Psychology of aging

Submitted to
Ms.Tehreem Arshad

Submitted by
Fozia Bibi
Roll No. 33(M)
BS (hons)
Semester VII

Center for Clinical Psychology

University of Punjab
Lahore
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Psychological Factors Influencing Adjustment to Retirement

Abstract

The study explores the quality of psychological well-being: Well-being of elderly people

depends on how positive negative people's experiment perceived, including feelings of happiness

sadness, annuity on exutement Psychological well being is a variable mat has different meaning

for different social scientists. Subjective well-being refers to personal evaluation based on how

the person fowls about himself. It was estimated that in 20 years’ time, nearly a quarter of the

population in the UK will be aged 65 and over.

Life Satisfaction

Life satisfaction is one of the greatest criteria for describing the ageing process. Higher

levels of life satisfaction predict higher quality of aging process. and life after retirement,

engrossing pertological well being satisfaction. It 170 was and life conducted with elderly

individuals (65 to 85 years) overeating relationships between psychological wellbeing, life

satisfaction and factors like personality perception of aging and respect from others.

Introduction

Today's generations of the world population are becoming oldest than former generations

and projections show that by 2050 older adults will represent 20% of the population. Aging is a

universal phenomenon but not necessarily in à uniform pattern Adjustment to retirement

represents a developmental Phenomenon that must be reconstructed within the contact of life.

long development Generally old people are often characterized as being less satisfied and low in

psychological well being However, for some other elderly people retirement is a major life

change that, despite the freedom and excitement it offers, also requires personal adjustment to
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new life stage Therefore the main purpose of this the people study is to investigate factors and

reasons why have different views about later life or adjustment to retirement.

Factors influencing adjustment to retirement.

Psychological well-being: Well-being of elderly

People depend on how positive negative people's experience perceived, including

feelings of happiness sadness, annuity on exutement Psychological well being is a variable mat

has different meaning for different social scientists. Subjective will-being refers to personal

evaluation based on how the person foals about himself. It was estimated that in 20 years’ time,

nearly a quarter of the population in the UK will be aged 65 and over.

Life Satisfaction:

Life satisfaction is one of the greatest criteria for describing the ageing process. Higher

levels later of life satisfaction predicts higher quality of aging process.

Happy elders reported to have higher levels of life satisfaction and quality of life

satisfaction can be defined as a sense of satisfaction or pleasure about one's present and past like.

According to Enid and Diener (2004) the focus of subjective well-being has been to try

to explain how their lives, their people cognitive assessment, emotional reaction, and adjustment

to later life.

Personality and Perception of Aging

Personality has been noted to be role across e playing an important stage of life-

Similarly adaptation in old age is and also influenced by biological social changes Biological

changes may interfere the with train functioning. Social changes can lead to collation.

There are five types of personality types that have direct influence on how individuals

perceive aging Openness refers to people who are open and motivated to learn new things and
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enjoy news experiences and are insightful, imaginative Conscientiousness explains people with

higher levels of reliability. They are more organized and detailed. Extraversion refers to outgoing

people, people who get their energy from meracting with others"," introvert's get their energy

from within themselves. These people tend to be more energetic, talkative and assertuce.

Agreeableness explains individuals that tend to be friendly, cooperatiuce and compassionate.

They may be more distant and solated. Neuroticism refers to the degree of negative emotion

neuroticism of individuals Sometimes, also known as emotional stability Individuals that Score

high on neuroticism often. mu emotional instability experience and being moody, tense.

Respect

With age human beings gain immeasurable depth and breadth of experience and wisdom.

The statistics show that the world is getting older because the number age the of of people over

the will triple over next 50 years. It was suggested that the more compassion and personal

vitality young people attributed to elderly people, the older adults would be respected and not

avoided.

Methodology

The one main study was in Kosova and focused on elderly individuals. The conducted

mainly main purpose of the study was to asserts the factors that influenced the retired or elderly

people's levels of psychological well-being.

Participant

In the main study 170 elderly individuals participated. 106. of the participants were males

and 64 were female. Participants were aged between 60 and 89 with a mean of 68.7.

Procedure
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In this study the researcher decided to distribute the questionnaire who could read to

participants and only in reader to avoid the interviewer survey.

Surveys were conducted in institutions for the elderly, houses, villages Permission to

enter the retirement houses in Kosova was taken from the main director of the retirement house

in Prize.

Measures

In the present study, structured interviews and self-administered questionnaires were

utilized to measure the association between symptoms of psychological well-being, life

satisfaction Affect Balance Scale (ABS) is a scale developed by Bradburn (1969) to measure the

psychological well being of the general population The Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS) is an

instrument that marine’s desired and achieved goals of elderly individuals. The final personality

Scale used in the final study consisted of 8 items. The correlation coefficients of personality

scale ranged from 26 to 40. The Cronbach's alpha for the perception scale was 73 which

indicates high internal consistency between "items.

Results

The analysis of psychometric properties of the mat the scales revealed measures of

personality, personality of aging" respect used are and reliable and valid instruments. In addition,

the results revealed that perception of aging was significantly correlated with psychological

wellbeing and the life satisfaction findings from correlation revealed Pearson that respect is

significantly related to the total scores on psychological well-being, life satisfaction.

The results reveal that the strongest ovulation was observed between respect and life

satisfaction. The regression covelation revealed that was that prychdegical welting measured by

core of personality scale, total Beta = 1.68, n=170, p<.015. The results revealed that 33% of
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variance in life satisfaction and 39% of variance of psychological well-being explained by the

are model.

Psychosocial factors in retirement intentions and adjustment: A -sample multi-

study.

Abstract

Retirement adjustment is the process by which aged workers become accustomed to the

changed facts of life in the hansition form work to retirement and develop prychdogical null-

being.

in their post working life. This research aims to explore the psychosocial factors that

signify antly lain retire explain and retirement intentions adjustment, using ten separate empirical

studies. Retirement self-efficacy, low work involvement, older worker identity of workers over

60 years (Study 1, N= 157). Retirement adjustment indices were associated with psychosocial

factor (Study 2, N= 218)

Introduction

The worldwide economic crisis, the modification of labour legislation and especially, of

aging in the global process developed and developing countries with the resulting de are some in

"of retirement age, the factors that have recently introduced profound.

Changes into the nature of retirement Today, researchers agree to conceptualized

retirement like as a process rather Than a process than single event, a complex can evolve over

time and can even take a variable period of time to be concluded.

By adjustment, we refer to the process by which retirees adapt to the changes in their

lives. and reach a state of acceptable psychological well-being and comfort with their retirement

life.
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When conceptualizing retirement adjustment, researchers base this hers preferably on the

life counsel theoretical perspective. This approach considers retirement as a transition within the

life course and notes to me people's history, pressured resources.

Factor predicting retirement transition and retirement adjustment.

Life course perspective stated that people who have developed capacities that facilitate a

smooth transition will be better prepared, will engage in transition at the right time - Researchers

in this field stated that retirement is a concept referred to several distinct phenomena, so it is

necessary to adopt a multilevel perspective This concept of retirement allows us to concieved

three spheres of influences on retirement transition and adjustment personal variables, retirement

factors and contextual factors. Most studies of statement self-efficacy tare analyzed the

relationship between retirement one hand self-efficacy, and on the on bon retirement transition

and adjustment Regarding the transition process,14 Day retirement self-efficacy is is likely to

affect workers motivation to retire, feelings about future retirement, and motivation to attempt

that the transition to retirement. Life course theory proposed people who are less attached to their

work are more likely to deal better with the transition of exiting from work. Work involvement

has been defined as a degree of attachment to one's current job or to work in general. The

conceptualization of retirement as an adjustment process allows us to explain people fake nigh

people decisión the same retire, but their chosen pathways to exit from them to very different

outcomes.

Study 1

The first study investigated retirement self-efficacy, low work involvement, low job

involvement, older worker identity and relative deprivation.

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High retirement self-efficacy will be negatively related to bridge employment, to partial

and late retirement.

Second, low work involvement will be negatively related to bridge employment.

"Third, strong older worker identity will be negatively related to bridge employment.

Method

Descriptive analyses showed that mean the age raves 60 years (SD=4-3) mean time

employed was 36.9 years, whereas the mean

time in the same organization was 25-5 years. In this sample, the percentage of men was

55.1%. "Job type distribution showed that the firms were aimed to education (28%), health )26%

(‫ و‬Services (16%), manufacturing (15%), Others (15%).

Measures

Retirement self-efficacy scale was used which provides a subtasks of retirement, for older

worker identity self descriptive component of the older worker identity scale, the work

involvement questionnaire for lere work involvement, the job involvement quessionaire, three

items from the Personal relative Deprivation Scale

Results

In this were study, psychosocial factors intercalated. Retirement self-efficacy had

significant and negative relations both with older worker identity, low work involvement and

relating deprivation Based on their critical ratios, statistically nonsignificant relations, such self

efficacy Regarding did not it as retirement, were eliminated low work involvements show

statistical relevance and older worker identity our results confirmed positive relationship full

retirement relationship with ment the with and negative late retire.

Study 2
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The second study influences low work efficacy, dow investigated the involvement, older

worker identity and relative deprivation on retirement adjustment!

Higher retirement self-efficacy will be positively related to retirement satisfaction.

Second, low work involvement will be positively related to retirement satisfaction. Third, strong

older workers. identity older snoveers related to and retirement satisfaction quing negatively

related to anxiety.

Method

Study 2 was conducted with retirees (N=218) and included participants who had retired at

least two-year-old. These participants had a mean age of 68 years (SD=7.2) and mean time

employed was 38.2 years (SD=10.9) whereas the mean retired time 6.5 years (SD= 5.8). was

Measures

Antecedent variables for this study were 1, use similar to study the Satisfaction with Life

Subscale of the retirement satisfaction inventory, feeling of anxiety measure of low

psychological well-being was developed and for feelings of depression, was used.

Results

The results of preliminary eploratory factor analysis showed that a single factor only

accounted for 23.5% of the variance Retirement self-efficacy was negatively related both to older

worker identity and to relative deprivation but had a negligible relation with low work

involvement.

Older worker identity had a Positive relationship with retirement satisfaction, but without

statistical significance, whereas the relationships with feelings of anxiety and depression proved

to be stronger and negative.

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Adjustment to retirement: effects of resource change on physical and psychological

well-being.

Abstract

A Was 1 year longitudinal conducted to dinal study examine the effects of retirement

resources on the physical and psychological well-being of Hong Kong Chinese retirees during

the transition to retirement. This study consisted of two assessments: Time I was conducted 6

months before retirement, while Time 2 implemented 6 months after retiring. Personal rosaries

and physical. Psychological wellbeing was measured In the two assessments. The final sample

contained 128 retirees who completed both averments. Compared with Time I, the retirees

reported over financial resources The findings of at Time 2. The longitudinal study reveal that in

addition to financial, physical resources and social resources that have often been emphasized in

the past literature, mental resources also play an important role in positive adjustment to

retirement. Future retrement planning programs are recommended to induce modules for

strengthening cognitive, emotional and motivational resources.

Introduction

With an increasing number of babies boomers approaching retirement age, identifying

factors that affect adjustment retirement is essential because your adjustment during the

retirement transition may result in prychological distress. Despite the common belief that

retirement comme stress and negative event, not every retiree experience changes. Negative

traumatic on the resource-based dynamic model Hobfoll (2002) defined resources as a person's

total capability to accomplish his/her valued needs and goals. Wang et al. classified various

forms of personal resources into six types, namely physical, financial, Social, emotional,

cognitive, and motivational resources.

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According to resource-based- dynamic model, the quality of retirement adjustment

varies" by the amount of retirement restores and overall changes in total resources during the

retirement transition. Several studies have examined the individual effects of various resources

on Dost-retirement well-being. For instance, physical resources, such as perceived health and

energy levels were associated with poll retirement well being. Cognitive resources, such as

autonomy and internal locus of control are predictive of well-being after retirement. In terms of

motivational resources, perceived adaptability, and flexibility play an important role in

transitional situations because they affect retirees’ ways of coping with the transition.

Aims and hypotheses of study

Understanding the effects of retirement resumes on their physical and psychological well-

being is an important step in the development of appropriate intervention programs for retired

persons. The current study had four aims: first, to examine the changes in physical, financial,

social, emotional, cognitive and motivational resources during the retirement transition, second

to investigate the t retirees’ adjustment Four hypotheses were generated, The amount of were

resources in various domains in hypothesized to decrease after retirement, the levels of physical

and psychological well. being are hypothesized to decrease after retirement, the changes in six

retirement resources changes in are predicts predictive of physical and the psychological hell

being overtime. and change in total resounds is associated positively with the changes in physical

and philological wellbeing.

Method

In the first assessment, 197 noting in retire adults expected to the next 6 months

completed the pre-retirement questionnaire. Among them, 128 Participants were successfully
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contacted in 12. The participation in it was 65%. The mean mean age of final sample was 59.78

years (SD= 3.14), with 63-3% males.

Measures

All measures were assessed in the pre- and post-retirement questionnaires. The

measurement Scales were translated into Chinese by two bilingual translators the Leung and

Retirement Farl developed resources inventory, physical well being Was measured by the

validated Chinese version of physical functioning subscale, The Chinese version of life

satisfaction. Scale was utilized, General Health Questionnaire.

Result

Paired samples t-tests were performed on the six types of retirement resources to address.

the first hypothesis. Rexells show that there was a significant decrease in financial resources, p

of 042 using the level Benjamini and Hochheng's false discovery rate to test the second

hypothesis on the changes in well being before and after retirement, paired samples t tests

performed on the four well-being variable’s

Hierarchial regression analyses were performed to test H3 regarding which types of

resance changes are more salient in predicting the changes in physical wellbeing the proposition

of the resource-based dynamic model that total resource change is predictive of retirees well

being was tested by conducting a correlation analysis to examine the total relationships between

resource change and changes in physical and psychological will bing. change in total resources

during the transition was correlated positively with the changes in life satisfaction well-being

physical functioning, and psychological will being.

Adjusting to retirement: Handling depression, stress, and anxiety

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Initially escaping the daily grind and a long commute, workplace politics Can seem like a

great 'Titief. However, many new retirees find that the novelty a few months after neigh of being

on permanent vacation starts to Instead of feeling free, relaxed and fulfilled you feel depressed,

aimless and may grieve old how isolated. You the loss of your life, feel stressed about you're

going your days. to fill the truth is that matter how much you've been looking forward to it,

retiring from work is a major life change that can bring stress and depression as well as benefit.

The challenges of retirement.

If your job was physically draining. unfulfilling, or left you feeling burned " out, for" can

feel like an example retiring great has been lifted. But if you enjoyed ed your gratifying social

work, found it and built your life around your Career, retirement can sterner challenges. present

→ struggling to switch off from work mode and relax. feeling anxious at having more

time →finding your hands hit your vi on difficult to fill the extra hours you have now.

Was measured by the validated Chinese version of physical functioning subscale, The

Chinese version of life satisfaction. scale was utilized, General Health Questionnaire.

→ losing your identity → feeling depressed without your coworker’s.

Adjusting to retirement tip 1: Embrace change

Although it's a like, coping with the inevitable part of with change is rarely easy. As we

grow older, life com seems to change at an ever-quickening rate.

1. Adjust your attitude and think of retirement than time cues a journey rather destination.

Allow yourself to figure everything out.

2. Build resilience and more resilient you are, the to cope with retirement better your able

challenges like
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3. Acknowledge your emotions that there's no right or wrong way to respond when dealing

with a major life change.

4. Accept the things that you can't 4 Accept change and that you are railing against events

that have no control.

5. Redeem your identity and many of us define ourselves by what we are for a living.

6. Set new goals and you may have already achieved many professional goals, of your

7. Strengthening your social network and staying socially connected can have a huge impact

on your mental health and happiness.

8. Enroll in a retirement transition program and you may also be "able to find similar

programs.

9. Join a Some peer support group and senior service and other community organizations

offer support groups for older adults.

Tip 2: Find meaning new purpose and meaning

After retirement, it’s important to soet after new sources of meaning- activities that add

joy and enrich your life.

1. Retirement may not have to be all-or- nothing and it can help many people find that to

gradually transition into full-time retirement.

2. Find part-time work after retirement and another way to make retirement more of a

gradual transition.

3. Donating your time and effort to a case that's important to your comment add meaning

sense and volunteering can boost social network.

4. By nurturing hobbies and interests will enrich your life, your likely earmarked retirement

as tume an opportunity to invest.

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5. You want to learn a musical instrument, speak a will develop expand your new second

language.

6. By having it t can maintain a pet, bense of usefulness and purpose in life.

Tip3: Manage retirement depression, stress, and anxiety.

After retirement you may worry about managing a fixed income, coping with declining

health a on or adapting to different relationship with your spouse with.

1. Regularly practice technique such as a relaxation meditation, muscle relaxation, deep

breathing, yoga

2. Physical exercise is a very effective way to boost your mood, relieve tension and stress

and help you feel more relaxed.

3. Practice gratitude and take a moment to appreciate the mall things in life.

4. Spend time in nature. stress, put and a smile on can relieve your face deepen sense of

well-being.

5. chronic worrying is a mental habit to break You can learn how by challenging your

anxious thoughts.

Tip 4: Look after your health

Dealing with a major life change like retirement can take a toll on mental Immune your

physical and heath.

1. It’s normal to experience changes in your seeping patterns as you age, going and waking

up earlier.

2. Eating diet, as maintain balanced, nutritious you age can help a positive outlook.

3. When you have time on your hands, it’s too easy to slip into the habit of drinking.
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4. When you have time on your hands, its easy to slip into the habit of drinking too much

Whether it's finding stimulating ways to spend your days, learning a skill, or playing new

games. puzzles. The more active you keep your brain, the better you'll protect yourself

from cognitive decline.

5. There's comfort in routine. While you may not miss your morning commute, you may

miss the daily routine of eating lunch at a certain time. Even if you're still figuring out

what you want to do with your retirement, try to establish a loose daily schedule.

Psychological Effects of the Transition to retirement

Abstract

Psychological effects of disengagement from a work life and the transition to retirement

are discussed. These affects include partial identity disruption, decision paralysis, dominated self

trust, experience of a post retirement void, the search for meaningful engagement in society,

development of a retirement/ life structure, the confluence of aging and retirement, death anxiety,

critical murmuring of social relationships and self-actualization.

Introduction

Now retirees live longer. there is more interest in the quality of retirement life. In the

past, more preparation for retirement merphid into financial planning. Interest in the

psychological appeals of retirement has increased with the awareness that financial security in

retirement is but an important element.

The decision to retire holds to guaran of the expected outcomes for retirement options.

There are always potential wild condos that can shape retirement in unexpected and under Mable

directions. The downside of moving. to an unfamiliar geographic location.

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Prychological repercussions, identity are be expected, ghen the impact of such a miner

event upon the lives of many reticent Teuscher (2010) rotted that the importance of retiree

identity is emphasized by the fact that self- if a often invokes mention former prevision or

job.Whitbeune (1996) found that those meikers who relied upon assimilation rather than

accommodation, when they encountered situations that challenged theism notions of their

identities, were more likely to have identity adjustment problems.

The argument for the likelihood of significant shocks, loves and adjustments upon

entering retirement is strengthened by the finding that approximately one third of retirees have

poor adjustment styles in retirement (Braithwaite & Erase, 1987, Braithwaite, Gibson & Bosly-

Craft, 1986).

A major concern is the measurement of these concepts at a particular point in time at the

expense of more enduring life changes such as having a sense of purpose and direction,

achieving satisfying relationships with theirs and gaining a sense of self- realization (Ryff1999a,

p. 1077) People also tend to attribute wells experience to the measurement ratter than how they

read to events (Bradburn, 1969).

Transitional Stages

Victor (1994) has identified what appear to be five stages in the transition to retirements a

growing interest as retirement approaches, mitial euphoria, some stress, dealing with adjustments

to a new lifestyle, then settling down.

Losses

Some losses may be missed and for those with highly stilled and management careers, the

loss. of their status can leave them feeling like nobodies

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After retiring, they may realize how their job was the main Trevin of their identity and

that recreational activity is only a partial substitute (Szirevara & De Viney, 1999). The effects of

such losses may tinge for some time and be troublesome during the transition "For many retirees

the most important prychological challenge resulting from retirement is the loss of a work life

structure and the task of building a retirement life structure to replace it (Var Solinge & Hen tens,

2008). and the transition to retirement is made more difficult for men, important parts of retirees’

identities are shaped by their jobs (Antonio’s & Sagy, 1990).

An occupational role becomes part of detoxed in identity adolescence and young

adulthood (Erikson, 1963) and the meaning of identity can be viewed from two perspectives how

we see ourselves and how others set 123 (Deaxu, 1992). Some people may sink into depression

as retirement increases (Kim & Moen, 2007).

Looking Back & Looking Forward

The transition to retirement can trigger both a looking back at one's life and a looking

forward. Those retirees who engage in nostalgia and long for the days of their youth can avoid

the challenge ge of of life present. The in the healing of family bonds, reconnecting with

neglected friendships, thanking people who were mentors and histories are family some

meaningful completions and entries into new. activities.

Continuity

Continuity theory (Archly, 1989) suggests that much a of what constitutes retirees being

in the world prior to retirement is carried forward. Beginning retirement can trigger a reprise of

previous developmental issues that occurred during earlier years.

"Personal counseling can help. future retirees increase their awareness’ of attitudes and

values, and it could also help clients understand the aspects of mein former life structure. An
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implication of continuity from preretirement to retirement is that they need to. form a lifestyle.

The fact that one study found that less than love thirds of workers retired withen a year of their

proposed retirement date suggests the presume of some apprehension about the ultimate step into

retirement (Anderson, Burkhauser & Quin, 1976).

Transfers to retirement

Cumulative research findings show Hat a variety of preretirement values, patterns of

make the examples.

1.Having life goals that continue into retirement is more important than the nature of

those goals when it comes to a succenful transition (Rapkin & Fischer, 1992).

2.Retirees values, personality and worldvinus held during their careers have been shown

to affect their levels of life satisfaction in retirement (Calasanti, 1996).

3.The world view of families is an important influence upon future readiness but having

their lives. validated by family members has been found to be more important (Smith, 1997).

4.Retirement has been claimed to be a family transition. The experiences of retirees are

likely to affect other family members. Preretirement preparation needs to take this into account

(Shwartz, 2007).

Choice Dilemma & Grieving

Retirees can be overwhelmed by the number of adjustments and choices to be made when

they begin retirement.

If rotors enjoyed their careers, experience as type of they may experience grieving once

the initial excitement of retirement has subsided Female satires who are mothers may experience

empty-nest syndrome.

Becoming a senior
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For many retirees, the transition to retirement includes becoming a senior. then job is to

enjoy retirement and not work. If retirees look old enough, they may be assumed to the

physically frail, hand of hearing, poor vision.

At Home

For men, no longer being a breadwinner and having a partner who is not retired can result

in living a shameful and parasitic existence. Co-dependemy can be a problem if it is based upon

the romantic and metaphysical poetic tradition of two hearts merging Yalan (1980) uses the into

one analogy of an 'a frame when one side collapses the other side goes with it.

Barnes and Party (2004) 100ked at the ways in which gender roles and identities were

involved in the realignment of domestic studunkavey retirement following semitone and and Pay

(2004) worked at the ways in which gender sotes and stransition to retirement upon the conflict

between married couples.

Individuation

An important developmental benefit of the transition is the opportunity to pursue

individuation in a less restrict tive way, retirees can spend more time in activities and these

activities could become Erikson moderns storge of Identity Vs Frail Confusion (Erikson, 1963)

Jung (1933) sees individuation a kind of optimizing of one's as potential in terms of

personal development based upon expansive self-awareness. Systematic self-observation is way

for people to learn are one who and what they Meditation, yoga, Tai chi, counseling, personal

growth workshops, alcoholics anonymous, toastmasters, religion and philosophy are types of

practices and agencies available.

Psychological Distress during "the retirement transition. and the role of

Psychosocial working conditions and social living Environment

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Mental disorders are one of the leading causes of ill-health and disability reserving the

risk of chromic physical mortality (Laurence et al., 2010; Scott et al., 2016). Retirement is an

important transitional period in late adulthood, traditionally considered as a stressful event The

life-course perspective theory, according to which the experience of life transitions and

subsequent developmental trajectories is dependent on the the circumstances under which

transition occurs (Wang, 2007)

Such circumstances include both conditions at work and private life for example, high job

associated strain is with adverse health outcomes (Habib et al., 2015).

A similar association between depressive symptoms, retirement and previous

psychosocial working conditions rias found among retirees in Sweden, by using trajectory

analysis approach (Ahlin et al., 2020).

Social contexts are important determinants of the subsequent adjustment processes during

life transitions (Wang, 2007). The importance of the neighborhood context may become greater

as more time is spent in the neighborhood after retirement, a recent study found that living in a

dream "with significant neighborhood disorder and lack of social cohesion the increased the

chance of developing depression and the effects become stronger after retirement (Baranyi et al.,

2020)

Support from an individual's social living environment may alleviate the effects of

stressful life events, such as retirement transition, on mental health but has a minor role in health

for those without strexful life events- (Cohen, 2004). This study builds on repeated

measurements of psychological distren before and after retirement on Finnish public sector

employees retiring between 2014 and 2019 with various occupations. The aim of this study was

to investigate short term changes in psychological distress during the retirement transition and
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whether these changes were associated with psychosocial working conditions and social living

environment prior to retirement.

Methods

The study population consists of participants of retiroment the Finnish and retirement

study (Leskinen et al., 2018). The Firea study cohort includes all preblic sector employees whose

estimated retirement dates were between 2014 and 2019. The study population for the current

population was 3,338 participants.

The 12 item General Health Quessionaire to measure symptoms of common mental

health problems before and after retirement (Goldberg, 1972)

The participants reported their psychological job demands, skill discretion and decision

authority at study wave- 1 prior to retirement by wing Karateka’s Job Content Questionnaire

Social living environment was measured by four indicators, including neighbor head

levels and individual-level measures Cumulative risk factors were first calculated separately for

poor psychosocial working Living conditions and social environment.

Results

The mean age was 63-34 range 58-68 and most of the study population were women

85%, working full time 12% and married 71%. The mean level of psychological distress was

low. "The changes in psychological distress during retirement transition did not depend on

neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage. Having two or more job-related risk factors led to a

greater absolute decrease in psychological distress during the retirement transition compared to

hearing no job-related risk factors. Psychological distress was higher among those from poorer

psychological working conditions, poor social living environment. During the retirement
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transition, the greatest distress reductions in cons in psychological aming were those with poor

conditions.
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