Chapter 9 Models of Chemical Bonding

Student: ______________________________________________________________________

1. Which of the following contains ionic bonding?

A. CO
B. SrF2
C. Al
D. OCl2
E. HCl

2. Which of the following is an ionic compound?

A. H2S
B. NH3
C. I2
D. KI
E. CCl4

3. Which of the following is a covalent compound?

A. Na2O
B. CaCl2
C. Cl2O
D. CsCl
E. Al2O3

4. Which of the following contains covalent bonds?

A. BaO
B. IBr
C. Mg
D. LiBr
E. Cu

5. In which of these substances are the atoms held together by polar covalent bonding?
A. SrCl2
B. CsCl
C. ClF
D. TiF2
E. S8
6. In which of these substances are the atoms held together by metallic bonding?
A. CO2
B. Si
C. Br2
D. S8
E. Cr

7. For which of the following elements (in their normal, stable, forms) would it be correct to
describe the bonding as involving "electron pooling"?
A. hydrogen
B. helium
C. sulfur
D. iodine
E. aluminum

8. Select the element whose Lewis symbol is correct.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

9. Select the element whose Lewis symbol is correct.

A.
B.

C.

D.
E.

10. Select the correct formula for a compound formed from calcium and chlorine.
A. CaCl
B. CaCl2
C. Ca2Cl
D. Ca2Cl2
E. CaCl3

11. Select the correct formula for a compound formed from barium and nitrogen.
A. BaN
B. BaN2
C. Ba2N3
D. Ba2N
E. Ba3N2
12. The diameter of a chloride ion is 362 pm, and the diameter of a potassium ion is 276 pm.
What is the distance between the nuclei of adjacent chloride and potassium ions in solid
potassium chloride?
A. 1276 pm
B. 638 pm
C. 319 pm
D. 181 pm
E. 138 pm

13. The lattice energy for ionic crystals increases as the charge on the ions _____________ and
the size of the ions __________________.
A. increases, increases
B. increases, decreases
C. decreases, increases
D. decreases, decreases
E. None of these choices is generally correct.

14. Select the compound with the highest (i.e., most negative) lattice energy.
A. CaS(s)
B. BaO(s)
C. NaI(s)
D. LiBr(s)
E. MgO(s)

15. Select the compound with the lowest (i.e., least negative) lattice energy.
A. CsBr(s)
B. NaCl(s)
C. SrO(s)
D. CaO(s)
E. KBr(s)

16. Calculate the lattice energy of magnesium sulfide from the data given below.
Mg(s) → Mg(g) ∆H° = 148 kJ/mol
Mg(g) → Mg2+(g) + 2e¯ ∆H° = 2186 kJ/mol
S8(s) → 8S(g) ∆H° = 2232 kJ/mol
S(g) + 2e¯ → S2¯(g) ∆H° = 450 kJ/mol
8Mg(s) + S8(s) → 8MgS(s) ∆H° = -2744 kJ/mol

Mg2+(g) + S2¯(g) → MgS(s) ∆H°lattice = ?

A. -3406 kJ/mol
B. -2720. kJ/mol
C. 2720. kJ/mol
D. 3406 kJ/mol
E. None of these choices is correct.
17. The lattice energy of CaF2 is the energy change for which one, if any, of the following
processes?
A. Ca2+(s) + 2F¯(g) → CaF2(g)
B. CaF2(g) → CaF2(s)
C. Ca(g) + 2F(g) → CaF2(s)
D. CaF2(aq) → CaF2(s)
E. None of these choices is correct.

18. The lattice energy of MgCl2 is the energy change for which one of the following
processes?
A. Mg(s) + Cl2(g) → MgCl2(s)
B. Mg(g) + 2Cl(g) → MgCl2(s)
C. Mg2+(s) + 2Cl¯(g) → MgCl2(g)
D. Mg2+(g) + 2Cl¯(g) → MgCl2(s)
E. MgCl2(aq) → MgCl2(s)

19. A Born-Haber cycle applied to the formation reaction of an ionic solid

A. is normally used to calculate ionization energy.
B. is normally used to calculate electron affinity.
C. is normally used to calculate bond energy.
D. is normally used to determine the overall enthalpy change.
E. is an application of Hess's Law.

20. Analysis of an unknown substance showed that it has a high boiling point and is brittle. It is
an insulator as a solid but conducts electricity when melted. Which of the following
substances would have those characteristics?
A. HCl
B. Al
C. KBr
D. SiF4
E. I2

21. Which one of the following properties is least characteristic of typical ionic compounds?
A. high melting point
B. high boiling point
C. brittleness
D. poor electrical conductor when solid
E. poor electrical conductor when molten

22. When two atoms form a covalently-bonded diatomic molecule, the distance between the
nuclei at which the potential energy is at a minimum is called
A. the bond energy.
B. the bond length.
C. the molecular diameter.
D. the covalent radius.
E. the covalent diameter.
23. Arrange the following bonds in order of increasing bond strength.
A. C I < C Br < C Cl < C F
B. C F < C Cl < C Br < C I
C. C Br < C I < C Cl < C F
D. C I < C Br < C F< C Cl
E. None of these choices is correct.

24. Select the strongest bond in the following group.

A. C S
B. C O
C. C C
D. C N
E. C F

25. Which one of the following properties is least characteristic of substances composed of
small, covalently-bonded molecules?
A. low melting point
B. low boiling point
C. weak bonds
D. poor electrical conductor when solid
E. poor electrical conductor when molten

26. Quartz (SiO2) is a solid with a melting point of 1550°C. The bonding in quartz is best
described as
A. lattice energy.
B. network attractions.
C. ionic bonding.
D. covalent bonding.
E. metallic bonding.

27. Nitrogen and hydrogen combine to form ammonia in the Haber process. Calculate (in kJ)
the standard enthalpy change ∆H° for the reaction written below, using the bond energies
given.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

A. -969 kJ
B. -204 kJ
C. -105 kJ
D. 204 kJ
E. 595 kJ
28. Hydrogenation of double and triple bonds is an important industrial process. Calculate (in
kJ) the standard enthalpy change ∆H° for the hydrogenation of ethyne (acetylene) to ethane.
H C C H(g) + 2H2(g) → H3C CH3(g)

A. -296 kJ
B. -51 kJ
C. 51 kJ
D. 296 kJ
E. 381 kJ

29. Acetone can be easily converted to isopropyl alcohol by addition of hydrogen to the carbon-
oxygen double bond. Calculate the enthalpy of reaction using the bond energies given.

A. -484 kJ
B. -366 kJ
C. -48 kJ
D. +48 kJ
E. +366 kJ

30. Using the bond energies provided below, calculate ∆H° for the reaction
CH4(g) + 4Cl2(g) → CCl4(g) + 4HCl(g)
Bond energies: C H = 413 kJ/mol, Cl Cl = 243 kJ/mol, C Cl = 339 kJ/mol,
H Cl = 427 kJ/mol
A. 1422 kJ
B. 440 kJ
C. 110 kJ
D. -110 kJ
E. -440 kJ
31. Combustion of a fat will release more energy than combustion of an equal mass of
carbohydrate because
A. fats contain more bonds to oxygen than carbohydrates.
B. fats contain fewer bonds to oxygen than carbohydrates.
C. the total energy of the carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds in fats is greater
than the energy content of the carbon-oxygen and oxygen-hydrogen bonds in the
reaction products (carbon dioxide and water).
D. the total energy of the carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds in fats is greater
than the energy content of the bonds in carbohydrates.
E. fats have higher molar masses than carbohydrates.

32. When one mole of each of the following liquids is burned, which will produce the most
heat energy?
A. C6H14
B. C5H12
C. C6H14O
D. C6H12O
E. C6H10O3

33. Electronegativity is a measure of

A. the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.
B. the energy released when an electron is added to an atom.
C. the magnitude of the negative charge on an electron.
D. the attraction by an atom for electrons in a chemical bond.
E. the magnitude of the negative charge on a molecule.

34. Which of the following elements is the most electronegative?

A. S
B. Ru
C. Si
D. Te
E. Cs

35. Which of the following elements is the least electronegative?

A. Si
B. Se
C. S
D. Sc
E. Sr

36. Which of the following elements is the most electronegative?

A. Ne
B. Rb
C. P
D. I
E. Cl
37. Arrange aluminum, nitrogen, phosphorus and indium in order of increasing
electronegativity.
A. Al < In < N < P
B. Al < In < P < N
C. In < Al < P < N
D. In < P < Al < N
E. None of these choices is correct.

38. Arrange calcium, rubidium, sulfur, and arsenic in order of decreasing electronegativity.
A. S > As > Rb > Ca
B. S > As > Ca > Rb
C. As > S > Rb > Ca
D. As > S > Ca > Rb
E. None of these choices is correct.

39. Arrange oxygen, sulfur, calcium, rubidium and potassium in order of decreasing
electronegativity.
A. O > S > Ca > K > Rb
B. O > S > Ca > Rb > K
C. O > S > Rb > K > Ca
D. O > S > Rb > Ca > K
E. None of these choices is correct.

40. Based on electronegativity trends in the periodic table, predict which of the following
compounds will have the greatest % ionic character in its bonds.
A. H2O
B. LiI
C. CaO
D. RbF
E. HCl

41. Which of the following period 3 chlorides would be expected to have the highest melting
point?
A. MgCl2
B. AlCl3
C. SiCl4
D. PCl3
E. SCl2

42. Select the most polar bond amongst the following.

A. C O
B. Si F
C. Cl F
D. C F
E. C I
43. Which of the following compounds displays the greatest ionic character in its bonds?
A. NO2
B. CO2
C. H2O
D. HF
E. NH3

44. Analysis of an unknown substance showed that it has a moderate melting point and is a
good conductor of heat and electricity in the solid phase. Which of the following substances
would have those characteristics?
A. NaCl
B. Si
C. CCl4
D. I2
E. Ga

45. Which one of the following properties is least characteristic of typical metals?
A. moderately high melting point
B. high boiling point
C. brittleness
D. good electrical conductor when solid
E. good electrical conductor when molten

46. The melting points of metals are only moderately high because
A. metallic bonding is weak.
B. metals have fewer bonding electrons than non-metals.
C. metals also have relatively low boiling points.
D. the melting process does not break the metallic bonds.
E. metals prefer to be bonded to non-metals.

47. Ionic bonding typically occurs when a ______________ bonds with a ______________.
________________________________________

48. Covalent bonding typically occurs when a ______________ bonds with a

______________.
________________________________________

49. When an atom is represented in a Lewis electron dot symbol, the element symbol represents
the ______________ and the dots represent the ______________.
50. In not more than three sentences, describe the electron arrangement responsible for bonding
in solid SrCl2.

51. Describe, with appropriate explanations, the key factors which affect the magnitude of the
lattice energy of an ionic substance.

52. A hypothetical ionic substance will not form merely because it has a high lattice energy.
Explain why, using energy-based arguments.

53. The lattice energy of rubidium chloride is the energy change accompanying the process
Rb+(g) + Cl-(g) → RbCl(s)
Calculate the lattice energy of RbCl using the following data:
54. In not more than three sentences, describe the electron arrangement responsible for bonding
in Cl2 molecules.

55. Using appropriate, real examples to illustrate your answer, describe the correlation between
bond energy and bond length for a series of single bonds.

56. Using appropriate, real examples to illustrate your answer, describe the correlation between
bond energy and bond length for a series of varying bond order.

57. Oxygen difluoride is an unstable molecule that reacts readily with water. Calculate the bond
energy of the O F bond using the standard enthalpy of reaction and the bond energy
data provided.
OF2(g) + H2O(g) → O O(g) + 2HF(g) ∆H° = -318 kJ
58. Ethanol is sometimes used as an additive in oxygenated gasoline. Calculate its enthalpy of
combustion using the bond energies given.

59. Give a clear and concise definition of the term "electronegativity"; i.e., what does it
measure?

60. Describe in brief how electronegativity values can be used to predict the percent ionic
character of a bond between two atoms.

61. Most of the copper sold in major metal markets is highly purified, typically to 99.99%.
Why is this?
62. In not more than three sentences, describe the key features of bonding in solid aluminum.

63. The majority of elements are good electrical conductors when in solid form.
Difficulty: M
True False

64. A single covalent bond consists of a single delocalized electron pair.

Difficulty: M
True False

65. The lattice energy is the energy released when separated ions in the gas phase combine to
form ionic molecules in the gas phase.
Difficulty: E
True False

66. The lattice energy of large ions is greater in magnitude than that of small ions of the same
charge.
Difficulty: E
True False

67. The electrostatic energy of two charged particles is inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between them.
Difficulty: M
True False

68. The electrostatic energy of two charged particles is inversely proportional to the distance
between them.
Difficulty: M
True False

69. In covalent bond formation, the potential energy reaches a maximum when the internuclear
distance is equal to the bond length.
Difficulty: E
True False

70. Bond energy increases as bond order increases, for bonding between a given pair of atoms.
Difficulty: E
True False

71. Covalently bonded substances do not necessarily exist as separate molecules.

Difficulty: E
True False
72. The more C O and O H bonds there are in a substance, the greater will be the
amount of heat released when a fixed mass of the substance is burned.
Difficulty: E
True False

73. The stronger the bonds in a fuel, the more energy it will yield.
Difficulty: M
True False

74. Electronegativities on Pauling's scale are calculated from ionization energies and electron
affinities.
Difficulty: M
True False

75. No real bonds are 100% ionic in character.

Difficulty: E
True False

76. As a measure of the strength of metallic bonding, the boiling point of a metal is a better
indicator than its melting point.
Difficulty: M
True False
Chapter 9 Models of Chemical Bonding Key
1. (p. 342) B

2. (p. 342) D

3. (p. 342) C

4. (p. 342) B

5. (p. 365) C

6. (p. 342) E

7. (p. 342) E

8. (p. 343) B

9. (p. 343) C

10. (p. 345) B

11. (p. 345) E

12. (p. 348) C

13. (p. 348) B

14. (p. 348) E

15. (p. 348) A

16. (p. 346) A

17. (p. 346) E

18. (p. 346) D

19. (p. 346) E

20. (p. 350) C

21. (p. 350) E

22. (p. 351) B

23. (p. 353) A

24. (p. 353) D

25. (p. 355) C

26. (p. 342) D

27. (p. 361) C

28. (p. 361) A

29. (p. 361) C

30. (p. 361) E

31. (p. 362) B

32. (p. 362) A

33. (p. 363) D

34. (p. 364) A

35. (p. 364) E

36. (p. 364) E

37. (p. 364) C

38. (p. 364) B

39. (p. 364) A

40. (p. 367) D

41. (p. 368) A

42. (p. 366) B

43. (p. 366) D

44. (p. 370) E

45. (p. 370) C

46. (p. 370) D

47. (p. 342)

48. (p. 342)

49. (p. 343) nucleus and inner electrons; valence electrons

Difficulty: H
2+
50. (p. 345) This is an example of ionic bonding in which Sr, from group 2A (2) will be present as Sr ions, while Cl, from
group 7A (7) will be present as Cl- ions. The cations and anions will be arranged in a crystalline lattice so that nearest
neighbors will be ions of opposite charge, thus achieving a net coulombic attraction. There are no molecules present; each
ion is equally attracted to all its nearest neighbors.
Difficulty: M

51. (p. 348) By Coulomb's law, the energy of two electrical charges is proportional to the product of their charges and
inversely proportional to the distance separating them. If one approximates the lattice energy by considering only nearest
neighbor interactions, the energy will be proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to their
separation. Thus a lattice consisting of small ions with multiple charges will have the greatest (negative) lattice energy.
Difficulty: M

52. (p. 347) In order for an ionic substance to form, the overall energy change accompanying its formation, from, say, its
elements, should be favorable. A Born-Haber cycle can be used to separate and identify the various steps and energy
changes involved. These include atomization and the ionization of the metal, atomization (e.g., bond dissociation) and
electron affinity of the non-metal, and the lattice energy. Only if the sum of all these energy changes is favorable, is
formation of the ionic substance likely to occur.
Difficulty: H
53. (p. 346) Lattice energy = -696 kJ/mol
Difficulty: M

54. (p. 351) This is covalent bonding. The chlorine atoms each have 7 valence electrons, and can achieve stable, octet valence
structures by sharing one electron each. This shared electron pair constitutes a single, pure covalent bond.
Difficulty: M

55. (p. 354) The bonds between carbon, C, and the halogens, X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) can be used as an examples. The size of X
increases as one moves down the group. This means that the C X bond length will become correspondingly longer.
As this occurs the bond becomes weaker. Thus, the C I bond is the longest and weakest, C F the shortest and
strongest of the series.
Difficulty: M

56. (p. 354) Carbon and oxygen form single, double and triple bonds. The C O bond in carbon monoxide is roughly three
times as strong as the C O single bond, while the C O bond is about twice as strong as the single bond. The
bond energy is approximately proportional to the bond order.
Difficulty: M

57. (p. 359) 188 kJ

Difficulty: M

58. (p. 359) -1267 kJ

Difficulty: M

59. (p. 363) Electronegativity measures an atom's ability to attract shared (bonding) electron pairs to itself. High
electronegativity implies strong attraction of such shared pairs.
Difficulty: E

60. (p. 367) Take the electronegativity difference (∆EN) of the bonded atoms. The larger the difference between their
electronegativities, the more ionic will be the nature of the bond. If ∆EN = 0, the bond will be pure covalent.
Difficulty: E

61. (p. 371) The main use of copper is as an electrical conductor. Copper's electrical conductivity is significantly decreased by
the presence of impurities, hence the need for high purity.
Difficulty: M

62. (p. 369) This is metallic bonding. The aluminum atoms pool their valence electrons, and the metal can be viewed as
consisting of Al3+ ions in a sea of the pooled, highly mobile electrons. There are no specific, directional bonds, but the
arrangement of cations and electrons is such that there is a very strong net attraction.
Difficulty: M

63. (p. 343) TRUE

64. (p. 352) FALSE

65. (p. 346) FALSE

66. (p. 348) FALSE

67. (p. 348) FALSE

68. (p. 348) TRUE

69. (p. 351) FALSE

70. (p. 354) TRUE

71. (p. 355) TRUE

72. (p. 363) FALSE

73. (p. 363) FALSE

74. (p. 363) FALSE

75. (p. 367) TRUE

76. (p. 370) TRUE