in the long tradition of Vitruvius, Leonardo Da
Vinci’s Viturvian Man, the work of Leone Battista Alberti, and other
attempts to discover the mathematical proportions in the human body,
also known as Golden Ratio and then to use that knowledge to improve
both, the appearance and function of architecture.
 The system is based on human measurements, the double unit, the
Fibonacci numbers and the golden ratio.
 Le Corbusier described it as a “ range of harmonius measurements to suit
the universally applicable to architecture and to mechanical things”.
  Le Corbuiseir used this modular scale to design many buildings like Notre
Dame du Haute and buildings in Chandigarh.
 A version of this modular was cast in concrete near the entrance of first
United Habitation apartment.

4] Anthropometric
 It refers to the comparative measurement of the body and are used in
nutritional measurements.
 This requires precise measuring techniques to be valid.
 They are used to develop standards for human clearances and
maneuvering space between pieces of furniture or equipment.
1] Primary Colours
Red, blue, and yellow

2] Secondary Colours
Yellow + Blue Green
Yellow + Red Orange
Red + Blue Purple
3] Tertiary Colours
Green + Orange Olive/ Greenish Grey
Orange + Red Russet/ Reddish Grey
Green + Purple Slate

Yellow-Orange, Red-Orange, Red-Purple, Blue-Purple, Blue-Green, Yellow Green

4] Complimentary Colors
Colors opposite to each other on the color wheel.
Green Red
Orange Blue
Purple Yellow

4] Analogues Colours
Colors positioned next to each other on a color wheel are called as analogues
colors. Example => blue-green, blue-violet and blue
5] Triadic Colours
Colours which are equidistant from one another on the colour wheel are
called as triadic colours. Eg – Purple, green, orange
6] Split Complimentary Colours
Colours on either side of the colours compliment are known as split
complimentary colours.
Eg = yellow-green, blue-green and green
7] Tetradic Colours
A tetradic (double complementary) colour scheme uses four colours
organized into two complementary colour pairs. It is a very aggressive colour
scheme, requiring very good planning and very emotional approach to
relations of these colours.
8] Neutral Colors
Colors that are not shown in the color wheel like black, grey, brown, beige
etc.
They are also called as earth colors.
9] Cool Color
Colors that give an impression of calm and a smoothing impression. They
remind us of things like water and grass.
10] Warm Color
Colors that are vivid, energetic and those that advance in space [eye catching].
They remind us of sun and fire.
11] Monochromatic Color
Use of any one hue [pure pigment of a color] in combination of all its tints and
shades.
12] Achromatic Colors
Hue of only black, white and grey .i.e. without any color.

TINT => when a color is made lighter by adding white.

SHADE => when a color is made darker by adding black.
TONE => when grey is added to a color.
 CITIES DESIGNINGS

Touted as the country’s most planned city, Chandigarh is situated in the

northern part of India. It is a Union Territory that serves as the capital of Punjab
and Haryana. The city was designed by Le Corbusier, a Swiss-French architect and
urban planner. It is known for its neatly planned layout and is further divided into
sectors that are well-connected to each other via 6-lane roads.
“The streets running parallel to the roads are wide with narrow lanes for cycle-
rickshaws and pedestrians while streets within the sectors are narrow and only
allow slower traffic. Traffic control within the city is also sound,” avers Sumit
Aggarwal, Partner, HomzKraft. Beautiful trees planted on both sides of the road
make a wonderful sight to watch. To add to this, there is a park and a dedicated
shopping area in each sector. The traffic in the city is well-managed too.

Chandigarh was designed by Partap Singh Kairon, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai,
Maciej Nowicki, Albert Mayer and Le Corbusier in collaboration with Jane Drew
and Maxwell Fry.
 Situated in the north of Gujarat, Gandhinagar serves as the state capital and is
better known as Green City. The city was planned by architect H.K. Mewada and
his assistant Prakash M Apte, who worked as trainees under architect Le
Corbusier on Chandigarh project in the 1950’s. The city lives up to its name of
being called a ‘Green City’ as it is covered by an extensive green belt. One can
find trees and plants along both sides of the roads. The city does not face traffic
congestion and like Chandigarh, it also has wide roads with service lanes along
most of them. Besides, separate areas have been designated for residential,
commercial and educational purposes and for the IT industry. Unlike
Ahmedabad, the city is not densely populated and most of the area is not
commercialized yet, which leaves ample of scope for civic authorities for further
planning and development.
 Based on the picturesque Italian fishing town Portofino, Lavasa is India’s first
privately planned city being built in Pune. Situated just two hours’ drive from the
IT Hub in Pune and four hours’ drive from Mumbai, the hi-tech city is being
visualized as urban yet simple and close to nature. It is modeled on the principles
of New Urbanism, an urban design movement that promotes environment
friendly habits by creating walkable blocks, streets, neighborhood and shopping
centers in proximity along with accessible public spaces. Majority of the land is
set aside for green and open spaces.

It is stylistically based on the Italian town Portofino, with a street and several
buildings bearing the name of that town.
A 100-square-kilometre (39 sq. mi) or 32-square-kilometre (12 sq. mi) project
being developed by HCC [Hindustan construction company], this as-yet-
incomplete city has been controversial for multiple reasons including
procurement of land, harm to the environment, and loans acquired through
political corruption
 Founded by the late Jamshedji Tata and situated on the southern end of
Jharkhand, Jamshedpur is the first well-planned industrial city of India. Jamshedji
Tata had a vision of building a great city and a steel plant in India, which led to
the birth up of India’s first iron and steel company here - Tata Steel and hence,
Jamshedpur is commonly known as Tatanagar. He urged upon setting up a city
that would have all the comforts and conveniences a city could provide. Most of
the areas in the city are thus well-planned with public leisure places such as the
Jubilee Park.
“Plenty of trees and space for lawns and gardens, good roads, clean water and
uninterrupted electricity are some of the highlights of the city,” adds Aggarwal.
Another high point of the city is that is has been founded, built, developed and
nurtured by the Tata Group and till date, it remains the only city in India without
a municipal corporation (cities with over a million population).
Rajarhat is an upcoming and planned satellite city located on the north-eastern
edge of Kolkata. It lies just on the outskirts of the planned New Town in Kolkata.
It was first conceived to be developed in 1990 under the governance of Mr.
Buddhadev Bhattacharya, the then Chief Minister of West Bengal. The layout of
Rajarhat is planned in the following ways:
Area 1 consists of malls and shopping complexes, residential and commercial
plots and a Central Business District (CBD).
Area 2 is planned to be the main Central District and will include IT parks by DLF
and Unitech. Besides, there is an eco-park and larger apartment complexes are
also planned
Area 3 will be a mini township in itself and have high rise residential projects.
Besides, several real estate companies and IT giants such as Genpact, Ericsson
and Accenture have already entered the city. Healthcare institutions such as
Tata Cancer Centre and Apollo Hospital have their plans to set feet in Rajarhat.
For entertainment purposes, a number of entertainment and leisure zones such
as Nicco Park, Aquatica and Nalban are already present.
Despite a spurt in real estate activities in these cities, they have maintained
their aesthetic appeal. It will, however, be interesting to see how these cities
turn out to be different in the long run.
Which is the most well planned city in India?
Chandigarh is touted as the country's most planned city. It is known for its neatly
planned layout and is further divided into sectors that are well-connected to each
other via 6-lane roads.

Which is the first planned city in India?

Established in 1727, Jaipur was the first planned city in India.
 THE EARTH AND THE SUN
The brightest star => sun
Earth is tilted at => 23.5o
Time taken for one rotation => 23hrs 56mins and 4seconds
Time taken for one revolution => 365.24 days => 356 days 5hrs 45mins 36s

Seasons are caused due to:

 Earth’s axis tilted at 23.5o; elliptical orbit of earth around the sun; axis is
always pointed at the same direction.
When northern axis is pointing to the sun:
 Summer in north and winter in south.
When southern axis is facing the sun:
 Summer in south and winter in north.
The summer solstice marks
the start of summer in the
Northern Hemisphere
(June) and in the Southern
Hemisphere (December).
Astronomical summer
begins at the summer
solstice, which is the
longest day of the year,
with days getting shorter as
September equinox
approaches. The Summer
Solstice is the day with the
longest period of sunlight
and falls between June 20, 21, and 22.

The winter solstice, also called the hibernal solstice, occurs when either of
Earth’s poles reaches its maximum tilt away from the Sun twice yearly in each
hemisphere
(Northern and
Southern). It is the
day with the shortest
period of daylight and
longest night of the
year, when the Sun is
at its lowest daily
maximum elevation
in the sky. In
Northern Hemisphere
astronomical and
meteorological winter
runs from December to March while south of equator it starts in June and ends
in September. Winter solstice will take place on December 21th.
An equinox is a moment in time when the Sun crosses the Earth's equator,
appearing directly above it rather than north or south. This occurs twice each
year, around 20 March and 23 September. On the day of the equinox, the Sun
appears to rise "due east" and set "due west".
The equinox of September 23 is called as the Autumnal Equinox while the
equinox of March 23 is called as the Vernal Equinox.
Winter lasts from winter solstice December 21 to march 20.
Summer lasts from summer solstice June 21 to September 23.
The winter sun rises in the South-East and sets in the South-West. It peaks at a
low angle above the southern hemisphere.
The summer sun rises in the North-East and sets in the north-West. It peaks
nearly straight overhead.

Windows to be concentrated at south side. East and west facing windows cause
heat gain in summer while north facing windows cause heat loss in winter.
Excessive heat gain on south side may be avoided by using overhangs but it is
ineffective on east and west facing windows as the early and late sun is at a very
low angle and it may shine on the walls and windows. Therefore trees should be
planted on the east and west of houses as they block this early and late sun.
Summer lasts from December to March while Winter lasts from June to
September.
The seasons here are not as strong as [milder] than the ones in northern
hemisphere as southern hemisphere has more oceans as compared to northern
hemisphere.
The sun passes from east to west through north, thought the north of the tropic
of Capricorn the mean sun can be directly overhead or due south at mid-day.
The angle of the sun makes makes a low arc across the sky in winter and its
highest arc in the summer.
The north facing windows receive double the winter sun than the east and west
facing windows. They can be easily shaded by high summer sun to keep the
house cool.
The east and the west facing windows receive very little sunlight in winter and
excessive sunlight in summer.
South facing windows receive no sunlight in winter and very little sunlight during
the early mornings and late afternoons of winter.
Shadows are shortest during the late spring, summer, early fall and noontime as
the sun is at its highest.
Shadows are the longest during late fall. Winter, early spring and very early/late
in the day as the sun is at its lowest.
The shadows are of intermediate length during spring and early/late in the day
as the sun is at an intermediate height.
The windows account to the greatest amount of heat entering the building.
Devices like blinds, rollers, flings, overhangs and curtains should be placed
behind the glass so as to absorb maximum radiation and reflect only a part of it
in the room.
These devices should be selected according to the orientation of windows.
OREINTATION OF WINDOW EFFECTIVE SHADING
SOUTH [ EQUATOR FACING] FIXED HORIZONTAL DEVICE/
OVERHANGS
EAST/ WEST VERTICAL DEVICE/ MOVABLE LOUVER
NORTH [POLE FACING] NO SHADING REQUIRED

Horizontal devices are placed horizontally in front of the window in desirable

order so as to reduce heat gain during summer and allow sun light to enter
during winter.
Vertical devices improve the insulation value of glass during winter by acting as
a wind break.
Natural devices like trees and shrubs are also used for shading.
During summer, the trees not only block the solar radiation but also provide
cool air by transpiration.
During winter, the trees block the cold winds from enter and reduces heat loss
by their shed.
blinds
Rollers

Flings

Overhangs

curtains
 ECOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE

Ecological architecture is about including and/or conserving natural elements in

an urban setting. In simpler terms “it is a type of urban green architecture that
aims to create more green spaces to promote a complementary relationship
between built and natural environs.”

There are three basic pillars of ecological architecture- Environmental, Social,

and Economical. Environmental sustainability generally relates to the form,
materials, and systems associated with the building and site. This involves using
passive design strategies of proper orientation, shading as well as energy-
efficient materials and hybrid systems that can reduce their impact on the
environment.
Social sustainability refers to creating inclusive, secure, and healthy
communities that encourage the local culture and traditions. On a singular level,
designing for flexibility by consolidating universal design elements will allow it to
change with you.
Economical sustainability means balancing the cost and true value of a building.
Also, the use of recycled or local materials for the construction process can help
lower building costs. Designing using deferential methods should ultimately lead
to lower maintenance costs in the long run due to decreased reliance on
artificial light and other mechanical systems for internal climate control.
Some few approaches that can nurture ecological architecture are:
 Optimal use of natural and artificial resources.
 Reduction in level of energy consumption.
 Promoting the use of renewable resources.
 Cutting back on waste and emissions.
 Improve the quality of life of occupants.
 Limiting maintenance and building cost of buildings.

1) Vancouver Convention Centre West (Vancouver, Canada)

2) Museum of Tomorrow (Rio De Janeiro, Brazil)

3) CopenHill (Copenhagen, Denmark)

4) Marco Polo tower (Hamburg, Germany)

 VASTU SHASTRA
Orientation of a building is important to avoid wasting energy and to create a
stronger house, which could be comfortable for living at an equivalent time and
provides positive energy, state, prosperity, and wealth to the occupants. A living
place and its direction correlate with the motility things of the planets with
relevance to the north. Their area unit total of eight directions North, South,
East, and West area unit said as cardinal directions and conjointly the aim
where any of the two directions meet is term intercardinal or ordinal purpose
like NE, SE, SW, NW. These directions are units that gave much importance to
Vastu Shastra.

As we all know that there are main five natural elements, which play an
important role in Vastu Shastra. The natural elements are- water, air, fire, earth,
and sky. They are also known as “Panch Tatva”.
The entrance is the space from which energies enter our homes. From the
entrance, we can check and that’s the important factor from which we can
know. Most auspicious directions for the entrance are: This means when you
enter you must face North, East, North-East. And inauspicious directions are
South, South-West, North-West (Northside), or South-East (East side).
We should keep our house’s entrance always clean. Don’t put garbage bags,
broken furniture, or anything at the house’s entrance.
The most auspicious directions for the Pooja room are North-East, East, or
North (first preference). Also, the second-best position is the West zone. Never
construct or build Pooja room in the South direction. Also, avoid placing Pooja
room beneath the staircases and next to the toilets to ensure negative energy.
The living room is another important place, where all family members are
gathering and spending quality time with each other. However, the living room
is a place where guests can be entered and spent time. The preferable direction
is East, North or North-East.
Kitchen is the place that represents food. The kitchen is maintained in a good
manner so that it can block negative energy and bring positive energy. The first
preferred direction is the South-East zone of the house. The second preferred
direction is -East zone of the house. The third preferred direction is the North-
West zone of the house. If it’s not good then it leads to so many problems like
many health-related issues, and negative energy.
Bedroom is a very special zone, where you sleep and spend most of your time
after work or anything in the bedroom. The most preferable direction for
Master Bedroom is the South-West zone that offers perfect balance. The
second preferable directions are West, North and then South.

The preferable direction for the children’s bedroom in the North zone. Avoid
the South zone for the Children’s bedroom. Don’t keep television, and mirrors
as they create a distraction for children.

If you want to make a guest bedroom, then the most preferable direction for it
is the North-West zone.
The best direction for sleeping is- your head toward South or West. Never put
your head in the North direction, while sleeping. Because it’s inauspicious.
The most preferable direction for the bathroom is east, because after bathing it
is good to have sun rays on the open body.
The most preferable direction for the toilet is between South-West and west.
Never construct a toilet in the North-East zone, South-East zone, East zone, or
the center of the house. The toilet seat should be placed so that the person
using it should be facing toward the northern or southern direction- which is
good according to Vastu.

The preferable direction for the dining room is the west zone of the house.
Other directions- East and north are good but South is inauspicious for Dining
room.
The best location for the Study room is between the west and south-west. As a
result, the child can concentrate and focus on studies rather than other
activities.
The best location for the store room is North-West zone of the house. Avoid
constructing it in the North-East zone.
The staircase is the element that is used for vertical transpiration, which means
that connects the upper floor of the house with the lower floor. The best
direction for it is South-West. Never construct a staircase in the North-East zone
or Brahmasthan. There should not be a toilet, bedroom, or kitchen under the
staircase.
There are two types of water tanks- underground water tanks and overhead
water tanks.
For underground water tank – the ideal directions are North, North-East, and
North-West zone as it represents water.
For the overhead water tank- the ideal direction is South-West and if it is not
possible then you can construct it in the South zone of the West direction

The best direction for the septic tank is South of South-West and if it is not
possible then you can make it in the same direction as a toilet.

The center of your home empty or light. Also, don’t put heavy objects in it.