Unit1.

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

1. What is Artificial Intelligence? And Why it is, Can it be dangerous?(0)
Ans: Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the
moment people do better.
AI is a fundamental part of the concept of a world where machines and devices all
communicate with each other to get the work done, leaving us free to relax and enjoy life.
Definition of AI:
• Acting humanly:
The Turing Test approach
• Thinking humanly:
The cognitive modelling approach
• Thinking rationally:
The "laws of thought" approach
• Acting rationally:
The rational agent approach

Why AI?
 Impact of AI in the society
 Artificial intelligence will change the way we live
 It can bring a change in everything about the way we produce, manufacture and deliver
 An AI system will do what a human should be doing if he was in controls of
A car,
An airplane
A pacemaker
An automated trading system
 A power grid.
o Machines and devices all communicate with each other to get the work done,
leaving humans free to relax and enjoy life

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 IT can be Dangerous?

 Most researchers agree that even a super intelligent AI is unlikely to exhibit human
emotions like love or hate
 Hence, that there is no reason to expect AI to become intentionally benevolent (love)or
malevolent (hate).
 We can be sure, the Hollywood kind of evil may not arise, (i.e. machines taking over the
world. E.g., terminator, matrix ...)
 Experts think two most likely scenarios :
 The AI is programmed to do something devastating:
Autonomous weapons with artificial intelligence systems that are programmed to kill.
 The AI is programmed to do something beneficial, but it develops a destructive
method for achieving its goal:
This can happen whenever we fail to fully align the AI’s goals with ours

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2. What are the Goals of AI? And Explain the Application of AI?(0)
Ans:
 To Create Expert Systems
The systems which exhibit intelligent behaviour, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice
its users.
 To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines
Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
Contribution of AI

Application of AI:
• Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc.,
where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic
knowledge.
• Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that
understands natural language spoken by humans.
• Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and
special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and
advice to the users.
• Vision Systems − these systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on
the computer. For example,
A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial information
or map of the areas.
Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored
portrait made by forensic artist.
• Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human

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 talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change
in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
• Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human.

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3. What is Agent with Example? Types of agents. (1)
Ans: An agent is something that acts in an environment Example: Dog,cat Robot
• An agent acts intelligently if:
– its actions are appropriate for its goals and circumstances
– it is flexible to changing environments and goals
– it learns from experience
– it makes appropriate choices given perceptual and computational limitations.
Examples of Agents
• Organizations
Microsoft, Al Qaeda, Government of India, Wipro,...
• People
Teachers, physicians, stock traders, engineers, researchers, travel agents,
farmers, waiters...
• Computers/devices
Thermostats, user interfaces, airplane controllers, network controllers, games,
advising systems, tutoring systems, diagnostic assistants, robots, Google car, Mars
rover...
• Animals
Dogs, mice, birds, insects, worms, bacteria
Types of agents
• Human agent
Has eyes, ears, and other organs for sensors and hands, legs, mouth, and other body
parts for actuators.
• Robotic agent
Might have cameras and infrared range finders for sensors and various motors for
actuators.
• Software agent
Receives keystrokes, file contents, and network packets as sensory inputs and acts on
the environment by displaying on the screen, writing files, and sending network packets.

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• Generic agent
A general structure of an agent who interacts with the environment.

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4. Difference between Natural and Artificial Intelligence?(1)
Ans:

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5. What are the Methods and techniques of AI?(3)
Ans: Methods and techniques
• Methods
– Storing information
• Facts
• Rules
– Retrieving Information
• Searching
• Pattern Matching
• Techniques
• Algorithms
• Heuristics

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6. What is intelligent system? And Characteristics (3)
Ans: Any system to be termed as intelligent is should possess these characteristics

Characteristics Are:
• Logical behavior
• Ability to solve complex problems
• Responsive and adaptive nature
• Means to effectively use existing information
• User friendliness and highly interactive
• Reliability

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7. Explain the General categories of AI?(3)
Ans: There are 4 Types of General categories are as follows below:
• Expert Systems
• Fuzzy Systems
• Neural Networks
• Genetic Algorithms
Expert System:
In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the
decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve
complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–
then rules rather than through conventional procedural code.

Fuzzy Systems
Fuzzy logic is a rule-based system that can rely on the practical experience of an
operator, particularly useful to capture experienced operator knowledge. Fuzzy logic is a
form of artificial intelligence software; therefore, it would be considered a subset of AI

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 Neural Networks:
 neural networks are models inspired by biological neural networks ( brain)
 Artificial neural network is a system of interconnected "neurons" which send messages
to each other.
 Used to estimate or approximate functions that can depend on a large number of inputs
and are generally unknown.
 The connections between neurons have numeric weights that can be tuned based on
experience
o neural nets adaptive to inputs and capable of learning

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Genetic algorithm
In computer science and operations research, a genetic algorithm is a metaheuristic
inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of
evolutionary algorithms?

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 8. What is Knowledge representation Techniques? With Basic Techniques.(3)

Ans:
• Artificial intelligence is a system that is concerned with the study of understanding,
designing and implementing the ways, associated with knowledge representation to
computers.
 In any intelligent system, representing the knowledge is supposed to be an important
technique to encode the knowledge.
 The main objective of AI system is to design the programs that provide information to the
computer, which can be helpful to interact with humans and solve problems in various fields
which require human intelligence.

What is Knowledge?

 Knowledge is an useful term to judge the understanding of an individual on a given

subject.
 In intelligent systems, domain is the main focused subject area. So, the system
specifically focuses on acquiring the domain knowledge.

Technics of Knowledge representation:

 Propositional Calculus
 Predicate Calculus
 Rule Based Knowledge Representation

Propositional Calculus

Propositions are statements that can be either true or false, and nothing else. This is called
"the law of excluded middle," because there's nothing allowed in the middle of true and false.

The propositional calculus is defined in the context of Boolean constants, where two or more
values are computed against each other to produce an accurate description of a concept. Each
variable used in the calculus holds a value for it, which is either true to the context or false
Propositional logic deals with the determination of the truth of a sentence. An allowable
sentence is called the syntax of proposition. A syntax or sentence holds various

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Propositional symbols, where each symbol holds a proposition that can either
be true or false . The names of the symbols can be anything from alphabets like a , b or c to
symbols like , alpha gama beta or to variable names like Is Old , and may hold meaning relative
to their contexts in the concept. Although, two propositions are constant as per the syntax and
have a fixed meaning. They are:

 True - proposition that is always-true.

 False - proposition that is always-false2.
In mathematical terms, these values would pronounce more like this:

Predicate Calculus:

The particular type of formal logic we will use is called the first order predicate calculus. This is
the formalism most widely used by AI workers. a) Predicate calculus formulas can easily be
represented using the programming languages widely used in AI (LISP and Prolog). ... a)
incomplete knowledge.

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9. Explain Rule based knowledge representation?(4)
Ans:

Long-term Memory Short-term Memory

Production Rule Fact

REASONING

Conclusion

 knowledge base
• contains the domain knowledge useful for problem solving
• In a rule- based expert system, the knowledge is represented as a set of rules
• Each rule specifies a relation, recommendation, directive, strategy or heuristic
• has the IF (condition) THEN (action) structure.
• When the condition part of a rule is satisfied
• the rule is said to fire and the action part is executed

 Database
• Includes a set of facts used to match against the IF (condition) parts of rules stored in
the knowledge base.
 inference engine
• It links the rules given in the knowledge base with the facts provided in the database.
• Carries out the reasoning whereby the expert system reaches a solution.

………………………….100% Efforts 0% Expectation……………………………

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