10/26/2021

MSA University
History & Theories of Architecture V
ASE 432
Islamic Architecture, 637-2010 AD

Tarek Galal Abdelhamid, PHD

tgalal@msa.eun.eg
Room : D225
 Tarek Galal Abdelhamid, PHD

MSA University
Faculty of Engineering

Module Code : ASE 432/362

Title :
Architectural History & Theories V/IV
Level :3
Credit Hours :3

Islamic Architecture 637-2000AD

1
 10/26/2021

What is the value of a

college education ?
ie,
WHY
go to college ?

“…The value of a college education is not the learning of

many facts but the training of the mind to think.”

Albert Einstein
1875-1955

2
 10/26/2021

What is not fully known,

should not be completely ignored.
Since knowledge of a small part,
is better than ignorance of the whole.

‫ ال ٌترك كله‬،‫“ما الٌعلم كله‬

”‫ خٌر من الجهل بالكل‬،‫ألن العلم بالبعض‬
‫ هـ‬7/‫م‬14 ‫ ق‬،‫أبو الفدا‬

History of Architecture V
Aim of this course
 Identify the major examples of important buildings in the
history of Islamic Architecture
 Identify, recognize, and describe the characteristics of the
various architectural styles in Islamic Architecture
throughout the lands of Islam.
 Add to your vocabulary of architecture by identifying the
components used in Islamic Style buildings, including
construction techniques, physical elements, decoration
and stylistic features.
 Learn to draw sketches of the buildings studied and their
major architectural features.
 Learn to analyze the cultural and historical context of the
different buildings.

3
 10/26/2021

Lec.
Date Wk No No Lecture

1 1 Course Overview & Introduction to Islamic Architecture.

2 2 Early Islamic Architecture , Umayyad and Abbasid Architecture

4 3 Abbasid Architecture: North Africa, Spain, Iran, Iraq & Central Asia

5 4 Egypt and Syria 1: Abbasids, Fatimids

6 5 Egypt and Syria 2 : Atabegs and Ayyubids , Early Bahari Mamluks

9 6 Egypt and Syria 3 : Bahari Mamluks

10 7 Egypt and Syria 4: Burji Mamluks

11 8 Egypt and Syria 5: Ottoman Architecture

12 9 Andalucía, North Africa, Central Asia and Iran

13 10 The Ottomans in Turkey , the Moghuls in India, Safawids In Iran

14 11 Islamic Architecture in the Modern period.

Reference Texts:
English
Basic References
1) Hattstein, Markus and Delius, Peter, Islam: Art and
Architecture, AUC Press, 2007
2) Ettinghausen, Richard and Grabar, Oleg, The Art
and Architecture of Islam, 650-1250.
3) Bloom, Jonathan & Blair, Sheila, The Art and
Architecture of Islam 1250-1800.
4) Behrens-Abouseif, Doris, Islamic Architecture of
Cairo, an Introduction, AUC Press, 1998.
5) Williams, Caroline, Islamic Monuments of Cairo, A
Practical Guide, AUC Press, 2002.

4
 ‫‪10/26/2021‬‬

‫‪Reference Texts:‬‬
‫‪English‬‬
‫‪Additional Reading‬‬
‫‪1) Hillenbrand, Islamic Art and Architecture, Thames‬‬
‫‪and Hudson, 1999.‬‬
‫‪2) Hillenbrand, Islamic Architecture, AUC Press, Cairo‬‬
‫‪2000.‬‬
‫‪3) Yoemens, Richard, The Art and Architecture of‬‬
‫‪Islamic Cairo, Garnet Publishing, 2006.‬‬
‫‪4) Creswell, K.A.C., A Short Account of Early Muslim‬‬
‫‪Architecture.‬‬
‫‪5) Necipoglu, Gulru, The Age of Sinan.‬‬
‫‪6) Holod, Renata, The Mosque and the Modern World.‬‬

‫‪Reference Texts:‬‬
‫‪Arabic‬‬
‫‪Basic References‬‬
‫رزق‪ ،‬عاصم‪ ،‬أطلس العمارة اإلسالمٌة والقبطٌة بالقاهرة‪.2010 ،‬‬ ‫‪(1‬‬
‫خرٌطة اآلثار اإلسالمٌة فً مدٌنة القاهرة‪ ،‬مصلحة المساحة المصرٌة‪.‬‬ ‫‪(2‬‬
‫مركز الدراسات التخطٌطٌة والمعمارٌة‪ ،‬أسس التصمٌم المعماري‬ ‫‪(3‬‬
‫والتخطٌطً الحضري فً العصور اإلسالمٌة المختلفة بالعاصمة القاهرة‪،‬‬
‫القاهرة ‪.1990‬‬
‫‪Additional Readings‬‬
‫العمارة اإلسالمٌة فً مصر‪ ،‬المجلد األول‪ :‬اإلخشٌدٌون والفاطمٌون‪ ،‬ك‪.‬‬ ‫‪(1‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬س‪ .‬كرٌزوٌل ‪ ،‬ترجمة عبدالوهاب علوب مراجعة دمحم حمزة الحداد‪.‬‬
‫الحداد‪ ،‬دمحم حمزة إسماعٌل‪ ،‬المجمل فً اآلثار والحضارة اإلسالمٌة‪،‬‬ ‫‪(2‬‬
‫القاهرة‪،‬‬
‫‪ (3‬مصطفى‪ ،‬صالح لمعً ‪ ،‬التراث المعماري اإلسالمً فً مصر‪ ،‬دار النهضة العربٌة‪،‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
 10/26/2021

516 Behrens-Abouseif,
Islamic architecture in Cairo Doris. 720.6216 E.J. Brill
Islamic art and architecture Ettinghausen, Yale University
639 709.1767
650-1250 Richard. Press

466
Sir Banister Fletcher's a history
of architecture 20th ed 720.9 Fletcher, Banister 720.9 Architectural Press
726.2/American
402 The Arab contribution to University in Cairo
Islamic art/726.2 Ali, Wijdan. 726.2 Press

112 The art and architecture of

Islamic Cairo Yeomans, Richard. 728.0962 Garnet Publishing

460 The Mosque and The Modern Thames and

World Holod, Renata 726.2 Hudson

510 ‫ ك‬709.17 ‫الهٌئة المصرٌة العامة‬

‫العمارة فى مصر االسالمٌة‬ ‫كمال الدٌن سامح‬ ‫سع‬ ‫للكتاب‬

Requirements for this course

1- Take lecture notes.
Present your lecture notes at the end of the year.
Your lecture notes should include the following:
Sketch of every building studied.
Most important features of that building.
Other points discussed in the lecture.

2- Participate in site visits.

3- Attend tutorials.
4- Answer and submit the lecture sheets. One sheet for each
lecture.
5- Submit projects and papers, if requested.
6- Participate in one group research project.
7- Present a term paper.

6
 10/26/2021

What is History Of Architecture ?

History of Architecture is studying

buildings and constructions
in different
eras (times)
to determine the different
natural, social, political, historical, technological
and artistic
influences that created those buildings.

Why study History of Architecture ?

 To see different solutions to the same architectural

problems in different styles.
 To be able to determine what are the different styles of
architecture and how were things done historically.
 Using the lessons learnt to create a meaningful building
that is aesthetically pleasing and functionally
efficient, which is ARCHITECTURE.
 To add to your vocabulary as an architect to create spaces,
forms and decorative elements in a building.

7
 10/26/2021

Why Create an Architectural Vocabulary ?

Knowing “words”

To create “sentences”

To create a meaningful “statement”:

Why Create an Architectural Vocabulary ?

 An architect must know the elements by which he can

convey his ideas for creation of buildings.
 Knowing those elements and enriching the “words”
(plans, structural elements, windows, doors, stairs,
crenellations, entablatures, decoration, sills, lintels,
revetment, flooring, wall covering, ceilings..etc.)
to allow you to eloquently create “sentences”
(combination of the elements to form parts of a building)
to finally create a meaningful “statement”:
your building.

8
 10/26/2021

What to study in History of Architecture

 Architectural Description of the building and its
architectural STYLE.

 Studying different examples of buildings.

 Studying the different components of a building

 Plan Walls
 Openings Roofs
 Columns Mouldings
 Ornament

What is “Style” ?

 Style is the manner of doing something, or to make or

design in a particular form.

 We use the word Style when we classify buildings

according to their appearance, structure, materials, and
historic period.

9
 10/26/2021

Elements of a STYLE
Buildings are said to belong to the same classification (or style)
when they share many of the same characteristics like :
o historic period,
o decorative details,
o construction materials,
o construction details,
o footprint and floor plan,
o roof shape and type,
o building size,
o number of stories,
o window and door size, shape, and placement
o and other architectural features.

How to Study History of Architecture?

 Know the style and its components (materials, structural
elements, decorative elements, form and function, aesthetics
and decoration).
 Know the period and approximate if not the exact date.
 Understand the cultural, sociological, political and religious
factors that lead to the erection of that building or that style of
architecture.
 Why? So that you can digest and rephrase those same factors to
understand the factors affecting you now and affecting your
designs.
 Study what the building looks like now.
 Give a critical and comparative analysis of the current building
or style in relation to other styles before and after that
particular period.

10
 10/26/2021

Method used in Studying history of architecture

The Analytical Comparative Method

1- Know the history of the building and its context.

2- Analyze the building into its different elements :
 Plans
 Elevations
 Construction Methods
 Construction Materials.
 Spaces.
 Ornament.
 Different Architectural Elements.
 Functional, geometric, and aesthetic description.
3- Compare this building with previous and later buildings.

How to Study History of Architecture?

 Common Complaint:
 Too Much to study.
 Too Many pictures.
 Too many names.

 So, what to do ?
 Chunking.
 How do you eat a large sandwich?

11
 10/26/2021

Chunking

How do you eat a large sandwich?

One
bite at
a
time.

How to Study History of Architecture

Pictures and/or sketches are a major requirement.

 Top Three Questions : WWW
 What ? When ? Why ?
1) What ? ‫ما هذا ؟‬
• Name of building. ‫إسم األُثر‬
• Name of Patron. ‫إسم بانً األثر‬
• Function of Building.‫وظٌفة األثر‬
• Location‫موقع ومكان األثر‬
• Style of Architecture.‫الطراز المعماري‬
2) When ? ‫ما تارٌخه ؟‬
• Date (Exact date, approximate date, era or century or Dynasty). ‫التارٌخ‬
3) Why? ‫ما أهمٌته؟‬
• Most Important features. ‫أهمٌة األُثر‬

12
 10/26/2021

How to Study A Monument

1) Name of building
2) Name of Patron.
3) Function of Building.
4) Location of the Building.
5) Style of Architecture.
6) Date (Exact date, approximate date, era or century or
Dynasty).
7) Construction material.
8) Abstract with importance of building
9) Historical Background.
10) Building history

How to Study A Monument

cont.
11) General Description: Location/Form/Structure/Main
components/facades/street location/orientation.
12) PLAN : General description, overall dimensions, scale.
13) Elements of the Building
14) Internal division and layout, entrances, circulation elements,
main areas, ancillary areas.
15) Architectural Features of its Components:
16) Architectural Analysis of the Elements.
17) Description, important features, dating, similar examples
before and after.
18) Description and Analysis of the Decoration;
19) Importance of building.
20) Conclusion.

13
 10/26/2021

Sketching The Buildings Studied

1) Sketching Plans
2) Sketching Elevations & Sections
3) Sketching Details.
4) Sketching Perspectives.
5) Analyzing and adding notes.

For Site Visits

 Read as much as you can about the site you are visiting, before
you go.
 Read what others have said about that site visit.
 Get a map or plan. Take it with you on your site.
 Plan ahead: how to get to the site and back, what you intend to
do, see and photograph.
 Do you need any permits?
 Go to the site.
 Protect yourself against the elements (sun/cold/wind).
 Invest in a digital camera, or use your mobile phone’s camera.
 Take as many pictures as you can.
 File and catalogue those pictures.

14
 10/26/2021

Ethics

Your Ethics as An Architect

The 15 Commandments
1) You will not LIE.
2) You will not cheat.
3) You will not steal.
4) You will not hide any of your actions. If you can not share it publically, then it is
WRONG. Do not do it.
5) You will treat EVERYONE with respect.
6) You will expect to be treated with respect in return.
7) You will ALWAYS be polite to EVERYONE.
8) You will not accept abuse.
9) You will not use profanity or dirty words.
10) You will not promise what you can not deliver. Always keep your promises.
11) You will not mislead anyone.
12) You will not say anything about anyone you can not repeat in their presence.
13) You will acknowledge if you have no knowledge of any matter.
14) You will apologize if you do wrong to anyone.
15) You will always take care of your personal hygiene and appearance.

15
 10/26/2021

Introduction to Islamic Architecture

What is an “Islamic Style” and “Islamic”

architecture ?

The “Historic Islamic Style of Architecture”

was identified as
"the style of architecture that was dominant in
the Islamic lands in the time period from the
late 7thto the early 19th centuries, roughly 632-
1800 AD"
(Rabbat 2011, 3; Rabbat 2012, 17; Blair &
Bloom 2003, 153).

16
 10/26/2021

Definition : Islamic Architectural Style

 The style of architecture that is part of the heritage of the
“Historic Styles”, or that borrows from, imitates, revives,
builds, uses decorative elements, or parts of those elements,
or principles of design, spatial arrangement, masses, solid
and void relationships, visual elements, passive or active
climatic or ecological methods or principles for climatic
control, irrespective of the builder (a Moslem or not),
geographical location (in Islamic lands or other), client
(Moslem or not) and function.
 Any Islamic religious function for a building (prayer,
religious education, social functions) will automatically
label its style as “Islamic,” unless the style can be
distinctively identified as a “non-Islamic” style”.

Sources of Islamic Civilization

1) Quraan.
2) Sunna.
3) Arabic Language.
4) Arab Race
5) Peoples of the Conquered Lands.
6) Conquered Lands Cultural impact.
7) Geographical Spread.

17
 10/26/2021

‫ م‬645-568 ‫أقدم نسخة من القرآن الكرمي‬

‫ إجنلرتا‬- ‫نسخة جامعة بريمنجهام‬

At University of Birmingham, scientists recently dated an old Quranic manuscript with the help of
radiocarbon analysis. As it turns out, this particular manuscript is one of the oldest ones ever! Written on a
parchment, it dates back to sometime between 568 and 645 CE. Since Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) himself
lived from 570 to 632 CE, it means this Quranic manuscript belongs to the Prophet’s lifetime.

‫كتب السنة‬

)870-810 / 256-194( ‫صحٌح البخاري‬

)875-822 / 261-206( ‫صحٌح مسلم‬
)915-829 / 303-214( ً‫سنن النسائ‬
)888-817 / 275-202( ‫سنن أبو داود‬
)892-824 / 279-209( ‫سنن الترمذي‬
)886-824 / 273-209( ‫سنن ابن ماجه‬

18
 10/26/2021

Medieval Islam
632-1850 AD

Factors Affecting Islamic Architecture

 Natural Factors:
 Geography Geology Climate

 Social Factors:
Religion Society Politics

 Historical Factors
History

19
 10/26/2021

Natural Factors
 Geography
 Area between 20-40 degrees north of the equator
 Geology
 Varied topography and natural building materials.
 Stone.
 Bricks
 Almost No Wood.
 Climate
 Some variation, but mostly arid Lands.
 Mostly hot and arid climate.
 Changes in architecture with changes in climate.

Social Factors

 Religion.

 Society.

 Politics.

20
 10/26/2021

Social Factors:
Religion.
 Islam.
 The daily prayers.
 Other religious requirements.
 Common cultural theme.
 Way of life. Segregation between sexes.
 Mosques & Other religious institutions.
 Jurisprudence (Fiqh.)
 The Schools of Islamic Though.
 Islamic Law (Shari`ah).
 Political control through religion
 Role of the clergy.

Social Factors: Society.

 Society.
 Segmented society.
 Ruling Class.
 The Army.
 Supporting Scholars.
 Tradesman & Commerce.
 Artisans.
 Populace.
 Farmers.

21
 10/26/2021

Social Factors: Politics

 Politics.
 Caliph.
 Sultan.
 Ruling Elite (ahl al-Hal wal `aqd).
 Military Commanders.
 The Four Chief Judges (Qadi’s).
 Scholars.
 Populace.

Islamic Caliphate
1- Full Caliphate with the 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs. 11-40 AH.
2- Umayyad Caliphate. 41-132 AH/-750 AD.
3- The Abbasid Caliphate (132-923AH/750-1517AD)
• Abbasid Caliphate , First Phase.132-232AH/750-846 AD
• Abbasid Caliphate, Second Phase.232-656AH/846-1258AD
• Abbasid Caliphate, revival in Cairo.659-923AH/1261-
1517AD
4- Ottoman Caliphate.923-1343AH/1517-1924AD
• Annulment of the Caliphate, Mostafa Kamal Ataturk 26
Ragab 1343AH/3rd March 1924 AD.
5-Umayyad Caliphate In Andalusia :316-422AH/929-1031AD
Abdelrahman Al-Nasir.
6- Fatimid Caliphate 297-567AH/909-1171AD

22
 10/26/2021

Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh) Schools

Islamic Jurisprudence

Sunnah Shi`ah Khawarij

Hanafi
Abu Hanifa Alno`aman
82-150AH / 701-767 AD

Malki
Malik Ibn Anas
93-179 AH / 711-795 AD

Shafi`I
M ibn Idris Alshafi`ay
150-204 AH / 767-819 AD

Hanbali
Ahmad Ibn Hanbal
164-241 AH / 7820-855 AD

Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh) Schools

Islamic Jurisprudence

Sunnah Shi`ah Khawarij

Isma`iliyya Ja`afariyya Zaidiyya

Seveners
Fatimids Nizariyya Musta`li (Sab`aiyya)

Duruz Tayyibi

23
 10/26/2021

Islamic Law
 BY 900 AD a comprehensive body of literature was been
developed.
 Four main schools of thought.
 Solutions to the same problems were repeated and
recycled forming a tradition.
 Two main enforcers of law: the Qadi (judge) and the
Muhtasib.
 Changed by the Mamluk period in Egypt.
 Rise of the system of al-Hajib.
 Al-Yasa , the Mongol law was applied.
 Gradually, Shari`a was relegated to problems of
marriage/divorce/inheritance.

Other Socio-Political Factors

 War & Jihad.

 The Army.
 Jihad and conquest against non-Moslems.
 Internal Wars and Conquest against Moslems.
 Iqta`.
 Endowments (Awqaf.)
 Slavery.
 Sufism.

24
 10/26/2021

Sufism
Islamic Mysticism
 There is no consensus on the origin of the term. Most probably it is a name given because of
garment of wool they used to wear.
 Also known as fuqara’ and darawish.
 It is considered as a method of worshipping and knowing God in a spiritual and enlightened
fashion by which the sufi renounces worldly delights and comforts for the spiritual side and
attain elnightment.
 Sufism was seen as a spiritual interpretation of Islam and its texts in a different manner than
standard schools of thought, believing that there are three levels of faith and Islamic belief
(iman), theirs ibeing the third and the highest to attain enlightment and special knowledge not
easily attained by the public (first stage) or the theoligians (second stage).
 Different orders (turuq‫) طرق صوفٌة‬
 Each formed around a grand master or Shaikh who should show the way for his disciples
(muridin)
 Lived and studied in a Zawya or a Khanqah or tekiyya, which were charitable institutions that
housed the sufi’s. Those foundations were especially attractive as an outlet for charity from the
12th century onwards, with the first Sunni Sufi Khanqah in Egpyt around 1272 AD built by Salah
al-Din al-Ayyubi (Khanqat Sa`id al-So`ada) in Cairo.
 Many Sufi shaikhs were considered as saints (awliya’) with specific miracles (karamat), with
their tombs becoming pilgrimage sites for their followers.
 Some of the famous sufi’s : al-Hallaj, Rab`a al-`Adawiyya, Jalal al-Din al-Rumi, Abdul-Qadir al-
Jilani, Abul `Abbas al0Mursi, Ahmad al-Tijani, al-Ghazali.
 Most Sunni rites refuse Sufism, the orders, most of their practices that are specific to the
different sects.
 Sufism was seen as

Assignments I & II

Assignment 1
 Life of the Prophet Muhammad
Summary in not more than two pages.

Assignment II
 The Islamic Conquests.
Summary in not more that 5 pages.

25
 10/26/2021

Figurative Art & Sculpture in Islamic Art &

Architecture

Historical Factors

 Historical Context.

 Major Incidents in Islamic History.

26
 10/26/2021

Chronological Table of Islamic Dynasties

27
 10/26/2021

Main Periods of Islamic History

 The Prophet.  The Fatimid Dynasty.

 The 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs  The Latin Kingdoms.
 The First two Caliphs:  The Ayyubids.
Abu Bakr and Omar.  The Bahari Mamluks.
 The Third Caliph : Othman.  The Burji Mamluks.
 The Fourth Caliph: `Ali  The Ilkhanids.
 The Umayyad Dynasty  The Timurids.
 The Abbasid Dynasty  The Ottomans.
 The Umayyad Dynasty in Spain  The Safawids of Persia.
 The Seljuks.  The Qajars Of Iran.
 The Moghuls of India.

Historical Summary with Maps

28
 10/26/2021

Life of the Prophet. The First two Caliphs: Abu Bakr and Omar.
The Third Caliph : Othman. The Fourth Caliph: `Ali
The Umayyad Dynasty

The `Abbasid Caliphate

29
 10/26/2021

Fatimid Dynasty at its Greatest Extent 1069 AD

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate#mediaviewer/File:Fatimid_Islamic_Caliphate.png

The Latin
Kingdoms in the
East.
The First Crusade.

30
 10/26/2021

The Ayyubids

The Mongols

31
 10/26/2021

The Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman
Sultanate

32
 10/26/2021

Major Incidents in Islamic History-1

 Hijra to Medina.
 Death of the Prophet.
 The Caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar.
 Islamic conquests.
 The murder of Caliph Othman Ibn Affan.
 The Umayyad Caliphate.
 The `Abbasid Caliphate.
 The Fatimid caliphate established in Cairo.
 The Rise of the Seljuk Turks. Tughrul Beg enters Baghdad.
 The First Crusade. Fall of Jerusalem. Establishment of the Latin
Crusader states.
 End of the Fatimid Caliphate.
 Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi unites Egypt and Syria under one rule.
 Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
 The Third Crusade.

33
 10/26/2021

Major Incidents in Islamic History-2

 Mongols sack Baghdad.
 Battle of `ain Jalut.
 Sixth Crusade. End of the Ayyubid Sultanate in Egypt. Mamluk
Sultanate established.
 Abbasid caliphate resurrected in Cairo.
 Tamerlane sacks Syria.
 Reconquista. End of Muslim dynasties in Andalusia.
 Route of Cape of Good Hope discovered.
 Ottoman Sultan Selim I conquers Egypt and Syria.
 The French Campaign to Egypt.
 Rise of Muhammad `Ali to power.
 First World War. Sikes-Picot accord. Balfor Declaration. Dissection of
Ottoman dominions in the Near East and North Africa to England
and France.
 Second World War.
 State of Israel declared. First Arab-Israili war.

Architecture in Arabia at the dawn of Islam

34
 10/26/2021

‫حصون خٌبر‬The Forts of Khaybar

Nabatean Kingdom
3rd C. BC.

35
 10/26/2021

Petra
‫برتا‬

Petra, Jordan

36
 10/26/2021

Petra, Jordan

Mada’in Saleh – al-Higr

‫ احلجر‬- ‫مدائن صاحل‬

37
10/26/2021

38
 10/26/2021

External Influences on Islamic

Architecture
Sassanians and Byzantines

Persia (‫)بالد فارس‬

Persopolis

39
 10/26/2021

Sassanian Empire
224-651 AD

40
 ‫‪10/26/2021‬‬

‫اإلمرباطورية البيزنطية ‪Byzantine Empire‬‬

‫‪41‬‬
 10/26/2021

St. Vitale, Ravenna, Italy

42
 10/26/2021

Some Elements of Islamic Architecture

43
 10/26/2021

Arches

Windows

44
 10/26/2021

Crenellations

Minarets

45
 10/26/2021

Jam, Manar of Ghiyath al- Ghazni, Manar Mas`oud, Damghan, Minaret, mid 11th Baghdad, Minaret of Souq al-Ghazi, 12th
Din, 1153-1203AD eartly 12th Century(1300's) AD Cent cent

Domes

46
 10/26/2021

Tower Tomb of Damghan-1056 AD Tower tomb of Damghan-1027AD Gurgan, Gunbadi Qabus, 1006 AD

Domes, Internal Zones of Transition

47
 10/26/2021

Domes, Internal Zones of Transition

Domes, Exterior Decoration

48
 10/26/2021

Inscription Bands

Inscription Bands

49
 10/26/2021

The Major Styles of Islamic Architecture

 Early and Umayyad.
 Abbasid and Samarra Style.
 Seljuk.
 Fatimid.
 Ayyubid.
 Ilkhanid.
 Bahari Mamluk.
 Burji Mamluk.
 Timurid.
 Andalusia and North Africa.
 Ottoman.
 Safawid.
 Moghul.

Building Types In Islamic Architecture

50
 10/26/2021

Building Types In Islamic Architecture

1) Religious Architecture ‫العمائر الدٌنٌة‬Mosques/Jami`/Madrasa/Khanqah/Zawya/Ribat
‫ الزاوٌة‬/‫ الرباط‬/‫ الخانقاه‬/‫ المدرسة‬/‫ الجامع‬/‫المسجد‬
2) Funerary Architecture ‫العمارة الجنائزٌة‬
Domed Tomb/ Madfan/Hawsh/Turba ‫ الحوش‬/‫ التربة‬/‫ المدفن‬/‫القبة الضرٌحٌة‬
3) Public Use Civil Architecture ‫االستخدامات العامة‬
Sabil/Sabil-Kuttab/Public Kitchen(Imarat)/Baths/Bimaristan
‫ ٌٌمارستان‬/ ‫ الحمام‬/)‫ مطبخ عام (إمارت‬/‫ سبٌل كتاب‬/‫سبٌل‬
4) Architecture for Commerce ‫العمائر التجارٌة‬
Bazar (Badistan-Arasta)/Khans/Wikala ‫ الوكالة‬/‫ الخان‬/ ‫السوق‬
5) Residential Architecture ‫العمائر السكنٌة والقصور‬
Houses/Rab`a/Palaces ‫ قصر‬/‫ربع‬/‫منزل‬
6) Commemorative Architecture ‫المشاهد‬
Qubbat al-Sakhra/Mashhad al-Nasr ‫ المشاهد الفاطمٌة‬/ ‫ مشهد النصر‬/‫قبة الصخرة‬
7) Military Architecture ‫العمارة الحربٌة‬
Walls & Towers/Gateways/Citadels/Forts ‫ الحصون‬/‫ القالع‬/‫ البوابات‬/‫األبراج‬/‫األسوار‬
8) Engineering Structures ‫المنشآت الهندسٌة للنفع العام‬
Bridges/Aqueducts/Fountains/Ponds/Cisterns/Nilometer
‫ مقٌاس النٌل‬/ ‫ الخزانات‬/‫ الفساقً والبرك‬/‫قناطر المٌاه‬/‫الجسور‬
9) Islamic Cities ‫المدٌنة اإلسالمٌة‬

From
Johnson’s History of Art

51