ECE GATE 2021 February 7 3:00

PM
Q.1 to 25 carry one mark each

1.
Topic: Electromagnetics Level: Easy
Concept: Static Electric Field Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Coordinate System Marks: 1
Concept Field: Spherical Systems Time: 60 Sec

The vector function F (r) = −xi+ yj is defined over a circular arc C shown in the
ˆ ˆ
1.
figure.

The line integral of  F (r) .dr is

C

1
(1) 2
1
(2) 4
1
(3) 6
1
(4) 3
Sol. Correct answer is option (1)

Let
I=  f(r)  dr =  (f dx + f dy)
C C
1 2

Then
I=  ( −xdx + ydy)
C
 But 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃

 :0 to
Here 4

4
I=  ( − rcos ) ( −rsin ) d + (rsin ) (rcos ) d
Now, =0


4
 I= 
=0
2r2 cos  sin  d


4
I=  sin (2 ) d
=0 ( r = 1)

 cos ( 2 )  1 4
1
I=  −  = ( 1− 0 ) =
 2 0 2 2

2.
Topic: Engineering Mathematics Level: Moderate
Concept: Differential Equations Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Ordinary D.E. Marks: 1
Concept Field: Non-Linear D.E. Time: 90 Sec

2. Consider the differential equation given below.

dy x
+ y=x y
dx 1− x2
The integrating factor of the differential equation is
3

(1) ( 1− x ) 2 −4

(2) ( 1− x ) 2 −4

(3) ( 1− x ) 2 −2

(4) ( 1− x ) 2 −2

Sol. Correct answer is option (2)

dy  x 
+ 2 
y=x y
Given, dx  1− x  ….(1)
 dy 
 + P (n ) y = Q ( x)  yn 
 dx 
1

Let Y 2  x = z ….(2)
Using above equations,
 dz x
2 + z=x
dx 1− x2
dz x
 + z = 2x
dx 2 ( 1− x2 )
1
x 1
−2x 1
log ( 1− x2 )
− −
I.F.= e2  dx = e 4
 1− x2 dx = e 4
1− x2
1
( )4
− 1
= ( 1− x2 )
log 1− x2 −
 I.F.= e 4

1
 I.F = 1

( 1− x2 ) 4
1
I.F = ( 1− x2 )
−
4

3.
Topic: Communications Level: Moderate
Concept: Random Variables and Noise Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Random Variables and Probability Marks: 1
Concept Field: Variance Time: 90 Sec

3. Two continuous random variables X and Y are related as

Y = 2X + 3
Let X and  Y denote the variances of X and Y, respectively. The variance are
2 2

related as
(1) Y = 2X
2 2

(2) Y = 4 X
2 2

(3) Y = 5 X
2 2

(4) Y = 25 X
2 2

Sol. Correct answer is option (2)

Y = 2X + 3
Var( Y ) = 2Y = E ( Y2 ) − E ( Y )
2

= E ((2X + 3)2) – (E(2X + 3))2

= E(4X2 + 12X + 9) – (2mX + 3)2
= 4E(X2) + 9 + 12mX – 4mX2 – 9 – 12mX
= 4E ( x2 ) − 4m X2 = 42X

 2Y = 42X
If Y = aX + b
2Y = 4 2X

4.
Topic: Signals and Systems Level: Easy
Concept: Sampling Theorem Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Discrete Time Signals Marks: 1
Concept Field: Nyquist Criterion Time: 60 Sec
4. Consider a real-valued base-band signal x(t), band limited to 10 kHz. The Nyquist
 t
y ( t) = x ( t) x  1+ 
rate for the signal  2  is
(1) 15 kHz
(2) 30 kHz
(3) 60 kHz
(4) 20 kHz
Sol. Correct answer is option (2)
Given, x(t) band limited to 10 kHz

 t
y ( t) = x ( t) x  1+ 
Given,  2
 t
X2 ( t) = x  1+ 
Assume X1(t) = x(t),  2
y(t) = X1(t) X2(t)
Apply Fourier Transform
From convolution in frequency domain property
Y(f) = X1(f) · X2(f)
X1(f) = X(f)
t 
x2 ( t) = x  + 1
2 
X2 (f)= 2eJ4fX(2f)
Maximum frequency of y(t) is fm = 15 kHz
Nyquist rate=2fm=30 kHz

5.
Topic: Signals and Systems Level: Moderate
Concept: Discrete Fourier Analysis Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Inverse DTFT Marks: 1
Concept Field: Equations and Properties Time: 90 Sec

5. Consider two 16-point sequences x[n] and h[n]. Let the linear convolution of x[n]
and h[n] be denoted by y[n], while z[n] denotes the 16-point inverse discrete
Fourier transform (IDFT) of the product of the 16-point DFTs of x[n] and h[n].
The value(s) of k for which z[k]= y[k] is/are
(A) k = 0, 1, 2,…,15
(B) k = 0
(C) k = 15
(D) k = 0 and k = 15
Sol. The correct answer is option ( C )
Given, y(n) = x(n) * h(n)
Where ‘*’ represents linear convolution,
Given, z(n) = IDFT [X(k) · H(k)]
z(n) = x(n) N h(n) {where N represent circular convolution}
 The length of linear convolution is N1 + N2 – 1
Given 16-point sequences. So N1 + N2 – 1 = 31
y(n) length is 31.
The length of circular convolution is Max(N1, N2)
= Max (16, 16)
= 16
So z(n) length is 16.
z(k) and y(k) are equal for k = 15 [16 – 1]
i.e. z(15) = y(15)
For understanding purpose, consider two 4-point sequences as –
x(n) = {1, 2, 3, 4}, h(n) = {0, 1, 2, 3}

{0, 1, 4, 10, 16, 17, 2}

y(3) = 10
 1 4 3 2 0
2 1 4 3  1
z (n) = x (n) N h (n) =   
 3 2 1 4  2
  
4 3 2 1 3
z(n) = {16, 18, 16, 10}
z(3) = 10
Here y(n) and z(n) are equal for n = 3
[n = N – 1 = 4 – 1]
Where ‘N’ is the length of sequences.

6.
Topic: Electronic Devices Level: Moderate
Concept: Semiconductor Physics Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Properties of Si/Ge Marks: 1
Concept Field: Concept of holes Time: 90 Sec

6. A bar of silicon is doped with boron concentration of 1016 cm–3 and assumed to
be fully ionized. It is exposed to light such that electron-hole pairs are generated
throughout the volume of the bar at the rate of 1020 cm–3 s–1. If the recombination
lifetime is 100 μs, intrinsic carrier concentration of silicon is 1010 cm–3 and
assuming 100% ionization of boron, then the approximate product of steady-
state electron and hole concentrations due to this light exposure is
(A) 1020 cm–6
(B) 2 × 1020 cm–6
(C) 1032 cm–6
(D) 2 × 1032 cm–6
Sol. Correct answer is option (D)
Given, NA = 1016/cm3
G1 = 1020/cm3 – s
τ = 100 μsec
ni = 1010/cm3
Steady state excess carriers
δp = δn = δ
  = G 1 = 1020  100  10−6
δ = 1016/cm3
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝0 + 𝛿 = 2 × 1016 /𝑐𝑚3
𝑛𝑝 = 𝑛𝑝0 + 𝛿 = 𝛿 =/1016 𝑐𝑚3
ppnp = 2 × 1032 cm–6

7.
Topic: Electronic Devices Level: Easy
Concept: Semiconductor Physics Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Fermi-Dirac Probability Marks: 1
Concept Field: Fermi Level and Mean Probability Time: 60 Sec

7. The energy band diagram of a p-type semiconductor bar of length L under

equilibrium condition (i.e., the Fermi energy level EF is constant) is shown in the
figure. The valence band EV is sloped since doping is non-uniform along the bar.
The difference between the energy levels of the valence band at the two edges
of the bar is Δ.

If the charge of an electron is q, then the magnitude of the electric field

developed inside this semiconductor bar is

(A) qL
2
(B) qL

(C) 2qL
3
(D) 2qL
Sol. Correct answer is option (A)
Relation between electric field and potential is given by.
d
E '= −
dx
d  −E 
E '= −   E − Energy
dx  q 
1 dE 1 
E '= =
q dx q L
* Non-uniform doping in a semiconductor results in a built-in electric field.

8.
Topic: Analog Electronics and Circuits Level: Moderate
Concept: FET/MOSFET Biasing Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: MOSFET Biasing Marks: 1
Concept Field: Choice of Bias Voltages Time: 120 Sec

8. In the circuit shown in the figure, the transistors M1 and M2 are operating in
saturation. The channel length modulation coefficients of both the transistors
are non-zero. The transconductance of the MOSFETs M1 and M2 are gm1 and gm2,
respectively and the internal resistance of the MOSFETs M1 and M2 are r01 and r02,
respectively

Ignoring the body effect, the ac small signal voltage gain ( Vout/ Vin) of the circuit
is
(A) –gm2 (r01||r02)
 1 
−gm 2  ||r02 
(B) g
 m1 
 1 
−gm 1  ||r01 ||r02 
(C)  gm 2 
 1 
−gm 2  ||r01 ||r02 
(D)  gm 1 
Sol. Correct answer is option (D)
Step 1: AC model for given circuit

Consider the circuit w.r.t M1,

1
 R eq = ||r01
gm 1 …(1)
Step 2: Small signal model for this circuit
 Where R2 = r02||Req …(2)
Vout = I0RL = –gm1 Vgs2 RL …(3)
V
 out = −gm 2 RL
Vgs2 …(4)
But Vgs2 = Vin
Vout  1
 = A V = −gm 2 r02 ||R eq  = −gm 2 r02 ||r01 || 
Vin  gm 1

 1
A V = −gm 2 r02 ||r01 || 
 gm 1 

9.
Topic:Analog Electronics and Circuits Level: Moderate
Concept: Operational Amplifier Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: OP-AMP Basics Marks: 1
Concept Field: Ideal properties Time: 60 sec

9. For the circuit with an ideal OP AMP shown in the figure, Vref is fixed.
 If Vout = 1 volt for Vin = 0.1 volt and Vout = 6 volt for Vin = 1 volt, where Vout is
measured across RL connected at the output of this OPAMP, the value of Rf/Rin
is
(A) 3.285
(B) 2.860
(C) 3.825
(D) 5.555
Sol. Correct answer is option (D)
V– = V+
Vout Rin + Vin R f V R
= ref 2
Rin + R f R1 + R2
1 R in + 0.1 R f V R
= ref 2
R in + R f R1 + R2 …(1)
6R in + 1R f V R
= ref f
R in + R f R1 + R2 …(2)
Equate equation (1) and (2)
1 × Rin + 0.1 × Rf = 6 × Rin + 1 × Rf
– 5Rin = 0.1 Rf
Rf −5
=
R in 0.9
Rf
= − 5.55
R in
Rf
= 5.55
RN
Only magnitude is taken . Hence the ratio will be positive.

10.
Topic: Analog Electronics and Circuits Level: Moderate
Concept: Operational Amplifiers Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: OP-AMP Basics Marks: 1
Concept Field: Ideal Properties Time: 90 Sec

10. Consider the circuit with an ideal OP AMP shown in the figure.

Assuming |Vin| << |Vcc| and |Vref| << |Vcc|, the condition at which Vout equals to zero
is
(A) Vin = Vref
(B) Vin = 0.5 Vref
(C) Vin = 2 Vref
(D) Vin = 2 + Vref
Sol. Correct answer is option (A)
 Given: |Vin|<<Vcc
|Vref| <<Vcc
Step 1: KCL at V2,
IN + IF = Iref …(1)
V − V2 Vout − V2 V2 + Vref
 in + =
R Rf R …(2)
Step 2: V1 = 0  V2 = 0
Vin Vout Ref
+ =
R Rf R
Vout Vref Vin Vref − Vin
 = − =
Rf R R R
R
 Vout = f ( Vref − Vin )
R …(3)
Step 3: F0Vout = 0
Rf
( Vref − Vin ) = 0
R
 Vref − Vin = 0
Vin = Vref …(4)
So Vin = Vref

11.
Topic: Digital Electronics Level: Easy
Concept: Number Systems Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Type of Systems Marks: 1
Concept Field: Radix Number N Systems Time: 60 Sec

11. If (1235)x = (3033)y, where x and y indicate the bases of the corresponding
numbers, then
(A) x = 7 and y = 5
(B) x = 8 and y = 6
(C) x = 6 and y = 4
(D) x = 9 and y = 7
Sol. Correct answer is option (B)
(1235)x = (3033)y
Converting LHS and RHS into decimal.
1 × x3 + 2 × x2 + 3 × x1 + 5 × x0 = 3xy3 + 0xy2 + 3xy1 + 3xy0
(x2 + 2x2 + 3x + 5)10 = (3y3 + 3y + 3)10
Substituting the given options, we find x = 8, y = 6
i.e. 83 + 2(8)2 + 3(8) + 5 = 3(63) + 3(6) + 3
LHS: 512 + 128 + 24 + 5 = (669)10
RHS: 3(216) + 18 + 3 = (669)10
Hence, option (B) is correct answer.
12.
Topic: Digital Electronics Level: Moderate
Concept: Memory Units Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Decoder Marks: 1
Concept Field: Combinational Circuit Design Time: 120 Sec

12. Addressing of a 32K × 16 memory is realized using a single decoder. The minimum
number of AND gates required for the decoder is
(A) 28
(B) 232
(C) 215
(D) 219
Sol. Correct answer is option (C)
Memory size = 32K × 16
= 215 × 16
So, number of AND gates required = 215.

13.
Topic: Control Systems Level: Moderate
Concept: Introduction Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Examples Marks: 1
Concept Field: Block Diagram and Signal Flow Time: 120 Sec

13. The block diagram of a feedback control system is shown in the figure.

Y ( s)
The transfer function X ( s) of the system is
G 1 + G 2 + G 1G 2H
(A) 1+ G 1H
G1 + G2
(B) 1 + G 1H + G 2H
G1 + G2
(C) 1+ G 1H
G 1 + G 2 + G 1G 2H
(D) 1+ G 1H + G 2H
Sol. Correct answer is option ( C )

By signal flow graph-

 Y G 1 ( 1− 0 ) + G 2 ( 1− 0 )
=
X 1−  −G 1H  {By using Mason’s gain formula}
−Y G 1 + G 2
=
X 1+ G 1H
Hence option (C) is correct answer.

14.
Topic: Control Systems Level: Moderate
Concept: Frequency Domain Analysis Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Nyquist Plots Marks: 1
Concept Field: Stability Analysis Time: 120 Sec

14. The complete Nyquist plot of the open-loop transfer function G(s) H(s) of a
feedback control system is shown in the figure.

If G(s) H(s) has one zero in the right-half of the s-plane, the number of poles
that the closed-loop system will have in the right-half of the s-plane is
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 4
(D) 3
Sol. Correct answer is option (D)
Given above figure.
Open zeros in the RHZ = 1
N(0,0) = (OL poles – OL zeros)
2 = OL poles – 1
OL poles = 3 [3 OL poles in the RHS]
P=3
N(–1,0) = (P – Z)
O=3–Z
Z = 3 (3 CL poles in the RHS plane)
15.
Topic: Electromagnetics Level: Moderate
Concept: Electromagnetic Waves Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Reflection and Transmissions Marks: 1
Concept Field: Reflection Coefficient Time: 120 Sec

15. Consider a rectangular coordinate system (x, y, z) with unit vectors ax, ay, and az,
A plane wave traveling in the region z ≥ 0 with electric field vector E = 10 cos (2
× 108t + βz) ay is incident normally on the plane at z = 0, where β is the phase
constant. The region z ≥ 0 is in free space and the region z < 0 is filled with a
lossless medium (permittivity ε = ε0, permeability μ = 4μ0, where ε0 = 8.85 × 10–12
F/m and μ0 = 4π × 10–7 H/m). The value of the reflection coefficient is
1
(A) 3
3
(B) 5
2
(C) 5
2
(D) 3
Sol. Correct answer is option (A)
Medium 1
Free surface
ε1 = ε2, μ2 = μ0, η1 = η0 = 120 πΩ

Medium 2
Lossless medium
ε2 = ε0, μ2 = 4μ0
Z < 0, Z = 0, Z > 0
r2
2 = 120
r2
4
= 120
1
η2 = 2 × 120π
Reflection coefficient,  is given by
 − 1 2  120 − 120
= 2 =
2 + 1 2  120 + 120
(2 − 1)
=
2+1
1
=
3
16.
Topic: Electromagnetics Level: Moderate
Concept: Static Electric Fields Type: NAT
Sub-concept: Vector Calculus Marks: 1
Concept Field: Curl Time: 90 sec

16. If the vectors (1.0, –1.0, 2.0), (7.0, 3.0, x) and (2.0, 3.0, 1.0) in 3 are linearly
dependent, the value of x is _______
Sol. The correct Answer is 8
Given that the vectors (1.0, –1.0, 2.0), (7.0, 3.0, x) and (2.0, 3.0, 1.0) are linearly
dependent
 1 −1 2
  7 3 x = 0
3 3 1
 (3 – 3x) – (7 – 2x) + 2 (21 – 6) = 0
 –5x + 10 + 30 = 0
– 5x = – 40
x=8

17.
Topic: Electromagnetics Level: Easy
Concept: Static Electric Fields Type: NAT
Sub-concept: Coordinate Systems Marks: 1
Concept Field: Cartesian Systems Time: 120 Sec

17. Consider the vector field F = ax (4y – c1z) + ay(4x + 2z) + az(2y + z) in a rectangular
coordinate system (x, y, z) with unit vectors ax, ay and az. If the field F is
irrotational (conservative), then the constant c1 (in integer) is _________
Sol. The correct answer is 0
Given that,
F = F1 a
ˆx + F2 a
ˆy + F3 a
ˆz is an irrotational

   F = 0 or curl F = 0
 a ˆx ˆy
a aˆz 
 
  
 =0
 x y z 
 
( 4y − 1z) ( 4x − 2z) (2y − z)
 ( 2 − 2) a
ˆx − 0 − (0 − C 1 )  a
ˆy + ( 4 − 4 ) a
ˆz = 0

 ( 0) a
ˆx − (C 1) a
ˆy + (0) a
ˆz = (0) a
ˆx + 0a
ˆy + 0a
ˆz
⇒– C1 = 0
 C1 = 0
Hence, value of C1 is zero.

18.
Topic: Network Theory Level: Moderate
Concept: Circuit Basics Type: NAT
Sub-concept: Divisions of V-I Marks: 1
Concept Field: Circuit Reduction problems Time: 120 Sec

18. Consider the circuit shown in the figure.

The current l flowing through the 7 Ω resistor between P and Q (rounded off to
one decimal place) is ______A.
Sol. The correct answer is 0.5
In the given Figure-
R and S points are same

5 1 5 1
1= = = = 0.5 Am p
By CDR, 2 + 1+ 7 10 2
I = 0.5 Amp

19.
Topic: Network Theory Level: Moderate
Concept: Circuit Basics Type: NAT
Sub-concept: KVL And KCL Marks: 1
Concept Field: Time: 120 Sec

19. Consider the circuit shown in the figure.

The value of V0 (rounded off to one decimal place) is ________ V.

Sol. The correct answer is 1
Given,

By KCL at (n) I = (6 + 2) = 8 mA
By KVL at V0
V0 V0 − 4
+ + 8m A = 6m A
1k 1k
2V0
− 4m A + 8m A = 6m A
1k
2V0
= 6m A − 4m A
1k
2V0 = 2mA
V0 = 1 volt
V0 = 1 volt

20.
Topic: Digital Electronics Level: Moderate
Concept: Digital-Analog Converters Type: NAT
Sub-concept: D-A Converter Marks: 1
Concept Field: Time: 120 Sec

20. An 8-bit unipolar (all analog output values are positive) digital-to-analog
converter (DAC) has a full-scale voltage range from 0 V to 7.68 V. If the digital
input code is 10010110 (the leftmost bit is MSB), then the analog output voltage
of the DAC (rounded off to one decimal place) is ________ V.
Sol. The correct answer is 4.5
Given
 VPS = 7.68V
n = 8 bit
Vfs
Re solution (K ) =
2n − 1
7.68
Re solution (K ) = 8 = 0.03
2 −1
Now, VDAC = k × [Decimal equivalent]
VDAC = 0.03 × [150]
VDAC = 4.5V
Hence the analog output voltage of the DAC is 4.5V.

21.
Topic: Signals and Systems Marks: 1
Concept: Signals in LTI Systems Type: NAT
Sub-concept: PSD & Auto-correlation Level: Easy
Concept Field: Average power Time: 45 sec

21. The autocorrelation function RX(τ) of a wide-sense stationary random process

X(t) is shown in the figure.

The average power of X(t) is ________

Sol. Answer is 2.
Average power: RX(0) = 2

22.
Topic: Communications Marks: 2
Concept: Amplitude Modulation Type: NAT
Sub-concept: SSB Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Generation & Demodulation Time: 90 sec

22. Consider a carrier signal which is amplitude modulated by a single-tone

sinusoidal message signal with a modulation index of 50%. If the carrier and one
of the sidebands are suppressed in the modulated signal, the percentage of
power saved (rounded off to one decimal place) is __________
Sol. The correct answer is 94.44
μ = 0.5
Carrier and one side band suppressed
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑑
%𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
× 100
PC + PU SB
=  100
PT
2
PC + PC 
= 4  100
 2 
PC 1+ 
 2
4 + 0.52
=  100
2 ( 2 + 0.52 )
 = 94.44%

23.
Topic: Communications Marks: 2
Concept: Random Variables & Noise Type: NAT
Sub-concept: Noise and Linear Systems Level: Moderate
Concept Field: White Noise and Types of Noise Time: 120 sec

23. A speech signal, band limited to 4 kHz, is sampled at 1.25 times the Nyquist rate.
The speech samples, assumed to be statistically independent and uniformly
distributed in the range –5 V to +5 V, are subsequently quantized in an 8-bit
uniform quantizer and then transmitted over a voice-grade AWGN telephone
channel. If the ratio of transmitted signal power to channel noise power is 26 dB,
the minimum channel bandwidth required to ensure reliable transmission of the
signal with arbitrarily small probability of transmission error (rounded off to two
decimal places) is _________ kHz.
Sol. Correct answer is 9.25
fm = 4 kHz
fs = 1.25 NR = 1.25 × (2fm) = 10 kHz

S
= 26 = 1026
n = 8 bits/ sample and N
For arbitrarily small probability of transmission error.
C ≥ Rb
 S
B log2  1+   n fs
 N 
B log2 ( 1+ 1026 )  8  10k
⇒B ≥ 9.25 kHz
Bin = 9.25 kHz
Hence, transmission error 9.25 kHz.

24.
Topic: Communications Marks: 1
Concept: Pulse Modulation Schemes Type: NAT
Sub-concept: Pulse Modulation Types Level: Easy
Concept Field: Delta Modulation and ADM Time: 60sec

24. A 4 kHz sinusoidal message signal having amplitude 4 V is fed to a delta

modulator (DM) operating at a sampling rate of 32 kHz. The minimum step size
required to avoid slope overload noise in the DM (rounded off to two decimal
places) is _______ V.
Sol. The correct answer is 3.14
fm = 4 kHz
Am = 4 V
fs = 32 kHz
Slope overload distortion can be avoided,
 dm ( t) 

dt m ax Ts
Δ ≥ Am 2πfm/fs
4  2  4k
m in =
32k
Δmin = 3.14 V

25.
Topic: Electromagnetics Marks: 1M
Concept: Radars & Fiber Optics Type: NAT
Sub-concept: Basics of Fiber Optics Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Construction & Working Time: 90 sec

25. The refractive indices of the core and cladding of an optical fiber are 1.50 and
1.48, respectively. The critical propagation angle, which is defined as the
maximum angle that the light beam makes with the axis of the optical fiber to
achieve the total internal reflection, (rounded off to two decimal places) is
_______ degree.
Sol. The Correct answer is 9.39
n1 = Refractive index of core = 1.50
n2 = Refractive index of cladding = 1.48
θc = Critical angle (or) minimum angle required for total internal reflection.
θ1 = Angle w.r.t. the axis of the core
If θc is minimum, θ1 should be maximum
n   1.48 
c = sin−1  2  = sin−1 
 n1   1.50 
θc = sin–1 [0.9866] = 80.6°
θ1 = 90° – θc
θ1 = 90° – 80.6°
θ1 = 9.39°

Q. 26 – Q. 55 carry two marks each.

26.
Topic: Engineering Mathematics Marks: 2M
Concept: Complex Variables Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Integration Level: High
Concept Field: Residue Theorems Time: 180 sec

26. Consider the integral

sin ( x)
C x2 ( x2 + 4) dx
where C is a counter-clockwise oriented circle defined as |x – i| = 2. The value of
the integral is

− sin ( 2i)
(A) 8

sin ( 2i)
(B) 8

− sin ( 2i)
(C) 4
 
sin ( 2i)
(D) 4
Sol. Correct answer is option (A)
sin ( x)
f( x) =
Let x ( x2 + 4 )
2

sin ( x)
f( x) =
x ( x + 2i) ( x − 2i)
2

x = 0 is pole of order 1
x = 2i, – 2i are simple pole.

x = –2i lies outside |z – i| = 2


 sin x  
Resf( x) = lim x  2 2 
 x ( x + 4) 
x→0
x= 0  
 sin x  0
= lim  3 
x→0 x + 4x 0
 
Applying L Hospital rule.
 cosx  1
Resf( x) = lim  2  = = 0.25
x→0 3x + 4
x→0   4
 ( x − 2i)  sin x 
 
Resf( x) = lim  2 
x→2i x  ( x + 2i
)  ( x − 2i) 
(ii) x→2i 


 sin x   sin 2i
= lim  2 =
x→2i x ( x + 2i )  (2i) (2i+ 2i)
2


sin (2i) −1
= = sin (2i)
−4 ( 4 i) 16 i
1 1
= − sin ( 2i)
Sum of residues 4 16 i

 f(2)  dz = 2 i(sum ofresidues)

C

1 
1
 f(2) dz = 2 i 4 − 16 isin (2i)
C

i 
= − sin ( 2i)
2 8

27.
Topic: Communications Marks: 2M
Concept: Random Variables & Noise Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Random Variables & Probability Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Single, Joint, Conditional Probability Time: 120 sec

27. A box contains the following three coins.

I. A fair coin with head on one face and tail on the other face.
II. A coin with heads on both the faces.
III. A coin with tails on both the faces.
A coin is picked randomly from the box and tossed. Out of the two remaining
coins in the box, one coin is then picked randomly and tossed. If the first toss
results in a head, the probability of getting a head in the second toss is
2
(A) 5
1
(B) 3
1
(C) 2
2
(D) 3
Sol. Correct answer is option (B)
Let A be the event of getting head in first toss and B be the event of getting head
in second toss.
We need to find P(B/A)
P (A  B)
P (B /A ) =
P (A )
1 1 1 1
P (A ) =  +  1 =
3 2 3 2
Case I: When the first tossed coin is a fair coin.
 1 1  1  1
     1 =
 3 2   2  12
Case II: When the first tossed coin is a double headed coin.
 1   1 1 1
  1    =
 3   2 2  12
1 1 1
P ( A  B ) = + =
12 12 6
1
P (A  B) 6 1
= = =
P (A ) 1 3
Required probability 2

28.
Topic: Network Theory Marks: 2M
Concept: Circuit Basics Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Ohm's Law, KVL , KCL Level: High
Concept Field: Circuit Reduction Problems Time: 180 sec

28. The switch in the circuit in the figure is in position P for a long time and then
moved to position Q at time t = 0.
 d  ( t)
The value of dt at t = 0+ is
(A) 0 V/s
(B) 3 V/s
(C) –3 V/s
(D) –5 V/s
Sol. Correct answer is option (C)
Given,

For t < 0, ‘S’ is in position P

At t = 0,( S.S )
L  (S.C), C → (O.C)

20
iL ( 0 ) = = 1m A = iL (0+ ) = i0
20k
By VDR,
20  10k
VC ( 0− ) = = 10V
(5 + 5 + 10 ) k
= VC (0+) = V0
At t = 0+, ‘S’ is in position ‘Q’
L  O.C. with i0,
C  S.C. with V0

By kCL, at (10V)
 10
+ iC ( 0+ ) + 1m A = 0
5k
iC(0+) = –3mA
dVC ( 0+ )
C = −3m A
dt
dVC (0+ ) −3m −3m
 = =
dt C 1m
dVC (0+ )
= −3V /sec
dt

29.
Topic: Network Theory Marks: 2M
Concept: Two Port Networks Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Y Parameters Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Problems and Analysis Time: 150 sec

29. Consider the two-port network shown in the figure.

The admittance parameters, in siemens, are

(A) y11 = 2, y12 = –4, y21 = –4, y22 = 2
(B) y11 = 1, y12 = –2, y21 = –1, y22 = 3
(C) y11 = 2, y12 = –4, y21 = –1, y22 = 2
(D) y11 = 2, y12 = –4, y21 = –4, y22 = 3
Sol. Correct answer is option (C)

For y-parameters,
I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2
I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2
By KCL at (V1)
V V − V2
I1 + 3V2 = 1 + 1
1 1
I1 = 2V1 – 4V2 ….(1)
By KCL at (V2)
V V − V1
I2 = 2 + 2
1 1
I2 = –V1 + 2V2 ….(2)
From equation (1) & (2)
I1 = 2V1 – 4V2
I2 = –V1 + 2V2
  y11 y12   2 −4
y = 
 21 y22   −1 2 

30.
Topic: Electronic Devices Marks: 2M
Concept: Transistors Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: MOSFET Level: High
Concept Field: Construction & Working Time: 180 sec

30. For an n-channel silicon MOSFET with 10 nm gate oxide thickness, the substrate
sensitivity ( VT/ |VBS|) is found to be 50 mV/V at a substrate voltage |VBS| = 2V,
where VT is the threshold voltage of the MOSFET. Assume that, |VBS| >> 2φB, where
qφB is the separation between the Fermi energy level EF and the intrinsic level Ei
in the bulk. Parameters given are
Electron charge (q) = 1.6 × 10–19C
Vacuum permittivity (ε0) = 8.85 × 10–12 F/m
Relative permittivity of silicon (εSi) = 12
Relative permittivity of oxide (εox) = 4
The doping concentration of the substrate is
(A) 7.37 × 1015 cm–3
(B) 4.37 × 1015 cm–3
(C) 2.37 × 1015 cm–3
(D) 9.37 × 1015 cm–3
Sol. Correct answer is option (A)
VT
= 50 m V /V
t = 10 rm,  VBS
ox
|VBS| = 2V, |VBS| >> 2φB
VT = VT0 + y  VBS + 2B − 2B 
 
VT0 = VT |VBS| = 0
√2𝑞𝑁𝐴 ∈𝑆
𝛾= − 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐶𝑂𝑋
Since |VBS>> 2φB

VT 1
=
 VBS 2 VBS
1
50  10−3 = 
2 2
 = 2 2  50  10−3 = 141.42  10−3 V
ox 4  8.85  10−14
C ox = = = 3.54  10−7 F /cm 2

tox 10  10−7
2qN A  S 2C ox
=  NA =
C ox 2q  S

NA =
(141.42  10 ) 
−3 2
(3.54  10 )
−7 2

2  1.6  10−19 12  8.85  10−14

NA = 7.37 × 1015 /cm–3

31.
Topic: Digital Electronics Marks: 2M
Concept: Combinational circuit Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Multiplexers Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Logic Gate Based Design Time: 90 sec

31. The propagation delays of the XOR gate, AND gate and multiplexer (MUX) in the
circuit shown in the figure are 4 ns, 2 ns and 1 ns, respectively.

If all the inputs P, Q, R, S and T are applied simultaneously and held constant,
the maximum propagation delay of the circuit is
(A) 3 ns
(B) 5 ns
(C) 6 ns
(D) 7 ns
Sol. Correct answer is option (C)
tXOR = 4 ns, tAND = 2 ns, tMUX = 1 ns
Case I: When T = 0
Propagation delay = tAND1 + tMUX2
=2+1
= 3 ns
Case II: When T = 1
Propagation delay = tAND2 + tMUX1 + tAND3 + tMUX2
=2+1+2+1
Propagation delay = 6 ns
Hence maximum propagation delay of the circuit is 6 ns.

32.
Topic: Digital Electronics Marks: 2M
Concept: Microprocessor Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Simple Programming Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Control Instructions Time: 60sec

32. The content of the registers are R1 = 25H, R2 = 30H and R3 = 40H. The following
machine instructions are executed.
PUSH {R1}
PUSH {R2}
PUSH {R3}
POP {R1}
POP {R2}
POP {R3}
After execution, the content of registers R1, R2, R3 are
(A) R1 = 40H, R2 = 30H, R3 = 25H
(B) R1 = 25H, R2 = 30H, R3 = 40H
(C) R1 = 30H, R2 = 40H, R3 = 25H
(D) R1 = 40H, R2 = 25H, R3 = 30H
Sol. Correct answer is option (A)
R1 = 25H, R2 = 30H, R3 = 40H
 i.e. R1 = 40H, R2 = 30H, R3 = 25H

33.
Topic: Control Systems Marks: 2M
Concept: State variable methods Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Controllability and Observability Level: High
Concept Field: Time: 120 sec

33. The electrical system shown in the figure converts input source current is(t) to
output voltage v0(t).

Current iL(t) in the inductor and voltage vC(t) across the capacitor are taken as
the state variables, both assumed to be initially equal to zero, i.e., iL(0) = 0 and
vC(0) = 0. The system is
(A) Completely state controllable as well as completely observable
(B) Completely state controllable but not observable
(C) Completely observable but not state controllable
(D) Neither state controllable nor observable
Sol. Correct answer is option (C)
is(t) = iL(t) + iR(t)
VL (t)
s t) = i(
i( L t)+
1
d i(
L t) di(t)
R t) = L
i( = L
But VL(t) = VR(t) = 1 iR(t)  dt dt
d i(
L t) di
s t) = i(
i( L t)+  L = i( s t)− i(
L t)
dt dt
iL(t) = is(t) – iL(t) …(1)
is(t) = iC(t) + iR(t)
d vC (t) dvC (t) vR (t)
s t) = C
i( + i(
R t)  i(
s t) = +
dt dt 1
d vC (t) vC (t) dvC (t)
s t) =
i( + (t) = i(
s t)− vC (t)
dt 1 dt
vC(t) = is(t) – vC(t) …(2)
 v0(t) = vC(t) …(3)
 i(
L t)   −1 0  i(
L t)  1 i(
L t) 
s t) vol
 v (t) =  0 −1  v (t) + 1 i( t = ( 0 1)  
 C    C     vC (t)
Controllability:
1 −1
Q C = B + B  =    QC = 0
1 −1 , Not controllable
Observability:
C  0 1 
Q0 =   =    Q0 = 0
CA  0 −1 , Not observable
Neither controllable nor observable
Option (C) is correct answer.

34.
Topic: Communications Marks: 2M
Concept: Information Theory and Coding Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Error Control Techniques Level: High
Concept Field: Hamming Codes Time: 150 sec

34. A digital transmission system uses a (7,4) systematic linear Hamming code for
transmitting data over a noisy channel. If three of the message-codeword pairs
in this code (mi ; ci), where ci is the codeword corresponding to the ith message
mi, are known to be (1100; 0101100), (1110; 0011110) and (0110; 1000110), then which
of the following is a valid codeword in this code?
(A) 1101001
(B) 1011010
(C) 0001011
(D) 0110100
Sol. Correct answer is option (C)
P0 P1 P2 d0 d1 d2 d3
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 ….C1
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 ….C2
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 ….C3
P0 = d0 d1 d3
P1 = d1 d2 d3
P2 = d0 d1 d2
P0 P1 P2 d0 d1 d2 d3
1 1 0 1 0 0 1  option (A)
1 0 1 1 0 1 0  option (B)
0 0 0 1 0 1 1  option (C)
0 1 1 0 1 0 0  option (D)
Hence, option (C) is valid code word.

35.
Topic: Electromagnetics Marks: 2M
Concept: Transmission lines Type: MCQ
Sub-concept: Types of Lines Level: High
Concept Field: Matched Lines Time: 120 sec
35. The impedance matching network shown in the figure is to match a lossless line
having characteristic impedance Z0 = 50 Ω with a load impedance ZL. A quarter-
wave line having a characteristic impedance Z1 = 75Ω is connected to ZL. Two
stubs having characteristic impedance of 75Ω each are connected to this
quarter-wave line. One is a short-circuited (S.C.) stub of length 0.25λ connected
across PQ and the other one is an open-circuited (O.C.) stub of length 0.5λ
connected across RS.

The impedance matching is achieved when the real part of ZL is

(A) 112.5 Ω
(B) 75.0 Ω
(C) 50.0 Ω
(D) 33.3 Ω
Sol. Correct answer is option (A)
 ( 75)
2
5625
zPQ = = (zL = RL )
zL RL
For the matching to take place there should not be any reflection i.e.L = 0
zPQ − z0
=0
zPQ + z0
⇒zPQ = z0
5625
 = z0
RL
5625
 RL =
50
RL = 112.5Ω

36.
Topic: Engineering mathematics Marks: 2M
Concept: Linear Algebra Type: NAT
Sub-concept: Eigen Values and Vectors Level: Easy
Concept Field: Properties of Eigen Values and Vectors Time: 45 sec

36. A real 2 × 2 non-singular matrix A with repeated eigen value is given as

 x −3.0
A = 
3.0 4.0 
where x is a real positive number. The value of x (rounded off to one decimal
place) is________
Sol. The correct answer is 10
 x −3.0
A = 
Given 3.0 4.0 
⇒The characteristics equation of A2×2 is
λ2 – (x + 4) λ + (4x + 9) = 0
( x + 4)  ( x + 4) − 4  1 ( 4x + 9)
2

=
2 1
But given that the characteristics equation has repeated roots, b2 – 4ac = 0
So, consider
(x + 4)2 – 4 × 1 × (4x+ 9) = 0
 x2 + 16 + 8x – 16x + 36 = 0
 x2 – 8x – 20 = 0
8  64 + 80 8  144 8  12
x= = =
2 2 2
∴x = 10 or –2
In given question where x is a real positive number.
Therefore, x = 10

37.
Topic: Electromagnetics Marks: 2M
Concept: Static Electric Fields Type: NAT
Sub-concept: Co-ordinate Systems Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Parameters and Unit Vectors Time: 90 sec

37. For a vector field D = ρ cos2ϕ aρ + z2 sin2ϕ aϕ in a cylindrical coordinate system

(ρ, ϕ, z) with unit vectors aρ, aϕ and az, the net flux of D leaving the closed surface
of the cylinder (ρ = 3, 0 ≤ z ≤ 2) (rounded off to two decimal places) is _______
Sol. The correct answer is 56.54
Given D =  cos a ˆ + z2 sin2 a
2
ˆ
The net flux leaving the closed surface of the cylinder is

net = bottom +  top +  side

net =  D  ds +  D  ds +  D  ds
(z=0) (z=2) ( =3)
s s s

ds =  dsd  (  a
ˆz )
As for z = constant and hence D  ds = 0 for both z = 0 & z = 2
For ρ = 3
D  ds = ( cos2  a ˆ )  d dza
ˆ + zsin2  a ˆ
2 2
net =  
z= 0 = 0
2 cos2  d dz

1
= ( 3)  2  (2 )
2

2
 net = 1 = 56.54
Hence the net flux is 56.54

38.
Topic: Network Theory Marks: 2M
Concept: Transient Analysis Type: NAT
Sub-concept: RC Transient Level: High
Concept Field: Time Constant Calculations Time: 180 sec

38. In the circuit shown in the figure, the switch is closed at time t = 0, while the
capacitor is initially charged to –5 V (i.e. vc(0) = –5V).

The time after which the voltage across the capacitor becomes zero (rounded
off to three decimal places) is__________ ms.
Sol. Correct answer is 0.138
Given,

VC(0) = –5V = V0
For t > 0, S is clsoed
For final value at t = ∞ (S, S), C → O.C.

By KCL at VC(∞)
VC (  ) − 5 VB VC ( )
+ + =0
250 500 250
VC (  ) − 5 5 − VC (  ) VC ( )
+ + =0
250 500 250
(VR = 5 – VC(∞))
 1 1 1  5 5
VC ( )  − + = −
 250 250 250  250 500
VC(∞)[2 – 1 + 2] = 5[2 – 1]
5
VC ( ) = volt s
3
For Time constant τ = ReqC
For Req(V → S.C) V-I Method

By KCL at (V)
VR VR V
I+ = +
250 250 250
VR V VR
I= − +
500 250 250
−V V V
I= + +
500 250 250 (V = –VR)
 2 1   3 
I = V −  = V 
 500 500   500 
V 500
= = Req
I 3
500 50  6
 = Req C =  0.6 F = H = 10–4 sec
3 3
VC(t) = VC(∞) + (VC(0) – VC(∞))e–t/τ
 5  5 4
= +  −5 −  e– 10 t
3  3
5 4 4
VC (t ) = − 5   e– 10 t
3 3
 e– 10 t 
4
 5 − 20e 
VC (t ) =   volt s t  0
 3 
If VC(t) = 0
4 1 4
5 = 20e–10 t  = e−10 t
4
1
 = −104 t
4
+1.386 = +104t ⇒ t = 1.386 × 10–4
t = 0.1386 × 10–3
t = 0.1386 msec

39.
Topic: Signals and Systems Marks: 2M
Concept: Fourier Series Type: NAT
Sub-concept: Exponential Level: High
Concept Field: Coefficients Time: 180 sec

39. The exponential Fourier series representation of a continuous-time periodic

signal x(t) is defined as

x(t) = ae
k =−
k
jk0 t

where ω0 is the fundamental angular frequency of x(t) and the coefficients of the
series are ak. The following information is given about x(t) and ak.
I. x(t) is real and even, having a fundamental period of 6
II. The average value of x(t) is 2
k, 1  k  3
ak = 
III. 0, k  3
The average power of the signal x(t) (rounded off to one decimal place) is
_________
Sol. Correct answer is 32
From II statement average value a0 = 2
From statement III, a1 = 1, a2 = 2, a3 = 3
From statement I, since x(t) is real & even ak = a–k
a1 = a–1 = 1 & a2 = a–2 = 2 & a3 = a–3 = 3
From Parseval’s theorem,
T +
1
 
2 2
Par = x(t) dt = ak
T0 k =−
3


2
= ak
k =−3
3
= a0 + 2 ak
2 2

k=1
= (2)2 + 2[(1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2]
= 4 + 28
Par = 32 watts.
40.
Topic: Signals and Systems Marks: 2M
Concept: Z-Transforms Type: NAT
Sub-concept: Discrete Signals Transforms Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Properties and Expressions Time: 60 sec

40. For a unit step input u[n], a discrete-time LTI system produces an output signal
(2δ[n + 1] + δ[n] + δ[n – 1]). Let y[n] be the output of the system for an input
  1n 
   u[n]
 2  . The value of y[0] is _________
Sol. Correct answer is 0
1
x (n ) = u (n )  x (z) =
1− z−1
y (n) = 2 n + 1 +  n +  n − 1
Y (z) = 2z + 1+ z−1
Y ( z) 2z + 1+ z−1
T.F.H ( z) = = = ( 2z + 1+ z−1 ) ( 1− z−1 )
X ( z) 1
1− z−1
= 2z + 1+ z−1 − 2 − z−1 − z−2
H (z) = 2z − 1− z−2
n
 1
x (n) =   u (n)
If 2 for this system with
H(z) = 2z – 1 – z–2
then h(n) = 2δ(n + 1) – δ(n) – δ(n – 2)
Y(z) = X(z) H(z)
2z − 1− z−2
=
1
1− z−1
2
y(n) = x(n) * h(n)
n+ 1 n n −2
 1  1  1
y (n) = 2   u (n + 1) −   u (n) −   u (n − 2)
 2  2  2
As we want y(0), it is due to first 2 terms of y(n)
0+1
 1 1
y (0) = 2   −
 
2 2
y(0) = 1 – 1 = 0

41.
Topic: Signals and System Marks: 2M
Concept: Discrete Fourier Analysis Type: NAT
Sub-concept: DT Fourier Transform Level: High
Concept Field: DTFS-DTFT Time: 90 sec

41. Consider the signals x[n] = 2n–1u[-n + 2] and y[n] = 2–n+2 u[n + 1], where u[n] is the
unit step sequence. Let X(ejω) and Y(ejω) be the discrete time Fourier transform
of x[n] and y[n], respectively. The value of the integral
2
1
 X ( e ) Y (e ) d
j − j

2 0
 (rounded off to one decimal place) is _______
Sol. Correct answer is 8
x n = 2n−1u ( −n + 2) ⎯⎯→
F.T.
X (ej )
y n = 2−n+1u (n + 1) ⎯⎯→
F.T.
Y (e− j )
For any real signal X(ejω) = X * (e–jω)
X*(ejω) = X(e-jω)
2
1
 X (e ) Y (e ) d
j − j

Value of 2 0

2
1
 X ( e ) Y ( e ) d
j j
= *

2 0
+
=  x ny n
*

From Plancherel’s theorem, n=−

overlap of the signals x[n] and y[n] is the range –1 to +2
x[n] = 2n–1 ; n ≤ 2
y[n] = 2–n–2 ; n ≥ –1
2
= 2
n=−1
n−1
 2−n+2
2
=  ( 2)
n =−1
= 2 (1 +1 + 1 + 1)
=2×4
=8
Answer is 8

42.
Topic: Electronic Devices Marks: 2M
Concept: P-N Junction Diodes Type: NAT
Sub-concept: Diode basics Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Reverse Bias Time: 90 sec

42. A silicon P–N junction is shown in the figure. The doping in the P region is 5 ×
1016 cm–3 and doping in the N region is 10 × 1016 cm–3. The parameters given are
Built-in voltage (φbi) = 0.8 V
Electron charge (q) = 1.6 × 10–19 C
Vacuum permittivity (ε0) = 8.85 × 10–12 F/m
Relative permittivity of silicon (εSi) = 12

The magnitude of reverse bias voltage that would completely deplete one of the
two regions (P or N) prior to the other (rounded off to one decimal place) is
_________V.
Sol. Correct answer is 8.2
Na = 5 × 1016/cm3
ND = 10 × 1016/cm3
φbi = 0.8 V
 ND xp
 =
We know that xnND = xpNA Na xn
ND
= 2  xp = 2 xn
Na
As, xn = 0.2 μm xp = 0.4 μm
So width of depletion region, W = 0.6 μm
2 ( V0 + VR )  1 1
W =  + 
q  N A ND 
2  12  8.85  10−14 (0.8 + VR )  1 1 
0.6  10−6 = −19  + 
1.6  10  5  10
16
10  1016 
0.36  10−8  1.6  10−19  5  1016
= ( VR + 0.8)
2  12  8.85  10−14  1.5
VR = 8.2396 volts

43.
Topic: Electronic Devices Marks: 2M
Concept: P- N Junction Diodes Type: NAT
Sub-concept: Diode Basics Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Cut-in Voltage, Energy Band Diagram
Time: 180sec

43. An symmetrical periodic pulse train vin of 10V amplitude with on-time TON = 1ms
and off-time TOFF = 1 μs is applied to the circuit shown in the figure. The diode D1
is ideal.

The difference between the maximum voltage and minimum voltage of the
output waveform v0 (in integer) is _________ V.
Sol. Correct answer is 10.
Given, Vin = 10V
Asymmetrical periodic pulse train
TON = 1 msec & Toff = 1 msec
Diode is ideal,

Case (i): If Vin = 10V ⇒ D1 is ON

 VC (voltage across capacitor) = 1ON ..... (i)
Case (ii): If Vin = 0V ⇒ D1 is OFF

The duration of input pulse with amplitude ON is TOFF = 1 μsec &

Discharging time for capacitro,
TOFF = 1 μsec &
Discharging time for capacitor,
TDischarge = 20 nF × 500 kn = 10 msec
TDischarge = 20 nF × 500 kΩ = 10 msec
i.e. V0 = Vi – VC = 0V – 10V
V0 = –10 Voff ..... (ii)
Note: The difference between maximum voltage 1 minimum voltage of the
output waveform.
= 0 – (–10V)
= 10V ..... (iii)

44.
Topic: Electronic Devices Marks: 2M
Concept: Transistors Type: NAT
Sub-concept: MOSFET Level: Hard
Concept Field: N-MOS & P-MOS Time: 180 sec

44. For the transistor M1 in the circuit shown in the figure, μnCox= 100 μA/V2 and (W/L)
= 10, where μn is the mobility of electron, Cox is the oxide capacitance per unit
area, W is the width and L is the length.
 The channel length modulation coefficient is ignored. If the gate-to-source
voltage VGS is 1V to keep the transistor at the edge of saturation, then the
threshold voltage of the transistor (rounded off to one decimal place) is
_________ V.
Sol. Correct answer is 0.5

μnCox = 100 μA/V2

W
= 10
⊥
λ=0
VGS = 1r
VT = ?
Edge fo saturation VDS = VGS – VT
VDS = 1 – VT
W
nCox   ( VGS − VT )
1 2
ID =
2 ⊥
Applying KV1, we can write,
VDS = VDD – IDRD
1
(1− VT ) = 3 −  100  10(1− VT )2 (20k)
2
1 – VT = 3 – 10(1 – VT)2
= 3 – 10 – 10VT2 + 20VT
10VT – 2.1VT + 8 = 0
2

VT2 – 2.1VT + 0.8 = 0

(VT – 1.6) (VT – 0.5) = 0
VT = 1.6V and VT = 0.5V
To twin–on the transistor

VGS > VT

So, VT = 0.5V

Note: To turn ON the transistor, Gate source voltage must be always greater than
the threshold voltage.

45.
Topic: Analog Electronics & Circuits Marks: 2M
Concept: Operational Amplifiers Type: NAT
Sub-concept: OP-AMP Basic Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Transfer Characteristics Time: 90 sec

45. A circuit with an ideal OP AMP is shown in the figure. A pulse VIN of 20 ms duration
is applied to the input. The capacitors are initially uncharged.
 The output voltage VOUT of this circuit at t = 0+ (in integer) is _________ V.

Sol. Correct answer is 12

V − V0 dVin
iL = =C
R dt
d
V0 = –RC (V )
dt in
V0 = –RC [Slope Vf input Vin]
V0 = –RC [∞]
V0 = –Vsat

V0 = –12V

Hence answer is 12V.

{Be count we taking magnitude}

46.
Topic: Digital Electronics Marks: 1 M
Concept: Sequential Circuits Type: NAT
Sub-concept: Flip- Flops Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Latching as Memory Basic Time: 90 sec
46. The propagation delay to the exclusive-OR (XOR) gate in the circuit in the figure
is 3 ns. The propagation delay of all the flip-flops is assumed to

The output voltage VOUT of this circuit at t = 0+ (in integer) is _________ V.

Sol. Correct answer is 5.

Given tXOR = 3ns, f = 500 MHz
1
T = = 2ns
f
Initially Q2Q1Q0 = 111 & D2 = 1

47.
Topic: Network Theory Marks: 2M
Concept: Transient Analysis Type: NAT
Sub-concept: R-L-C Transients Level: High
Concept Field: Laplace Transforms Method Time: 180 sec
47. The circuit in the figure contains a current source driving a load having an
inductor and a resistor in series, with a shunt capacitor across the load. The
ammeter is assumed to have zero resistance. The switch is closed at time t = 0.

Initially, when the switch is open, the capacitor is discharged and the ammeter
reads zero ampere. After the switch is closed, the ammeter reading keeps
fluctuating for some time till it settles to a final steady value. The maximum
ammeter reading that one will observe after the switch is closed (rounded off to
two decimal places) is _________ A.
Sol. Correct answer is 1.44
Range is (1.43 to 1.45)
In steady state the circuit is,
 ⇒ iL(∞) = 1A = Ammeter current in steady state
⇒ VL(∞) = 5k · 1A = 5kV
During the transient period the Laplace transformed circuit with zero initial
conditions.

−G −0.25  3.114

=e =e
Peak overshoot (o) First maxima 1− G 2 1− (0.25)2 = 0.443

So, maximum ammeter leaving just after the switch closed is iL(t)|MUX = 1+0.444
= 1.444 Ampere.
Answer is 1.44 Ampere.

48.
Topic: Control System Marks: 2
Concept: Stability Analysis Type: NAT
Sub-Concept: Routh Stability Criteria Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Routh-Hurwitz Criteria Time: 90 sec

48. A unity feedback system that uses proportional-integral (PI) control is shown in
the figure.

The stability of the overall system is controlled by tuning the IP control

parameters KP and KI. The maximum value of Ki that can be chosen so as to keep
the overall system stable or, in the worst case, marginally stable (rounded off to
three decimal places) is _______

Sol. Correct answer is 3.125

Given,
 sK + K I  2  2(sK P + K I)
G(s) =  P    =
  s + 4s + 5s + 2  s(s + 4 s + 5 s+ 2)
3 2 3 2
 s
 Characteristics equation
1 + G(s) + H(s) = 0
2(sKP + K I)
1+ =0
s(s3 + 4 s2 + 5 s+ 2)
s4 + 4s3 + 5s2 + s (2 + 2 KP) + 2 KI = 0
From Necessary contrition,
KP> – 1, KI> 0
Routh Table,

For stability-
 (18 − 2K P )(2 + 2K P ) 
 − 8K I  0
4 
⇒ (18 – 2KP) [2 + 2KP] – 32 KI> 0
⇒ 36 + 36 KP – 4 KP – 4 KP2 – 32 KI> 0
(36 + 32 KP – 4 KP2) > 32 KI
 36 + 32K P − 4K P2 
KI   
 32 
 36 + 32KP − 4KP2 
0  KI   
 32 
dK I
KI = =0
To get maximum value of dK P
dKI
= 0 = [0 + 32 − 8K P ] = 0
dKP
32 – 8KP = 0
8KP = 32
KP = 4
For KP = 4
36 + 32(9)− 9(9)2
KI =
For KP = 4, 32
⇒ Kmax = 3.125
Answer is 3.125

49.
Topic: Communications Marks: 2
Concept: Frequency and Phase Modulation Type: NAT
Sub-Concept: Phase modulation Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Angle Modulation Concepts Time: 60 sec

49. A sinusoidal message signal having root mean square value of 4V and frequency
of 4 kHz is fed to a phase modulator with phase deviation constant 2 rad/volt. If
the carrier signal is c(t) = 2 cos(2π 106t), the maximum instantaneous frequency
of the phase modulated signal (rounded off to one decimal place) is ______ Hz.
Ans. Correct answer is 1011313.7
 Vm
Vrm s = 4 =  Vm = 4 2
Sol. 2
fm = 4 kHz
KP = 2 rad/volt
c(t) = 2 cos (2π · 106t)
SPM(t) = 4 cos [2pfct + KP m(t)]
K dm (t)
fi,m ax = fc + P
2 dt m ax
m (t) = 4 2 cos(2 103 t)
dm (t)
= −4 2  2  103 sin(2  103 t)
dt m ax
dm (t) 2
= 106 +  8 2  103
dt m ax 2
fi max = 1011313.7 Hz.

50.
Topic: Communications Marks: 2
Concept: Amplitude Modulation Type: NAT
Sub-Concept: AM Receivers Level: Easy
Concept Field: Super Heterodyne Time: 40 sec

50. Consider a superheterodyne receiver tuned to 600 kHz. If the local oscillator
feeds a 1000 kHz signal to the mixer, the image frequency (in integer) is ______
kHz.
Ans. Correct answer is 1400
Sol. fS = 600 kHz
f10 = 1000 kHz
fSI = Image frequency = fS + 2 fIF
fIF = f10– fS = 1000 kHz – 6000 kHz = 400 kHz
fSI = fS + 2fIF = 600 kHz (2 × 400 kHz) = 600 K + 800 kHz
fSI = 1400 kHz
Hence, frequency is 1400 kHz

51.
Topic: Communications Marks: 2
Concept: Information Theory and Coding Type: NAT
Sub-Concept: Entropy and Information Level: Easy
Concept Field: Time: 60 sec

51. In a high school having equal number of boy students and girl students, 75% of
the students study Science and the remaining 25% students study Commerce.
Commerce students are two times more likely to be a boy than are Science
students. The amount of information gained in knowing that a randomly selected
girl student studies Commerce (rounded off to three decimal places) is ________
bits.
Ans. Correct answer is 3.321
1 1
P(B) = ,P(G) =
Sol. 2 2
3 1
P(S) = ,P(C) =
4 4
 B  B 
P   = 2P  
 
C S
B  B 
P(B) = P   P(C)P   P(S)
C  S
1 B  1 B  3
= P  +P  
2 C  4 S 3
B  B  B  3 B 
2 = P   + 3P   = P   + P  
C  S C  2 C 
B  2 4
P  = =
 
C 2.5 5
 B  P(B/C) P(C) 4 /5  1/4
P  = =
C  P(B) 1/2
B  C 
P(C) = P   P(B)+ P   P(G )
C  G 
1 2 1 C  1
  +P 
4 5 2 G  2
C  1
P  =
 
G 10
C   1
I= − log2 P   = − log2   = log2 10
G   10 
I = 3.3219 bits
Answer is 3.321 bits

52.
Topic: Communications Marks: 2
Concept: Pulse Modulation Schemes Type: NAT
Sub-Concept: Pulse Coded Modulation Level: Moderate
Concept Field: Stages of Sampling, Quantization, Encoding Time: 45 sec

52. A message signal having peak-to-peak value of 2 V, root mean square value of
0.1 V and bandwidth of 5 kHz is sampled and fed to a pulse code modulation
(PCM) system that uses a uniform quantizer. The PCM output is transmitted over
a channel that can support a maximum transmission rate of 0 kbps. Assuming
that the quantization error is uniformly distributed, the maximum signal to
quantization noise ratio that can be obtained by the PCM system (rounded off to
two decimal places) is _________
Ans. Correct answer is 30.72
Sol. Given that, Vrms = 0.1 V
⇒ signal power = Vrm s = 0.01
2

Bit rate = n × fS = 50 kbps

= n × 2 × 5 × 103 = 50 × 103
⇒n=3
peck to peak voltage 2V 1
= = 5 =
2n 2 24
2 1 1
= = =
Noise power 12 12  (2 )
4 2
12  28
Signal pow er
SN R =
N oise pow er
= 0.01 × 12 × 28
 SNR = 30.72

53.
Topic: Communication Marks: 2
Concept: Digital Communication Type: NAT
Sub-Concept: Optimum Threshold Voltage Level: Moderate
Concept Field: MAP and ML detection Time: 60 sec

53. Consider a polar non-return to zero (NRZ) waveform, using +2 V and – 2 V for
representing binary 1 and 0 respectively, is transmitted in the presence of
additive zero-mean white Gaussian noise with variance 0.4 V2. If the a priori
probability of transmission of a binary 1 is 0.4, the optimum threshold voltage of
a maximum a posteriori (MAP) receiver (rounded off to two decimal places) is
________ V.
Ans. Correct answer is 0.04
Sol.

N0
= = 62 = 0.4
Noise variance 2
P(1) = 0.4, P(0) = 0.6
S + S1 62 P(0)
= 0 + ln
Optimum threshold 2 S 1 + S0 P(1)
−2 + 2 0.4  0.6 
VTh = + ln  
2 2 − (−2)  0.4 
0.4
= ln 1.5
4
= 0.0405
VTh = 0.04 V

54.
Topic: Electromagnetics Marks: 2
Concept: Waveguides Type: NAT
Sub-Concept: Mode Connections & Feeds Level: Moderate
Concept Field: TE/TM Modes Time: 80 sec

54. A standard air-filled rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 8 cm, b = 4 cm,

operates at 3.4 GHz. For the dominant mode of wave propagation, the phase
velocity of the signal is vp. The value (rounded off to two decimal places) of vp/c,
where c denotes the velocity of light, is ____________
Ans. Correct answer is 1.20
Sol. Given, An air filled rectangular waveguide
a = 8 cm, b = 4 cm
f = 3.4 GHz
Operating in dominant mode (TE10)
Phase velocity, VP is given by
C
VP =
2
 fC 
1−  
 f
 VP 4
=
C f 
2

1−  C 
 f
C 3  1010
fC (TE10 ) = = = 1.875GH z
Where, 2a 28
VP 1
= = 1.198
C  1.875 
2

1−  
 3.4 
VP
∴ The factor C is 1.20

55.
Topic: Electromagnetics Marks: 2
Concept: Antennas Type: NAT
Sub-Concept: Basic Terms and Definitions Level: Moderate
Concept-Field: Radiation Intensity Time: 90 sec

55. An antenna with a directive gain of 6 dB is radiating a total power of 16 kW. The
amplitude of the electric field in free space at a distance of 8 km from the
antenna in the direction of 6 dB gain (rounded off to three decimal places) is
_______ V/m.
Ans. Correct answer is 0.244
Sol. Given, Directive gain
10 logD = 6
D = 100.6 = 3.98
Prad = 16 kW
Directivity or directive gain is given by-
U
D = 4 m ax
Prad
r2W rad
D = 4
Prad
E 
4r2   2 
D =  2 
Prad
Prad  D  2 16  103  3.98  2  120
E= =
4r2 4  (8  103 )2
E = 5.97  10−2 = 0.244 V/m
Amplitude of electric field intensity
E = 0.244 V/m