1.

Tectonic disasters, like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, are caused by movements in
the Earth's crust. They can lead to sudden shaking of the ground or the release of hot ash
and lava. Climatic disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts, are caused by extreme
weather conditions. For example, an earthquake in Nepal in 2015 caused widespread
destruction, while Hurricane Katrina in 2005 led to flooding in New Orleans, USA.

2. Major causes of natural disasters include geological movements like earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions, weather-related phenomena such as hurricanes and tornadoes, and
environmental factors like deforestation and climate change. Earthquakes occur due to the
shifting of tectonic plates, hurricanes form over warm ocean waters, and deforestation can
contribute to landslides and floods.

3. Australia and North America are vulnerable to forest fires due to their climate and
vegetation. Both regions experience hot and dry conditions, which increase the likelihood of
fires. Additionally, human activities like land clearing and improper fire management can
further heighten the risk.

4. Deforestation contributes to global warming by reducing the number of trees that absorb
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. When trees are cut down or burned, the carbon stored
in them is released into the air, increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases like
carbon dioxide. This leads to the trapping of heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global
warming.

5. The greenhouse effect contributes to global warming by trapping heat in the Earth's
atmosphere. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide absorb and
emit radiation, preventing it from escaping into space. This leads to a gradual increase in
global temperatures over time.’

6. Natural disasters can cause poverty in communities by destroying infrastructure, homes,

and livelihoods. They can disrupt agriculture, water sources, and transportation systems,
leading to food shortages, loss of income, and increased economic hardship for affected
populations.

7. Natural disasters can influence population displacement and migration patterns by forcing
people to flee their homes in search of safety and resources. Internally, displaced persons
may seek refuge in other regions of their own country, while across borders, they may
become refugees in neighboring countries or beyond.

8. Surviving a natural disaster can leave lasting damage on an individual's mental health. They
may experience trauma, anxiety, depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due
to the loss of loved ones, property, and sense of security. The recovery process can be long
and challenging, requiring support from family, community, and mental health
professionals.
9. Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Top 5 goals for me include reducing
poverty, ensuring access to quality education and healthcare, promoting gender equality,
 combating climate change, and preserving biodiversity. These goals are important for
creating a more equitable, healthy, and resilient world for all.

10. Clean drinking water is the most important natural resource because it is essential for
human survival and health. Without access to clean water, people are at risk of waterborne
diseases, malnutrition, and dehydration. Additionally, water is crucial for sanitation,
agriculture, and industry, making it vital for sustainable development and overall well-
being.

11. Developing countries are nations that are still growing economically and may face
challenges in infrastructure, education, and healthcare. For instance, Kenya, India, and
Bangladesh are developing countries. On the contrary, developed countries have robust
economies and advanced infrastructure, such as the United States, Japan, and Germany.

12. Pakistan is vulnerable to natural disasters due to several reasons. Firstly, its geographical
location exposes it to seismic activity, making it prone to earthquakes. Secondly, its
monsoon climate leads to floods and landslides during the rainy season. Lastly,
deforestation and improper land management exacerbate these risks.

13. People living in urban areas are more vulnerable to damage of life and property because of
factors like overcrowding, poor infrastructure, and limited access to resources. In cities,
there are more buildings and people in close proximity, increasing the risk of casualties and
property damage during natural disasters like earthquakes or floods.

14. Ways to deal with natural disasters include implementing early warning systems,
developing evacuation plans, constructing resilient infrastructure, conducting regular drills
and exercises, educating communities about disaster preparedness, and providing timely
assistance and relief to affected areas.

15. Pakistan faces several major natural disasters, including earthquakes, floods, droughts, and
landslides. For instance, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the 2010 Pakistan floods, and the
2019 earthquake in Azad Kashmir are some of the significant disasters the country has
experienced.

16. The Pakistani government tackles natural disasters through various measures such as
establishing disaster management authorities, improving infrastructure resilience,
conducting risk assessments, implementing early warning systems, coordinating relief
efforts, and providing support to affected communities through humanitarian aid and
rehabilitation programs.

17. Individuals can limit the use of non-renewable resources by conserving energy, reducing
waste, recycling materials, using public transportation, and adopting sustainable practices
in their daily lives. Governments can also play a crucial role by implementing policies and
regulations to promote renewable energy sources, protect natural habitats, reduce
pollution, and invest in sustainable development initiatives.

18. Environmentalists proposed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to address pressing

global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation,
and social injustice. These goals provide a framework for countries to work together
towards a more sustainable and equitable future by promoting economic growth, social
inclusion, and environmental stewardship.