Safetycompilation 150201094734 Conversion Gate01

A Compilation of Reports in Safety Engineering
of BSCE1 Batch 2013 - 2014
SAFETY
ENGINEERING
In partial fulfil ment of the
requirements in Safety Engineering
under
Dr. Edgar I. Gayya
Fulfil ed by
BSCE 1
Batch 2013-14
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course deals with the study of safety in all the fields of civil
engineering which include construction, surveing, material testing,
laboratory, and horizontal devlopment. Structural relationship of earth
formations and stratification to foundations for engineering.
COURSE OBJECTIVE
At the end of this course, the student should be able to describe
and identify all elements of safety engineering in all fields of civil
engineering.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE 1
CREDITS 2
COURSE OBJECTIVE AND DESCRIPTION 3
I. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN CONSTRUCTION SITE 6
a. Occupational Safety and Health Legislation/ D.O. 13

Reporters: Sharlene Nudalo and Mark John King Dulay 7
b. Importance of Occupational Safety and Health

Reporters: Francis Annel Madrileño and Jennifer Espalmado 17
c. Safety Engineering in Excavation

Reporters: Frederick Mahinay and Geneva Saba 20
d. Construction Site Premises

Reporters: Divina Rose Domingo and Rodel Allan Adan 23
e. Fall Protection
Reporters: Van Victor Butihen and Sheila Kim Balona 25
f. Safety in Temporary Structures

Reporters: George Caña and Laile Mie Tique 28
g. Safety in Construction Machineries

Reporters: Joanna Grace Enriquez 32
h. Tools and Equipments Safety

Reporters: Jane Marie Velado and Kim Bladimher Hermonio 37
i. Hazardous Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

Reporters: Nathaniel Macababbad and Sara Jean Gatdula 43
j. Occupational Health Programming

Reporters: Erickson Reginio 45
k. Environmental Safety
Reporters: Sara Amor Caparas and Honel Umali 50
l. Demolition
Reporters: Arjel Alvarez and Leah Mariz Que 54
m. Explosives
Reporters: Judith Moncada and Louie Aldrich Quetulio 63
n. Roles of Construciton Safety Engineers

Reporters: Rose Marie Boiser and Gerold Insigne 68
o. Personal Protective Equipments

Reporters: Kristoff Hendrick Amata and Rachelle Yap 70
p. Job Hazard Recognition, Evaluation and Control
Reporters: Niptaly Mendinueta and Joyce Dianne Rementina 84
q. Work-Related Accident Investigation and Reporting

Reporters: Norissa Namoca and Paolo Apas 85
r. Routine Construction Inspection

Reporters: Donna Blesszell Marjes and Jomari Daep 88
s. Tool Box Meeting

Reporters: Jerome De Castro 91
t. Safety and Health Programming in Construction Sites

Reporters: Karen Sanquilos and Ryan Valeza 93
u. Re-entry Plans as a Construction Safety and Health Officer

Reporters: Christian Tejoso and Jessa Mae Igdalino 100
II. SAFETY ENGINEERING IN SURVEYING

Reporters: Darwin Doctolero and Evelyn Dela Torre 104
III. SAFETY ENGINEERING IN HORIZONTAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION

Reporters: Elyda Marie Ormilla and Enrico Mariscotes 112
IV. SAFETY ENGINEERING IN MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORY

Reporters: Princess Lyn De Guzman and Charlie Catu 115
V. SAFETY ENGINEERING IN UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION

Reporters: Kennedy Queñano and Doren Aquino 122
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH IN
CONSTRUCTION SITE
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH LEGISLATION: DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 13
Sharlene Grace Nudalo and Mark John King Dulay
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 13 SERIES OF 1998
GUIDELINE GOVERNING OCCUPATION HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
In the interest of ensuring the protection and welfare of workers employed in the construction industry, the protection
and welfare of the general public within and around the immediate vicinity of any construction worksite as well as the
promotion of harmonious employer-employee relationships in the construction industry, and after consultations with
the stakeholders in the construction industry, taking into consideration industry practices and applicable government
requirements, the following guidelines are hereby issued for all concerned:
SECTION 1. DEFINITION OF TERMS.

As used herein, the terms below shall be defined as follows:
a) “ACCREDITED ORGANIZATION” means any organization duly accredited by the Department of Labor
and Employment (DOLE) delegated or authorized to perform functions related to improvement of occupational safety
and health in the form of training, testing, certification, safety and health auditing or any other similar activity.
b) “CERTIFIED FIRST-AIDER” means any person trained and duly certified or qualified to administer first-
aid by the Philippine National Red Cross or by any organization accredited by the same.
c) “CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGER/CONSULTANT” means a person or entity who is hired by the

project owner, to act in the owner’s behalf concerning supervision and monitoring of all matters related to the overall
execution of a construction project. The construction project manager shall be a separate entity from the general
constructor or any subcontractor of the construction project.
d) “CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE” means the general safety and health committee
for a construction project site that shall be the overall coordinator in implementing OSH programs.
e) “CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER” means any employee/worker trained and, in addi-
tion to their regular duties and responsibilities, tasked by his employer to implement occupational safety and health
programs in accordance with the provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS).
f) “CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM” refers to a set of detailed rules to cover the pro-
cesses and practices that shall be utilized in a specific construction project site in conformity with the OSHS including
the personnel responsible and the penalties for violations thereof.
g) “CONSTRUCTION SAFETY SIGNAGE” refers to any, but not limited to, emergency or danger sign, warn-
ing sign or safety instruction, of standard colors and sizes in accordance with the specifications for standard colors
of signs for safety instructions and warnings in building premises as described in Table II of the OSHS.
h) “CONSTRUCTOR” IS DEEMED SYNONYMOUS WITH THE TERM “BUILDER”. It refers to any person
or organization who undertakes or offers to undertake or purports to have the capacity to undertake or submits a bid
to, or does himself or by or through others, construct, alter, repair, add to, subtract from, improve, move, wreck or
demolish any building, highway, road, railroad, excavation or other structure, project, development or improvement,
or to do any part thereof, including the erection of scaffolding or other structures or works in connection therewith.
The term constructor includes subcontractor and specialty contractor.
i) “EMERGENCY HEALTH PROVIDER” means any person or organization who is certified or recognized by
the Department of Health and who can provide the same or equivalent emergency health services as an emergency
hospital, including emergency treatment of workers on site, emergency transport and care during transport of injured
workers to the nearest hospital, with adequate personnel, supplies and facilities for the complete immediate treatment
of injuries or illnesses.
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Safety Engineering in the Field of Civil Engineering
j) “GENERAL CONSTRUCTOR” means a constructor who has general supervision over other constructors
in the execution of the project and who directly receives instructions from the owner or construction project manager
(if one is appointed by the owner).
k) “GENERAL SAFETY AND HEALTH INSPECTION” refers to inspection of the work environment, includ-
ing the location and operation of machinery other than those covered by technical safety inspections, adequacy of
work space, ventilation, lighting, conditions of work environment, handling, storage or work procedures, protection
facilities and other safety and health hazards in the workplace
l) “HEAVY EQUIPMENT” refers to any machine with engine or electric motor as prime mover used either
for lifting, excavating, leveling, drilling, compacting, transporting and breaking works in the construction site, such
as but not limited to crane, bulldozer, backhoe, grader, road compactor, prime mover and trailer, with minimum
operating weight and horsepower rating of 1,000 KG and 10 HP, respectively.
m) “IMMINENT DANGER” means a condition or practice that could reasonably be expected to cause death
or serious physical harm before abatement under the normal enforcement procedures can be accomplished.
n) “OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL” refers to a qualified first-aider, nurse, dentist, or physician,

engaged by the employer to provide occupational health services in the establishment/undertaking.
o) “PROJECT MANAGER” means the overall technical personnel of the general contractor and/or the
subcontractor in charge of the actual execution of a construction project.
p) “RESIDENT ENGINEER” means a duly licensed engineer who shall be tasked to be present at the
construction site at all times, whenever work is being undertaken, and shall have the responsibility of assuring
the technical conformance of all designs, materials, processes, work procedures rendered for the execution of the
construction project, including safety and health of all persons within the construction site.
q) “SAFETY AND HEALTH AUDIT” refers to a regular and critical examination of project sites, safety pro-
grams, records and management performance on program standards on safety and health.
r) “SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE” means a group tasked with the authority to monitor, inspect, and
investigate all aspects of the construction project pertaining to health and safety of construction workers.
s) “SAFETY ORGANIZATION” means any organization recognized and accredited by the DOLE to conduct
occupational safety and health training and/or safety and health audit.
t) “SAFETY PERSONNEL” refers to any person engaged by any constructor, trained, accredited by DOLE
and tasked to provide occupational safety and health services for the workers/employees in any construction proj-
ect.
u) “SKILLS STANDARDS” refers to the written specification of the minimum stock knowledge and skills a
worker should possess to perform the functions identified in the job description of his occupation.
v) “TECHNICAL SAFETY INSPECTION” refers to inspection for the purpose of safety determination of boil-
ers, pressure vessels, internal combustion engines, electrical installations, elevators, hoisting equipment and other
mechanical equipment.
w) “TRADE TEST” refers to an instrument used to measure workers’ skills and knowledge based on the
requirements of the skills.
x) “TREATMENT ROOM” refers to any enclosed area or room equipped with the necessary medical facili-
ties and supplies, and located within the premises of the establishment where workers maybe brought for examina-
tion and treatment of their injuries or illnesses in cases of emergency.
y) “TOOL BOX MEETING OR GANG MEETING” refers to daily meeting among workers and their respec-
tive supervisors for the purpose of instruction, discussion and proper briefing on the planned work, the assessment
of past work, the possibility or actual occurrence of accidents at the site, tips and suggestions on how to prevent
possible accidents and other related matters.
z) “UNGUARDED SURFACE” refers to any working surface above water or ground, temporary or perma-
nent floor platform, scaffold construction or wherever workers are exposed to the possibility of falls hazardous to life
or limb.
SECTION 2. JURISDICTION
The DOLE, through the Secretary of Labor and Employment, has the exclusive jurisdiction in the preparation of
Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) for the Construction Industry including its very enforcement, as
provided for by law
2.1. As embodied in Article 162, Chapter 2, Title I of Book Four of The Labor Code of the Philippines, “The
Secretary of Labor and Employment shall by appropriate orders set and enforce mandatory occupational safety and
health standards to eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health hazards in all work places and institute new
and update existing programs to ensure safe and healthful working conditions in all places of employment.”
2.2. As embodied in Article 165, Chapter 2, Title I of Book Four of The Labor Code of the Philippines, “(a)
The Department of Labor and Employment shall be solely responsible for the administration and enforcement of
occupational safety and health laws, regulations and standards in all establishments and workplaces wherever they
may be located”
SECTION 3. DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY AND ACCREDITATION

The authority to enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards in the construction industry may be
delegated in part by the Secretary of Labor and Employment, under the following conditions:
a) Chartered Cities and Municipalities may be allowed to conduct Technical Safety Inspections and general
safety audit of construction project sites within their respective jurisdiction where they have adequate facilities and
competent personnel for the purpose as determined by the DOLE and subject to national standards established by
the latter, provided they submit for approval an application for such authority.
b) Private Safety Organizations with adequate facilities and competent personnel for the purpose, may be
accredited by DOLE to conduct technical and/or general Safety and Health Audit of construction project sites, for
and in behalf of the company or establishment.
c) Accredtation of safety organizations and practitioners shall be in accordance with Rule 1030 of the
OSHS.
SECTION 4. COVERAGE
This issuance shall apply to all operations and undertakings in the construction industry and its subdivisions, name-
ly, general building construction, general engineering construction and specialty trade construction, based on the
classification code of the Philippine Construction Accreditation Board (PCAB) of the Construction Industry Authority
of the Philippines (CIAP); to companies and entities involved in demolition works; and to those falling within the
construction industry as may be determined by the Secretary of Labor and Employment.
SECTION 5. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

Every construction project shall have a suitable Construction Safety and Health Program, which must be in accor-
dance with these rules, and other orders and issuances issued by the DOLE. The Construction Project Manager,
or in his absence, the Project Manager as authorized by the owner, shall be responsible for compliance with this
Section.
5.1 The Construction Safety and Health Program shall state the following:
a) composition of the Construction Safety and Health Committee, if one has been formed, otherwise, an
undertaking to organize such committee and appoint its members before the start of construction work at the project
site;
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b) specific safety policies which the General Constructor undertakes to observe and maintain in its con-
struction site, including the frequency of and persons responsible for conducting toolbox and gang meetings;
c) penalties and sanctions for violations of the Construction Safety and Health Program;
d) frequency, content and persons responsible for orienting, instructing and training all workers at the site
with regard to the Construction Safety and Health Program under which they operate; and
e) the manner of disposing waste arising from the construction.
5.2 The Construction Safety and Health Program shall be executed and verified by the Construction Project
Manager or Project Manager and shall be submitted to the Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC) which may ap-
prove, disapprove or modify the same according to existing laws, rules and regulations and other issuances by the
DOLE.
5.3 The cost of implementing the Construction Safety and Health Program shall be integrated into the
project’s construction cost, provided, that said cost shall be a separate pay item, duly quantified and stated in the
project’s tender documents and construction contract documents.
SECTION 6. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Every employer shall, at his own expense, furnish his workers with protective equipment for eyes, face, hands and
feet, lifeline, safety belt/harness, protective shields and barriers whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous
work process or environment, chemical or radiological or other mechanical irritants or hazards capable of causing
injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical agent. Provi-
sion of personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be in accordance with Rule 1080 of the OSHS. The equivalent
cost for the provision of PPE (life span, depreciation, replacement, etc.) shall be an integral part of the project cost.
6.1. The employer shall provide adequate and approved type of protective equipment. Workers within the
construction project site shall be required to wear the necessary PPE at all times.
6.2. Construction workers who are working from unguarded surfaces six (6) meters or more above water or
ground, temporary or permanent floor platform, scaffold or where they are exposed to the possibility of falls hazard-
ous to life or limb, must be provided with safety harnesses and life lines.
6.3. Specialty construction workers must be provided with special protective equipment, such as specialized goggles
or respirators for welders and painters or paint applicators.
6.4. All other persons who are either authorized or allowed to be at a construction site shall wear appropri-
ate PPE.
SECTION 7. SAFETY PERSONNEL

To ensure that a Construction Safety and Health Program is duly followed and enforced at the construction project
site, each construction project site is required to have the minimum required Safety Personnel, as described herein:
7.1. The General Constructor must provide for a full time officer, who shall be assigned as the general
construction safety and health officer to oversee full time the overall management of the Construction Safety and
Health Program.
The general construction safety and health officer shall frequently monitor and inspect any health and safety aspect
of the construction work being undertaken. He shall also assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and
health inspection at any time whenever work is being performed or during the conduct of accident investigation.
7.2. The General Constructor must provide for additional Construction Safety and Health Officer/s in accor-
dance with the requirements for Safety Man/Officer of Rule 1033 (Training and Personnel Complement), depending
on the total number of personnel assigned to the construction project site, to oversee the effective compliance with
the Construction Safety and Health Program at the site, under the direct supervision of the general construction
safety and health officer.
7.3. The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety and Health Officer for every ten
(10) units of heavy equipment assigned to the project site, to oversee the effective compliance with the Construction
Safety and Health Program at the construction project site, in terms of heavy equipment utilization and maintenance.
7.4. Each construction subcontractor must provide for a representative, who shall have the same qualifica-
tions as a Safety Man/Officer, to oversee the management of the Construction Safety and Health Program for the
subcontractor's workforce and the specific area of work operations in accordance with the requirements of Rule 1033
of the OSHS.
All safety personnel who will be employed by an employer on full-time basis should be accredited by the BWC of
the DOLE.
SECTION 8. EMERGENCY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES
8.1 The construction project owner or his duly authorized representative shall provide competent emergency
health personnel within the worksite duly complemented by adequate medical supplies, equipment and facilities,
based on the total number of workers in the site as indicated below:
a) The services of a certified first-aider when the total number of workers is fifty (50) or less;
b) The services of a full-time registered nurse when the total number of workers exceeds fifty (50) but not
more than two hundred (200);
c) The services of a full-time registered nurse, a part-time physician and a dentist, and an emergency clinic
when the total number of workers exceeds two hundred (200) but not more than three hundred (300); and
d) The services of a full-time registered nurse, a full-time physician, a dentist and an infirmary or emer-
gency hospital with one (1) bed capacity when the number of employees exceed three hundred (300). In addition,
there should be one (1) bed capacity for every one hundred (100) employees in excess of three hundred (300).
8.2 Where an employer provides only a treatment room, he shall provide for his workers in case of emer-
gency, access to the nearest medical/dental clinic or to a medical/dental clinic located within five (5) kilometers
radius from the workplace and can be reached in twenty-five (25) minutes of travel. Such access shall include the
necessary transportation facilities. In such situation, there shall be a written contract with the medical/dental clinic
to attend to such workplace emergencies.
8.3 The engagement of an Emergency Health Provider for the construction project site shall be considered
as having complied with the requirement of accessibility to the nearest hospital facilities.
8.4 The employer shall always have in the construction site the required minimum inventory of medicines,
supplies and equipment as indicated in Table 47 of the OSHS.
SECTION 9. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY SIGNAGES

Construction Safety Signages must be provided to warn the workers and the public of hazards existing in the work-
place. Signages shall be posted in prominent positions at strategic location and, as far as practicable, be in the
language understandable to most of the workers employed.
9.1 The signages include but are not limited to:

a) Mandatory requirement on the usage of personal protective equipment prior to entry to the project site.
b) Areas where there are potential risks of falling objects.
c) Areas where there are potential risks of falling.

d) Areas where explosives and flammable substances are used or stored.
e) Areas where there are tripping or slipping hazards.
f) Approaches to working areas where danger from toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/substances may
exist which should indicate the name of the contaminant/substance involved and the type of respiratory equipment
11
to be worn.
g) All places where contact with or proximity to electrical/facility equipment can cause danger.
h) All places where workers may come in contact with dangerous moving parts of machineries or equip-
ment.
i) Location of fire alarms and firefighting equipment.
j) Instructions on the usage of specific construction equipment.
k) Periodic updating of man-hours lost.
9.2 Signages should be regularly inspected and maintained in good condition. Signages that are damaged
or illegible or that no longer apply should be removed and replaced by the safety officer, as needed.
SECTION 10. SAFETY ON CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENT

In relation to heavy equipment operation in all construction sites, the following are required in the different phases
of the project.
10.1 Pre-Construction. The General Constructor must ensure that appropriate certification is obtained from
DOLE duly accredited organizations for the following:
a) All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be tested and certified in accordance
with a standard trade test prescribed by Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) in coordi-
nation with its accredited organization/s.
b) All heavy equipment must be tested and certified in accordance with the standards prepared by DOLE
or its recognized organization/s prior to commissioning of said equipment.
10.2 During Construction . The General Constructor must ensure that the following conditions are met or
complied with:
10.2.1 Mobilization or Transport of Heavy Equipment.
a) Load restriction of trailers carrying such heavy equipment.
b) Load restrictions, height and width clearances as imposed by Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH) for all roads and bridges to be utilized during transport.
c) Only duly certified operators are allowed to load and unload heavy equipment to trailer.
d) Equipment to be transported must be properly secured to the trailer.
10.2.2 Erection/Set-up of Heavy Equipment

a) Existing hazards must be avoided.
b) Standard checklist of steps and procedures must be observed.
c) List of necessary equipment, tools and materials must be available and properly utilized.
10.2.3. Routine Inspection . In the interest of accident prevention, duly certified mechanics and
operators shall conduct daily routine inspection of all heavy equipment deployed at the site in accordance with
standards set by TESDA in coordination with the Association of Construction Equipment Lessors (ACEL, Inc.).
a) Routine inspection of all heavy equipment must be performed by DOLE accredited professionals
in accordance to standards set by DOLE recognized equipment suppliers.
b) All equipment which do not comply with the minimum safety standards for equipment certification
shall be immediately removed from the work site for restoration or repair until they meet said standards or require-
ments.
The General Constructor and the equipment owner shall maintain a separate logbook for data on maintenance,
repairs, tests and inspections for each heavy equipment. Such logbook shall be used as a necessary reference
during the conduct of equipment inspection.
10.2.4. Certified Operators

a) Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their designated heavy equipment.
b) All operators and riggers must wear personal protective equipment as prescribed in the above
pertinent sections.
10.3 Post-Operation and Post-Construction . The procedures for dismantling and demobilization of heavy
equipment shall follow the same requirements as listed under 10.2.1 and 10.2.2 above.
SECTION 11. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE

11.1 Composition
To ensure that these rules and the Construction Safety and Health Program are observed and enforced
at the project site, each site shall, at the start of the construction have a construction safety and health committee
composed of the following personnel as described under Section 7 above:
a) Project Manager or his representative as the chairperson ex officio;

b) General Construction Safety and Health Officer;
c) Construction Safety and Health Officers;
d) Safety representatives from each subcontractor,
e) Doctors, Nurses and other Health personnel, pursuant to the requirements stated in Rule of the OSHS,
who shall be members ex officio;
f) Workers’ representatives (minimum of 3, union members if organized, not necessarily from one em-
ployer).
The persons constituting the Safety and Health Committee shall, as far as practicable, be found at the construction
site whenever construction work is being undertaken.
The time spent by the members of the Safety and Health Committee in the performance of their duties such as
committee meetings, seminars and training, investigation and other tasks that maybe assigned or planned by the
committee shall be considered hours worked and therefore compensable time.
11.2 Authority and Duties of the Construction Safety and Health Committee . The chairperson shall convene
the Construction Safety and Health Committee at regular intervals so as to effectively and efficiently monitor the
implementation of the Construction Safety and Health Program. As such, he shall have the following duties:
a) plan, develop and oversee the implementation of accident prevention programs for the construction proj-
ect;
b) Direct the accident prevention efforts for the construction project in accordance with these rules and the
Construction Safety and Health Program;
c) Initiate and supervise the conduct of brief safety meetings or toolbox meetings everyday;
d) review reports of safety and health inspections, accident investigations;
e) prepare and submit to DOLE reports on committee meetings;
f) provide necessary assistance to government inspecting authorities in the proper conduct of their enforce-
ment and other activities;
g) initiate and supervise safety and health training for employees;
h) develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan and organize such emergency service units as may
be necessary to handle disaster situations; and
i) perform all duties provided in the Construction Safety and Health Program or those that are necessary
and incidental to the fulfillment of their duties herein described.
SECTION 12. SAFETY AND HEALTH INFORMATION

12.1 Workers should be adequately and suitably:
a) informed of potential safety and health hazards to which they may be exposed at their workplace; and
b) instructed and trained on the measures available for the prevention, control and protection against those
hazards.
12.2 No person shall be deployed in a construction site unless he has undergone a safety and health
awareness seminar conducted by the Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC), BWC and other concerned
offices of DOLE or by safety professionals or safety organizations or other institutions DOLE has accredited or
recognized. The DOLE in collaboration with constructors shall promote programs for the implementation of these
13
awareness seminars for construction workers.
12.3 Every worker shall receive instruction and training regarding the general safety and health measures
common to construction sites which shall include:
a) basic rights and duties of workers at the construction site
b) means of access and egress both during normal work and in emergency situations
c) measures for good housekeeping
d) location and proper use of welfare amenities and first-aid facilities
e) proper care and use of the items or personal protective equipment and protective clothing provided the
workers
f) general measures for personal hygiene and health protection
g) fire precautions to be taken
h) action to be taken in case of any emergency
i) requirements of relevant health and safety rules and regulations.
12.4 The instruction, training and information materials, shall be given in a language or dialect understood
by the worker. Written, oral, visual and participative approaches shall be used to ensure that the worker has as-
similated the material.
12.5 Each supervisor or any designated person (e.g. foreman, leadman, gangboss, etc.) shall conduct daily
tool box or similar meetings prior to starting the tasks for the day to discuss with the workers and anticipate safety
and health problems related to every task and the potential solutions to those problems. The supervisor shall remind
the workers on the necessary safety precautions that need to be undertaken.
12.6 Specialized instruction and training should be given to:

a) drivers and operators of lifting appliances, transport, earth-moving and materials-handling equipment and
machinery or any equipment of specialized or dangerous nature;
b) workers engaged in the erection or dismantling of scaffolds;
c) workers engaged in excavations at least one meter deep or deep enough to cause danger, shafts, earth-
works, underground works or tunnels;
d) workers handling explosives or engaged in blasting operations;
e) workers engaged in pile-driving;
f) workers working in compressed air, cofferdams, and caissons;
g) workers engaged in the erection of prefabricated parts of steel structural frames and tall chimneys, and
in concrete work, form work and other such work;
h) workers handling hazardous substances and materials;
i) workers as signalers; and
j) other workers as maybe categorized by TESDA.
SECTION 13. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING

The basic construction safety and health training shall be a forty (40)-hour training course as prescribed by the
BWC. The training course shall include the provisions of Rule 1410 of the OSHS. The BWC, from time to time, may
modify the basic construction safety and health training course, as the need arises.
All safety personnel involved in a construction project shall be required to complete such basic training course.
Every constructor shall provide continuing construction safety and health training to all technical personnel under his
employ. Continuing training shall be a minimum of 16 hours per year for every full-time safety personnel.
SECTION 14. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH REPORTS

All general constructors shall be required to submit a monthly construction safety and health report to the BWC or
to the DOLE Regional Office concerned. The report shall include a monthly summary of all safety and health com-
mittee meeting agreements, a summary of all accident investigations/reports and periodic hazards assessment with
the corresponding remedial measures/action for each hazard.
In case of any dangerous occurrence or major accident resulting in death or permanent total disability, the con-
cerned employer shall initially notify the DOLE Regional Office within twenty14 four (24) hours from occurrence.
After the conduct of investigation by the concerned construction safety and health officer, the employer shall report
all permanent total disabilities to
DOLE Regional Office on or before the 20th of the month following the date of occurrence of accident using the
DOLE/BWC/HSD-IP-6 form.
SECTION 15. CONSTRUCTION WORKERS SKILLS CERTIFICATES

In order to professionalize, upgrade and update the level of competence of construction workers, the TESDA shall:
a) establish national skills standards for critical construction occupations;
b) prepare guidelines on skills testing and certification for critical construction occupations;
c) accredit construction sector organizations in the area of skills training and trade testing; and
d) extend relevant assistance to construction sector organizations.
In this regard, all construction workers in critical occupations shall undergo mandatory skills testing for certification
by TESDA.
An occupation shall be considered critical:
a) when the performance of a job affects and endangers people’s lives and limbs;
b) when the job involves the handling of tools, equipment and supplies;
c) when the job requires a relatively long period of education and training;
d) when the performance of the job may compromise the safety, health and environmental concerns within
the immediate vicinity of the construction site.
SECTION 16. WORKERS’ WELFARE FACILITIES

The employer shall provide the following welfare facilities in order to ensure humane working conditions:
16.1 Adequate supply of safe drinking water.
a) If the water is used in common drinking areas, it should be stored in closed containers from which the
water is dispensed through taps or cocks. Such containers should be cleaned and disinfected at regular intervals
not exceeding fifteen (15) days.
b) Notices shall be conspicuously posted in locations where there is water supply that is not fit for drinking
purposes.
16.2 Adequate sanitary and washing facilities

a) Adequate facilities for changing and for the storage and drying of work clothes
b) Adequate accommodation for taking meals and shelter.
16.3 Suitable living accommodation for workers, and as may be applicable, for their families
16.4 Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for men and women workers.
SECTION 17. COST OF CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

The total cost of implementing a Construction Safety and Health Program shall be a mandatory integral part of the
project’s construction cost as a separate pay item, duly quantified and reflected in the Project’s Tender Documents
and likewise reflected in the Project’s Construction Contract Documents.
SECTION 18. MISCELLANEOUS

All provisions of other existing occupational safety and health guidelines not inconsistent with the above Guidelines
shall form part of this Department Order.
All provisions of other existing occupational safety and health standards, rules and regulations not specifically pro-
vided herein shall remain in full force and effect.
In the event that any provision of this Guidelines is declared invalid by competent authority, the rest of the provisions
thereof not affected shall remain in full force and effect.
SECTION 19. VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES

19.1. As circumstances may warrant, the DOLE shall refer to the Philippine Contractors Accreditation Board
(PCAB) its findings, after due process, on any act or omission committed by construction contractors in viola-
tion of labor standards, safety rules and regulations and other pertinent policies. Any such violation committed by
construction contractors, whether general constructors or sub-contractors, shall constitute as prima facie case of a
construction malperformance of grave consequence due to negligence, incompetence or malpractice contemplated
15
under R.A. 4566 (Constructors’ Licensing Law), as amended, and its Implementing Rules and Regulations.
19.2. In cases of imminent danger situations, the DOLE Regional Director shall issue a stoppage order,
in conformance with the guidelines specified under Rule 1012.02 of the OSHS and other pertinent issuances for
stoppage of operation or for other appropriate action to abate the danger. Pending the issuance of the order, the
employer shall take appropriate measures to protect his workers. The stoppage order shall remain in effect until the
danger is removed or corrected. Non-compliance with the order shall be penalized under existing provisions of labor
laws.
SECTION 20. EFFECTIVITY

This issuance shall serve as policy and procedural guidelines for this Department and its agencies in the administra-
tion and enforcement of applicable labor and social legislation and their implementing regulations.
Nothing herein shall be construed to authorize diminution or reduction of benefits being enjoyed by employees at
the time of issuance hereof.
This Department Order shall take effect immediately.
23 July 1998
(SGD) BIENVENIDO E. LAGUESMA
Secretary
IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH)
Francis Annel Madrileño and Jennifer Espalmado
OBJECTIVE:
To explain the status and importance of safety, health and welfare among the workers in the various fields of the
construction industry.
GLOBAL OSH SITUATIONER: ILO REPORT (28 APRIL 2003)

• 270 Million Accidents Reported
• 355,000 of which are fatal
• 160 Million work-related illnesses reported
• 2,000,000 workers DIE every year
• More than 100,000 work fatalities occur every month
• More than 5,000 accidents every day
• 4 accidents per minute.
IMPORTANCE OF OSH
• It is mandated by law
• It preserves the lives of workers and the company
• It is a form of motivation
• It creates understanding
ACCIDENTS
-Interrupts or disrupts the normal & orderly progress of any activity & may result in injury (minor, serious or fatal) to
people and/or damage or destruction of property that result to losses.
-Results in losses of investments in the form of :

• Damage or destruction to property
• Injury/harm or sickness to the worker
• And, other forms of losses, such as time delays, machine breakdowns, etc.
WHAT IS SAFETY?
• Freedom of oneself from HAZARDS
• Control of hazards through injury prevention.
• Control of hazards to attain an acceptable level of RISKS.
WHY SAFETY?
• People cause unsafe acts & unsafe conditions.
• Safety is a way of life
• It provides corrective, preventive & predictive measures to minimize accidents.
• Loss avoidance thru implementation of a comprehensive Health & Safety Program.
HAZARDS/RISKS
HAZARDS – anything that may likely cause personal injury or damage to property, or their combination.
SOURCES OF HAZARDS:
1. Unsafe Acts
Examples: Failure to warm/secure, Unauthorized operation of equipment, Removing/destroying safety
devices, Using defective equipment/tools, Using PPE improperly, Improper placement/lifting/loading, Horseplay,
Operating at improper speed
2. Unsafe Condition
Examples: Inadequate guards/barriers, Defective tools/equipment/materials, Congestion or restricted
body movement, Inadequate warning systems, Fire/explosion hazards, Poor housekeeping/disorder, Noise/radiation
17
exposure, Extremes of temperature/ventilation
RISKS – the degree of exposure or chances of exposure to hazards.
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE OCCURRENCE OF ACCIDENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY :

1. Fall from heights is the predominant causes of accidents
2. Lack of supervision for workers working at heights
3. Workers lack awareness on OSH
4. Workers have limited trainings
5. Due to lack of training, workers
a) Build improper temporary structures
b) Tolerate improperly guarded floors
c) Work with unstable / unsecured / scaffolds
d) Use defective equipment
6) Accident reports lack relevant information
7) Proper investigations are hardly conducted
INVESTORS/EMPLOYERS NEED TO PROTECT :

1. His property
2. His workers
THEY ARE HIS ASSETS BECAUSE:

1. They have price
2. They have life
3. They comprise his workplace
4. They are needed
DIRECT COSTS OF ACCIDENTS :

1. Emergency Medical Care
2. Equipment Damage or Material Spoilage
3. Compensation Payments
4. Investigations of Legal Authority
5. Insurance Premiums
INDIRECT COST OF ACCIDENTS :

1. Injured Worked
• lost productivity on day of injury
• lost productivity due to follow-up care
• lost productivity after returning to work
2. Worker’s Crew
• completing added work
• assisting injured worker
• lost productivity due to inspection
3. Crew Around Accident Site
• watching events and discussing accident
4. Training Replacement Worker
5. Supervisors
• investigating accident
• preparing reports
• time with management, owner or regulatory agencies
LEADING CAUSES OF FATAL ACCIDENTS IN CONSTRUCTION SITES :

1. Falls from Heights
• Temporary structures
• Excavation
• Roof
• Moving vehicle and equipment
2. Excavation and Trench Work
• Cave-in
• Falling of persons, materials and equipment
• Asphyxiation
3. Construction Machineries and Equipment
• Power tools
• Woodworking machines
• Heavy machines
4. Cranes and Elevators
• Overloading
• Lifting and carrying of loads
• Erection and dismantling
5. Electrical Accidents
• Electrical Shock and Burns
• Contact with electric lines and underground cables
TYPES OF SAFETY APPROACHES :

1. Proactive Safety - one must have a proper mindset, a commitment, a behavior and a way of life. It is not
affected by luck, law of probability or any kind of regulatory compliance
2. Reactive
FIVE TYPES OF PERSON IN THE CONSTRUCTION SITE :

1. Those who make things happen.
2. Those who think they make things happen.
3. Those who watch things happen.
4. Those who wonder what happened.
5. Those who did not know that anything had happened.
WORDS TO PONDER :
“To look is one thing.
To see what you look at is another
To understand what you see is another
To learn from what you understand is something else.
But to act on what you learn is all that really matters.”
-Winston Churchill
19
SAFETY ENGINEERING IN EXCAVATION
Frederick Mahinay and Geneva Saba
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. EXCAVATION - A man–made cut, cavity, trench, or depression formed by the earth removal.
2. TRENCH - A narrow excavation. The depth is greater than the width, but not wider than 15feet.The width,
but not wider than 15feet.
3. SHORING - A structure that supports the sides of an excavation and protects against cave-in
4. SHIELD -A structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect employees.
5. SLOPING - A technique that employs a specific angle of incline on the sides of excavation.
6. BENCHING - Method of protecting personnel inside excavation by cutting the sides of excavation
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS PRIOR TO EXCAVATION :

1. Carry out joint site safety inspection w/ client/owner, consultant & company representatives.
2. Identify & locate underground facilities/ utilities.
3. Municipal Permit Requirements
4. Proximity of adjacent structures
5. Weather & Moisture conditions
6. Sources of the vibrations
7. Adjacent road footpaths
8. Method of excavations
9. Other possible considerations
SITE EVALUATION PLANNING :

1. Evaluate soil conditions.
2. Construct protective systems.
3. Test for low oxygen, hazardous fumes and toxic gases.
4. Provide safe in and out access.
5. Contact Utilities.
6. Determine the safety equipment needed.
EXCAVATION HAZARDS :
1. Cave – in or Excavation collapse
2. Excavation materials
3. Falling objects near an excavation
4. Power mobile equipment
5. Slips , trips and falls
6. Hazardous atmosphere
7. Flooding/Water hazards
8. Underground Facilities
9. Adjacent structures
10. Loose rock and soil
11. Other hazards include:
1.1.1. Asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen.
1.1.2. Inhalation of toxic materials.
1.1.3. Fire
1.1.4. Moving machinery near the edge of the excavation can cause a collapse.
1.1.5. Accident severing of underground utility lines.
WARNING SYSTEM :
1. Barricades
2. Hand signals
3. Mechanical signals
4. Stop logs
5. Grade away from excavation
PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES:
1. Employees should be protected from cave-ins by using an adequately designed protective system.
2. Protective systems must be able to resist all expected loads.
3. All excavation or trenches 5feet or deep require a protective system.
SOIL - In trenching and excavation practices, it is defined as any materials removed from the ground to form a
hole, trench or cavity for purpose of working below the earth’s surface.
SOIL CLASSIFICATION:
- STABLE ROCK – natural solid mineral matter that can be excavated with vertical sides and remain intact
while exposed.
- TYPE A - cohesive soil with unconfined compressive strength of 144kPa or greater.

Example: Clay, silt clay, sandy clay , clay loam and silt clay loam and sandy clay loam.
- TYPE B - cohesive soil with unconfined compressive strength greater than 48kPa but less than 144kPa.
Example: Angular gravel, silt, silt loam, sandy loam
- TYPE C - cohesive soil with unconfined compressive strength of 48kPa or less 144kPa.
Example: Gravel, sand, loamy sand, submerged soil.
TYPES OF SOIL COLLAPSE :

1. GENERAL ZONE OF EXPOSURE - The area where workers are exposes to mass and soil/ rock move-
ment
2. SPOIL PILE SLIDE - Improper excavating procedures occur when the excavated material is not placed
far enough away from the edge of excavation
3. SIDE WALL SHEAR - Common to fissured or desiccated clay type or alluvial soils
4. SLOUGH-IN (CAVE-IN) - Common to previously excavated material, fill, sand, silt and sand mix and
gravel.
5. ROTATION - Common in clay type soil, when excavation walls are too steep or when moisture content
increases rapidly.
21
METHODS OF EXCAVATION PROTECTION :
1. Sloping
2. Benching
3. Shoring/Timbering
4. Sheet Piles
5. Concrete Piles
6. Micro Piles
7. Diaphragm
8. Dewatering System
HEAVY EQUIPMENTS IN EXCAVATION : HAND TOOLS IN EXCAVATION :

1. Backhoe 1. Shovel
2. Bulldozer 2. Pickax
3. Wheel Loader 3. Pneumatic hammer, etc.
4. Grader
5. Rock Breaker
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

Materials and equipment used for protective systems shall be free from damage or defects that might impair their
proper function.
STABILITY OF ADJACENT STRUCTURES

• Where the stability of adjoining buildings, walls, or other structures is endangered by excavation opera-
tions, support systems such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning shall be provided to ensure the stability of such
structures for the protection of employees.
EXCAVATION BELOW STRUCTURES SHOULD NOT BE PERMITTED EXCEPT WHEN:

• A support system, such as underpinning, is provided to ensure the safety of employees and the stability
of the structure; or
• The excavation is in stable rock
• A registered professional engineer has approved the determination that the structure is sufficiently re-
moved from the excavation so as to be unaffected by the excavation activity; or
• A registered professional engineer has approved the determination that such excavation work will not pose
a hazard to employees.
PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES FROM LOOSE ROCK OR SOIL:

Such protection shall consist of scaling to remove loose material; installation of protective barricades at intervals as
necessary on the face to stop and contain falling material; or other means that provide equivalent protection.
ACCESS/EGRESS
• Stairs, ladders, or ramps must be provided where personnel must enter excavations four feet or more in
depth,
• The maximum distance of travel in an excavation to a means of egress shall not exceed 25 feet.
Hazardous Atmosphere
• Atmospheric testing must be conducted in excavations over four feet deep where a hazardous atmosphere
could reasonably be expected to exist,
WATER ACCUMULATION
Personnel are not permitted to work in excavations that contain, or are accumulating, water unless precautions
have been taken to protect personnel from hazards posed by water accumulation. These precautions may include
special support or shield systems to protect from cave-in, water removal by mechanical pump to control the level
of accumulating water, or the use of a safety harness and lifeline.
CONSTRUCTION SITE PREMISES
Divina Rose Domingo and Rodel Allan Adan
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Protection to every workingman against the dangers of injury, sickness or death through safe and healthful working
conditions, thereby assuring the conservation of valuable manpower resources and the prevention of loss or damage
to lives and properties.
ACCIDENT PREVENTION
HOW..
- Methods of prevention
- Ample evidence
WHY..
- Real factor in the economics success of any construction job
- Profitable
- Lower cost and greater efficiency
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SITE REQUIREMENTS :

1. Accident prevention is a legal requirement
2. Complete understanding between the owner and the contractor
3. Practical experiences in running construction jobs
4. Accident prevention as part of advance planning
5. Protection of workers and the public
6. Applicable government standard regulations
WORKER’S WELFARE FACILITY:

1. Source of drinking water
2. Sanitary washing facilities
3. Living accommodation
4. Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for men and women
CONSTRUCTION SITE HOUSEKEEPING :

HOUSEKEEPING - means there is a place for everything and everything is in place. It is everybody’s business to
observe it in the workplace. It is important because it lessens accidents and related injuries and illnesses; it there-
fore improves productivity and minimizes direct and indirect costs of accident /illnesses.
The 5S is a very practical simple and proven approach to improving housekeeping in the workplace.
WHAT ARE THE SIGN OF DISORDER:

1. Cluttered and poorly damaging other material
2. Untidy piling
3. Piled-on material damaging other material
4. Items no longer needed
5. Blocked aisle ways
6. Material stuffed in corners and out-of-the-way places
7. Material gathering rust and dirt from disuse
8. Excessive quantities of items
9. Overcrowded bins and containers
10. Overflowing storage areas and shelves
11. Broken containers and damaged materials
12.Deteriorating housekeeping may be the first evidence of a deteriorating safety and health program
23
RULE 1060 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ON SITE
PREMISES OF ESTABLISHMENTS
Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times thru cleanliness of building, yards, machines and equipment,
regular waste disposal and orderly processes, operations, storage and filling of materials.
THE 5S OF GOODHOUSEKEEPING:
1. Seiri (Sort/eliminate)
2. Seiton (Systematize/organize)
3. Seiso (Sweep/clean/polish)
4. Seiketsu (Sanitize/standardize)
5. Shitsuke (Self-discipline/training)
WHY 5S?
1. Safety
2. Quality Improvement
3. Efficiency
4. Productivity Improvement
5. Workers feel good in their second home
6. Easy knowledge of process abnormalities
7. Work Improvement
8. Company Image
9. Cleanliness/orderliness/beautification
HOW 5S IS IMPLEMENTED?
1. Training
2. Committees
3. Planning
4. Self-diagnosis and objective setting
5. Monitoring
6. Evaluation
HOW IS 5S SUSTAINED?
1. Continuous promotions
2. mascot, logo, slogan contests
3. publicity bards
4. newsletter
5. staff meetings
6. monthly themes
7. competitions
8. Benchmarking
9. External Visits
10.Implementation Plan
FALL PROTECTION
Van Victor Butihen and Shiela Kim Balona
ABSTRACT :
Fall protection is the backup system planned for a worker who could lose his or her balance at height, in order to con-
trol or eliminate injury potential. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Fall Protection Standard
Deals with both human and equipment related issues in protecting workers from fall hazards, Prevent workers from
falling off into or through working levels, Protect employees from being struck by falling objects, required the em-
ployees exposed to a potential free-fall greater than six feet must receive Fall Protection training, implement proper
fall prevention method. All fall protection equipment or devices shall have meet or exceed the appropriate American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard and visually inspected for defects prior to teach use.
INTRODUCTION :
Construction always involves people climbing great heights. In the American construction industry, the leading cause
of fatalities and deaths is falls, and as a result, it must be treated seriously and appropriately. About 40,000 deaths/
disabling injuries result from falls per year in the U.S, In 1996, the Philippine construction industry accounts for 479
work accident cases report 40 - 50% were classified as struck /hit by falling objects and fall from heights.
All construction safety plans must contain provisions in order to protect workers from falling from dangerous heights
and undertake a complete risk evaluation in each phase of the construction work in order to identify potential sources
of fall accidents.
OBJECTIVE :
• Describe working conditions where fall protection is required.
• Identify the components of a Fall arrest system
• Demonstrate how to put on and remove a full body harness.
•Know how to inspect and care for personal fall arrest systems before and after use.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARD FALL PROTECTION POLICY :

Railings are required at permanent elevated locations greater than or equal to:
4 48 inches. ( Federal OSHA)
4 30 inches. ( CAL OSHA)
All employees shall be protected from falls of six feet or more by the use of an approved Fall Arrest System.
• Construction work is traditionally a hazardous occupation, wherein various work phases involved have its
own corresponding hazards. Since majority of the work is located in high places, falls are so significant and need a
lot of attention.
• Most falling accidents could be traced in excavation, scaffolding, ladder, temporary structure, roofing and
opening.
• Likewise alarming, are falling materials that cause damages to properties and even serious injuries and
death to pedestrians.
CATEGORIES OF FALL
Fall accidents can be classified as , fall..
- To work surface
- Against an object
- From moving vehicles/equipment
- From stairs ,ramps , and ladders
- From edge of work level
- Into /through an opening
- From one work level to the other.
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEM - Consist of devices that arrest a free fall or devices that restrain a worker in a posi-
tion to prevent a fall from occurring.
25
CATEGORIES OF FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS :
1. SURFACE PROTECTION (non-slip flooring) -Floors that may become slippery due to the work opera-
tions should be provided w/ a non-slip type surface or coating that will provide a secure walking surface; Stair and
elevated falls occur from one level to another.
2. FIXED BARRIERS (handrails, guardrails) - Must be capable of stopping a worker from proceeding past
edge of a work level or into a floor opening.
`
3. SURFACE OPENING PROTECTION (removable covers, guardrails) - Surface openings in floors and
other walking surfaces where workers have access, must be protected by guard railing or secured wood or metal
covers.
4. TRAVEL RESTRAINT SYSTEMS (safety line and belt) - Is intended to limit a worker’s movement so the
workers are unable to reach a location where there is a risk of falling.
5. FALL ARREST SYSTEMS (safety line and harness) - A fall arrest system is employed when a worker is
a risk of falling from an elevated position.
FALL ARREST EQUIPMENT - ABC’S

Administrative Rules and Fall Arrest Maintenance :
- When fall protection of any kind is provided, the project’s competent person must teach workers
the limitations to that system’s effectiveness.
- Orthostatic intolerance may be experienced by workers using fall arrest systems. Prolonged sus-
pension from a fall arrest systems can cause orthostatic intolerance, which in turn can result in physical injury, or
potentially, death.
- Research indicates that suspension in a fall arrest device can result in unconsciousness, followed
by death, in less than 30 minutes.
POSITIONING DEVICE SYSTEM
A positioning system restrains the elevated worker, preventing him from getting into a hazardous position
where a fall could occur, and also allows hands-free work. Both systems have three components: harnesses or belts,
connection devices and tie-off points.
- Full-body Harnesses and Belts
- Full-body harnesses wrap around the waist, shoulders and legs.
- The attachment of the body harness must be located in the center of the wearer’s back, near the
shoulder level, or above the head.
-Belts are used in positioning system applications.
OTHER FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT:

1. Vertical lifelines / Lanyards - must have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 pounds, and be protected
against being cut or abraded.
2. Self-retracting Lifelines/Lanyards
3. Self-retracting vertical lifelines and lanyards - that automatically limit free fall distance to 2 feet or less
must be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 3,000 pounds when in the fully extended position
4. Horizontal Lifelines - are to be designed, installed, and used under the supervision of a qualified person,
and as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two
5. Webbing - are the ropes and straps used in lifelines, lanyards, and strength components of body har-
nesses. The webbing must be made from synthetic fibers; and qualified in the OSHA Standard: 1926.502(d)(14)
6. Connectors - must be made from drop-forged, pressed or formed steel, or equivalent materials . They
must have a corrosion-resistant finish, with smooth surfaces and edges to prevent damage to connecting parts of the
system.
7. D-Ring and Snap hooks - must have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds, and be proof-tested
to a minimum tensile load of3,600 pounds without cracking, breaking, or becoming permanently deformed.
8. Anchorages - used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment must be independent of any anchor-
age being used to support or suspend platforms, and capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds per employee
attached.
6. FALL CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS (safety nets) - Where it is impractical to provide a fixed barrier or fall
arrest system, an alternate solution is the provision of safety nets
SAFETY NETS REQUIREMENTS:

• It must be constructed of materials of sufficient strength to catch a falling debris.
• There is sufficient tension and clearance to prevent a falling person against contacting
any surface or structure below the net.
• It shall be installed so that it extends 2.5 m (8ft) beyond the edge of the work area &
no further than 7.5m (25ft) below the working surface
• Perimeter safety nets are in position before any work is commenced.
• Reach a location where there is a risk of falling.
CONCLUSION
Fall protection provides system and rules. It indicates the Proper guidelines, training s and proper use of fall protec-
tion equipment to eliminate the risk, guard the hazards and protect workers in heights in construction industry.
27
SAFETY IN TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
George Caña and Laile Mie Tique
TEMPORARY STRUCTURES USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION SITE:
BARRICADES– To isolate or protect an unsafe work area from other workers, pedestrian or vehicle traffic. Barricades
should be made of reflective materials and they must never be placed in line of traffic without warning.
• ROAD CONSTRUCTION BARRICADE

1. Heavy – used to close streets, provide buffer zones, and mark work area obstruction. An optional light may be
attached.
2. Light – used to mark the work area. An optional light may be attached.
3. A- Frame – may be used to channel traffic and mark the work area. An optional light may be attached.
BARRICADE TAPES
COLOR OF TAPE HAZARD CLASSIFICATION ACTION EXAMPLE
Yellow (Caution) Occupational Hazard Do not cross until -Overhead work

hazard is identified -Trip Hazard
and safe passage/
access is assured.
Red (Danger) High imminent danger, Never Cross. -Energized Electrical work
Fatality Prevention -Overhead suspended work
-Chemical Introduction
-Fall Exposure
-Critical High Pressure test
SCAFFOLDS - is defined as an elevated temporary work platform.
COMMON HAZARD ASSOCIATED WITH ALL SCAFFOLDS :

• Falls from elevation, due to lack of fall protection
• Collapse of the scaffold, caused by instability or overloading
• Being struck by falling tools, work materials, or debris
• Electrocution
CLASSIFICATION OF SCAFFOLDS :
• Supported Scaffolds
• Suspended Scaffolds
• Others
TYPES OF SUPPORTED SCAFFOLDS :

•Fabricated or Framed Scaffolds - The most common type of scaffold because they are versatile, economi-
cal and easy to use. These are frequently used by residential and building contractors. Their modular frames can
also be stacked several stories high for use on large scale construction jobs.
•Tube and Couplers – they are built from tubing connected by coupling devices. Due to their strength, they
are frequently used where heavy loads needed to be carried or where multiple platforms must reach several stories
high.
29
•Manually Propelled Scaffolds – Scaffolds that are set on wheels. They are designed to be easily moved
and are commonly used for things like painting and plastering, where workers must frequently change position
TYPES OF SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS :

• Interior Hung Scaffolds - consists of a platform suspended from the ceiling or roof structure by fixed-length
supports.
• Two Point Scaffolds - also known as swing-stage scaffolds are perhaps the most common type of sus-
pended scaffold. Hung by ropes or cables connected to stirrups at each end of the platform, they are typically used
by window washers on skyscrapers, but play a prominent role in high-rise construction as well.
OTHER TYPES OF SCAFFOLDS:

• Aerial Lift - vehicle-mounted aerial devices to elevate personnel to work areas not accessible from the ground; ex-
tendible boom platforms, aerial ladders, articulating booms, vertical towers, and a combination of any such devices.
SCAFFOLDING REQUIREMENTS AND COMPONENTS

1. Foundation
a. Scaffolds shall be capable of supporting without failure at least 4 times the maximum intended load.
b. Timber sills at least 23cm wide by 3.8cm thick
c. Small timber pads may be used in place of sills and nailed to prevent the base plates sliding off.
d. The screw jacks shall not be adjusted more than 2/3 of the total length of the thread.
2. Post
a. post shall be pitched on 15cm(6in.) by 15 (6in) steel and at least 0.64cm (1/4 in) thick.
b. The inner row posts shall be placed as closed as possible to the face of the building
3. Runners
a. Runners shall be securely fixed to post with standard couplers and shall be horizontal
b. Runners shall be vertically spaced no more than 2 meters to give adequate headroom along the platform
4. Bearers
a. bearers should be installed between post and securely fixed to the post with standard couplers.
5. Board Bearers
a. Board bearers shall be installed between bearers to accommodate differences in planks length
6. Bracing
a. Longitudinal diagonal bracing shall be installed approx. 45˚ angle from near the base of the first outer
post upward to the extreme top of the scaffold
7. Ties
a. All supported scaffolds except tower and mobile shall be securely tied to a building or structure throughout
their length and height to prevent movement of the scaffold.
b. Ties shall occur at the top of the scaffold and at least every 7.9m (26ft) vertically and 9.1m (30ft) hori-
zontally and at each end of the scaffold
8. Platform Unit
a. All platform units shall be closed plank for the full width of the scaffold structure
b. planks shall be extended over their end supports by not less than 15cm and not more than 30.5 cm
c. Planks shall not be secured in position to prevent displacement by strong winds.
9. Guardrail and toe board system
a. Guardrail shall be installed at open sides and ends of all scaffolds to prevent fall.
b. Top rails shall no less than 0.91m and no more than 1.14m above the working surface and can withstand
force of 200lbs.
c. Mid rails must be installed halfway between the top rail and platform and can withstand force of 150lbs.
d. Toe boards shall not be less than 10cm and height by 2.5cm thick.
10. Access
a. Access to a working platform is best achieved by providing a separate ladder tower a cantilevered access
platform so as not to obstruct the working platform and to minimize the risk of persons falling through the gaps in
the guardrail system or platform units. Access should be provided to working platforms
11. Scaffold Ladders
a. Scaffold ladders provide the means of access and egress for scaffolds
12. Workmanship
a. Scaffolding shall be erected, altered and dismantled by experienced men working under the direction of
a competent supervisor.
13. Inspection
a. All scaffolds shall be inspected by a competent supervisor, safety officer. And/or civil engineers before
it is used after adjustment, modifications, adverse weather conditions, etc., to measure that is safe. If safe to use,
attach the GREEN scaffolding Tag, if unsafe to use, attach RED scaffolding Tag.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS :
1. Legs should be plumb
2. Eliminate slippery conditions
3. Post safety rules
4. Scaffold shall be tied and fully braced
5. Shall be capable of supporting 4x the design load
6. Plan or drawing approved by Structural Engineer
7. Avoid power lines
8. Approval for multiple usage
9. Ladders should have landing
10.Use outrigger or outboard safety support
11. Provide independent safety lines
12. Be on a firm foundation with base plates
13. Be plumb, square and adequately braced
14. Have a fully planked work deck
15. Have guardrails over 10 feet
16. Be tied in over 4 Vert./1 Horiz. high
17.Have an adequate means of access
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SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION MACHINERIES
Joanna Grace L. Enriquez
The use of mechanical equipment in the construction industry improves the quality and efficiency of work, but it can
lead to situations which are potentially hazardous. The only way of using mechanical equipments is to have properly
trained operators, running equipments that are well-maintained, and carrying out the work for which it is designed.
Being struck-by or caught in-between are two of the eading causes of injuries and fatalities in the construction site.
Of all the accidents in the construction site regarding machineries, 22% are caused by struck-by and 18% are caught
in-between machines.
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:

- Prevent workplace accidents
- Prevent personal injuries between moving equipment and those workers who are on foot.
HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS

Heavy Equipments commonly used in the construction site:
1. Front end loaders; rubber-tired and tracked
2. Crawler Tractors/ Bulldozers, skid steer bobcats
3. Wheel Tractor Scraper, elevating scrapers, tandem powered scrapers
4. Backhoes and hydraulic excavators
5. Haulage Vehicles
6. Asphalt Pavers and Pavement Rollers
7. Vibratory Rollers and compactors
8. Concrete Mixers and Pump trucks
9. Grinding Equipments
10. Pulverizing Equipments, Millers, Water Trucks
11. Cranes
PERSONS AT RISK DURING HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS

1. DIRECT PARTICIPANTS - such as Signal Persons, Flaggers, Grade Checkers, Dump Persons, Opera-
tors, Teamsters, Laborers, Iron Workers, Carpenters, Foremen, Supervisors, Contractor Staff, Surveyors, Rod men,
Lay-out Crew, Craftsmen.
2. PARTCIPANTS WHO NEED TO BE ON SITE - such as delivery truck drivers, service providers, concrete/
pump truck drivers, crane rental operators, contracted service persons, trash removal personnel, government inspec-
tors, client’s staff, owner of the project, guests/VIP, product installation specialists, engineering services providers,
utility service providers.
3. NON-PARTICIPANTS - such as [edestrians, on-lookers, sidewalk superintendents, curious people, chil-
dren, job seekers, bicycle riders, skate boarders, scavengers, wood collectors, private environmentalists, thieves,
burglar, media.
MATERIALS HANDLING OPERATIONS - refers to any method for moving materials by people or by using machines
MECHANICAL HANDLING OPERATIONS
1. Transportation
2. Mechanical; Powered
3. Lifting ; Hoist and Lift, and Crane
HAZARDS IN CRANE OPERATIONS :

1. Structural Failure and overloading
2. Instability
3. Materials Fallign or slipping
4. Electrical hazards
5. Other hazards like being struck by crane/ caught in between cranes
CRANE SAFETY LIES WITHIN THE FOLLOWING :
1. Structural Soundness of crane and its components
2. Proper Crane Operation
3. Proper rigging operation
4. Proper assembly and dismantling procedures
CRANE LOAD CAPACITY MEASUREE :

1. Structure
2. Hook
- Must have a safety latch
-Must have a hook opening
-Hook Twisting
-No Cracks
3. Wire Rope
-Breaking Strength
-Rope Criteria
PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTING MATERIALS HANDLING ACCIDENTS

1. Eliminate all unnecessary transport and handling operations.
2. Remove human beings from transport and handling spaces
3. Segregate transport operations from each other.
4. Provide enough space for materials handling and transport operations
5. Aim at continuous transport processes.
6. Use standard elements in materials handling
7. Know materials to be handled
8. Keep loading under safe working-load capacity
9. Set speed limits low.
10. Avoid overhead lifting area where people are working underneath
11. Avoid materials handling that requires climbing/ working at high levels
12. Attach guards at danger points
13. Transport and lift people only by equipments designed for that purpose
14. Keep equipments and load stable.
15. Provide good visibility.
16. Eliminate manual lifting
17. Provide and maintain effective communication
18. Arrange human interfaces and manual handling according to ergonomic principles
19. Provide adequate training and advice
20. Provide people with a proper personal safety outfits
21. Carry out proper maintenance and inspection
22. Plan for changes of environmental conditions
RULES IN OPERATION OF LIFTING EQUIPMENTS:

1. Don’t carry or use crane beyond rate load
2. Never move/load over people
3. Never allow personnel to ride on a load
4.Center crane over the load before hoisting. No side pull
5.Lift, move and lower loads smoothly
6. Don’t stop the hoist under normal operations
7. Don’t leave suspended load unattended
8. Keep hook blocked more than 2m above floor when not in
use
9. Use tagline to stabilize and control loads
10. Respond to signals from designed signal man
RULES IN OPERATING MACHINERIES IN SLOPES :

1. Slew load horizontally to prevent overloading
2. Don’t slew from low side to high side.
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3. Slide load can cause sideways collapse
SAFETY IN OPERATING DUAL LIFTS:

1. Keep load horizontal
2. Use the same type of cranes
3. Load 80% of max. loading of each crane
4. Only one signal man
STABILITY - Make sure an outrigger is in place
SAFETY IN ELECTRICITY :
1. Maintain a safe distance
2. Use nylon guy wire
3. In case of live wire contact, operator should jump immediately
SAFETY IN RIGGING :
Must be done only by designated rigger:
- Familiarity with rated capacity of the crane.
- Familiarity with different types of sling, implements and capacity.
- Familiarity with load calculation
- Sling protection(Corner Padding)
- Principle of the center of Gravity
SPECIFIC RULES WHEN OPERATING EQUIPMENTS:

- The most dangerous movement is backing.
- Know where your blind spots are; always check your windows and side mirrors
- Look for people on foot nearby
- STOP! When signaled, waived at violently or when in doubt
- Maintain safe operating speed
- Take machine “Out of Service” if it is unsafe to operate
- Be aware of other machines working in the area
- Clean windows and adjust mirrors
- Always inspect machine; Inform appropriate personnel of abnormal conditions, defects or changes in the Machine/
Job Conditions
- Report unsafe/careless workers
- Do not attempt repairs/ forcing equipments with defects during operation
- Always have the presence of a signal man when moving
- Clear all obstacles or path before operation.
BASIC SOLUTIONS APPLIED BY SITE OWNERS AND/ENGINEERS TO INSTIGATE CONSTRUCTION

SAFETY:
1. MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT
-Restrict entry on to site of non-essential personnel
-Establish controlled entry points to site
-Coordinate operations of various trades working in the same areas
-Provide fundamental site rulesand training to all perosnnel at risk
-Adequate Lay-down areas established
2. WORKERS’ INVOLVEMENT
-All workers must receive proper basic indoctrination
-Management must ddress problems with employess on a regular basis
-Workers must always learn, follow, and obey established rules
-Workers must realize they MUST SEE and MUST BE SEEN
3. PRE-CONSTRUCTION JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

-Identify know potential hazards
-Determine the safetiness of job condition
-Lay-down or Storage Areas
-Risk by construction methods
-Side effetcs of job schedule
4. HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROLS

-Perimeter fencing, enclosure, signs
-Spotterd for the in-the-blind, backing machines and/or equipments
-Poor planning forces workers to commit unsafe acts
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-Be alert. Stay Clear. Hear warnings.
5. POOR EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

-Machine in proper working order
-Back-up alarm, horns, lights, mirrors
-Cab glass not cracked /broken
-Machine windows, mirrors kept clean
-Pre-operational inspection conducted by operators
-Prompt repairs on any noted defeciences
6. WORKERS’ AWARENESS TRAINING

-Does your job requires you to approach machines/equipments?If NO, stay away from the machines/
equipments as much as possible.
-Understand and know what every sign means.
-Be alert on changing job conditions and your particular situation.
EQUIPMENT OPERATORS’ RESPONSIBILITY:

-Know the safety features of the equipment
-Know how they operate and use them properly
-Have a systematic maintenance and repair for their machines
-Acquire a proper training
-Inform repair personnel in case of machine/equipment defects
-Review manufacturer’s operating manual
-report unsafe workers to the supervisor
-Talk about safety safety with those who always work with you duringoperations
-Do not attempt to repair your own machinery/ maintenance you don’t understand
-Have a signalman present in you blindspot
-make sure all obstacles in your line of movement is all cleared before starting the operation
SPECIFIC REMINDERS:
-The most dangerous movement is backing.
-Kno whre your blindspots are
-Always be on the look-out for people on foot moving around the machinery
-STOP when signaled, when waived at violently, or if in doubt.
-Maintain a safe operating speed.
-Keep machine under control at all time.
-Don’t use the machinery if unsafe to operate or malfunctioning
-Be aware of other amchines working in the area.
-Keep lights and back0up alarm in good operating conditions
-Allow no one to ride outside the Cab for any reason
-Clean windows and adjust mirrors.
HAND TOOLS AMD EQUIPMENT SAFETY
Jane Marie Velado and Kim Bladimher Hermonio
OBJECTIVES:
• Recognize the hazards associated with the use of the different types of tools
• Learn the safety precautions necessary to prevent injuries from hand tools.
• Understand the various PPEs needed when using hand tools
HAZARD RECOGNITION :
• Tools are such a common part of our lives that we sometimes forget that they pose hazards.
• All tools are manufactured with safety in mind but, unfortunately, serious accidents often occur before measures
are taken to search out and avoid or eliminate tool-related hazards.
HAND TOOLS - Hand tools are non-powered. They include anything from axes to wrenches.The greatest hazards
posed by hand tools result from misuse and improper maintenance.
HAZARDS BY HAND TOOLS:

– Using a screwdriver as a chisel may cause the tip of the screwdriver to break and fly, hitting the user or
other employees.
– If a wooden handle on a tool such as a hammer or an axe is loose, splintered, or cracked, the head of
the tool may fly off and strike the user or another worker
– A wrench must not be used if its jaws are sprung, because it might slip.
– Impact tools such as chisels, wedges, or drift pins are unsafe if they have mushroomed heads. The heads
might shatter on impact, sending sharp fragments flying.
SAFETY IN USING HAND TOOLS:

• The employer is responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used by employees.
• The employees have the responsibility for properly using and maintaining tools.
• Employers should caution employees that saw blades, knives, or other tools be directed away from aisle
areas and other employees working in close proximity. Knives and scissors must be sharp.
• Dull tools can be more hazardous than sharp ones.
• Appropriate personal protective equipment, e.g., safety goggles, gloves, etc., should be worn due to haz-
ards that may be encountered while using portable power tools and hand tools.
• Safety requires that floors be kept as clean and dry as possible to prevent accidental slips with or around
dangerous hand tools.
• Around flammable substances, sparks produced by iron and steel hand tools can be a dangerous ignition
source. Where this hazard exists, spark-resistant tools made from brass, plastic, aluminum, or wood will provide for
safety.
SOME NON-SPARKING TOOLS:
HAND TOOLS SAFETY TIPS :
1. Screwdrivers – It is essential that a screwdriver has the correct size to fit the slot of the screw. Screwdrivers should
never be carried in the pockets of coveralls or other clothing. It can produce a serious wound.
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2. Hammers – Hammers head should be secured to wooden handlers with proper wedges.
3. Chisels – Cutting edges should be kept sharp at all times, and the original shape and angle should be maintained.
4. Picks and Shovels – Shovel blades should not be allowed to become blunt, turned, split or jagged. They should
be maintained in a serviceable condition at all times.
5. Spanners and Wrenches – Only wrenches of the right size should be used. When possible, use box-end rather
than adjustable wrenches. For heavy works, a slugging wrench should be used.
6. Pipe Wrenches – Pipe wrenches must be large enough for the job, the jaw, teeth must be kept clean and sharp
and the knurl, pin and spring should be kept from damage.
7. Pliers – Pliers should only be used when there are no other tools for the job. They are meant only for gripping
and should not be used as a wrench.
8. Hacksaws – The correct size of blade should be selected, installed so that teeth are pointing in the forward
direction with sufficient tension applied to the blade.
9. Handsaw – The teeth should be kept sharp, clean and properly set, and lightly oiled to avoid bending in the
timber which caused the blade to buckle.
IN SUMMARY, THE CONTRACTOR SHOULD OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING:

1. Quality – the contractor shall ensure that the finest quality tools shall be provided for all jobs where hand tools
are used.
2. Cleanliness – The contractor shall ensure that hand tools are regularly cleaned and where necessary, lightly oiled
as a protection against corrosion.
3. Repair and Storage – All hand tools shall be regularly inspected before and after use, and before storage. Proper
racks and boxes shall be provided for the storage of hand tools.
4. Selection – Majority of accidents are caused by using an incorrect tool for the job. It is essential that the correct
type, size and weight of tool should be decided upon before any work is carried out.
POWER TOOL PRECAUTIONS

• Power tools can be hazardous when improperly used.
• There are several types of power tools, based on the power source they use:
electric, pneumatic, liquid fuel, hydraulic, and powder-actuated.
• Employees should be trained in the use of all tools - not just power tools.
• We should understand the potential hazards as well as the safety precautions to prevent those hazards
from occurring.
THE FOLLOWING GENERAL PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE OBSERVED BY POWER TOOL USERS:

– Never carry a tool by the cord or hose.
– Never yank the cord or the hose to disconnect it from the receptacle.
– Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges.
–Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing, and when changing accessories such as blades, bits
and cutters.
– All observers should be kept at a safe distance away from the work area.
– Secure work with clamps or a vise, freeing both hands to operate the tool.
–Avoid accidental starting. The worker should not hold a finger on the switch button while carrying a
plugged-in tool.
• Tools should be maintained with care. They should be kept sharp and clean for the best performance.
• Follow instructions in the user’s manual for lubricating and changing accessories.
• Be sure to keep good footing and maintain good balance.
• The proper apparel should be worn. Loose clothing, ties, or jewelry can become caught in moving parts.
• All portable electric tools that are damaged shall be removed from use and tagged “Do Not Use.”
CIRCULAR SAW
CIRCULAR SAW GUARDS
• Hazardous moving parts of a power tool need to be safeguarded.
For example, belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains, or other
reciprocating, rotating,
• Or moving parts of equipment must be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by employees.
• Guards, as necessary, should be provided to protect the operator and others from the following:
–point of operation
–in-running nip points
-rotating parts
–And flying chips and sparks.
• Safety guards must never be removed when
a tool is being used.
For example:
– Portable circular saws must be equipped with guards.
– An upper guard must cover the entire blade of the saw.
– A retractable lower guard must cover the teeth of the saw, except when it makes contact with the work
material.
– The lower guard must automatically return to the covering position when the tool is withdrawn from the
work.
SAFETY SWITCHES
• The following hand-held powered tools must be equipped with a momentary contact “on-off” control
switch: drills, tappers, fastener drivers, horizontal, vertical and angle grinders with wheels larger
than 2 inches in diameter, disc and belt sanders, reciprocating saws, saber saws, and other similar
tools.
• These tools also may be equipped with a lock-on control provided that a single motion of the same finger
or fingers that turn it on can accomplish turn off.
• The following hand-held powered tools may be equipped with only a positive “on-off” control switch:
platen sanders, disc sanders with discs 2 inches or less in diameter; grinders with wheels 2 inches
or less in diameter; routers, planers, laminate trimmers, nibblers, shears, scroll saws and jigsaws
with blade shanks ¼-inch wide or less.
• Other hand-held powered tools such as circular saws having a blade diameter greater than 2 inches,
chain saws, and percussion tools without positive accessory holding means must be equipped with
a constant pressure switch that will shut off the power when the pressure is released.
ELECTRIC TOOLS
• Employees using electric tools must be aware of several dangers;
– The most serious is the possibility of electrocution.
• Among the chief hazards of electric-powered tools are burns and slight shocks that can lead to injuries or even
heart failure.
• Under certain conditions, even a small amount of current can result in fibrillation of the heart and eventual death.
• A shock also can cause the user to fall off a ladder or other elevated work surface. To protect the user from shock,
– tools must either have a three-wire cord with ground and be grounded, be double insulated,
– Or be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer.
• Three-wire cords contain two current-carrying conductors and a grounding conductor.
–One end of the grounding conductor connects to the tool’s metal housing.
– The other end is grounded through a prong on the plug.
• Anytime an adapter is used to accommodate a two-hole receptacle, the adapter wire must be attached to a known
ground.
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•The third prong should never be removed from the plug.
• Double insulation is more convenient. The user and the tools are protected in two ways: by normal insulation on
the wires inside, and by a housing that cannot conduct electricity to the operator in the event of a malfunction.
• These general practices should be followed when using electric tools:

– Electric tools should be operated within their design limitations.
– Gloves and safety footwear are recommended during use of electric tools.
– When not in use, tools should be stored in a dry place.
– Electric tools should not be used in damp or wet locations.
– Work areas should be well lighted.
POWERED ABRASIVE WHEEL TOOLS

• Powered abrasive grinding, cutting, polishing, and wire buffing wheels create special safety problems because they
may throw off flying fragments.
• Before an abrasive wheel is mounted:

– It should be inspected closely and sound - or ring-tested to be sure that it is free from cracks or defects.
– To test, wheels should be tapped gently with a light non-metallic instrument.
– If they sound cracked or dead, they could fly apart in operation and so must not be used.
– A sound and undamaged wheel will give a clear metallic tone or “ring.”
• To prevent the wheel from cracking,

– The user should be sure it fits freely on the spindle.
– The spindle nut must be tightened enough to hold the wheel in place, without distorting the flange.
– Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations.
– Care must be taken to assure that the spindle wheel will not exceed the abrasive wheel specifications.
• Due to the possibility of a wheel disintegrating (exploding) during start-up, the employee should never stand directly
in front of the wheel as it accelerates to full operating speed.
• Portable grinding tools need to be equipped with safety guards:

– to protect workers not only from the moving wheel surface,
– But also from flying fragments in case of breakage.
• In addition, when using a powered grinder:

– Always use eye protection.
– Turn off the power when not in use.
– Never clamp a hand-held grinder in a vise.
PNEUMATIC TOOLS
• Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air and include chippers, drills, hammers, and sanders.
• There are several dangers encountered in the use of pneumatic tools.

– The main one is the danger of getting hit by one of the tool’s attachments
– By some kind of fastener the worker is using with the tool.
• Eye protection is required and face protection is recommended for employees working with pneumatic tools.
• Noise is another hazard.

– Working with noisy tools such as jackhammers requires proper, effective use of hearing protection.
• When using pneumatic tools, employees must check to see that they are fastened securely to the hose to prevent
them from becoming disconnected.
– A short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool will serve as an added safeguard.
• A safety clip or retainer must be installed to prevent attachments, such as chisels on a chipping hammer, from
being unintentionally shot from the barrel.
• Screens must be set up to protect nearby workers from being struck by flying fragments around chippers, riveting
guns, staplers, or air drills.
• Compressed air guns should never be pointed toward anyone. Users should never “dead-end” it against them-
selves or anyone else.
POWDER-ACTUATED TOOLS
• Powder-actuated tools operate like a loaded gun and should be treated with the same respect and precautions.
In fact, they are so dangerous that only specially trained employees must operate them.
• Use of the powder actuated tool must be controlled and a procedure must be in place
• Safety precautions to remember include the following:

– These tools should not be used in an explosive or flammable atmosphere.
– Before using the tool, the worker should inspect it to determine that it is clean, that all moving parts oper-
ate freely, and that the barrel is free from obstructions.
– The tool should never be pointed at anybody.
– The tool should not be loaded unless it is to be used immediately. A loaded tool should not be left unat-
tended, especially where it would be available to unauthorized persons.
• Hands should be kept clear of the barrel end.
• To prevent the tool from firing accidentally, two separate motions are required for firing:
– One to bring the tool into position, and
– Another to pull the trigger.
• The tools must not be able to operate until they are pressed against the work surface with a force of at least 5
pounds greater than the total weight of the tool.
• If a powder-actuated tool misfires,

– The employee should wait at least 30 seconds, then try firing it again.
– If it still will not fire, the user should wait another 30 seconds so that the faulty cartridge is less likely to
explode, than carefully remove the load.
– The bad cartridge should be put in water.
• Suitable eye and face protection are essential when using a powder-actuated tool.
• The muzzle end of the tool must have a protective shield or guard centered perpendicularly on the barrel to confine
any flying fragments or particles that might otherwise create a hazard when the tool is fired.
– The tool must be designed so that it will not fire unless it has this kind of safety device.
• All powder-actuated tools must be designed for varying powder charges so that the user can select a powder level
necessary to do the work without excessive force.
• If the tool develops a defect during use it should be tagged and taken out of service immediately until it is properly
repaired.
CARTRIDGE POWER TOOLS

• Cartridge operated tools have a great advantage since it can be used in almost any situation without inconve-
nience. However, its use shall conform to ANSI A10.3-1985 and the manufacturer’s specs.
1. STORAGE
Safe and secured storage for cartridges and tools must be provided on the job site. Warning signs where cartridges
are stored: DANGER – NO SMOKING” shall be posted. Only authorized personnel are allowed in the store.
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2. SELECTION AND TRAINING OF PERSONNEL
No person may operate, clean, maintain or repair any cartridge tool without possessing a Certificate of Competency
issued by an accredited tool vendor that identifies the particular model he is qualified to handle.
Personnel for training should be:
a. Over 18 years of age
b. Physically fit and have full use of both hands and both eyes
c. Ideally be a plumber, mason, electrician, etc.
d. Store men if they are required to clean and maintain the tools
3. ISSUES AND RETURNS

a) Contractors shall ensure that register of the serial number of each tool is kept up-to-date.
b) A log inventory system of issuing and returning cartridges and tools against signatures must be initiated
and maintained.
c) Only personnel in possession of a user Certificate will be allowed to withdraw tools and cartridges from
the store.
d) Only a minimum number of cartridges required for a shift’s operation should be issued at any one time.
e) Cartridges must not be left on site at lunch break or at end of shift. It must be returned to the store for
safekeeping.
f) Any loss of tools or cartridges must be reported at once.
FASTENERS
• When using powder-actuated tools to apply fasteners, there are some precautions to consider.
– Fasteners must not be fired into material that would let them pass through to the other side.
– The fastener must not be driven into materials like brick or concrete any closer than 3 inches to an edge
or corner.
– In steel, the fastener must not come any closer than one-half inch from a corner or edge.
– Fasteners must not be driven into very hard or brittle materials which might chip or splatter, or make the
fastener ricochet.
– An alignment guide must be used when shooting a fastener into an existing hole.
– A fastener must not be driven into a spoiled area caused by an unsatisfactory fastening.
HYDRAULIC POWER TOOLS

• The fluid used in hydraulic power tools must be an approved fire-resistant fluid and must retain its operating char-
acteristics at the most extreme temperatures to which it will be exposed.
• The manufacturer’s recommended safe operating pressure for hoses, valves, pipes, filters, and other fittings must
not be exceeded.
JACKS
• All jacks - lever and ratchet jacks, screw jacks, and hydraulic jacks - must have a device that stops them from
jacking up too high.
• Also, the manufacturer’s load limit must be permanently marked in a prominent place on the jack and should not
be exceeded.
• A jack should never be used to support a lifted load. Once the load has been lifted, it must immediately be blocked
up.
– Use wooden blocking under the base if necessary to make the jack level and secure.
– If the lift surface is metal, place a 1-inch-thick hardwood block or equivalent between it and the metal
jack head to reduce the danger of slippage.
• To set up a jack, make certain of the following:
– the base rests on a firm level surface,
– the jack is correctly centered,
– the jack head bears against a level surface, and
– the lift force is applied evenly.
• Proper Maintenance of jacks is essential for safety.
• All jacks must be inspected before each use and lubricated regularly.
• If a jack is subjected to an abnormal load or shock, it should be thoroughly examined to make sure it has not
been damaged.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, STORAGE AND HANDLING
Nathaniel Macabbabad and Sara Jean Gatdula
OBJECTIVES:
The objective in control of hazardous materials is to prevent or minimize exposure of worker to harmful environmental
hazards which could lead to serious occupational illness and diseases and even death.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Hazardous Materials are the substances in solid, liquid or gaseous forms know to constitute poison, fire, explosion
or health hazard. Hazardous materials in construction and demolition waste must be properly managed to avoid fines
or environmental liability, proper management includes identification, accumulation, and disposal. All contractors who
will handle or accumulate hazardous materials shall be able to document that their staff has had appropriate training
to identify, manage, and safely handle the hazardous materials. Hazardous materials should never be disposed of
down the drain or in regular trash receptacles. They should be put into proper and compatible containers that can be
securely sealed. But asbestos is officially banned this generation because they found out that it causes carcinogenic.
EXAMPLES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL AND ITS USES IN CONSTRUCTION:
1. ASBESTOS is a fibrous fireproof rock found naturally in the earth’s crust. It was microscopic; when bundled to-
gether become useful in a variety of products. It has been called the “magic mineral” because of its wide variety
of desirable physical properties including; heat resistance, electrical resistance, chemical resistance, good tensile
strength, flexibility, thermal and acoustic insulation, and naturally occurring.
2. LEAD is a chemical element in carbon group; it is a soft and malleable metal, which is regarded as a heavy metal
and poor metal. It is used in building construction including; painting, sheeting for acoustic insulation, radiation shield-
ing, lead pipe and solder, and glazes and ceramics. Lead is poisonous to animals, including humans. It damages
the nervous system and causes brain disorders. Lead exposures can cause; heart attack and strokes, kidney failure,
central nervous system damage, reproductive and fertility problems.
3. PAINT is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts
to a solid film.
4. LACQUER THINNER is used to dissolve a number of resins or plastics.
5. PAINT THINNER is a solvent used to thin oil-based paints or clean up after their use.
6. STEEL CORROSION including steel rebar is a common used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and re-
inforced masonry structures. Some steel bars are corrosive that may harmful to human.
7. CRYSTALLINE SILICA is found in concrete, and other cementations products, bricks and ceramic tile. It does
not become aerosolized unless cut crushed or ground. The seriousness of the health hazards associated with silica
exposure is demonstrated by the fatalities and disabling Illnesses that continue to occur in sandblasters and rock drill-
ers. Crystalline silica has been classifieds a human lung carcinogen. Additionally, breathing crystalline silica dust can
cause silicosis which in severe cases can be disabling, or even fatal. The respirable silica dust enters the lungs and
causes the formation of scar tissue, thus reducing the lungs’ ability to take in oxygen. There is no cure for silicosis.
Since silicosis affects lung function, it makes one more susceptible to lung infections like tuberculosis.
8. LAMPS AND HID LIGHT BULB including fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) bulbs which may contain
mercury. Mercury is highly toxic by ingestion or inhalation of the dust. It can cause both chronic and acute poisoning.
IMPORTANCE OF HOW TO STORE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS :

1. Follow all the storage instructions on the product label.
2. Be sure to store all volatile products in well-ventilated areas.
3. Make certain you store flammable products in the recommended temperature range.
4. Use the original container to store the hazardous material.
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5. Reduce the amount of hazardous materials you keep in storage.
6. Do periodic maintenance storage areas.
7. Inspect all hazardous material containers, make sure you can clearly see each label.
RULES FOR SAFE HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS :

1. Follow all established procedures and perform job duties as you’ve been trained.
2. Be cautious and plan ahead. Think about what could go wrong and pay close attention to what you’re doing
while you work.
3. Always use required PPE—and inspect it carefully before each use to make sure it’s safe to use.
4. Make sure all containers are properly labeled and that the material is contained in an appropriate container.
5. Read labels and the material safety data sheet (MSDS) before using any material.
6. Use all materials solely for their intended purpose.
7. Never eat or drink while handling any materials.
8. Store all materials properly, separate incompatibles, and store in ventilated, dry, cool areas.
9. Keep you and your work area clean.
10. Learn about emergency procedures and equipment.
IMPORTANCE OF HOW TO DISPOSE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS :

Waste asbestos can only go to a secure landfill if; there’s a permit or an approval has been issued under the Act
to operate the landfill, the asbestos must placed in two 6 mil plastic bags.
All products containing lead, paint, and thinner should be sealed before it disposes to landfill.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM
Erickson Reginio
OBJECTIVES:
All companies management must understand and establish the regulation and guidelines in the implementation of
Complete Occupational Health program/s in all their work places.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES

A. PERSONNEL:
1. MEDICAL DOCTOR OR PHYSICIAN

-must be Licensed Medical Doctor
-must be a graduate of Basic Training Course in Occupational Medicine from the College of Public Health of the
University of the Philippines
-must have at least 5 years experience in the field of occupational health practices
2. NURSE
-must be Licensed Registered Nurse
-must passed at least 50 hours Basic Training in Occupational Nursing Course
3. FIRST-AIDER
-must be at least a graduate of complete first-aid training conducted by the Philippine National Red Cross or any
organization accredited by the same
4. DENTIST
-must be a Licensed Dentist
-must be a graduate of Basic Training Course in Occupational Dentistry at the Bureau of Dental Health Services of
the Department of Health
HAZARDOUS WORKPLACES
Number of employees Medical Service Requirements
1 - 50 1 Certified First-Aider
51 - 99 1 Part Time Nurse(4 hours a day; 6 days a week work)
100 - 199 1 Full Time nurse

1 Part Time Physician and
1 Part Time Dentist (4 hours a day; 3 days a week)
200 - 600 1 Fulltime Nurse

1 Part Time physician and
1 Part Time Dentist ( 4 hours a day; 6 days a week)
610 - 2000 1 Full Time Nurse

1 Full Time Physician
1 Full Time Dentist
45
FOR NON HAZARDOUS WORKPLACES
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES MEDICAL SERVICES REQUIRMENT
1 - 99 1 Certified First-Aider
100 - 299 1 Part Time Nurse ( 4 hours a day; 6 days a week)

1 Part Time Physician
1 Part Time Dentist ( 4 hours a day; 4 days a week)

1 Part Time Physician
1 Part Time Dentist ( 4 hoursr a day; 6 days a week)
NOTE:
For both hazardous and non-hazardous workplaces, Employer must in case of emergency a Dental Clinic and Medi-
cal Hospital located not more than 5 kilometers distance or 25 minutes from the workplace.
Medical Facilities
1. Emergency Medical Clinic
2. Emergency Treatment Room
3. Complete First-Aid Accessories
4. Emergency Medical Hospital
Medicines and Facilities

a. First-Aid Accessories
-1 Bottle - Betadine, 60ml
-1 Bottle – Eye Wash, 7.5ml
-1 Bottle- Hydrogen Peroxide, 250ml
-1 Bottle-Rubbing Alcohol
-1 Tube- Burn Ointment
-1 Pack- Cotton Balls
-1 Pack- Cotton Pads
-1 Pack- Band-Aid Strip
-3 Packs- Gauge Pad
-3 Packs- Gauge Bandage
-3 Rolls- Micropore Tape
-3 Rolls- Elastic Bandage, 6’’
-1 Pc- First-Aid Box
. Medical Equipment and Accessories

-1 Pc- Folding Type Stretcher
-1 Pc- Stethoscope
-1 Pc- Ambo Bag
-1 Pc- Treatment Table
-1 Pc- Hot and Cold Water Bag
-2 Pcs- Straight Scissor
-2 Pcs- Forcep 10’’
-2 Pcs- Tourniquet
-9 Pcs- Triangular Cloth
-12 Pcs- Split Board
-1 Unit- PVC type Neck Band
-2 Units- Thermometer
-1 Box- Surgical Gloves
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARD
HAZARDS- anything that may likely cause personal injury or damage to property ortheir combination.
HAZARD MANAGEMENT - A simple way of describing the hazard management process is the SAFER approach:
S ee it (identify hazards)
A ssess it (risk assessment)
F ix it (risk control)
E valuate (evaluation)
R eview it (review)
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES OR HAZARDS

-Chemical Hazards
-Physical Hazards
-Biological Hazards
-Ergonomic Hazards
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
-Arise from excessive airborne concentration of mists, vapors, gases or solids that are in the form of dust fumes.
-The hazard of inhalation
-Skin Irritants
-Toxic by absorption through the skin
AIRBORNE HAZARDS
Airborne contaminants can occur in the gaseous form or as aerosol, which includes airborne dusts, sprays, mists,
smokes, and fumes.
DUSTS- with very fine particles resulting from chemical reactions in the air, or with air pollution outside the
workplace.
GASES- formless fluids that disperse to occupy space
FUMES- very fine solid airborne particles condensed from the vapors of materials or formed as a result of chem-
ical reaction.
SMOKE- extremely small particles of carbon that result from incomplete combustion of materials.
MISTS- airborne liquid droplets generated when a liquid is broken up by atomizing, splashing or foaming.
ROUTES OF ENTRY
-Inhalation
-Ingestion
-Dermal Contact
-Injection
-Action of Toxic Substance
-Acute toxicity- short term exposure to a high concentration with an immediate effect.
-Chronic toxic
CLASSIFICATION OF TOXIC EFFECTS

-Local
When a certain chemical harms only the part of the body it becomes in contact with.
-Systemic
When a certain chemical harms other related organs operating as a system.
SPECIFIC ORGAN TOXICITY

-Skin
-Liver
-Respiratory tract
-Nervous System
-Kidneys
-Blood
47
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
-Sound
-Noise
-Extremes of Temperature
-Vibration
-Radiation
SOUND- is any pressure vibration (in air, water or some other medium) that the human ear can detect.
-Decibels (db)- used to express the sound level associated with noise measurements.
-Normal hearing 20 hz – 20,000 hz
LOUDNESS- depends primarily on sound pressure and frequency.
NOISE- is an unwanted sound because it is unpleasant.
OCCUPATIONAL NOISE :
-Noise is a common problem found in many workplaces.
-Losing your hearing is a gradual process, and is less noticeable than other types of workplace.
-It is however, a permanent handicap for those who are affected.
NOISE STANDARDS
• Philippine OSHA - 90 dB
• US OSHA - 90 dB
• US NIOSH - 85 dB
Permissible Noise Exposure (without need of hearing protection)
DURATION/day,hours SOUNDS LEVELS, dBa

8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
11/2 102
1 105
1/2 110
1/4 115
EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE
COLDNESS- a condition suffered by workers exposed to extremely cold temperature.
HEAT STRESS- it is combination of physiological environmental forces or loads, which exert a strain upon the hu-
man body as our systems try to compensate.
THERMAL COMFORT- A comfortable environment resulting from the simultaneous control of temperature, humidity,
and air distribution within the workers vicinity.
VARIABLES AFFECTING THERMAL COMFORT

-Season of the year
•Dry & wet bulb temperatures
•Cultural practices and habits
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HEAT STRESS

-Prevention of the body’s heat-regulating mechanisms from working efficiency.
•Excessive heat gains within the body
•Prevention of the body’s heat-regulating mechanisms from working efficiency.
•Excessive heat gains within the body
MECHANISM INVOLVED IN HEAT TRANSFER :
CONDUCTION- the transfer of heat from one point to another within the body or from one body to another when
both bodies are in physical contact.
CONVECTION- this involves the transfer of heat from one place to another by moving gases or liquids.
RADIATION- the process by which energy electromagnetic is transmitted through a space without the presence or
movement of matter in or through this space.
TWO SOURCES OF HEAT :
METABOLIC HEAT- is a by-product of the chemical processes that occur within cells, tissues and organs.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEAT- influences the rate at which body heat can be exchanged with the environment and
consequently, the ease with which the body can regulate and maintain a normal temperature.
-A temperature reading called WET BULB GLOBE TEMPERATURE (WBGT) INDEX should be obtained.
-The WBGT Index is used as a parameter to adjust work practices according to the prevailing environmental condi-
tions.
TYPES OF RADIATION :
• Ionizing Radiation
• Non-Ionizing Radiation
• Ionizing Radiation
• Particle Radiation
-Fast electrons
-Alpha particles
-Beta particles
• Wavelike Radiation
-X-rays
-Gamma rays
• Non-Ionizing Radiation
-Radio wave
-Microwave
-Infrared waves
-Visible light
-Ultraviolet light
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS :
• As the name implies, are the hazards from living things.
• These include insects, molds, fungi, virus, and bacterial contamination.
• Biological hazards may exists as part of the environment, or they may be associated with specific operations.
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS :
• These include improper designed tools or work areas.
• Improper lifting or reaching, poor visual conditions or repeated motions in an awkward position
49
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
Honel Umali and Sara Amor Caparas
OBJECTI VE:
To protect the health and well being of employees by eliminating or reducing health hazards that arises from the
workplace environment.
DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF INDUSTIAL HYGIENE :
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DEFINED - That science and art devoted to the ANTICIPATION, RECOGNITION, EVALU-
TION and CONTROL of environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sick-
ness, impaired health and well-being or significant discomfort among workers or among the citizens of the community.
BASIC CONCEPT OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE :

1. Recognize – to identify potential or actual workplace health hazards or stresses.
2. Evaluate – to determine the magnitude or environmental factors and stresses arising in the workplace through
quantitative measurement.
3. Control – to apply corrective measures by either reducing or eliminating the exposure.
WHO ARE THE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS?

• Industrial hygienists are persons having a degree or degrees in engineering, chemistry, physics, medicine and other
related sciences and by virtue of experience, special training or further studies have the competence, to:
– Recognize the environment factors and stresses and understand their effects on humans and their well-
being;
– Evaluate, on the basis of experience and with the aid of quantitative measurement techniques, the mag-
nitude of these stresses in terms of ability to impair health and well-being; and
– Prescribe methods to eliminate, control or reduce such stresses.
RECOGNITION OF ENVIRONMENT FACTORS AND STRESSES/HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS:
• CHEMICAL HAZARDS - Any chemical that has been classified as hazardous or for which relevant information
exists to indicate it is hazardous; Arise from excessive airborne concentration of chemicals in the form of gases,
vapours, mists, dust and fumes.
a. Gas – a substance, such as oxygen, nitrogen or carbon dioxide, which is in the gaseous state at room
temperature and pressure.
b. Vapour – the gaseous form of a liquid at room temperature and pressure. A liquid emits vapours, the
quantity depending on their volatility. Substances with low boiling point are more volatile than those with a higher
one.
c. Mists – the dispersion of liquid particles in air. Mists are normally generated in processes such as elec-
troplating and spraying where liquids are sprayed, splashed or foamed into fine particles.
d. Dust – refers to the suspension of solid particles in the air. These dust particles are generated by han-
dling, grinding, drilling and crushing operations where solid materials are broken down.
e. Fumes – solid particles formed from condensation of substances from the vapour state. Fumes are nor-
mally associated with molten metal’s where the vapours from the metal are condensed into solid particles in the space
above the molten metal.
• PHYSICAL HAZARDS - Problem relating to such thing as noise, vibration, temperature, extremes, radiation, il-
lumination and pressure extremes.
a. Noise – any unwanted sound.
b. Vibration – an oscillation motion about an equilibrium position produced by a disturbing force.
c. Temperature Extremes – low or high temperatures.
d. Radiation – Ionizing radiation and Non- Ionizing radiation
e. Illumination – is the measure of stream of light falling on a surface.
f. Pressure extremes – below or greater than normal atmospheric pressure.
• BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Any virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite, or any living organism that can cause a disease
in human beings. They can be a part of the total environment or associated with certain occupations.
• ERGONOMICS HAZARDS – Ergonomics is a multidisciplinary activity dealing with interactions between man and
his total working environment plus stresses related to such environmental elements as atmosphere, heat, light and
sound as well as all tools and equipment in the workplace.
– Example : MSD, RSI
ERGONOMICS HAZARDS INCLUDE :

a. Improperly designed tools or work areas
b. Improper lifting
c. Poor visual condition
d. Repeated motions in awkward positions
RECOGNITION OF THE DIFFERENT HAZARDS CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED BY:

– Walk-through Survey/Ocular Inspection
– Reviewing Processes Involved
– Knowing the raw materials used, products and by- products
– Gathering of Worker’s Complaints
– Chemical Safety Data Sheet
CHEMICAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (CSDS) - is a summary of the important health, safety and toxicological informa-
tion on the chemical or the mixture ingredients.
– Identification – Name of the substance or preparation
– Name, address and telephone number of the company/supplier
– Composition and information on ingredients
– Hazards identification
– First-aid measures
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)

– Fire-fighting measures
– Accidental release measures
– Handling and storage
– Exposure controls and personal protection
– Physical and chemical properties
– Stability and reactivity
– Toxicological information
– Ecological information
– Disposal consideration
– Transport information
– National regulations and references
– Other information
EVALUATION:
A. Determine the magnitude or level of hazards with the use of industrial hygiene equipment.
Work Environment Measurement refers to the determination of environmental stresses and their hazardous
effects on worker’s health through direct measurement of hazards using IH equipment.
Purposes:
– Determine the magnitude of harmful environmental agents;
– Physically check the environment through measurement;
– Predict harmfulness of new facilities, raw materials, production processes and working methods;
51
– Monitor worker’s exposure to harmful substances;
– Evaluate the effectiveness of environmental control measures adopted to improved the workplace; and
– Maintain favorable environment condition
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING :

– Personal Monitoring
– Area/Environmental Sampling
– Biological Monitoring
A. EXAMPLES OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE EQUIPMENT USED IN CONDUCTING WEM:
INSTRUMENT HAZARD
Luxmeter Poor Illumination

Sound level meter Excessive Noise
Anemometer Air Velocity
Globe, Welt-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Thermometers Extreme heat
Gas Detector different gases
Low Volume Sampler dust and fumes
High Volume Sampler total suspended particles
B. ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES
ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT TYPE OF SAMPLE
Gas Chromatograph organic solvent

High Performance Liquid Chromatograph inorganic chemicals
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer heavy metals
X-ray Diffractometer mineral dust, asbestos fibers
UV-Vis Spectrophotometer acids and other chemicals
C. COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF MEASUREMENT WITH STANDARDS

• THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES (TLV) are exposure guidelines that have been established for airborne concentration
of many chemical compounds.
• TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE (TLV-TWA) - is the time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8 hour work-
day or 40 hour workweek to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse
health effect
• SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE LIMIT (STEL) - TLV-STEL is the maximum concentration to which workers can be
exposed continuously for 15 minutes without suffering from any of the following :
a. Irritation
b. Chronic or irreversible tissue damage
c. Narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair
d. Self-rescue or materially reduce work efficiency
• CEILING (TLV-C) - is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure. The
degree of hazard from exposure to harmful environment factors or stresses would depend on the following:
- Nature of the material or energy involved
- Intensity of exposure
- Duration of exposure
- Individual susceptibility
CONTROL MEASURES
A. Administrative Control
- Reduction of work periods
- Adjusting work schedules
- Job rotation
- Education of supervisors
- Emergency response training and education
- Employee information and training
- Housekeeping and maintenance
B. Engineering Control - It is the primary and most effective control measure recommended for the minimization of
hazards which includes:
1. Replacement of Materials Used/ Substitution
2. Modification in the process and/or Equipment
3. Isolation
4. Wet Methods
5. Industrial Ventilation
C. Personal Protective Equipment - The use of personal protective equipment is a control direct to the re-
ceiver. This control is considered as the last resort and is temporarily used while pertinent engineering control is
ongoing or in not yet implemented. Examples are:
1. Dust/Gas Respirators
2. Safety Goggles/Spectators
3. Face Shield
4. Gloves
5. Aprons
6. Safety Shoes
53
SAFETY IN DEMOLITION OPERTIONS IN CONSTRUCTION
Arjel Alvarez and Lea Mariz Que
ABSTRACT
Demolition of a building means tearing down or falling down of a building with the help of equipment or
explosives. This seminar report deals with how a demolition work is to be performed safely and also elaborates dif-
ferent steps involved before and during the execution of a demolition process. The various steps involved before the
demolition process includes surveying, removal of hazardous materials, and preparation of demolition plan, stability
report and the precautionary safety measures to be taken. The main equipment used for these demolition activities
are sledge hammer, excavators, bulldozers, wrecking balls etc. and main explosives used are dynamites and RDX.
When explosive are used for the demolition, it is known as Implosion.
1. INTRODUCTION
We know every structure is designed for a life period. The existence of the structure after the service life
period is very dangerous to its occupants and surrounding buildings .The building act usually contains provisions
that enable local authorities to control demolition works for the protection of public safety and to ensure adjoining
premises and the site are made good on completion of the demolition. A notice of conditions is issued that require
certain works to be undertaken to achieve these aims. Where demolition of a building takes place, the owner must
inform the council. Greenhouses, conservatories, prefabricated garages and sheds do not require permission to be
demolished. Usually if the building to be demolished has a volume of less than 1750 cubic feet (49.56 cubic meters),
then permission is not required to knock it down.
2. DEMOLITION
Demolition is the process of tearing down or falling down of a building after its life period with the help of
some equipment or any other method. When explosives are used for this then the demolition process are called as
an implosion. Every civil engineering structure is designed for a life period. After that the existence of a structure
is very dangerous. So removal of such structures with proper safety measures has got great importance. There are
different steps involved before and during the time of a demolition activity. They are described as follows.
3. STEPS BEFORE DEMOLITION

The different steps before the execution of a demolition process are:
1. Surveying
2. Removal of hazardous materials
3. Preparation of plan
4. Stability report
5. Safety measures
3.1 SURVEYING
Surveying means study of different parameters of the structure and its surroundings. There are two types of
surveying are mainly conducted. They are
A. Building surveying
B. Structural surveying
A. BUILDING SURVEYING
It includes:
a. RECORD DRAWINGS - Prior to the Building Survey, the existing record plan, including layout plan show-
ing adjoining properties, pedestrian walkway, roads and street, etc. shall be retrieved.
b. SURVEY ITEMS - The Building Survey shall cover the following:

1. The construction materials;
2. The existing use and, if possible, the past uses of the building prior to demolition;
3. The presence of wastewater, hazardous materials, matters arising from toxic chemicals, flammable or
explosiand radioactive materials, etc. and possible presence of materials which can contribute to air pollution
and soil contamination;
4. Potential dangerous areas, e.g., abnormal layouts, presence of enclosed voids, and non- ventilated light
wells which may trap obnoxious gas at the bottom;
5. Adjoining properties and site conditions, such as the existence of slope and retaining wall, wall support-
ing ground, illegal structures, bridges, underground railway and its above ground structures, including entrances,
vent shafts, distribution substations, traction substations, plant rooms, overhead railway structures, surface track
sections, overhead cables or guy wires, and other utility Service connections;
6. Drainage conditions and possible problems on water pollution, flooding and erosion, especially on slop-
ing sites and water receiving bodies;
7. Shared facilities with adjoining building, including common staircases, party walls, and possible effect on
it, such as self-enclosed walls to the adjoining buildings, during demolition;
8. Hoarding and covered walkway requirements;
9. Adjoining pedestrian and vehicular traffic conditions;
10. Available headroom, clear spaces and distance of building from lot boundary which may affect the load-
ing operation and transportation of building debris during demolition;
11. The sensitivity of neighborhood with respect to noise, dust, vibration and traffic impact.
12. Available site area to allow on-site sorting of building debris; and
13. Street furniture such as fire hydrant, parking space/meters, street light, street sign and hawkers’ stalls
which could be affected by the demolition project.
c. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
1. Unless the Building Survey reviews that no obvious hazardous material is present in the building, the
Authorized Person shall cause proper sampling and testing for the hazardous materials;
2. In the case when hazardous materials e.g., asbestos containing materials, or petroleum, are present,
they shall be removed and cleaned/disposed of according to the
statutory requirements administered by the Environmental Protection Department, Fire Services Department, Labor
Department and any other Government Departments.
3. In the case when the site has previously been used to store chemicals, and other dangerous goods, soil
contamination assessment shall be required at pre-demolition stage and/or post-demolition stage; and
4. In the case when the site has previously been used to store explosives, special procedures to ensure
no explosives remain on site will be required.
B. STRUCTURAL SURVEYING
a. RECORD DRAWINGS
Prior to the Structural Survey, the existing record layout, structural framing plans and structural details shall
be studied. The Registered Structural Engineer shall check the presence of unusual detailing that may cause ab-
normal structural behavior during demolition, e.g., upward anchor of tensile reinforcement in cantilevered structures.
If existing record plans are available, these plans shall be used as reference and preferably be brought along with
the Structural Survey.
b. SURVEY ITEMS - The Structural Survey shall cover the following:

1. The structural materials used;
2. The original structural system employed in the design;
3. The method of construction;
4. Any dilapidation and degree of deterioration on any structural elements;
5. The structural conditions of adjoining structures and its shoring which may be affected by the proposed
demolition work;
6. The presence of continuous structures that may be truncated by the demolition;
7. The structural system and structural conditions of basements, underground tanks or underground vaults;
8. The presence of exposed bracing or possible presence of covered bracing;
9. The nature of walls, whether it is block wall, reinforced concrete walls, load bearing walls or partition
walls;
10. Cantilevered structures such as canopies, balconies, or other forms of architectural features; and
11. Any fixtures to the building such as signboard, sun-shading devices.
c. SPECIAL STRUCTURES - The Structural Survey shall review the following:

1. The correctness of structural information available;
2. The presence of any unconventional structural elements which may require special attention and well-
defined modification procedures;
55
3. The possibilities of structural modification to enable efficient demolition traffic during demolition; and
4. Any limitation on shoring and other temporary supports.
d. INVESTIGATION AND TESTING

In the case when no structural details are available, the structural survey shall include on site
measurement and retrieve any structural framing as much as practicable, performing tests and exposing some key
structural elements to facilitate checking on existing structure. This will allow the development of procedures that
ensure the stability of the building at all stages during demolition.
3.2 REMOVAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

If hazardous materials, such as asbestos containing materials, petroleum contamination and radioactive
contamination, exist in the building, further investigation and removal of such hazardous material or contamination
by specialist shall be referenced.
ASBESTOS CONTAINING MATERIAL

Specialists shall be employed to take samples and cause such samples to be tested for asbestos contain-
ing material. In the case when asbestos containing material are discovered, specialist contractor shall be employed
to remove such asbestos containing material. The asbestos waste should be handled, stored and disposed of as
chemical waste in accordance with the Waste Disposal Ordinance and Waste Disposal (Chemical Waste) (General)
Regulation.
SOIL CONTAMINATION MATERIAL

In the case when possible soil contamination material is present, specialist shall be employed to prepare
soil contamination test proposal and submit such proposal to the Environmental Protection Department for comment.
Upon agreement by the Environmental Protection Department, and completion of the tests, a Soil Contamination
Assessment shall be submitted to the Environmental Protection Department for acceptance. In the case when re-
medial works are required, the remedial proposal shall be submitted to the Environmental Protection Department for
approval prior to implementation of such remedial works.
3.3 PREPARATION OF PLAN
A Demolition Plan shall include the following:
1. A plan showing:
a. The location of the building to be demolished;
b. A detailed topography of the site and its surrounds together with ground level contours and sections of
the slopes and ground supported by the building where appropriate;
c. Details of ground removal and/or backfilling; and
d. The distances from the building to be demolished to its adjacent buildings, streets, structures and sig-
nificant street furniture.
2. A layout plan of all floors of the building to be demolished, with adequate sections, showing:
a. The occupancy usage of the floors;
b. The structural support systems;
c. Principal materials of construction;
d. The condition of the building e.g. the degree of deterioration; and
e. The relationship of the building to be demolished with neighboring properties affected by the demolition,
which include all adjoining buildings and unauthorized structures, shared staircases, party walls, truncating continu-
ous frames, slopes, retaining wall, overhead cables, guy wires and underground utility services.
3. A plan showing the structural arrangement and construction of all unconventional structural elements, such as
pre-stressed concrete structures, precast concrete members, stressed skin structures, steel framed structures,
hangers, hanging ties, trusses or Vierendeel girders, deep beams, long span beams (greater than 10m), arches,
transfer plates, transfer girders, earth retaining or basement structures, buildings which also act as earth-retaining
structures supporting adjacent ground, flat slabs, hollow block ribbed slabs and large cantilevered structures;
4. A plan showing the procedure for the demolition of the building; detailed sequence of demolishing particular
structural members; and the method of demolition to be adopted including the restrictions on the use of any par-
ticular type of equipment;
5. In the case when powered mechanical plants and equipment are used, a plan showing the route of movement of
powered mechanical plants and equipment including the method of lifting mechanical plant, where necessary, onto
the top floors of the structure; any structural alterations required to suit the demolition, e.g. temporary strengthening
to suit early removal of any ground floor/or cockloft structure to facilitate vehicular movement at ground floor, or
strengthening of deteriorated key structural members; and any shoring, temporary supports and/or floor propping
required;
6. A plan showing all precautionary measures for the protection of the public including hoardings, covered walkways,
catch platforms, catch fans, scaffolding, protective screens and safety nets;
7. A plan showing the proposed shoring and precautionary measures for all affected adjacent buildings, slopes,
retaining structures and services at each stage of the demolition works;
8. A plan showing the proposed shoring and temporary support to be provided to the building to be demolished;
9. A plan or descriptive notes on the proposed methods for handling and disposal of debris including
a. The permissible temporary accumulation of building debris at upper floors and at ground floor;
b. Method of handling demolished building debris;
c. The routing and movement of debris from each floor to on grade holding area prior to leaving the site;
d. Means of transportation of debris off the site;
e. Time and frequency of debris disposal off site;
f. Record scheme on the tonnage of each truck load, truck license plate, driver’s name, trip tickets and
location of dump site;
g. The site supervisory personnel responsible for the debris management system; and
h. A temporary parking layout for mobile machines and trucks, if necessary;
3.4 STABILITY REPORT

According to Building (Administration) Regulation, the Demolition Plan must be accompanied by a Stability
Report with supporting calculations. The Stability Report shall include the following parts:
1. A report on the stability of the building to be demolished during all stages of demolition;
2. In the case when powered mechanical plants or equipment are used, a report on the stability of the building
with supporting calculations to demonstrate that the use of the plants and equipment will not render inadequate the
margin of safety of, or cause damage to any building, structure, street, land and services;
3. In the case when powered mechanical plants or equipment are used, structural calculations for all temporary
supports and bracings;
4. A report on the stability of neighboring buildings, adjoining properties.
5. In the case when temporary or permanent supports are required to these neighboring buildings, adjoining proper-
ties, and party walls, structural calculations for these temporary and permanent supports; and
6. A report with calculations demonstrating that the demolition work will not render inadequate the margin of safety
of, or cause damage to any building, structure, street, land and services.
3.5 SAFETY MEASURES
TRAINING AND COMMUNICATION

Demolition workers, including plant or equipment operators, shall go through proper job safety training and
be informed of the potential hazards by attending training sessions as well as on-the-job training. At present, the
Construction Industry Training Authority has organized relevant training courses for site supervisors/foremen and
plant or equipment operators.
57
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
All equipment shall be tested and examined before use. They shall be properly stored and maintained. The
equipment shall be inspected daily and results of the inspection shall be recorded accordingly. A detailed safety
instruction shall be provided to cater for specific situations of the project, if necessary.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
A properly connected power source from a local electric utility supplier or a mobile electricity generator shall
be utilized in demolition sites. The safety requirements given in the Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Electricity)
Regulations shall be adhered to.
Fire
All flammable goods shall be removed from site unless they are necessary for the works involved. Any
remaining flammable goods shall be stored in proper storage facilities. All furniture, timber, doors, etc. shall be
removed before any welding work is performed. Firefighting appliances shall be provided and maintained in working
conditions. The Construction Site (Safety) Regulations require the contractor to maintain in good condition and free
from defects all fire fighting appliances provided in such construction site.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
The health of workers on site shall be properly protected in accordance with the relevant subsidiary regula-
tions of the Factories and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance and the Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance with
particular attention to the following areas:
A. Exposure to Dust;
B. Chemical Exposure;
C. Heat Stress and Ventilation;
D. Noise Exposure;
E. Medical and First Aid Facilities;
F. Sanitation; and
G. Occupational Diseases.
EMERGENCY EXIT REQUIREMENTS IN DEMOLITION SITES

Emergency exits shall be provided during building demolition. In case of any emergency evacuations, the
emergency exit will serve as a lifeline for transportation of injured workers. A minimum of one exit route shall be
maintained and designated as the emergency exit at all times during the demolition. Adequate lighting and fire extin-
guishing equipment shall be provided. Emergency exit shall be properly protected, free of obstruction, and properly
marked with exit signs or other indications to clearly show the route. All workers shall be informed about the exit
route.
VIBRATION
Demolition work will cause vibration to neighboring buildings or structures to various extents, depending
on the method of demolition. The most serious vibration is caused by implosion. The effect of vibration caused by
implosion is categorized as follows:-
1. Permanent ground distortion produced by blast-induced gas pressures;
2. Vibratory settlement of foundation materials;
3. Projectile impact (i.e. blast fly rock); and
4. Vibratory cracking from ground vibration or air blast. These effects will have to be dealt with specifically
in the method statement for implosion. For other mechanical demolition methods, the vibration effect is usually less
than some other construction processes, such as percussive piling and blasting. In some cases, the traffic vibration
caused by heavy duty tractors is more significant than that caused by mechanical demolition. In order to identify the
actual cause and effect of vibration, Registered Specialist Contractors (Demolition) are advised to carry out vibration
monitoring during demolition. As a general guideline, the peak particle velocities at any adjoining structure shall not
exceed 15mm/sec for prolonged vibration caused by mechanical demolition.
ENVIRONMENTAL PRECAUTIONS
The general requirements to minimize environmental impacts from construction sites can also be applied to
demolition processes. The following sections contain some of the procedures to be adopted:
a. AIR POLLUTION
Concrete breaking, handling of debris and hauling process are main sources of dust from building
demolition. Dust mitigation measures complying with the Air Pollution Control (Construction Dust). Regulations shall
be adopted to minimize dust emissions. Burning of waste shall not be allowed. Diesel fumes generated by mechani-
cal plant or equipment shall be subject to the control of the Air Pollution Control (Smoke) Regulations.
b. NOISE
Noise pollution arising from the demolition works including, but not limited to, the use of specified powered
mechanical equipment (SPME), powered mechanical equipment (PME), such as pneumatic breakers, excavators and
generators, etc., scaffolding, erection of temporary works, loading and transportation of debris, etc. affects the work-
ers, and the sensitive receivers in the vicinity of the demolition site. Silent type PME shall be used to reduce noise
impact as much as practicable. Demolition activity shall not be performed within the restricted hours as established
by EPD. Currently under the Noise Control Ordinance, noise from the use of SPME and PME within restricted hours
is governed by a Construction Noise Permit (CNP) system.
c. WATER
The discharge of wastewater from demolition sites requires a valid discharge license from the EPD and the
application of such a license shall be made under the Water Pollution Control Ordinance (WPCO). Effluent shall be
treated to the standards as stipulated in the license before discharge.
d. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
If removal of asbestos containing material is needed, an Asbestos Investigation Report (AIR) shall be sub-
mitted to EPD. An Asbestos Abatement Plan (AAP) shall be submitted at least 28 days before the asbestos abate-
ment work commences. The asbestos abatement works shall be carried out in accordance with the Air Pollution
Control Ordinance (APCO) and the Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Asbestos) Regulations before demolition.
Other materials such as LPG cylinders in domestic flats, toxic and corrosive chemicals for industrial undertakings,
and any other hazardous materials have to be identified and properly handled and removed prior to the commence-
ment of the demolition of the building. The management of waste must fully comply with the Waste Disposal Ordi-
nance. Additionally, management of waste which is classifiable as a chemical waste must also comply with the Waste
Disposal.
4. METHODS OF DEMOLITION
There are two types of demolition
1. Non explosive demolition
2. Explosive demolition.
4.1 NON EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION

It means the demolition of a structure done with some equipment without the use of any explosive. Different
equipments used for the demolition activity are
a. SLEDGE HAMMER
A sledge hammer, equipment used for removing a stone wall or a single column. It consists of a long stem
with a metallic head. It is used to give impacts on the surfaces and that cause the demolition of structure. It cannot
be used for removal of large buildings.
Fig 1. Sledge hammer
59
b. EXCAVATORS AND BULLDOZERS
Fig 2. Excavator
Hydraulic excavators may be used to topple one-or two-story buildings by an undermining process. The
undermining process means, erode the base or foundation, i.e., dig or excavate beneath the foundation so as to
make it collapse. The strategy of excavation is to undermine the building while controlling the manner and direction
in which it falls. The demolition project manager will determine where under mining is necessary so that the building
is pulled into the desired manner and direction. Safety and cleanup considerations are also taken into account in
determining how the building is undermined and ultimately demolished.
Fig 3. Bulldozer
Loaders or bulldozers may also be used to demolish a building. They are typically equipped with “rakes”
(thick pieces of steel that could be an I-beam or tube) that are used to ram building wall. Skid loaders and Loaders
will also be used to take material out and sort steel.
c. WRECKING BALLS
Fig 4. Crane with wrecking ball

In case of buildings have greater heights (5 to 6 story) normal excavators and bulldozers are not sufficient.
In such cases crane with wrecking balls are used to perform the demolition activity. The wrecking balls are steel balls
hanging from a steel rope which is attached to the crane. This method is more effective only for high rise masonry
structures because of the uncontrolled backward movement of steel ball after the impact on the wall surface. Now
this method not commonly used because of this uncontrolled behavior of wrecking balls.
d. HIGH REACH EXCAVATORS
Fig 5. High reach excavator
High reach demolition excavators are more often used for tall buildings where explosive demolition is not
appropriate or not possible. These excavators are used to demolish up to a height of 300 feet. These excavators
with some attachments are also provided for some specific purposes. For example excavators with shear attach-
ments are typically used to dismantle steel structural elements. Hydraulic hammers are often used for concrete
structures and concrete processing attachments are used to crush concrete to a manageable size, and to removing
reinforcing steel.
4.2. EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION

The basic idea of explosive demolition is quite simple. If we remove the support structure of a building at a
certain point, the section of the building above the point will fall down on the part of the building below that point. If
this upper section is heavy enough, it will collide with the lower part with sufficient force to cause significant damage.
The explosives are just trigger for the demolition. It’s gravity that brings the building down.
Demolition blasters or blasting expert (“Blasting expert” means a person who is the holder of a valid mine
blasting certificate.) load explosives on several different levels of the building so that the building structure falls down
on itself at multiple points. When everything is planned and executed correctly, the total damage of the explosives
and falling building material is sufficient to collapse the structure entirely, so cleanup crews are left with only a pile
of rubble.
The main challenge in bringing a building down is controlling which way if falls. There are mainly two ways to im-
plode a building,
1. falling like a tree
2. falling into its own footprint felling like a tree
1. FALLING LIKE A TREE

In this the blasting crew will be able to tumble the building over on one side, into a parking lot other open
area. This sort of blast is the easiest to execute, and it is generally the safest way to go. Tipping a building over is
something like felling a tree. For example to topple the building to the north, the blasters detonate explosives on
the north side of the building first , in the same way you would chop into a tree from the north side if you wanted it
to fall in that direction . Blasters may also secure steel cables to support columns in the building, so that they are
61
pulled a certain way as they crumble.
2. FALLING INTO ITS OWN FOOTPRINT

Sometimes, though, a building is surrounded by structures that must be preserved. In this case, the blast-
ers proceed with a true implosion, demolishing the building so that it collapses straight down into its own footprints
(that means the total area of building is removed into the base of the building). This feat requires such skill that
only a handful of demolition companies in the world will attempt it.
Fig 6. Demolition of a chimney in Germany (falling into footprint)
Blasters approach each project a little differently, but the basic idea is to think of the building as a collection
of separate towers. The blasters set the explosives so that each “tower” falls toward the center of the building, in
roughly the same way that they would set the explosives to topple a single structure to the side. When the explo-
sives are detonated in the right order, the toppling towers crash against each other, and all of the rubbles collect at
the center of the building. Another option is to detonate the columns at the center of the building before the other
columns so that the building’s sides fall inward.
5. CONCLUSION
Type of demolition method depends upon various factors such as site condition, type of structures, age of
building, height of building and economy. Anyway controlled demolition of building is necessary to ensure safety.
Explosive demolition is the preferred method for safely and efficiently demolishing the larger structures. Almost all
major building implosions in the world are handled by 20 well-established companies, blasting is passed on from
generation to generation.
6. REFERENCES
1. Code of practice for demolition of buildings by Building Departments of Hong Kong in 2004.
2. Prof. Chimay Anumba, Dr. Barbara Marino, Prof. Arie Gottfried, Health and safety in refurbishment involving
and structural instability .(Research 204)
3. Tom Harris, An article on How Building Implosions work.
EXPLOSIVES
Judith Moncada and Louie Aldrich Quetulio
HISTORY
Though early thermal weapons, such as Greek fire, have existed since ancient times, the first widely used
explosive in warfare and mining was black powder, invented in 9th century China ( the history of gunpowder). This
material was sensitive to water, and evolved lots of dark smoke. The first useful explosive stronger than black pow-
der was nitroglycerin, developed in 1847. As nitroglycerin was unstable, it was replaced by nitrocellulose, smokeless
powder, dynamite and gelignite (the two latter invented by Alfred Nobel). World War I saw the introduction of trini-
trotoluene in naval shells. World War II saw an extensive use of new explosives (see explosives used during World
War II). In turn, these have largely been replaced by modern explosives such as C-4.
EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL - also called explosives, is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of potential
energy that can produce an explosion if release suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of light, heat,
sound, and pressure.
This potential energy stored in an explosive material may be:

1.Detonate- explode faster than the speed of sound) are said to be “high explosives”.
2.Deflagrate- are said to be “low explosives”.
Categorized by:
1. Sensitivity- materials that can be initiated by a relatively small amount of heat or pressure are primary
explosives
2. Insensitivity- secondary or tertiary explosives
EXPLOSION - is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner, usually with the genera-
tion of high temperature and the release of gases.
Safety fuse- William Bickford
Nitroglycerin- Scanio Sobrero(Italian)
Nitrocellulose-Christian Schonbien
Trinitrotoluene (TNT)- Joseph Wilbrand (German)
Blasting Cap- Albert Nobel
Dynamite- Albert Nobel
Smokeless Powder- Albert Nobel
APPLICATIONS
1. Military
2. Civilians
3. Safety
US AIRFORCE - Similarly safety functions are found at major command headquarters, intermediate command head-
quarters and at unit level as the weapons safety office.
US ARMY - The United States Army counterpart to the DDESB is the U.S. Army Technical Center for Explosives
Safety (USATCES).
FRAGMENTS - An important consideration in the analysis of the hazards associated with an explosion is the effect
of any fragments produced.
THERMAL HAZARDS - Generally, thermal hazards from explosives events are of less concern than blast and frag-
ment hazards.
EXPLOSIVES SAFETY SPECIALIST -This is a highly trained and skilled civilian professional usually a Safety
Specialist that has been trained to evaluate risk and hazards involved with conventional, guided missiles and toxic
chemical ammunition operations.
63
PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
To determine the suitability of an explosive substance for a particular use.
Important characteristics of properties
1. availability and cost
2. sensitivity
a.impact
b. friction
c. heat
3.sensitivity to initiation
4.velocity of denotation
5.stability
a. chemical constitution
b. temperature of storage
c. exposure of sunlight
d. electrical discharge
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Power, performance, and strength - The term power or performance as applied to an explosive refers to
its ability to do work.
2 .Brisance - In addition to strength, explosives display a second characteristic, which is their shattering
effect or brisance (from the French meaning to “break”), which is distinguished and separate from their total work
capacity.
3. Density - Density of loading refers to the mass of an explosive per unit volume.
4. Volatility - Volatility is the readiness with which a substance vaporizes.
5. Hygroscopicity and water resistance - Hygroscopicity is used as a measure of a material’s moisture-
absorbing tendencies.
6. Toxicity - There are many types of explosives which are toxic to some extent
7. Explosive train - Explosive material may be incorporated in the explosive train of a device or system.
8. Volume of products of explosion - The most widely used explosives are condensed liquids or solids
converted to gaseous products by explosive chemical reactions and the energy released by those reactions.
9. Oxygen balance - is an expression that is used to indicate the degree to which an explosive can be
oxidized.
10. Chemical composition - A chemical explosive may consist of either a chemically pure compound.
11. chemically pure compound -Some chemical compounds are unstable in that, when shocked, they react,
possibly to the point of detonation.
CHEMICALLY PURE COMPOUND
NITROGLYCERIN - A highly unstable and sensitive liquid.

ACETONE PEROXIDE - A very unstable white organic peroxide.
TNT - Yellow insensitive crystals that can be melted and cast without detonation.
NITROCELLULOSE - A nitrated polymer which can be a high or low explosive depending on nitration level and
conditions.
RDX, PETN, HMX - Very powerful explosives which can be used pure or in plastic explosives.
MIXTURE OF OXIDIZER AND FUEL

OXIDIZER - is a pure substance (molecule) that in a chemical reaction can contribute some atoms of one or more
oxidizing elements, in which the fuel component of the explosive burns.
a. black powder
b. flash powder
c. ammonal
d. Armstrong’s mixture
e. Armstrong’s mixture
e.1 ANFO: Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil.
e.2 Cheddites: Chlorates or perchlorates and oil.
e.3 Oxyliquits: Mixtures of organic materials and liquid oxygen.
e.4 Panclastites: Mixtures of organic materials and dinitrogen tetroxide.
BLACK POWDER
FLASH POWDER
AMMONAL
ARMSTRONG’S MIXTURE
SPRENGEL EXPLOSIVES
CHEDDITES PANCLASTITES
65
OXYLIQUITS ANFO
CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
BY SENSITIVITY
1. PRIMARY EXPLOSIVE - A primary explosive is an explosive that is extremely sensitive to stimuli such as impact,
friction, heat, static electricity, or electromagnetic radiation.
Examples of primary high explosives are:
Acetone peroxide Alkali metal ozonides
Ammonium permanganate Ammonium chlorate
Azidotetrazolates Azo-clathrates
Benzoyl Peroxide
Benzvalene Chlorine azide
Chlorine oxides Copper(I) acetylide
Copper(II) azide Cumene hydroperoxide
Cyanogen azide Diacetyl peroxide
Diazodinitrophenol Diazomethane
Diethyl ether peroxide
2. SECONDARY EXPLOSIVE - A secondary explosive is less sensitive than a primary explosive and require sub-
stantially more energy to be initiated.
3. TERTIARY EXPLOSIVE - Tertiary explosives, also called blasting agents, are so insensitive to shock that they
cannot be reliably detonated by practical quantities of primary explosive, and instead require an intermediate explo-
sive booster of secondary explosive.
BY VELOCITY
1. LOW EXPLOSIVES - are compounds where the rate of decomposition proceeds through the material at less than
the speed of sound.
2. HIGH EXPLOSIVES - are explosive materials that detonate, meaning that the explosive shock front passes
through the material at a supersonic speed
SAFETY IN STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES

-must be kept in a magazine that have been constructed, approved and licensed in accordance with state, federal
and local regulations.
-only authorized persons must have access to the storage
-maintain accurate records of the explosive
-assure that the stock are being used properly,the oldest stock should be used first.
-area must be kept clean
-flame producing devices are prohibited within 20m of the storage
SAFETY IN TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVES

-vehicles used for transporting explosives must be in good mechanical condition
-only authorized personnel are permitted as passenger
-must be equipped with 2 fire extinguishers
-speed should be kept within the prescribe limit

-as far as possible, filling up fuel is to be avoided
-as far as possible, avoid entering crowded areas
-before explosives are transported, the employer must establish suitable written Emergency Procedures
MINING - The largest commercial application of explosives is mining.
SAFE USE OF EXPLOSIVES IN CONSTRUCTION - This guide has been developed to provide general information
to site management on issues dealing with safe use of explosives on construction site.
EXPLOSIVES SUPERVISOR - The explosives supervisor must be appointed in writing by the contractor. The ex-
plosives supervisor is required to carry out key duties such as :
1. Preparing a written blast specification which includes;
a. Minimising the risk of flyrock being projected outside the declared danger zone.
b. Minimising the risk of misfires.
c. Determining the location of misfired shots.
2. Communication with the appointed shotfirer.
3. Supervision.
4. Amending the blast specification where necessary e.g. to suit local.
SHOTFIRER - All shotfirers must possess sufficient practical and theoretical knowledge and experience to perform
their full range of duties.
Shotfiring Operations may include;
-Priming Cartridges
-Charging & Stemming Holes
-Linking and Connecting Shots
-Withdrawal & Sheltering of Persons
-Inspection & Testing of a Shot firing Circuit Firing a Shot
-Checking for Misfires
-Destroying Surplus Explosives
SHOTFIRING RULES - must be drafted and implemented on site wherever blasting is planned to be carried out
by the contractor.
PLANNING/BLAST SPECIFICATION
The purpose of the blasting specification is to minimize the risk associated with the firing of shots.The specification
should be designed to achieve the following goals:
-Minimize the risk of fly rock being projected outside of the declared danger zone;
-Minimize the risk of misfires;
-Enable the location of any misfired shots to be accurately determined.
SITE SPECIFIC RISK ASSESTMENT
WHAT IS A RISK ASSESSMENT?

A risk assessment is a careful examination of what could cause harm to people as a result of a work
activity. It allows you to take the necessary precautions to prevent harm occurring.
HOW DO I DO A RISK ASSESSMENT?

There are five steps to a risk assessment:
1. Look at the hazards.
2. Decide who might be harmed and how.
3. Evaluate the risks and decide whether the existing precautions are adequate or whether more should be
done.
4. Record your findings.
5. Review your assessment.
67
ROLES OF CONSTRUCTION SAFETY ENGINEER
Rose Marie Boiser and Gerold Insigne
OBJECTIVE
- To know the qualifications and skills of a construction safety engineer
- To determine the different roles/duties/responsibilities of a construction safety engineer
INTRODUCTION
- The scope of a safety engineer is to perform their professional functions.
- Safety engineering professionals must have education, training and experience in a common body of knowledge
Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as
part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because
engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering.
Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as
part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because
engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering.
The field of safety engineering is broad. Safety engineers often specialize in a specific industry or discipline
such as industrial, product, systems, health, occupational or environmental safety.
LICENSURE, REGISTRATION, OR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

Generally licensure is required for engineers or a licensed professional engineer must supervise unlicensed
engineer positions in state government
Licensure and certification enhances professional development and career progression.
THE HEALTH AND SAFETY ENGINEER OCCUPATION CHARACTERISTICS

- Investigative
- Enterprising
- Conventional
- Realistic
- Social
SKILLS/QUALIFICATION OF A CONSTRUCTION SAFETY ENGINEER :

1. Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking
questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times
2. Using mathematics to solve problems.
3. Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents.
4. Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
5. Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-
making.
6. Adjusting actions in relation to others’ actions.
7. Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer
needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction
8. Knowledge of administrative and clerical procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and
records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and other office procedures and terminology
9. Ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
10. Ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
11. Ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense
12. Ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSTRUCTION SAFETY ENGINEER :

1. Execute safety programs for locations and minimize company safety losses.
2. Develop a culture to anticipate and prevent health hazardous conditions.
- Drive behaviors preventing illnesses in work place by engaging management commitment.
- Interpret legal requirements and standards by monitoring R&D projects.
- Deploy Automation and Controls Solutions Health, Safety and Environmental Management Systems program.
- Investigate incidents, determine root cause and develop corrective actions.
- Support HSE inspections, audits and self-assessments.
- Manage reports and present summaries to management with suggested solutions.
- Execute environmental management processes such as chemicals and waste management and pollution preven-
tion.
- Handle industrial hygiene, equipment protection, machine guarding and other health and safety programs.
-Handle safety assessments and deploy corrective measures to minimize hazard risk profile.
-Report to Metals Recycling Business Health and Safety Director with dotted line to operations.
- Administer MRB safety policies and develop uniform safety practices as per long term company safety goals.
- Offer quality product safely and effectively and decrease errors and accidents and increase profits.
- Achieve health and safety management excellence.
- Examines plans specifications for new machinery or equipment to define if all safety precautions have been in-
cluded
- Determines amount of weight that can be safely placed on plant floor
- Tours plant to inspect fire as well as safety equipment, machinery, and also facilities to identify plus correct po-
tential hazards ensure compliance with safety regulations
- Determines requirements for safety clothing devices, and also designs, builds, and also installs, or directs instal-
lation of safety devices on machinery
- Conducts or coordinates safety first aid training to educate workers about safety policies, laws, and also practices
- May conduct air quality tests for presence of harmful gases vapors.
- Interview employers and employees to obtain information about work environments and workplace incidents.
- Compile, analyze, and interpret statistical data related to occupational illnesses and accidents.
69
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS
Kristoff Hendrick Amata and Rachelle yap
Hazards exist in every workplace in many different forms: sharp edges, falling objects, flying sparks, chemi-
cals, noise and a myriad of other potentially dangerous situations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) requires that employers protect their employees from workplace hazards that can cause injury.
Controlling a hazard at its source is the best way to protect employees. Depending on the hazard or work-
place conditions, OSHA recommends the use of engineering or work practice controls to manage or eliminate haz-
ards to the greatest extent possible. For example, building a barrier between the hazard and the employees is an
engineering control; changing the way in which employees perform their work is a work practice control.
When engineering, work practice and administrative controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient
protection, employers must provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to their employees and ensure its use.
Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as “PPE”, is equipment worn to minimize exposure to a vari-
ety of hazards. Examples of PPE include such items as gloves, foot and eye protection, protective hearing devices
(earplugs, muffs) hard hats, respirators and full body suits.
This guide will help both employers and employees do the following:
- Understand the types of PPE.
- Know the basics of conducting a “hazard assessment” of the workplace.
- Select appropriate PPE for a variety of circumstances.
- Understand what kind of training is needed in the proper use and care of PPE.
The information in this guide is general in nature and does not address all workplace hazards or PPE re-
quirements. The information, methods and procedures in this guide are based on the OSHA requirements for PPE
as set forth in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at 29 CFR 1910.132 (General requirements); 29 CFR 1910.133
(Eye and face protection); 29 CFR 1910.135 (Head protection); 29 CFR 1910.136 (Foot protection); 29 CFR 1910.
137 (Electrical protective equipment); 29 CFR 1910.138 (Hand protection); and regulations that cover the construction
industry, at 29 CFR 1926.95 (Criteria for personal protective equipment); 29 CFR 1926.96 (Occupational foot protec-
tion); 29 CFR 1926.100 (Head protection); 29 CFR 1926.101 (Hearing protection); and 29 CFR 1926.102 (Eye and
face protection); and for the maritime industry at 29 CFR 1915.152 (General requirements); 29 CFR 1915.153 (Eye
and face protection); 29 CFR 1915.155 (Head protection); 29 CFR 1915.156 (Foot protection); and 29 CFR 1915.157
(Hand and body protection).
This guide does not address PPE requirements related to respiratory protection (29 CFR 1910.134) as this
information is covered in detail in OSHA Publication 3079, “Respiratory Protection”. There is a brief discussion of
hearing protection in this publication but users should refer to OSHA Publication 3074, “Hearing Conservation” for
more detailed information on the requirements to protect employees’ hearing in the workplace.
THE REQUIREMENT FOR PPE:

To ensure the greatest possible protection for employees in the workplace, the cooperative efforts of both employers
and employees will help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful work environment.
IN GENERAL, EMPLOYERS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR:

- Performing a “hazard assessment” of the workplace to identify and control physical and health hazards.
- Identifying and providing appropriate PPE for employees.
- Training employees in the use and care of the PPE.
- Maintaining PPE, including replacing worn or damaged PPE.
- Periodically reviewing, updating and evaluating the effectiveness of the PPE program.
IN GENERAL, EMPLOYEES SHOULD:
- Properly wear PPE,
- Attend training sessions on PPE,
- Care for, clean and maintain PPE, and
- Inform a supervisor of the need to repair or replace PPE.
Specific requirements for PPE are presented in many different OSHA standards, published in 29 CFR. Some
standards require that employers provide PPE at no cost to the employee while others simply state that the employer must
provide PPE. Appendix A at page 40 lists those standards that require the employer to provide PPE and those that require
the employer to provide PPE at no cost to the employee.
The Hazard Assessment

A first critical step in developing a comprehensive safety and health program is to identify physical and health
hazards in the workplace. This process is known as a “hazard assessment.” Potential hazards may be physical or health-
related and a comprehensive hazard assessment should identify hazards in both categories. Examples of physical hazards
include moving objects, fluctuating temperatures, high intensity lighting, rolling or pinching objects, electrical connections
and sharp edges. Examples of health hazards include overexposure to harmful dusts, chemicals or radiation.
THE HAZARD ASSESSMENT SHOULD BEGIN WITH A WALK-THROUGH SURVEY OF THE FACILITY TO DEVELOP A
LIST OF POTENTIAL HAZARDS IN THE FOLLOWING BASIC HAZARD CATEGORIES:
- Impact,
- Penetration,
- Compression (roll-over),
- Chemical,
- Heat/cold,
- Harmful dust,
- Light (optical) radiation, and
- Biologic.
In addition to noting the basic layout of the facility and reviewing any history of occupational illnesses or injuries, things to
look for during the walk-through survey include:
- Sources of electricity.
- Sources of motion such as machines or processes where movement may exist that could result in an impact between
personnel and equipment.
- Sources of high temperatures that could result in burns, eye injuries or fire.
- Types of chemicals used in the workplace.
- Sources of harmful dusts.
- Sources of light radiation, such as welding, brazing, cutting, furnaces, heat treating, high intensity lights, etc.
- The potential for falling or dropping objects.
- Sharp objects that could poke, cut, stab or puncture.
- Biologic hazards such as blood or other potentially infected material.
When the walk-through is complete, the employer should organize and analyze the data so that it may be efficiently
used in determining the proper types of PPE required at the worksite. The employer should become aware of the different
types of PPE available and the levels of protection offered. It is definitely a good idea to select PPE that will provide a level
of protection greater than the minimum required to protect employees from hazards.
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The workplace should be periodically reassessed for any changes in conditions, equipment or operating
procedures that could affect occupational hazards. This periodic reassessment should also include a review of injury
and illness records to spot any trends or areas of concern and taking appropriate corrective action. The suitability
of existing PPE, including an evaluation of its condition and age, should be included in the reassessment.
DOCUMENTATION OF THE HAZARD ASSESSMENT IS REQUIRED THROUGH A WRITTEN CERTIFICATION

THAT INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
- Identification of the workplace evaluated;
- Name of the person conducting the assessment;
- Date of the assessment; and
- Identification of the document certifying completion of the hazard assessment.
SELECTING PPE
All PPE clothing and equipment should be of safe design and construction, and should be maintained in
a clean and reliable fashion. Employers should take the fit and comfort of PPE into consideration when selecting
appropriate items for their workplace. PPE that fits well and is comfortable to wear will encourage employee use of
PPE. Most protective devices are available in multiple sizes and care should be taken to select the proper size for
each employee. If several different types of PPE are worn together, make sure they are compatible. If PPE does
not fit properly, it can make the difference between being safely covered or dangerously exposed. It may not provide
the level of protection desired and may discourage employee use.
OSHA requires that many categories of PPE meet or be equivalent to standards developed by the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI). ANSI has been preparing safety standards since the 1920s, when the first safety
standard was approved to protect the heads and eyes of industrial workers.
Employers who need to provide PPE in the categories listed below must make certain that any new equip-
ment procured meets the cited ANSI standard. Existing PPE stocks must meet the ANSI standard in effect at the
time of its manufacture or provide protection equivalent to PPE manufactured to the ANSI criteria.
Employers should inform employees who provide their own PPE of the employer’s selection decisions and
ensure that any employee-owned PPE used in the workplace conforms to the employer’s criteria, based on the
hazard assessment, OSHA requirements and ANSI standards.
OSHA REQUIRES PPE TO MEET THE FOLLOWING ANSI STANDARDS:

- Eye and Face Protection: ANSI Z87.1-1989 (USA Standard for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face
Protection).
- Head Protection: ANSI Z89.1-1986.
- Foot Protection: ANSI Z41.1-1991.
For hand protection, there is no ANSI standard for gloves but OSHA recommends that selection be based
upon the tasks to be performed and the performance and construction characteristics of the glove material. For
protection against chemicals, glove selection must be based on the chemicals encountered, the chemical resistance
and the physical properties of the glove material.
TRAINING EMPLOYEES IN THE PROPER USE OF PPE

Employers are required to train each employee who must use PPE. Employees must be trained to know at
least the following:
- When PPE is necessary.
- What PPE is necessary.

- How to properly put on, take off, adjust and wear the PPE.
- The limitations of the PPE.
- Proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of PPE.
Employers should make sure that each employee demonstrates an understanding of the PPE training as well
as the ability to properly wear and use PPE before they are allowed to perform work requiring the use of the PPE.
If an employer believes that a previously trained employee is not demonstrating the proper understanding and skill
level in the use of PPE, that employee should receive retraining. Other situations that require additional or retrain-
ing of employees include the following circumstances: changes in the workplace or in the type of required PPE that
make prior training obsolete.
The employer must document the training of each employee required to wear or use PPE by preparing a
certification containing the name of each employee trained, the date of training and a clear identification of the subject
of the certification.
EYE AND FACE PROTECTION

Employees can be exposed to a large number of hazards that pose danger to their eyes and face. OSHA
requires employers to ensure that employees have appropriate eye or face protection if they are exposed to eye or
face hazards from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors,
potentially infected material or potentially harmful light radiation.
Many occupational eye injuries occur because workers are not wearing any eye protection while others result
from wearing improper or poorly fitting eye protection. Employers must be sure that their employees wear appropri-
ate eye and face protection and that the selected form of protection is appropriate to the work being performed and
properly fits each worker exposed to the hazard.
PRESCRIPTION LENSES
Everyday use of prescription corrective lenses will not provide adequate protection against most occupational
eye and face hazards, so employers must make sure that employees with corrective lenses either wear eye protec-
tion that incorporates the prescription into the design or wear additional eye protection over their prescription lenses.
It is important to ensure that the protective eyewear does not disturb the proper positioning of the prescription lenses
so that the employee’s vision will not be inhibited or limited. Also, employees who wear contact lenses must wear
eye or face PPE when working in hazardous conditions.
EYE PROTECTION FOR EXPOSED WORKERS

OSHA suggests that eye protection be routinely considered for use by carpenters, electricians, machinists,
mechanics, millwrights, plumbers and pipefitters, sheetmetal workers and tinsmiths, assemblers, sanders, grinding
machine operators, sawyers, welders, laborers, chemical process operators and handlers, and timber cutting and
logging workers. Employers of workers in other job categories should decide whether there is a need for eye and
face PPE through a hazard assessment.
EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL EYE OR FACE INJURIES INCLUDE:

- Dust, dirt, metal or wood chips entering the eye from activities such as chipping, grinding, sawing, hammering, the
use of power tools or even strong wind forces.
- Chemical splashes from corrosive substances, hot liquids, solvents or other hazardous solutions.
- Objects swinging into the eye or face, such as tree limbs, chains, tools or ropes.
- Radiant energy from welding, harmful rays from the use of lasers or other radiant light (as well as heat, glare,
sparks, splash and flying particles).
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TYPES OF EYE PROTECTION
Selecting the most suitable eye and face protection for employees should take into consideration the following ele-
ments:
- Ability to protect against specific workplace hazards.
- Should fit properly and be reasonably comfortable to wear.
- Should provide unrestricted vision and movement.
- Should be durable and cleanable.
-Should allow unrestricted functioning of any other required PPE.
The eye and face protection selected for employee use must clearly identify the manufacturer. Any new eye
and face protective devices must comply with ANSI Z87.1-1989 or be at least as effective as this standard requires.
Any equipment purchased before this requirement took effect on July 5, 1994, must comply with the earlier ANSI
Standard (ANSI Z87.1-1968) or be shown to be equally effective.
An employer may choose to provide one pair of protective eyewear for each position rather than individual
eyewear for each employee. If this is done, the employer must make sure that employees disinfect shared protective
eyewear after each use. Protective eyewear with corrective lenses may only be used by the employee for whom the
corrective prescription was issued and may not be shared among employees.
SOME OF THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF EYE AND FACE PROTECTION INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
- Safety spectacles. These protective eyeglasses have safety frames constructed of metal or plastic and impact-
resistant lenses. Side shields are available on some models.
- Goggles. These are tight-fitting eye protection that completely cover the eyes, eye sockets and the facial area
immediately surrounding the eyes and provide protection from impact, dust and splashes. Some goggles will fit over
corrective lenses.
- Welding shields. Constructed of vulcanized fiber or fiberglass and fitted with a filtered lens, welding shields protect
eyes from burns caused by infrared or intense radiant light; they also protect both the eyes and face from flying
sparks, metal spatter and slag chips produced during welding, brazing, soldering and cutting operations. OSHA
requires filter lenses to have a shade number appropriate to protect against the specific hazards of the work being
performed in order to protect against harmful light radiation.
- Laser safety goggles. These specialty goggles protect against intense concentrations of light produced by lasers.
The type of laser safety goggles an employer chooses will depend upon the equipment and operating conditions in
the workplace.
- Face shields. These transparent sheets of plastic extend from the eyebrows to below the chin and across the
entire width of the employee’s head. Some are polarized for glare protection. Face shields protect against nuisance
dusts and potential splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids but will not provide adequate protection against im-
pact hazards. Face shields used in combination with goggles or safety spectacles will provide additional protection
against impact hazards.
Each type of protective eyewear is designed to protect against specific hazards. Employers can identify the
specific workplace hazards that threaten employees’ eyes and faces by completing a hazard assessment as outlined
in the earlier section.
WELDING OPERATIONS
The intense light associated with welding operations can cause serious and sometimes permanent eye
damage if operators do not wear proper eye protection. The intensity of light or radiant energy produced by weld-
ing, cutting or brazing operations varies according to a number of factors including the task producing the light, the
electrode size and the arc current. The following table shows the minimum protective shades for a variety of welding,
cutting and brazing operations in general industry and in the shipbuilding industry.
* As a rule of thumb, start with a shade that is too dark to see the weld zone. Then go to a lighter shade which
gives sufficient view of the weld zone without going below the minimum. In oxyfuel gas welding or cutting where the
torch produces a high yellow light, it is desirable to use a filter lens that absorbs the yellow or sodium line in the
visible light of the (spectrum) operation.
** These values apply where the actual arc is clearly seen. Experience has shown that lighter filters may be used
when the arc is hidden by the workpiece.
The construction industry has separate requirements for filter lens protective levels for specific types of welding op-
erations, as indicated in the table below:
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LASER OPERATIONS
Laser light radiation can be extremely dangerous to the unprotected eye and direct or reflected beams can
cause permanent eye damage. Laser retinal burns can be painless, so it is essential that all personnel in or around
laser operations wear appropriate eye protection.
Laser safety goggles should protect for the specific wavelength of the laser and must be of sufficient optical
density for the energy involved. Safety goggles intended for use with laser beams must be labeled with the laser
wavelengths for which they are intended to be used, the optical density of those wavelengths and the visible light
transmission.
The table below lists maximum power or energy densities and appropriate protection levels for optical densities 5
through 8.
HEAD PROTECTION
Protecting employees from potential head injuries is a key element of any safety program. A head injury
can impair an employee for life or it can be fatal. Wearing a safety helmet or hard hat is one of the easiest ways
to protect an employee’s head from injury. Hard hats can protect employees from impact and penetration hazards
as well as from electrical shock and burn hazards.
Employers must ensure that their employees wear head protection if any of the following apply:
- Objects might fall from above and strike them on the head;
- They might bump their heads against fixed objects, such as exposed pipes or beams; or
- There is a possibility of accidental head contact with electrical hazards.
Some examples of occupations in which employees should be required to wear head protection include
construction workers, carpenters, electricians, linemen, plumbers and pipefitters, timber and log cutters, welders,
among many others. Whenever there is a danger of objects falling from above, such as working below others who
are using tools or working under a conveyor belt, head protection must be worn. Hard hats must be worn with the
bill forward to protect employees properly.
IN GENERAL, PROTECTIVE HELMETS OR HARD HATS SHOULD DO THE FOLLOWING:

- Resist penetration by objects.
- Absorb the shock of a blow.
- Be water-resistant and slow burning.
- Have clear instructions explaining proper adjustment and replacement of the suspension and headband.
Hard hats must have a hard outer shell and a shock-absorbing lining that incorporates a headband and
straps that suspend the shell from 1 to 1 1/4 inches (2.54 cm to 3.18 cm) away from the head. This type of design
provides shock absorption during an impact and ventilation during normal wear.
Protective headgear must meet ANSI Standard Z89.1-1986 (Protective Headgear for Industrial Workers) or
provide an equivalent level of protection. Helmets purchased before July 5, 1994 must comply with the earlier ANSI
Standard (Z89.1-1969) or provide equivalent protection.
TYPES OF HARD HATS

There are many types of hard hats available in the marketplace today. In addition to selecting protective
headgear that meets ANSI standard requirements, employers should ensure that employees wear hard hats that
provide appropriate protection against potential workplace hazards. It is important for employers to understand all
potential hazards when making this selection, including electrical hazards. This can be done through a comprehen-
sive hazard analysis and an awareness of the different types of protective headgear available.
HARD HATS ARE DIVIDED INTO THREE INDUSTRIAL CLASSES:
- CLASS A hard hats provide impact and penetration resistance along with limited voltage protection (up to 2,200
volts).
- CLASS B hard hats provide the highest level of protection against electrical hazards, with high-voltage shock and
burn protection (up to 20,000 volts). They also provide protection from impact and penetration hazards by flying/
falling objects.
- CLASS C hard hats provide lightweight comfort and impact protection but offer no protection from electrical haz-
ards.
Another class of protective headgear on the market is called a “bump hat,” designed for use in areas with
low head clearance. They are recommended for areas where protection is needed from head bumps and lacera-
tions. These are not designed to protect against falling or flying objects and are not ANSI approved. It is essential
to check the type of hard hat employees are using to ensure that the equipment provides appropriate protection.
Each hat should bear a label inside the shell that lists the manufacturer, the ANSI designation and the class of the
hat.
SIZE AND CARE CONSIDERATIONS

Head protection that is either too large or too small is inappropriate for use, even if it meets all other re-
quirements. Protective headgear must fit appropriately on the body and for the head size of each individual. Most
protective headgear comes in a variety of sizes with adjustable headbands to ensure a proper fit (many adjust in
1/8-inch increments). A proper fit should allow sufficient clearance between the shell and the suspension system
for ventilation and distribution of an impact. The hat should not bind, slip, fall off or irritate the skin.
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Some protective headgear allows for the use of various accessories to help employees deal with changing
environmental conditions, such as slots for earmuffs, safety glasses, face shields and mounted lights. Optional brims
may provide additional protection from the sun and some hats have channels that guide rainwater away from the
face. Protective headgear accessories must not compromise the safety elements of the equipment.
Periodic cleaning and inspection will extend the useful life of protective headgear. A daily inspection of the
hard hat shell, suspension system and other accessories for holes, cracks, tears or other damage that might com-
promise the protective value of the hat is essential. Paints, paint thinners and some cleaning agents can weaken
the shells of hard hats and may eliminate electrical resistance. Consult the helmet manufacturer for information on
the effects of paint and cleaning materials on their hard hats. Never drill holes, paint or apply labels to protective
headgear as this may reduce the integrity of the protection. Do not store protective headgear in direct sunlight, such
as on the rear window shelf of a car, since sunlight and extreme heat can damage them.
HARD HATS WITH ANY OF THE FOLLOWING DEFECTS SHOULD BE REMOVED FROM SERVICE AND RE-
PLACED:
- Perforation, cracking, or deformity of the brim or shell;
- Indication of exposure of the brim or shell to heat, chemicals or ultraviolet light and other radiation (in addition
to a loss of surface gloss, such signs include chalking or flaking).
Always replace a hard hat if it sustains an impact, even if damage is not noticeable. Suspension systems
are offered as replacement parts and should be replaced when damaged or when excessive wear is noticed. It is
not necessary to replace the entire hard hat when deterioration or tears of the suspension systems are noticed.
Foot and Leg Protection
Employees who face possible foot or leg injuries from falling or rolling objects or from crushing or penetrat-
ing materials should wear protective footwear. Also, employees whose work involves exposure to hot substances or
corrosive or poisonous materials must have protective gear to cover exposed body parts, including legs and feet. If
an employee’s feet may be exposed to electrical hazards, non-conductive footwear should be worn. On the other
hand, workplace exposure to static electricity may necessitate the use of conductive footwear.
EXAMPLES OF SITUATIONS IN WHICH AN EMPLOYEE SHOULD WEAR FOOT AND/OR LEG PROTECTION
INCLUDE:
- When heavy objects such as barrels or tools might roll onto or fall on the employee’s feet;
- Working with sharp objects such as nails or spikes that could pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary shoes;
- Exposure to molten metal that might splash on feet or legs;
- Working on or around hot, wet or slippery surfaces; and
- Working when electrical hazards are present.
Safety footwear must meet ANSI minimum compression and impact performance standards in ANSI Z41-
1991 (American National Standard for Personal Protection-Protective Footwear) or provide equivalent protection.
Footwear purchased before July 5, 1994, must meet or provide equivalent protection to the earlier ANSI Standard
(ANSI Z41.1-1967). All ANSI approved footwear has a protective toe and offers impact and compression protection.
But the type and amount of protection is not always the same. Different footwear protects in different ways. Check
the product’s labeling or consult the manufacturer to make sure the footwear will protect the user from the hazards
they face.
FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION CHOICES INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
- Leggings protect the lower legs and feet from heat hazards such as molten metal or welding sparks. Safety snaps
allow leggings to be removed quickly.
- Metatarsal guards protect the instep area from impact and compression. Made of aluminum, steel, fiber or plastic,
these guards may be strapped to the outside of shoes.
- Toe guards fit over the toes of regular shoes to protect the toes from impact and compression hazards. They
may be made of steel, aluminum or plastic.
- Combination foot and shin guards protect the lower legs and feet, and may be used in combination with toe
guards when greater protection is needed.
- Safety shoes have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles that protect the feet against hot work sur-
faces common in roofing, paving and hot metal industries. The metal insoles of some safety shoes protect against
puncture wounds. Safety shoes may also be designed to be electrically conductive to prevent the buildup of static
electricity in areas with the potential for explosive atmospheres or nonconductive to protect workers from workplace
electrical hazards.
SPECIAL PURPOSE SHOES
ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE SHOES provide protection against the buildup of static electricity. Employees work-
ing in explosive and hazardous locations such as explosives manufacturing facilities or grain elevators must wear
conductive shoes to reduce the risk of static electricity buildup on the body that could produce a spark and cause
an explosion or fire. Foot powder should not be used in conjunction with protective conductive footwear because
it provides insulation, reducing the conductive ability of the shoes. Silk, wool and nylon socks can produce static
electricity and should not be worn with conductive footwear. Conductive shoes must be removed when the task
requiring their use is completed. Note: Employees exposed to electrical hazards must never wear conductive shoes.
ELECTRICAL HAZARD, SAFETY-TOE SHOES are nonconductive and will prevent the wearers’ feet from completing
an electrical circuit to the ground. These shoes can protect against open circuits of up to 600 volts in dry conditions
and should be used in conjunction with other insulating equipment and additional precautions to reduce the risk of
a worker becoming a path for hazardous electrical energy. The insulating protection of electrical hazard, safety-toe
shoes may be compromised if the shoes become wet, the soles are worn through, metal particles become embed-
ded in the sole or heel, or workers touch conductive, grounded items. Note: Nonconductive footwear must not be
used in explosive or hazardous locations.
FOUNDRY SHOES - In addition to insulating the feet from the extreme heat of molten metal, foundry shoes keep
hot metal from lodging in shoe eyelets, tongues or other shoe parts. These snug-fitting leather or leather-substitute
shoes have leather or rubber soles and rubber heels. All foundry shoes must have built-in safety toes.
CARE OF PROTECTIVE FOOTWEAR

As with all protective equipment, safety footwear should be inspected prior to each use. Shoes and leggings
should be checked for wear and tear at reasonable intervals. This includes looking for cracks or holes, separation
of materials, broken buckles or laces. The soles of shoes should be checked for pieces of metal or other embedded
items that could present electrical or tripping hazards. Employees should follow the manufacturers’ recommendations
for cleaning and maintenance of protective footwear.
HAND AND ARM PROTECTION

If a workplace hazard assessment reveals that employees face potential injury to hands and arms that
cannot be eliminated through engineering and work practice controls, employers must ensure that employees wear
appropriate protection. Potential hazards include skin absorption of harmful substances, chemical or thermal burns,
electrical dangers, bruises, abrasions, cuts, punctures, fractures and amputations. Protective equipment includes
gloves, finger guards and arm coverings or elbow-length gloves.
Employers should explore all possible engineering and work practice controls to eliminate hazards and use
PPE to provide additional protection against hazards that cannot be completely eliminated through other means. For
example, machine guards may eliminate a hazard. Installing a barrier to prevent workers from placing their hands
at the point of contact between a table saw blade and the item being cut is another method.
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TYPES OF PROTECTIVE GLOVES
There are many types of gloves available today to protect against a wide variety of hazards. The nature of
the hazard and the operation involved will affect the selection of gloves. The variety of potential occupational hand
injuries makes selecting the right pair of gloves challenging. It is essential that employees use gloves specifically
designed for the hazards and tasks found in their workplace because gloves designed for one function may not
protect against a different function even though they may appear to be an appropriate protective device.
THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF SOME FACTORS THAT MAY INFLUENCE THE SELECTION OF PROTEC-
TIVE GLOVES FOR A WORKPLACE:
- Type of chemicals handled.
- Nature of contact (total immersion, splash, etc.).
- Duration of contact.
- Area requiring protection (hand only, forearm, arm).
- Grip requirements (dry, wet, oily).
- Thermal protection.
- Size and comfort.
- Abrasion/resistance requirements.
- Gloves made from a wide variety of materials are designed for many types of workplace hazards.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF GLOVES:
1. STURDY GLOVES made from metal mesh, leather or canvas provide protection against cuts and burns. Leather
or canvass gloves also protect against sustained heat.
- LEATHER GLOVES protect against sparks, moderate heat, blows, chips and rough objects.
- ALUMINIZED GLOVES provide reflective and insulating protection against heat and require an insert made of
synthetic materials to protect against heat and cold.
- ARAMID FIBER GLOVES protect against heat and cold, are cut - and abrasive - resistant and wear well.
- SYNTHETIC GLOVES of various materials offer protection against heat and cold, are cut - and abrasive - resis-
tant and may withstand some diluted acids. These materials do not stand up against alkalis and solvents.
2. FABRIC AND COATED FABRIC GLOVES - Fabric and coated fabric gloves are made of cotton or other fabric to
provide varying degrees of protection.
- FABRIC GLOVES protect against dirt, slivers, chafing and abrasions. They do not provide sufficient protection for
use with rough, sharp or heavy materials. Adding a plastic coating will strengthen some fabric gloves.
- COATED FABRIC GLOVES are normally made from cotton flannel with napping on one side. By coating the un-
napped side with plastic, fabric gloves are transformed into general-purpose hand protection offering slip-resistant
qualities. These gloves are used for tasks ranging from handling bricks and wire to chemical laboratory containers.
When selecting gloves to protect against chemical exposure hazards, always check with the manufacturer or review
the manufacturer’s product literature to determine the gloves’ effectiveness against specific workplace chemicals and
conditions.
3. CHEMICAL - AND LIQUID - RESISTANT GLOVES - Chemical-resistant gloves are made with different kinds of
rubber: natural, butyl, neoprene, nitrile and fluorocarbon (viton); or various kinds of plastic: polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene. These materials can be blended or laminated for better performance. As a gen-
eral rule, the thicker the glove material, the greater the chemical resistance but thick gloves may impair grip and
dexterity, having a negative impact on safety.
SOME EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL-RESISTANT GLOVES INCLUDE:
- BUTYL GLOVES are made of a synthetic rubber and protect against a wide variety of chemicals, such as perox-
ide, rocket fuels, highly corrosive acids (nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid and red-fuming nitric acid), strong
bases, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters and nitrocompounds. Butyl gloves also resist oxidation, ozone corrosion
and abrasion, and remain flexible at low temperatures. Butyl rubber does not perform well with aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons and halogenated solvents.
- NATURAL (LATEX) RUBBER GLOVES are comfortable to wear, which makes them a popular general-purpose
glove. They feature outstanding tensile strength, elasticity and temperature resistance. In addition to resisting abra-
sions caused by grinding and polishing, these gloves protect workers’ hands from most water solutions of acids, al-
kalis, salts and ketones. Latex gloves have caused allergic reactions in some individuals and may not be appropriate
for all employees. Hypoallergenic gloves, glove liners and powderless gloves are possible alternatives for workers
who are allergic to latex gloves.
- NEOPRENE GLOVES are made of synthetic rubber and offer good pliability, finger dexterity, high density and tear
resistance. They protect against hydraulic fluids, gasoline, alcohols, organic acids and alkalis. They generally have
chemical and wear resistance properties superior to those made of natural rubber.
- NITRILE GLOVES are made of a copolymer and provide protection from chlorinated solvents such as trichloroeth-
ylene and perchloroethylene. Although intended for jobs requiring dexterity and sensitivity, nitrile gloves stand up to
heavy use even after prolonged exposure to substances that cause other gloves to deteriorate. They offer protection
when working with oils, greases, acids, caustics and alcohols but are generally not recommended for use with strong
oxidizing agents, aromatic solvents, ketones and acetates.
Care of Protective Gloves
4. INSULATING RUBBER GLOVES (

See 29 CFR 1910.137 and the following section on electrical protective equipment for detailed requirements
on the selection, use and care of insulating rubber gloves).
Protective gloves should be inspected before each use to ensure that they are not torn, punctured or made
ineffective in any way. A visual inspection will help detect cuts or tears but a more thorough inspection by filling the
gloves with water and tightly rolling the cuff towards the fingers will help reveal any pinhole leaks. Gloves that are
discolored or stiff may also indicate deficiencies caused by excessive use or degradation from chemical exposure.
Any gloves with impaired protective ability should be discarded and replaced. Reuse of chemical-resistant
gloves should be evaluated carefully, taking into consideration the absorptive qualities of the gloves. A decision to
reuse chemically-exposed gloves should take into consideration the toxicity of the chemicals involved and factors
such as duration of exposure, storage and temperature.
BODY PROTECTION
Employees who face possible bodily injury of any kind that cannot be eliminated through engineering, work
practice or administrative controls, must wear appropriate body protection while performing their jobs. In addition to
cuts and radiation, the following are examples of workplace hazards that could cause bodily injury:
- Temperature extremes;
- Hot splashes from molten metals and other hot liquids;
- Potential impacts from tools, machinery and materials;
- Hazardous chemicals.
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There are many varieties of protective clothing available for specific hazards. Employers are required to
ensure that their employees wear personal protective equipment only for the parts of the body exposed to possible
injury. Examples of body protection include laboratory coats, coveralls, vests, jackets, aprons, surgical gowns and
full body suits.
If a hazard assessment indicates a need for full body protection against toxic substances or harmful physi-
cal agents, the clothing should be carefully inspected before each use, it must fit each worker properly and it must
function properly and for the purpose for which it is intended.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING COMES IN A VARIETY OF MATERIALS, EACH EFFECTIVE AGAINST PARTICULAR

HAZARDS, SUCH AS:
- Paper-like fiber used for disposable suits provide protection against dust and splashes.
- Treated wool and cotton adapts well to changing temperatures, is comfortable, and fire-resistant and protects
against dust, abrasions and rough and irritating surfaces.
- Duck is a closely woven cotton fabric that protects against cuts and bruises when handling heavy, sharp or rough
materials.
- Leather is often used to protect against dry heat and flames.
-Rubber, rubberized fabrics, neoprene and plastics protect against certain chemicals and physical hazards. When
chemical or physical hazards are present, check with the clothing manufacturer to ensure that the material selected
will provide protection against the specific hazard.
HEARING PROTECTION
Determining the need to provide hearing protection for employees can be challenging. Employee exposure to exces-
sive noise depends upon a number of factors, including:
- The loudness of the noise as measured in decibels (dB).
- The duration of each employee’s exposure to the noise.
-Whether employees move between work areas with different noise levels.
-Whether noise is generated from one or multiple sources.
Generally, the louder the noise, the shorter the exposure time before hearing protection is required. For
instance, employees may be exposed to a noise level of 90 dB for 8 hours per day (unless they experience a
Standard Threshold Shift) before hearing protection is required. On the other hand, if the noise level reaches 115 dB
hearing protection is required if the anticipated exposure exceeds 15 minutes.
For a more detailed discussion of the requirements for a comprehensive hearing conservation program, see
OSHA Publication 3074 (2002), “Hearing Conservation” or refer to the OSHA standard at 29 CFR 1910.95, Oc-
cupational Noise Exposure, section (c).
Table 5, below, shows the permissible noise exposures that require hearing protection for employees ex-
posed to occupational noise at specific decibel levels for specific time periods. Noises are considered continuous if
the interval between occurrences of the maximum noise level is one second or less. Noises not meeting this defi-
nition are considered impact or impulse noises (loud momentary explosions of sound) and exposures to this type
of noise must not exceed 140 dB. Examples of situations or tools that may result in impact or impulse noises are
powder-actuated nail guns, a punch press or drop hammers.
*When measured on the A scale of a standard sound level meter at slow response.
Source: 29 CFR 1910.95,Table G-16.
If engineering and work practice controls do not lower employee exposure to workplace noise to acceptable
levels, employees must wear appropriate hearing protection. It is important to understand that hearing protectors
reduce only the amount of noise that gets through to the ears. The amount of this reduction is referred to as attenu-
ation, which differs according to the type of hearing protection used and how well it fits. Hearing protectors worn
by employees must reduce an employee’s noise exposure to within the acceptable limits noted in Table 5. Refer to
Appendix B of 29 CFR 1910.95, Occupational Noise Exposure, for detailed information on methods to estimate the
attenuation effectiveness of hearing protectors based on the device’s noise reduction rating (NRR). Manufacturers
of hearing protection devices must display the device’s NRR on the product packaging. If employees are exposed
to occupational noise at or above 85 dB averaged over an eight-hour period, the employer is required to institute a
hearing conservation program that includes regular testing of employees’ hearing by qualified professionals. Refer
to 29 CFR 1910.95(c) for a description of the requirements for a hearing conservation program.
SOME TYPES OF HEARING PROTECTION INCLUDE:
- Single-use earplugs are made of waxed cotton, foam, silicone rubber or fiberglass wool. They are self-forming
and, when properly inserted, they work as well as most molded earplugs.
- Pre-formed or molded earplugs must be individually fitted by a professional and can be disposable or reusable.
Reusable plugs should be cleaned after each use.
- Earmuffs require a perfect seal around the ear. Glasses, facial hair, long hair or facial movements such as
chewing may reduce the protective value of earmuffs.
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JOB HAZARD RECOGNITION, EVALUATION AND CONTROL
Niptaly Mendinueta and Joyce Dianne Rementina
EVALUATION -Determine the magnitude or environmental factors & stresses arising in the workplace through quali-
tative and quantitative measurement.
CONTROL -To Apply corrective measures by either reducing or eliminating the exposure.
KINDS OF HAZARD:
1. CHEMICAL HAZARD
- Gas
- Vapour
- Mists
- Dust
- Fumes
CHEMICAL ROUTE OF ENTRY:
- Inhalation
- Ingestion
- Dermal Contact
2. PHYSICAL HAZARD:
- Noise
- Vibration
- Temperature Extremes
- Radiation
- Illumination
3. BIOLOGICAL
4. ERGONOMICS
CONTROL OF HAZARDS :
1. ENGINEERING CONTROL
• Replacement of materials used/substitution
• Modifications in the process and equipment
• Isolation
• Wet Method
• Industrial Ventilation
2.ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
• Reduction of work periods
• Adjusting work schedules
• Job Rotation
• Education of supervisors
• Housekeeping
3. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

• Safet Helmet
• Respirators
• Safety Goggles
• Safety Shoes
• Gloves
• Ear Plug
• Cover-all Suit
• Etc.
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION IN CONSTRUCTION
Paolo Apas and Norissa Namoca
OVERVIEW:
- Purpose of Investigation
- Managing the Accident Scene
- Steps in Conducting Investigation
INVESTIGATIONS ARE CONDUCTED TO:

- Prevent recurrence
- Comply with policies and regulatory requirements
- Improve supervisory management approach
- Maintain employee awareness
ACCIDENTS ARE THE RESULT OF: :

- Unsafe Acts
- Unsafe Conditions
UNLESS THE UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITIONS ARE:

- LTI
- Non-LTI
- Near Miss
- Chemical Spill
- Property Damage
- Fire and Explosion
Accident Investigations are usually considered a Supervisor’s responsibility.
ADVANTAGES OF SUPERVISORS OVER OTHER INVESTIGATORS:

- More familiar with the people involved
- Better understanding of the operations
- Personal interest in investigations
TEAM EFFORT - All employees should understand :
WHAT TO REPORT :
- LTI - Non-LTI
- Near Misses -Property Damage
- Chemical Spill - Fire or Explosion
WHOM TO REPORT TO:

- Medical - Safety
- Environmental Control - Management
- Managing the Accident Scene
TWO PRIORITIES:
- Care & treatment of the injured - Elimination or control of remaining hazards
CARE & TREATMENT OF INJURED

- Training in First Aid - Drills under normal and abnormal conditions
- Liaison with hospitals
CONTROLLING REMAINING HAZARDS

- Notify necessary personnel - Provide PPE to potentially exposed
- Refer to MSDS
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ISOLATE THE SITE :
- To protect people from further injury -To preserve evidence and valuable clues
SUCCESSFUL INVESTIGATION IS DONE :

- Immediately - Completely - Thoroughly
INVESTIGATE IMMEDIATELY BECAUSE:

- Operations are disrupted - Memories fade - Employees are at risk
CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION :

- Gather information - Analyze the facts - Make recommendations
GATHERING INFORMATION :
- NOI, POI, DOI, TOI - personnel involved
- property damage - environmental harm
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION EQUIPMENT :

- Report form - Notebook or pad of paper
- Tape recorder - Camera (instant or digital)
- Measuring equipment
SOURCES OF INFORMATION :
- Witnesses - Physical evidence at the scene
- Existing records
WITNESSES :
- Victim and onlookers - Those who heard what happened
- Saw area prior to incident - Others with info about involved individuals, equipment or circumstances
INTERVIEWING WITNESSES :
1. Reassure the witness
2. Let the witness tell the story
3. Begin with open-ended questions
4. Don’t ask leading questions
5. Summarize
6. Ask for recommendations
7. Get written statements
8. Close on a positive note
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE - Provides information about an accident that witnesses may overlook or take for granted
SKETCHES - To record important details at the accident site for later study
Include everything that could be important:
- Floor plan from overhead view
- Location of involved man, machine, tool
- Size and location of transient evidences (spills, dust, footprints, skid marks)
PHOTOGRAPHS
- detail
- color differences
- complex shapes difficult to recall
- General area
- Detailed shots
- Show scale on small objects
- Indicate reference point
-Better to take too many than too few
MACHINES & TOOLS - check if machine and tools are:
-in good physical condition
-has the right position of switches/levers
-has the proper reading of gauges
-has its safeguards
-has warning devices
MATERIAL - check if materiall jave been :

- Misuse - Abuse
- Disuse - Improper handling
- Damage
CHEMICAL - If chemicals are involved, one should check the following:

- correct item used - correct concentration
- expired - contaminated
- MSDS availability
IF ITEMS HAVE TO BE REMOVED FROM THE SCENE FOR DETAILED EXAMINATION:

- Log and label - Secure storage & transport
- Avoid contamination - Guard against tampering and loss
- Appropriate HSE warnings
ENVIRONMENT (WORK) - one must consider the following:

- Weather condition - Illumination
- Noise - Housekeeping
EXISTING RECORDS :
- Employee records - Equipment records
- Job or Task records - Previous Accident Investigation reports
ANALYZING THE FACTS:

- Cause Analysis (root)
- Change analysis
IMMEDIATE AND BASIC CAUSES:

- Look beyond the direct causes of the accident
- Find out what can be done to eliminate the underlying reason for the hazardous behaviors and conditions that
led to the mishap
RECOMMENDING CORRECTIVE ACTIONS

Follow-up - It’s the best way to ensure that recommendations are carried out.
REPORT FORMS REQUIRE FOUR BASIC TYPES OF INFORMATION :

- General information - A Summary
- An Analysis - Recommendations
REPORTS SHOULD BE :
- Clear - Detailed
- Neat - Legible
MANAGEMENT APPROACH:
- Training - Inspections - Hazard analysis
SAFETY MEETINGS - Not just for incidents involving serious injury, its for ANY occurrence that has the POTENTIAL
of causing harm
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ROUTINE CONSTRUCTION SITE INSPECTION
Donna Blesszel Marjes and Jomari Daep
GOAL:
• conducting safety audits/inspection
• providing feedback
• tracking results
• implementing corrective actions to maintain an injury free workplace
SAFETY/AUDIT INSPECTION
AUDIT - A regular and critical examination of records and management performance to program standards.
INSPECTION - The careful examination of man, machine, material and the mother nature (4M’s), the close and
critical scrutiny for comparison with standards.
WORKPLACE INSPECTION:
• addresses the work process
• considers aspects of the work
• compare with a set of standards
• must look at the relationships between people, equipment, procedures in determining if standards are being met
and maintained.
REASONS:
• Identification of Hazards
• Asses the potential from these hazards
• Monitor the effectiveness of control measures
• Review compliance with established standards.
• Select control measures to eliminate or reduce hazards
IMPORTANCE :
• Locating potential causes of accidents
• Promotes better public and employee relations
• Can be valuable in pointing out areas, operations or methods.
• Help sell the safety program to employees.
HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS:
• Biophysical Hazards
• Mechanical Hazards
• Electrical Hazards
• Chemical Hazards
WHAT TO LOOK FOR:

• Guarding and Protection Device
• Structural Defects and Hazardous Conditions
• Functional Defects
• Work Environment
• Material Storage and Personnel Exposure
• Practice and Procedure
RECOMMENDED SAFETY COURSES:

• HAZCOM • Basic Electrical Safety
• Ergonomics • Office Safety
• Constructive Confrontation • Control of Hazardous Energies
• Advanced Chemical Safety
CLASSIFICATIONS:
- Planned
- General Inspection
- Critical Part Inspection
- Unplanned
ADVANTAGES
• Prevent overlooking hazards during an inspection
• Ensure consistency of every inspection
• Allow different people to conduct equally thorough inspections
• Provide written documentation that an inspection was done and which hazards were discovered.
CREATING CHECKLIST
1. Write down every potential hazard within the category that you know exists in your work area.
2. Check the written sources you have available to add any hazards that you did not think of.
3. Examine the work area itself to see if yo overlooked any conditions that need to be checked, and note the loca-
tions of the hazards already listed.
4. Have employees review you list to make sure you have included all the hazards .
SCHEDULING
1. Determine how much time is required for each type of inspection
2. Inspect as often as possible.
• Daily
• Weekly
• Bi-weekly
• Monthly
3. Make sure each inspection is thorough which includes the inspection of existing records such as:
• Previous inspection reports
• JHA
• Maintenance records
• MSDS
• Accident investigation reports
• Work environment monitoring
4. If conditions do not improve, or if hazards occur between inspections, increase the frequency.
5. If no hazardous conditions are found, do not decrease the frequency of inspections.
6. Stick to the schedule.
INVOLVING EMPLOYEES:
• Increases total manpower
• Increases the chance that the hazards are corrected quickly.
• Increases the amount of attention to SHE conditions in the area.
CONDUCTING THE INSPECTION:

• Stay on the task
• Take notes – Fill up your checklist
• Complete and specific remarks
• Make your inspection efforts useful in the future as a health and safety resource.
RECOMMENDING CORRECTIVE ACTIONS:

• Aimed toward reducing or eliminating the hazard
• Priority-based
HAZARD CLASSIFICATION:
• Class “A” Hazard - permanent disability, loss of life or body part or extensive loss of structure
• Class “B” Hazard - serious injury or illness (resulting in temporary disability)
• Class “C” Hazard - minor injury or illness
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STEPS FOR CONDUCTING AN AUDIT:
• Observe the area, the people and their activities
• Interview employees; make audit interactive
• Complete the checklist forms
• Complete the follow-up procedures
FOR SAFE ACTS AND CONDITIONS:

• Praise the safe acts and conditions you observed and compliment the employee.
• Engage the employee in a conversation about the job and its safety aspects, including any safety concerns.
FOR SAFE ACTS AND CONDITIONS:

• Be specific, consistent, match recognition to the accomplishment.
• Listen to reactions.
• Thank or reward the employee for his/her commitment to working safely
• Personalize the feedback
FOR UNSAFE CONDITIONS:

• Ask questions to explore or qualify what you observe
• Discuss the possible consequences of the unsafe condition
• Identify safer ways to improve or repair the condition
• Call Action line to have it fixed immediately
FOR UNSAFE ACTS:

• When it is safe to do so, stop the work immediately. Give it one-on-one.
• Identify the observed at risk behaviour(s)
• Ask questions to explore or clarify what you have observed
• Discuss the possible consequences
• Identify safe behaviour
REVIEW THE FORM:

• The date, time, area observed, and the participants.
• Safe acts, unsafe acts, and conditions observed.
• Corrective actions required, owners and estimated completion dates.
• A tally of observations and deviations from the expected.
THE INSPECTION REPORT:

• Write clearly or, when possible, have the report type written.
• Coding of item is of benefit.
• Additional contacts frequently help.
• Simply follow-up reports.
• File report properly.
Keys to effective Inspection:

• Create checklists
• Schedule inspections
• Focus on one hazard at a time
• Modify checklists as needed
• Follow-up corrective actions
• Communicate and Involve Employees
• Acknowledge participation
TOOLBOX MEETING
Jerome De Castro
TOOLBOX MEETING :
A toolbox talk is a short safety talk, normally delivered at the workplace (not a training room) and on a specific subject
matter. And it’s a meeting that companies hold to discuss issues that primarily focus on safety topics, It should be
short (5 – 10 minutes) and to the point with a specific safety message.
OBJECTIVE:
The objective is to raise awareness of a particular aspect of the work but to do it on a regular basis so that the good
safety message is reinforced. Attendance should be recorded.
TYPES OF SAFETY MEETINGS:
A. EXECUTIVE MEETING
Team Members:
• Operating Executives
• Supervisors
Nature of Discussion & Purpose:

• Strategic to formulate policies
• Initiate safety program
• Plan special activities
Frequency and Duration:

• Periodic (every 2 months, quarterly)
• 1 to 2 hours or per staff agreement
B. DEPARTMENTAL MEETING
Team Members
• Department Head
• Supervisors
Discussion Nature & Purpose

• Semi Strategic to tactical
• Discuss special problems
• Plan campaigns
• Analyse accident
Frequency & Duration

• Monthly
• 1 hour
C. MASS MEETING
Team member
• Top executive and all staff
• All employees

• Festive & Per Occasions program

• Occasional
• Half day to whole day Affair
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C. SMALL GROUP MEETING
Team Member
• Team Leader (manager, supervisor, foreman)

• Tactical, Day to day item and detail
• Discuss specific safety topic (accident causes, safety problems, tactics.)

• Regular
• Between 10 to 30 minutes
THE TOOLBOX MEETING (TBM):

• Toolbox meeting – etymology
• Classification – Small Group meeting
• Common use – construction job
• Nature of Discussion – tactical
• Conducted – 10 min. Before work start
• Interval – depending on the job hazard, accident frequency and/ or safety problems,
EFFECTIVE TOOLBOX MEETING :

The TBM requires effective skill of communication:
• Choose only 1 to 2 topics for discussion
• Base topic selection on current needs
• Keep discussion focus on chosen topic
• Encourage question and give straight to the point answers to end up in time
• Vary approach every meeting to maintain workers interest
SUGGESTED TBM TOPICS:

• Previous or most recent accident investigation result & conclusion
• Safety precaution for work to be done during the work period or shift
• Safety problems recently encountered to emphasized resolution/precaution
REMEMBER:
• A 10 to 15 minutes TBM can go along the away to emphasized safety measure and help improve safety awareness
• Never take TBM for granted
• Never assume that workers already know what will be discussed in your TBM
• Keeping TBM alive as well as lively as your challenge
SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAMMING IN CONSTRUCTION SITE
Karen Joy Sanquilos and Ryan Valeza
BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
• Specifically deals with the intricate requirements on how to set up an organization’s Safety & Health Program.
• It discusses the elements of a well planned, as well as, well managed health & safety program and on how the
various program elements interacts to promote health & safety in the workplace.
OBJECTIVES:
• To discuss the details of health & safety programming
• To discuss the involvement of all groups in the planning and implementing the health & safety program
• To discuss the fundamental elements of the health & safety program
• To explain the application of continuous improvement model in health & safety programming
IMPORTANT TERMS:
HEALTH & SAFETY PROGRAM - is a plan or outline of activities conducted to promote consciousness among
management and workers in workplaces in order to eliminate or minimize accidents and/or illnesses to the lowest
reducible level.
Health & Safety Program Organization-is the method employed by management to assign responsibility for ac-
cident prevention and to ensure performances under that responsibility.
HEALTH & SAFETY PROGRAM RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICERS:
1. Company Management
- Has overall responsibilities for the company’s safety program and regularly reaffirms for loss control activities.
- Ensures that all employees are informed of top management commitment on safety and the abidance of all federal,
state, and local regulations.
- Establish company safety rules and programs and provides supervision with the backing, training and funds for
these program.
2. Supervisors
- Responsible for the safety of their employees and oversees the compliance with the safety program.
- Arranges for prompt medical attention in case of an injury and provides a through written investigative report with
recommendations to prevent reoccurrence.
3. Safety Director
- Responsible for implementation and monitoring the safety program.
- Implements and monitor safety training programs and provide safety materials as needed.
- Assist site supervision on accident investigation and recommend controls to prevent reoccurrence.
- Assures proper notification in the event of the accident.
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4.Employees
- Responsible for learning and abiding by the rules and regulations which are applicable for their assigned tasks.
- Report all accidents and near-misses.
- Perform their functions in the safest possible manner and encourage co-workers to do likewise.
5. Unions
- Promote employees interest and cooperation.
ROLE OF MANAGEMENT IN THE HEALTH & SAFETY PROGRAMMING

• An effective health & safety program permits a company to have a working environment in which operations are
conducted economically, efficiently and safely.
• Only the top management has the authority to implement controls of the working environment and of worker’s ac-
tions.
SEVEN (7) BASIC ELEMENTS FOR A SUCCESSFUL SAFETY & HEALTH PROGRAM
1. MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP – (assumption of responsibility, declaration of policy)
a) There is a need for the management to make a written statement of its attitude toward safety in the workplace.
These can be set forth in a policy, which must be brief and clearly defined management attitude.
- Enforce safe practices and conditions
- Comply with company policy.
- Follow safe instructions.
- Obtain good preventive maintenance of equipment or selection of proper equipment when purchased.
b) A safety policy should basically state that:

- The safety of employees, the public and the company operations are paramount,
- Safety will take precedence over expediency or short cuts,
- Every attempt will be made to reduce the possibility of accident occurrence, and
- The company intends to comply with all safety laws and ordinances
2. ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY – (to operating officials, safety directors, supervisors, and health & safety
committees)
a) When a safety policy has been set, the management delegates the everyday task of carrying out said policy to the
supervisors, foremen, foreladies, and/or safety and health committee.
b) The head of the operating unit can set the example for placing health and safety in equal emphasis and weight
in matters of production, cost and quality by actively supporting the company’s health and safety policy. He/she can
do these by seeing to it that:
1. Each of her/his employees (workers) understand the chemical and physical properties of the
materials stored, handled or used by him/her.
2. The necessary precautions are observed when using equipment, including the use of proper safeguards
and PPE.
c) The establishment of a health and safety committee is another excellent means of developing, implementing and
maintaining safety and accident prevention measures in the workplace.
3. MAINTENANCE OF SAFE WORKING CONDITIONS –(inspectors, engineering revisions, purchasing and supervi-
sors)
a) Some protective measures to maintain safe working conditions within the plant are:
1. Operational methods (revision) to eliminate risks
2. Mechanical guarding
3. Isolation of operation or storage
4. Use of PPE
5. Proper Ventilation
6. Proper use and maintenance of tools and equipment
7. Sufficient and proper lighting
8. Sanitation
9. Fire control measures
b) The plant’s health & safety conditions can be appraised by keeping tract of the following:
1. Regular routine inspection
2. Special inspection
3. Follow ups, to see if recommendations for health and safety maintenance are met or carried out.
4. ESTABLISHMENT OF SAFETY TRAINING
a) Conduct of training course should be both for supervisors and employees. The following are the different training
courses:
1. For new employees – to orient and/or familiarize newly hired personnel
2. On-the-Job training – for those already under the service of the company for some time
3. Refresher service to re-acquaint “old” personnel
4. Supervisory training
5. Participation in safety works
6. Off-the-job
7. Conferences
8. Workshops
b) Six (6) MUSTS in conducting safety training:

1. Tell the employee “WHAT” the safety program is.
2. Encourage them to learn, teach and practice safety every “WHERE” in the plant and off the job.
3. Answer questions so they will know “WHY” safety pays.
4. Teach “WHEN” you know they need training.
5. Make them conscious of “WHO” benefits all the way.
6. Show them “HOW” to do things the safe way.
5. AN ACCIDENT RECORD SYSTEM – (accident analysis reports on injuries & measurement of records)
a) Records are written account of accidents:

1. They provide the safety director with the means for an objective evaluation of his program.
2. They identify high injury rate to plants and departments.
3. They provide information on the causes of accidents, which contribute to high injury rates.
b) RULE 1050 of the Occupational Safety & Health Standards states that establishments are required to submit reports
of work accidents and occupational illness, which resulted in disabling injuries.
1. The form DOLE/BWC/OSHD (Employer’s Report of Accident/Illness) should be accomplished and
submitted to the Regional Labor Office, copy furnished the bureau of Working Conditions.
2. The form is a comprehensive tool covering pertinent data in recording and reporting occupational accident/
illnesses.
6. MEDICAL & FIRST AID SYSTEM – (placement examinations, treatment of injuries, first aid services and periodic
health examinations)
a) The medical department of a company is tasked with the following pertinent activities:
1. Conducts pre-employment physical examination for proper physical check-up and proper placement of
workers.
2. Conducts periodic physical examination of workers exposed to harmful toxic substances.
3. Arrange surveys of new operations or processes to know exposures are determined to health that may be
present.
4. Establishes a system for assigning injured workers on the kind of job they can handle in spite of their
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condition.
7. ACCEPTANCE OF PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY OF EMPLOYEE – (training and maintenance of interest)
a) Employee too must have obligations for a Safety Program to succeed:

1. They must observe safe practices and procedures.
2. Have regard at all times to safety of fellow employees.
3. Use knowledge and influence to prevent accidents.
4. Report to proper authorities any unsafe conditions that may call attention.
5. Contribute ideas, suggestions, and recommendations for the improvement of working conditions to achieve
maximum safety.
b) Aside from training, the management has means at its disposal to maintain a high interest in safety. Such pro-
motional methods include:
1. Safety meetings of which there are four types:

-Executive and supervisor’s meeting to formulate policies, initiate safety programs or plan special safety
activities.
- Mass meeting for special purposes.
- Departmental meeting to discuss special problems, and plan campaigns or analyze accidents.
- Small group meeting to plan the day’s work so that it is done safely.
2. Safety contests:
- Injury rate contest. (develop the culture of honesty)
- Inter-departmental contest.
- Inter-group contest
- Intra-plant
- Non-injury rate contest – safety slogan/poster, housekeeping, community contest.
- Use posters, bulletin boards, display or publicize safety.
- Others like safety campaigns, safety courses & demonstrations, public address systems, publications &
suggestion systems.
HOW TO START A SAFETY PROGRAM

- Management Initiative and Leadership
- Top management assumes responsibility for health and safety and takes the lead in starting a health and safety
program.
- Setting-up the Staff
- Top management writes the company health and safety policy and declares it through a meeting among the su-
pervisory staff or through letters, bulletins, and announcements.
- A health and safety policy should be brief but should clearly define management attitude and desires.
- Answers to the following must be clearly explained:
a) What does management want?
b) Does the policy pertain to on-the-job health & safety, off-the-job health & safety, property damage, fire,
and/or product safety?
c) Who is to be responsible for what?
d) Where and how is it fixed?
e) How does it fit into the organization?
f) What will the committee do?
g) Who has the right to correct and determine courses of action?
h) What rules will the company live by?
- Policy Statement
- An organization’s health and safety policy should be a clear statement of principles, which serves as a guide to
action.
- Senior management must be committed to ensuring that the policy is carried out with NO exception.
- Health and safety policy must be and be seen to be, on PAR with all other organizational policies.
- The policy statement can be brief, but should mention:
a) The objectives of the program
b) The organization’s basic health and safety philosophy
c) The general responsibilities of all employees
d) The ways employees can participate in health and safety activities
e) Stated in clear and concise terms
f) Signed be the incumbent Chief Executive Officer
g) Kept up to date
h) Communicated to each employee
i) Adhered to in all work activities
- Involvement of the Different Departments – (in the case of large establishments)
- Medical Department
a) Conducts pre-employment physical examination:
- For proper physical check-up of workers, and
- For proper placement of workers
b) Conducts periodic physical examination of workers exposed to harmful or toxic substances.
c) Arrange surveys of new operations or processes to know what exposures are detrimental to health
that may be present.
d) Establish a system assigning injured workers on the kind of job they can handle in spite of their condition.
- Personnel Department
a) Keep records of lost time, accidents and sickness arising from work; collaborates with medical and safety
department relative to the placement of the employees on the job
b) Arranges necessary cooperation and assistance in rehabilitation of injured employees; and
c) Establishes cross-file controls to prevent unfit employees to work on job not approved for them.
- Engineering Department
a) Expedites safety work request, particularly referring to correction of critical hazards.
b) Consults with the safety department before any new operation is started or new installations or changes to
existing buildings, processes, operations of equipment are put up.
- Purchasing Department
a) Coordinates with the safety department on all purchases of equipment, tools, materials, and personal
protective equipments (PPE).
b) Requisitions for hazardous substances and materials should be referred to safety department for proper
investigation and clearance.
WRITING OBJECTIVES (PROGRAM ACTIVITIES):

Well-written objectives (program activities) should be:
• (S) – Simple/Specific
• (M) – Measurable
• (A) – Attainable
• (R) – Relevant
• (T) – Time bounded
COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY & HEALTH PROGRAM:
1. LEADERSHIP & ADMINISTRATION - To demonstrate Management’s leadership and commitment to safety & health
and to the control of accident.
Requirements:
A. General Policy
B. Program Coordinator
C. Senior Management Participation
D. Established Program Standards
E. Presentation at Management Meetings
F. Management Reference Manual
G. Individual Responsibility for Safety & Health or Loss Control
H. Establishment of Annual Safety & Health or Loss Control Objectives
I. Joint Safety & Health Committees and/or Safety & Health Representative
J. Refusal to Work on Grounds of Safety & Health Hazards
K. Reference Library
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2. MANAGEMENT TRAINING - To prescribe the training program needed by management personnel and employees
to ensure that the desired results of the safety program can be achieved
Requirements:
A. Senior Management Orientation Program
B. Formal Initial Training of Senior Management Personnel
C. Formal Initial Training of Supervisory Through Middle Management Personnel
D. Formal Review Training of Supervisory Through Middle Management Personnel
E. Formal Training of Program Coordinator
3. PLANNED INSPECTIONS - To identify conditions and hazardous exposures before they cause accidents and
losses
Requirements:
A. General Inspection
B. Follow up Procedures
C. Critical Parts/Items
D. Preventive Maintenance
E. Equipment Check-Outs
4. JOB/TASK ANALYSIS & PROCEDURES - To establish JHA in order to identify & eliminate/control hazards as-
sociated with critical jobs
Requirements:
A. Management Directive
B. Critical Task Inventory
C. Safety & Health Hazards in Task Analyses and Procedures
5. ACCIDENT / INCIDENT INVESTIGATION - To establish a systematic procedure for conducting an accident inves-
tigation, whether involving personal injury or property loss, or both, in order to have an effective tool for controlling
accidents and losses.
Requirements:
A. Accident/Incident Investigation Procedure
B. Scope of Accident/Incident Investigation
C. Remedial Follow-up and Action
D. Senior Management Participation
E. Evaluation of Program Effectiveness
6. PLANNED JOB/TASK OBSERVATIONS - To know the importance of Job/Task Observation in the Occupational
Safety & Health Program and the process of conducting this activity
Requirements:
A. Management Directive
B. Complete Task Observation Objectives
7. Emergency Preparedness - To develop a comprehensive emergency preparedness that provides management

guidelines for actions to be taken for all types of emergency conditions likely to occur at an operation
Requirements:
A. Leadership & Administration
B. Emergency Plan
C. Emergency Lighting & Power
D. Source of Energy Controls
E. Protective & Rescue Equipment
F. Emergency Team
G. Emergency Communication
8. ORGANIZATIONAL RULES AND REGULATIONS - To establish rules and practices that can serve as guide
to behavior and at the same time, a tool for the control of accidents and losses
Requirements:
A. General Safety & Health Rules
B. Established Trade or Craft Rules
C. Rules Education & Review Program
D. Rules Compliance Effort
E. Use of Educational Signs & Color Codes
9. ACCIDENT / INCIDENT ANALYSIS

- To describe the method of analyzing accident
- To provide information which can guide management in their effort to control injuries and property losses
Requirements:
A. Performance Statistics Computed & Used
B. Occupational Injury & Illnesses Analysis
C. Property & Equipment Damage Analysis
10. EMPLOYEE TRAINING - To prescribe the training program, based on training need analysis, needed by employ-
ees to ensure that the desired results of the safety program can be achieved
Requirements:
A. Training Inventory
B. Employee Training Program
C. Evaluation of Employee Training Program Effectiveness
11. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - To develop guidelines in establishing a program on Personal Protective
Equipment
Requirements:
A. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Standards
B. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Record-keeping
C. Generally Accepted International Requirements
D. Enforcement of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Standards
12. HEALTH CONTROL SERVICES

- To establish procedure for the recognition, evaluation & control of occupational health hazards
- To establish first aid & medical services program
Requirements:
A. Health Control
1. Health Hazards Identification
2. Health Hazards Control
3. Information, Training & Education:
4. Monitoring
5. Evaluation
6. Health Maintenance Program
B. First Aid
1. Established Procedure for Emergencies
2. Supervisory Training on First Aid
3. First Aid Facilities & Equipment
4. Qualified First Aid Attendants
5. Communications
6. Records
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13. MEASUREMENT AUDIT SYSTEM (Program Evaluation System) - To define the process & scope of a tracking system
that can be used to determine the level of safety performance the plant has attained.
Requirements:
A. Evaluation of Management Compliance with Program Standards
B. Evaluation of Management Compliance with Standards for General Physical Conditions
C. Evaluation of Management Compliance with Fire Prevention and Control Standards
D. Evaluation of Management Compliance with Occupational Health Standards
14. PURCHASING & ENGINEERING CONTROLS

- To establish systems and procedures to identify & control loss exposures from goods and services obtained by the facility
prior to delivery on site.
- To establish procedures for identifying changes in engineering design & projects and processes.
- And, to implement necessary controls to prevent accidents because of these changes
Requirements:
A. Organizational Purchasing Considerations
B. Design Engineering Considerations
15. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS - To provide supervisors with an understanding of the significant value of training on
personal communications in safety.
Requirements:
A. Training in Personal Communication Techniques
B. Job Orientation
C. Job/Task Instruction
D. Planned Personal Contacts
E. Evaluation of Program Effectiveness
16. GROUP MEETINGS - To emphasize the importance of group meetings in ensuring effective management-employee
communications
Requirements:
A. Group Meetings
B. Record-keeping
C. Management Involvement
D. Evaluation of Program Effectiveness
17. GENERAL PROMOTION - To prescribe techniques for modifying and maintaining employees’ safety attitude and be-
havior in the workplace through safety promotions.
Requirements:
A. Safety Bulletin Board Program
B. Use of Program Statistics & Facts
C. Critical Topic Program
D. The Use of Awards & Recognition
E. Group Performance Promotions
F. Housekeeping Promotions
18. HIRING & PLACEMENT - To stress the importance of placing people on jobs that they are physically and mentally
capable of doing.
Requirements:
A. Physical Capability Requirements
B. Physical Examination
C. Orientation Program
D. Pre-Employment or Pre-Placement Qualification Check
19. RECORDS & REPORTS - To come out with a record of reports needed to implement program elements of Safety &
Health Program
Requirements:
A. Accident/Incident Report Maintenance
B. Planned Inspection Report Maintenance
C. Occupational Health Monitoring
D. Accident Statistics & Analysis
20. OFF-THE-JOB SAFETY - To establish a program for controlling employees, hazardous exposures outside the work
environment.
Requirements:
A. Problem Identification and Analysis
B. Off-the-Job Safety Education
PHASE 1 : MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT & INVOLVEMENT (VISION AND LEADERSHIP)

- Communicates a vision
- Attend meetings and read reports
- Set performance standards
- Define roles and responsibilities
- Be an activist
PHASE 2 : ESTABLISH A BASELINE (“AS IS”)

- Select a team
- Team selects issues using the basic elements
- Identify key measurements
- Conduct research
- Analyze results
- Communicate findings
PHASE 3 : SET GOALS (“WHERE WE SHOULD BE”)

- Add team members, as necessary
- Set goals
- Communicate goals
PHASE 4 : IMPLEMENT STRATEGIES (CLOSE GAP BETWEEN “AS IS” AND “WHERE WE SHOULD BE”)
- Develop plans and actions
- Carry out plans
- Monitor results
- Acknowledge successes
PHASE 5 : REVIEW AND ADJUST (REACH FOR WHERE WE COULD BE)

- Build on successes
- Re-examine failures
- Repeat the process
- Communicate the process
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RE-ENTRY PLAN AS A CONTRUCTION AND SAFETY OFFICER
Christian Tejoso and Jessa Mae Igdalino
SCOPES:
- Plans for Implementation of Learning Experience
- Improving Safety and Health within Construction Projects
- Integrating Safety and Health Project Implementation
RE-ENTRY PLANS - Set of modified procedures or instructions to be implemented in order to prevent recurrence of
accidents on construction site.
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER

- A management position in a construction company that ensures that all construction workers follow safety rules
and regulation.
Construction Safety and Health Officer Duties:

- Knowing Safety Standards - Field Oversight
- Site Inspection - Creating Safety Documentation
- Implementation - Identification
- Administration - Communication
- Worker’s Compensation - Teaching
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
ACCIDENT can be defined as an unplanned event that interrupts the completion of an activity, and that may (or may
not) include injury or property damage.
INCIDENT usually refers to an unexpected event that did not cause injury or damage this time but had the potential.
“Near miss” or “dangerous occurrence” are also terms for an event that could have caused harm but did not.
Investigation are conducted to:
- Prevent recurrence
- Comply with policies
- Improve supervisory management approach
- Maintain employee awareness
CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION:

- Gather information
- Analyze the facts
- Make recommendations
RECOMMENDATIONS: WHY SHOULD RECOMMENDATIONS BE MADE?

The most important final step is to come up with a set of well-considered recommendations designed to
prevent recurrences of similar accidents. Once you are knowledgeable about the work processes involved and the
overall situation in your organization, it should not be too difficult to come up with realistic recommendations.
Recommendations should:
- Be Specific
- Be Constructive
- Get at Root Causes
- Identify Contributing Factors
Resist the temptation to make only general recommendations to save time and effort. For example: You have
determined that a blind corner contributed to an accident.
Rather than just recommending “eliminate blind corners” it would be better to suggest:
• install mirrors at the northwest corner of building X (specific to this accident)
• install mirrors at blind corners where required throughout the worksite (general)
Never make recommendations about disciplining a person or persons who may have been at fault. This would
not only be counter to the real purpose of the investigation, but it would jeopardize the chances for a free flow of
information in future accident investigations.
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE IF THE INVESTIGATION REVEALS HUMAN ERROR:
A difficulty that has bothered many investigators is the idea that one does not want to lay blame. However,
when a thorough worksite accident investigation reveals that some person or persons among management, supervi-
sor, and the workers were apparently at fault, then this fact should be pointed out. The intention here is to remedy
the situation, not to discipline an individual.
Failing to point out human failings that contributed to an accident will not only downgrade the quality of the
investigation. Furthermore, it will also allow future accidents to happen from similar causes because they have not
been addressed.
However never make recommendations about disciplining anyone who may be at fault. Any disciplinary steps
should be done within the normal personnel procedures.
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION (General Process Flow)
HOW SHOULD FOLLOW-UP BE HANDLED?

Management is responsible for acting on the recommendations in the accident investigation report. The health
and safety committee, if you have one, can monitor the progress of these actions.
FOLLOW-UP ACTIONS INCLUDE:

- Respond to the recommendations.
- Develop a timetable for corrective actions.
- Monitor that the scheduled actions have been completed.
- Check the condition of injured worker(s).
- Inform and train other workers at risk.
- Re-orient worker(s) on their return to work.
STEPS IN IMPROVING HEALTH AND SAFETY:

1. Create a plan to control /eliminate workplace hazards.
2. Inspect your workplace.
3. Train your employees.
4. Talk regularly with your employees.
5. Investigate incidents.
6. Maintain records.
7. Make safety a key part of your business.
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SAFETY ENGINEERING IN SURVEYING
Evelyn Dela Torre and Darwin Doctolero
INTRODUCTION:
Engineering as we all know it’s about construction, mathematics, designs, concretes, still, etc. But wait a
second have we forgotten Surveying in the list? So in our topic we discussed about the great safety in Surveying.
PPE, always this one comes first in every safety you own and self-protection at work. Goggles, gloves high leather
boots, helmets and reflector vests are the basic but important safety that you could have. In surveying we really got
focused in highways and rail roads, so do our safety focus on it. Warning signs and Devices are great pro-active
safety that we can use when we are having a survey in highways.
WARNING SIGNS - shall be installed prior to the start of all survey work that is on pavement and within 15 feet of
the edge of the traveled way. They shall be used all the time you are working in traffic. Since surveyors are con-
stantly moving on the highway, it is important that warning signs be moved as the work progresses. When you are
through for the day, or at any time work ceases, these devices shall be turned, removed or covered. This simple
procedure will prevent a host of potential problems for surveyors as well as motorists. Whenever the activities are
changed such that a particular sign or other warning device is no longer appropriate, the sign or device shall be
turned, removed or covered, and replaced if necessary with the appropriate device.
There are four signs used most frequently:

- WORKERS AHEAD
- SURVEY CREW
- FLAGGERS AHEAD
- STAY IN YOUR
CHANNELIZING DEVICES
There are five types of channelization devices available:
- Cones
- Vertical panels
- Plastic drums
- Type I
- Type II barricades
VERTICAL PANELS AND CONES

They are to be used only when a portable device is needed for lane closure operation that will last only one
day or when the more durable Type I or Type II barricades are not available. Cones are orange in color and shall
meet Department requirements. For the most part, cones are used to channel traffic through and around a work
area. Occasionally, the need arises for the surveyor to close off or separate traffic. Cones are used to accomplish
this.
If it is necessary to place an instrument or other tripod within the traveled way or within 15 feet of the trav-
eled way, the tripod will be protected by cones according to field conditions.
For horizontal control surveys between active traffic lanes or within shared left turn lanes, cones shall be
used to protect tripods at 50 feet intervals for at least 200 feet towards the flow of traffic.
For Elevation Surveys between active traffic lanes or within shared left turn lanes, cones may be used at
the discretion of the party chief to protect prism holder and flagger(s) at up to 50 feet intervals along the break line
throughout the work zone.
These cone placements for surveying between active traffic lanes or shared left turn lanes apply to main
roadway traffic control work zones. When the survey work zone includes intersections, cones shall be adjusted by
the party chief to fit roadway and traffic conditions.
TYPE I & II BARRICADES
They should be used whenever appropriate. They are, however, difficult to carry and stack.
Plastic drums should be used only when other types of devices are not available. Drums are not practical on a daily basis
because of their size. Generally, they should be used only during heavy construction and maintenance operations.
COMMON SAFETY RULES WHILE WORKING IN TRAFFIC:
1. Always face traffic when working on the traveled way of a divided road or on shoulders of highways. If you can not do
this yourself, have a co-worker act as a lookout. When working in a zone between two-way traffic stand parallel to the
traveled way and again use a lookout.
2. Do not make sudden movements that might confuse a motorist and cause him or her to take evasive action that could
result in injury to the motorist as well as to surveyors.
3. Avoid interrupting traffic as much as possible. There are several ways to do this. One of the best ways is to use offset
lines as much as possible. This procedure should keep you and your crew safe from oncoming traffic. Minimize the cross-
ing of traffic lanes on highspeed heavily traveled highways. Do not try to walk or run across traffic lanes. On highways
with wide shoulders and medians the best way to cross is with your vehicle. If necessary go around by way of a ramp or
service road to assure a safe crossing. If traffic lanes must be crossed on foot, wait for a natural break in traffic. A break
in traffic in this instance is defined as all lanes being clear.
4. Protect your crew with the use of an approved barrier to shield them from traffic. Whenever possible place a truck
mounted attenuator between your workers and traffic.
5. Proper equipment carrying procedures: When working near a heavily traveled highway, or when working parallel to traffic,
be careful to keep level rods, range poles, etc., from extending into a lane of traffic.
6. Wet Pavement: avoid working on wet pavement in an active traffic area, except for the emergency survey of a danger
area which poses grave hazards to the public. This would probably involve the declaration of an emergency by the ap-
propriate government agency and the presence of law enforcement for the safety of surveyors and the public.
RAILROADS SAFETY GUIDELINES are to be used when working within an “operating right-of-way” and are for the safety
of the surveyor and the railroad.
1. Always notify railroad company or authority of survey work to be done within the railroad right-of-way.
2. Always be alert around railroads. Railroad equipment is not always heard, especially if there is other noise. If
a railroad car or locomotive is coasting, or if a train is moving slowly, hearing alone might not provide adequate protection.
When necessary, use a lookout.
3. Never crawl under stopped cars and do not cross tracks between closely-spaced cars, they might be bumped
at any time (the engineer and brakemen work only one side of the train).
4. Do not leave protruding stakes or any holes within 10 feet of the centerline of the tracks.
5. Do not park vehicle within 10 feet of the tracks; train crews need this area for their operations.
6. When taping across railroad tracks, support steel tapes above the rails at all times. The contact of both rails
simulta neously by a steel tape can activate signals even when laid parallel to the rails. Therefore, only nonmetallic tapes
should be grounded.
FENCE CROSSINGS SAFETY MEASURE:

1. Use gates when possible and avoid crossings.
2. Use portable chain link fence climber steps or a trestle ladder.
3. Do not attempt to carry anything when climbing on or over obstacles.
4. Cross barbed wire fences at the center of a span and have a co-worker hold the wire(s) for you.
5. When stepping over a barbed wire fence, lay a piece of heavy canvas, such as an empty material bag, over the top
strand
SAFET IN ANIMAL HAZARDS:\

1. Assume that all animals are potentially dangerous.
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2. Have owners secure hostile-acting animals before entering enclosures containing such animals.
3. Do not enter an enclosure with high fences if a hazardous animal is within.
4. Carry a pointed lath or a range pole to ward off an attacking animal. Retreat is usually advisable but do not turn
your back and run unless you can reach a haven before the animal reaches you.
5. Do not approach, attempt to capture or kill, or attempt to pet either domesticated or wild creatures (this includes
snakes and other reptiles).
6. Be especially wary of sick-appearing animals, animals with young, stallions, bulls and guard dogs. Do not
handle dead or seemingly dead animals, fowl or reptiles.
Snakebites of surveyors are quite rare, yet the dreaded hazard of rattlesnakes abounds through Florida. Even if
preventive measures fail, current knowledge and treatment offer the best prognosis ever for snakebite victims.
Though seemingly rare, poisonous snakes annually bite 6,500 to 7,000 Americans.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ON SNAKES:

1. Always assume snakes are active. Do not relax your vigil on sunny winter days.
2. Do not make “solo” trips across snake country which is remote from habitations and frequently used roads.
3. When traversing brush or grassy terrain, use a “decoy” such as a level rod or a lath, alongside your legs. Walk
heavily to create vibrations that can be felt by snakes (a snake does not hear).
4. Walk away from the shaded side of clumps and bushes when the weather is hot and sunny.
5. Step atop logs and large rocks, instead of stepping over them and into unseen areas. The safest policy is to
walk around such obstacles.
6. Do not jump down from overhangs onto areas where snakes might be hidden from view.
7. Avoid steep climbs if possible where a snake, uphill from you, could strike the upper portions of your body. Bites
on the torso, the neck, and the head are much more damaging and more difficult to treat than those on the limbs.
8. Never climb vertical or near vertical faces where handholds on unseen areas above your head are required.
9. Do not attempt, under any circumstances, to capture snakes!!
10. Do not try to kill a snake unless it is a positive threat to safety.
11. Avoid likely snake areas such as small rodent trails, pack rats’ nests or gopher tortoise dens.
12. When necessary to move low-lying logs, large rocks and boards, use a pry bar, not your hands.
13. Double your precautions at night, especially in warm weather.
14. Keep vehicles near your work area for rapid transport if a snakebite should
15. If at all possible, maintain radio contact with isolated employee.
16. Know the location of the nearest medical facility where antivenin is available and the quickest route there.
17. Do not collect rattles. A fine and highly abrasive dust often accumulates inside the rattles and can cause lasting
damage to the eyes.
18. Wear high leather boots or snake-leggings in high-hazard areas.
19. Remember that rattlesnakes do not always signal their presence by rattling.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ON POISONOUS PLANTS:

Poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac can cause skin irritation. Learn to recognize these plants so thatyou can
avoid them. Furthermore, if you know when you have touched them, you can start first aid beforesymptoms appear.
The sooner first aid is given for exposure; the milder the effects will be.
• POISON IVY - is a creeper plant having three leaves on each stem. The leaves are shiny and pointed and
haveprominent veins. Poison ivy grows along fences and stone walls and in wooded areas.
• POISON OAK - is a vine similar to poison ivy in appearance, except that the edges of the leaves are more
deeply notched. The leaves are arranged in characteristic groups of three.
• POISON SUMAC - is a shrub or small tree. Clusters of white berries identify the poison sumac from the-
nonpoisonous sumac.
FISRT AID WHEN EXPPOSED TO A POISONUS PLANT:

If exposed to a poisonous plant; wash the affected area of your body promptly and thoroughly with waterand soap.
The rash starts with redness and intense itching. Later, little blisters appear. If a rash had already developed, do not
wash it. Avoid scratching. Get medical attention.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN AROUND POWER LINES:

Regard all power lines as dangerous.
1. Avoid actual contact with or possible arcing to any equipment from electrical lines. In damp conditions, double
your precautions.
2. Do not tape across terrain where a tape might possibly be pulled up, into, or lowered atopa power line. Use an
E.D.M. or another form of tachymetry instead of taping.
3. Power line elevations - do not make a “direct” measurement of the height of a power line, even with a fiberglass
rod. Triangulate these vertical distances.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ON ELECTRICAL STORMS:

If an electrical storm approaches while you are working, discontinue working and seek shelter.
Do not use any metal objects, such as chains, transits, E.D.M.’s, levels, range poles or Philadelphia rods during
an electrical storm.
The best thing to do is to get into your truck or building and wait out the storm.
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

Definition of Terms:
A CONFINED SPACE is an enclosed space that:

1. is large enough for an employee to enter;
2. Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit (for example, tanks, vaults, wells, tunnels,pits, manholes,
catch basins);
3. is not designed for continuous human occupancy.
A PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE is a confined space that:

1. Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere;
2. contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant;
3. Has an inside configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging
walls, or a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section;
4. Contains any other recognized serious hazards.
ENTRY is the action by which a person passes through an opening into a permit-required confined space.
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An ENTRY PERMIT is the written or printed document that is provided to allow and control entry into a permitspace.
Engulfment is the surrounding, capturing, or both, of an entrant by divided particulate matter or liquid.
A HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE is one that may expose employees to risk of death or incapacitation, injury or
illness by reason of oxygen deficiency or enrichment ( less than 19.5% or greater than 23% oxygen by volume),
flammability, explosivity, or toxicity.
A NON-PERMIT CONFINED SPACE is a space which, by configuration meets the definition of a confined spacebut
which after evaluation is found not to contain or with respect to atmospheric hazards, does not havethe potential to
contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:
CONFINED SPACE IDENTIFICATION/CLASSIFICATION
Unit managers and office heads shall ensure that the following are conducted:
1. confined space awareness training;
2. A survey of their respective areas of responsibility to identify all potential permit-requiredconfined spaces
(PRCS);
3. An evaluation of the potential PRCS to identify hazards for each confined space;
4. an evaluation of the hazards, considering the scope of hazard exposure; magnitude ofhazard; likelihood
and consequences of hazard occurrence; changing conditions/activities;impact on the need for emergency
response;
5. Based on the evaluation of hazards, classify and list confined spaces as either permit required or non-
permit confined spaces.
PERIODIC EVALUATION OF HAZARDS

Periodic re-evaluation of the hazards based on possible changes in activities in the confined space or
otherphysical or environmental conditions which could affect the space adversely, shall be conducted.A space that
is identified but has not been classified and listed as a confined space shall be evaluated onan individual basis.
MARKING OF CONFINED SPACES

Signs shall be posted or other warnings shall be used to alert employees of the danger of the particular-
confined space. “Danger. Permit-Required Confined Space. Do Not Enter” signs or barriers or othermeans to keep
unauthorized persons out of the permit space may be used.There are occasions when DOT employees are required
to enter manholes, cable vaults, sewers, tunnelsor pits to accomplish their assigned work.
ENTRY INTO CONFINED SPACES

NOTE: Except under certain conditions, no department employee will be allowed to enter a PRCS.
Effective measures such as those mentioned above in “MARKING OFCONFINED SPACES”, shall be taken
to prevent employees from entering the permit spaces.If the unit manager/office head has determined that the only
hazard in the identified confined space isatmospheric and ventilation alone can control the hazard, entry into the
confined space may be authorized.In such a case, the requirements for alternative protection procedures under 29
CFR 1910.146© (5) shall be followed.
CONSULTANTS
Consultants working on Department projects, or on or in a Department facility shall in all cases adhere toall
the procedures above for confined space entry.Prior to opening a manhole or inlet, the atmosphere shall be checked
for hazards. While working in aconfined space the atmosphere shall be continuously monitored.Proper traffic control,
warning devices and guards will be set in accordance with Roadway and TrafficDesign Standards (Index Series 600)
and other Safety Standards which may be adopted by theDepartment to warn the public and private sector passing
through the areas, and to protect the surveyors.No open flame, torch or lighted smoking material shall be brought
near an open manhole, cable vault, orsewer nor taken into any of the named areas, even though tests indicate the
atmosphere inside is free ofcombustible gases, vapors, or fumes. No employee will enter these even momentarily,
until it has beentested properly with detecting devices for explosive gases, oxygen deficiency and hydrogen sulphide.
SAFETY REMINDERS IN THE USE OF SAFETY BELTS, SAFETY HARNESS AND LIFE LINES
- DOT employees who are required to enter manholes, cable vaults, sewers or pits shall wear a safetybelt/safety
harness and a life line.
- Hard hats shall be worn in all such structures that are over four feet deep
- Two responsible persons will remain outside the entrance to tend the line and provide emergency assistanceif
needed during the entire time anyone is inside the underground facility. Those persons tending the life linewill have
immediately available, rescue breathing apparatus, fitted safety belts or harnesses and life line foruse in the event
they must enter the underground facility to effect a rescue. These persons attending the lifeline shall be trained in
the use of all the above-mentioned equipment.
- Some manholes, etc., have steel steps that are rusted to the point that they are hazardous. Use another ladder
and do not use the steps at all.
MANHOLE COVERS AND GRATES
In some of the details that follow, the term “cover” also means “grate”.
1. EQUIPMENT TO USE - two tools may be used for unseating and moving covers and grates.They were devised
specifically for these operations.
A. Manhole cover hook - 28” long, four pounds, made of 5/8” octagonal, plated toolsteel and hardened to
prevent bending.
B. Manhole cover lifter - 42 ½” L-shaped lever with handle, foot and swing-out hookwith the same details
as that of the “cover hook”.
The instructions that follow are written for removal and replacement with these tools.
2. FREEING - When a cover or grate is stuck in its frame, remove any encrustation with a cold chisel. Then, place
ablock of wood on the cover near the rim, and hit the block with a heavy hammer. Do this at different pointsuntil
the cover is loosened. Try to avoid causing sparks by any of your activities. Use a railroad pick tocomplete the
freeing operation.
3. UNSEATING
A. Lift with a tool that provides adequate handhold and a positive hold on the cover.
B. On a round manhole cover, engage the circumferential bib before lifting.
C. Unseat the grate or cover about four inches by pulling and lifting with the leg andarm muscles.
D. NEVER place the fingers or hands under a cover. Spider bites or mashing canresult.
4. REMOVING
A. Use a helper when available.
B. Clear the area of any hazards to footing.
C. With your feet spread and footing secure, pull the cover, clear of the frame andkeep pulling until the
cover or grate is in a nonhazardous location. Pull with the armand leg muscles. Pull parallel to any traffic so you
do not tumble into the path ofa vehicle if your hook slips. Also, do not pull toward precipices (steep slopes) orother
hazards that are near the manhole.
5. REPLACING A ROUND COVER OR GRATE

A. Stand parallel to the desired direction of travel with the toes in the clear.
B. Place the point of the hook under the edge of the cover nearest you. Lift slightlyand swing the cover
toward the structure.
C. Move to the opposite side and repeat the lifting and swinging.
D. Continue this alternate lifting and swinging until the cover is partially over thestructure’s opening.
E. With the hook, lift the edge that is farthest from the opening. Lift until the cover orgrate slips into the
frame of the structure.
F. If a helper is available with another hook, stand on opposite sides of the cover andparallel to the direc-
tion of travel, securely hook under the cover and slide it to theframe.
6. RECTANGULAR COVERS AND GRATES

A. Follow items A through D above.
B. Use a helper. Single grates weigh up to 326 pounds.
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C. When pulling the cover clear of the frame, be sure you pull in line with the frameso the cover cannot
fall into the opening.
D. When replacing, be sure you pull straight into the frame so the cover or gratecannot fall into the open-
ing.
SAFETY MEASURE WHILE WORKING IN WATER:
A. BOATING OPERATIONS - Technically, a boat is classified as a vessel, but for Department purposes they will
also be classifiedas vehicles.
1. Smoking in boats is prohibited.
2. Employees shall not be authorized to use a boat (with the exception of john boats used inculverts or
streams) unless they have successfully completed an approved safety course.
3. All personnel in boats shall wear U.S. Coast Guard approved life vests.
4. All boats except john boats shall be required to carry visual distress signals for use duringdaylight and
night operations.
5. Because certain navigational rules require sound signals, a whistle, horn or bell shall becarried on board
all boats, except john boats used in coastal waters.
6. For diving operations, the red and white divers’ flag shall be displayed.
7. A first aid kit should be carried in the boat.
8. Standing in small utility boats while afloat should be avoided.
9. Unless anchoring both fore and aft, boats shall not be anchored by the stern.
10. All equipment in the boat shall be secured before getting underway.
11. Remove portable fuel tanks from the boat before fueling. Wipe off all spilled fuel and oilimmediately.
12. All gas or diesel powered boats shall have at least one Type B-1 hand portable fireextinguisher on
board.
B. WADING
1. Do not wade barefoot; wear rubber boots to protect against cuts, cold and water
2. Work with a buddy
3. Wear a life jacket
4. in still waters:
5. Limit wading to waist-deep water. Chest-waders are recommended. When wearing chest waders a chest
belt shall be worn to prevent the waders from fillingif you slip. A life jacket shall be worn with chest waders.
6. Probe with a pole for holes and soft ground before proceeding
7. Wading in moving water - Do not wade if:

- The water is more than mid-thigh high.
- The product of stream velocity in f.p.s. and stream depth in feet equals tenor more.
- Footing is difficult to retain because of any combination of stream velocity, stream roughness or
slipperiness, unless a tautly stretched lifeline is usedas a hand rail.
8. Do not wear a backpack while crossing a stream. Use a wading staff.

C . ALONG SHORELINES, TRENCHES AND FILLS
1. Ocean shores
a) Wear boots even if you are working only along the edges of thesurf.
b) Schedule work at low tides
c) Do not work in the surf unless you are adept at ocean shoreswimming and have on a life jacket
d) Do not work in heavy surf
2. Inland shores - wear rubber or leather boots for snake protection

- Do not walk on floating debris, in reservoirs or debris basins
- Be cautious of recently puddled trenches and dredging fills
PROPER LIFTING PROCEDURES

If there is a machine or piece of equipment designed to do the job of lifting or moving the material, use it.Don’t ex-
pose yourself unnecessarily to accident or injury by trying to do a machine job.If you are going to lift something by
hand and the load is compact enough to pass between your knees, usethe following steps:
1) Your feet should be apart, with one foot alongside the object to be lifted and one footbehind. Spreading your feet
like this gives you greater stability and your rear foot wills bein a position for upward thrust of your lift. It also gives
your body better positioning overthe object you are lifting.
2)Use the sit-down position and keep your back straight, but remember that straight doesnot mean vertical. The trick
is to keep the spine, back muscles and body organs in correctalignment.
3) Tuck in your chin. Not down on your breastbone, but tucked in so that your head andneck continues the straight
back line. This helps to keep the spine straight and firm.
4) Use the palms of your hands. Gripping with the palm is one of the most important elementsof correct lifting. The
fingers and palm should be extended around the object you aregoing to lift. Use the FULL PALM! Your fingers alone
have very little power. Thestrength of your entire hand is needed if you are going to lift correctly.
5) Keep your arms and elbows close to your body. Tip the object away from you and drawit close in with your arms
and elbows tucked in so the weight is close to the spinal axis.Begin the lift with a thrust of the rear foot.
6) When you set down the load, reverse the entire procedure. Remember to set it downclose to your body and then
slide or move it back. Do not “reach out” to set the loaddown.If you are going to lift something by hand and the load
is too large or bulky to pass between your knees, use the following lifting procedures:
a. Use a “stooped back” posture for lifting. You can get the load closer to the body.
b. Next, bend over the load slightly, not bending the knee, but keeping yourself in as closeto the load as
possible.
c. Grab the load using the full palm and pull it toward your abdomen; then carry it.
d.When you set the load down, reverse this procedure, making sure that you set it downclose to your body.
Do not twist your body while holding the load. If you have to turn with a load, shift your feet and turn thewhole body.
e. If you have to lift higher than your waist, do not do it all at once. First, set the load on a bench or
table,then change grips for higher lifting.
f. If you have to hand a load to a fellow employee, make sure that he/she has a good grip before you let
go.Work together.
7) For any load that you carry, make sure that your path is clear and you can see over or around the load.Do not
carry a “lazy man’s load” - that is trying to make it all in one trip.In any material handling situation, if you need help,
ask for it and get it.
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SAFETY ENGINEERING IN HORIZONTAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION
Elyda Marie Ormil a and Enrico Mariscotes
COMMON HAZARDS IN HORIZONTAL CONSTRUCTION
- Getting hit by construction equipment and passing motor vehicles
- Struck by object
- Falls or slips
- Overexertion
- Transportation incident
- Exposure to harmful environment
COMMON CAUSES OF HAZARDS

- Poor workplace design
- Signalling systems (manual, mechanical, electronic) malfunction
- Misuse (not used as designed)
- Poor maintenance (breaks or emits noxious gases)
OTHER HAZARDS
- Loads fall from vehicles
- Crushing due to impact of moving or toppling plant and equipment
- Falling from plant and equipment
- Falling from plant and equipment
- Falls caused by swinging loads, plant and equipment
- Limbs or bodies caught in machinery
- Stress caused by poor environment (noise, heat, poor ventilation, chemicals, noxious gases)
- Signaling systems (manual, mechanical, electronic) malfunction
- Loads insecurely attached
- Poor maintenance (breaks or emits noxious gases)
TRAFFIC CONTROL AROUND THE WORK ZONE

A TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN helps moves motorist traffic safely through or around roadway zones to protect the
public and workers.
It makes use of:
- Traffic control devices
- Standard signage
- Buffer and transition zones
TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN

In the Temporary Control zone, construction vehicles and equipment moving inside create a risk to workers
on foot requiring additional protection planning and policies to minimize backing-up maneuvers in the “activity area”
SAFETY WITHIN THE WORK ZONE: TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN

- Restrict personnel access points into work areas and define/designate “no backing zones” and “pedestrian-free
zones”
- Design into the Temporary Traffic Control Plan flow paths for equipment and vehicle traffic to minimize backing
maneuvers where possible as well as buffer spaces to protect pedestrian workers from straying traffic vehicles and/
or work zone equipment.
- Establish procedures from entering and exiting work zone.
- Train all employees on the Temporary Traffic Control Plan and its precautionary measures.
SITE TRANSPORT
The underlying cause of most site traffic incidents is the failure to plan a safe system of work and to train
workers how to follow it.
COMMON CAUSES OF TRAFFIC SITE INCIDENTS

- Bad driving techniques which include reversing blind
- Carelessness or ignorance of special hazards
-Site congestion
- Poor traffic layout
SIGNALS
- Adequate signaling or other control arrangements or devices should be provided to guard against danger from
the movement of vehicles and earth-moving or materials-handling equipment. Special safety precautions should be
taken for vehicles and equipment when maneuvering backwards.
- The assistance of a trained and authorized signaler should be available when the view of the driver or operator
is restricted. The signaling code should be understood by all involved.
ELECTRICAL POWER LINES

When earth-moving or materials-handling equipment is required to operate in dangerous proximity to live
electrical conductors, adequate precautions should be taken, such as isolating the electrical supply or erecting over-
head barriers of a safe height.
‘GOAL POST’ WARNING BARRIERS
DOS AND DON’TS IN EXCAVATION :

- Do–When excavating trenches, place the excavated material at least 600 mm clear of the edge, where there is
no danger of it falling back into or collapsing the side of the trench.
- Do–Create a level area to operate from when working on a steep grade. If you cannot do this, avoid swinging
your boom downhill any further than necessary and operate your machine slowly to maintain stability.
- Do–When excavating trenches, place the excavated material at least 600 mm clear of the edge, where there is
no danger of it falling back into or collapsing the side of the trench.
- Do–Create a level area to operate from when working on a steep grade. If you cannot do this, avoid swinging
your boom downhill any further than necessary and operate your machine slowly to maintain stability.
- Do–Take care at the point of balance on the peak of a steep slopes. Reduce speed and maintain stability until
on level ground.
- Do–Avoid jerky swings or sudden braking. These can make the machine unstable and overload machine com-
ponents.
- Do-Use boom to maximize stability and traction when going up or down hill.
- Don’t–Turn sharply while travelling up a steep slope, because the machine’s stability will be threatened.
- Do–prevent boom of excavators from accidentally swinging during operation or transport.
- Do–Prevent the bucket or grab of an excavator from accidentally dipping, tipping or swinging in operation.
- Don’t–Attempt to operate attachments while travelling as this may starve one of the track drive motors and
result in an unintended turn.
BULLDOZERS
-Before leaving a bulldozer the operator should:
•Apply the brakes
•Lower the blade and ripper
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•Put the shift lever in neutral
- At the close of work bulldozers should be left on level ground.
- When a bulldozer is moving uphill the blade should be kept low.
- Bulldozer blades should not be used as brakes except in an emergency.
DO’S AND DONT IN THE USE OF A BULLDOZER:
- Do–Wherever possible avoid side-hill travel. Drive straight up and down slopes. If the machine starts to slide
sideways when working across a slope, turn the machine downhill and drop the blade. Watch for falls of rocks and
trees when slip clearing.
- Do–If you have to drive down a steep slope, keep a good bladeful of spoil in front of the blade on the way down.
If dirt is being lost, lowering the blade slightly may help, but lowering it too far brings the danger of overturning.
- Do–When you are working on slip-clearing, proceed with caution and watch the slope. Further falls may occur.
- Do–When clearing trees, watch out for dead branches in tree tops as abrupt contact with a butt may dislodge
them.
- Do–Avoid obstacles such as rocks or logs. If you are forced to cross them, use extreme caution and change to
the lowest gear. Ease up to the break-over point and ease down to minimize the jolt on contact on the other side.
- Do–Be careful when working near the edge of banks and ditches or under overhanging material. The vibration
and weight of your machine may cause the edge to give way or overhanging material to fall.
Scrapers and graders
DOS & DON’TS -SCRAPERS:
- Do-Place warning signs when operating on roads.

- Do–Face in the direction of travel. If you have to watch the operation of rear equipment, use your rear-vision
mirror.
- Do–When entering sharp turns, fill areas or downgrades, apply retarder and/or service brakes. Select the correct
gear before travelling downhill.
- Do–On long downgrades use the engine to assist braking. Avoid ‘fanning’ the air brake pedal. Repeated light ap-
plication of the brake may exhaust air pressure faster than the system is able to replenish it, leading to brake failure.
- Do–Drop the bowl in an emergency!
- Don’t–Speed as a relief from boredom!
-Don’t–Accelerate a tandem scraper’s rear engine when entering a sharp turn, or the machine may jack-knife.
DOS & DON’TS -GRADERS
- Do–When grading across a slope, avoid blade down-pressure and obstacles, as either can tip the machine. For
maximum stability operate at low speed, lean the front tires towards the uphill side, and cast material to the downhill
side of the machine.
-Do–Operate on as level a surface as possible when cutting high banks. With the blade raised, the grader is less
stable than normal.
- Do–When working on existing roads, place warning signs and watch out for that unexpected vehicle
Road Roller
- Do–Take care not to overbalance over the edge of a road formation. Examine edges for soft spots before
starting work.
-Do–Avoid gear changes on steep sections. Remember that a missed gear change may result in loss of control
and the roller overturning. Hand or parking brakes should not be relied on to maintain control.
- Do–Park on the flat. If you must park on a slope, chock your wheels.
- Don’t–Climb onto a moving roller
SAFETY ENGINEERING IN MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORY
Princess Lyn De Guzman and Charlie Catu
OBJECTIVES :
- It has been developed to provide information for assuring safety and maintaining the health of laboratory employ-
ees
- To ensure that the hazards of all chemicals, equipment, procedures, and testing methods are identified and in-
formation concerning these hazards is transmitted to laboratory employees.
- To serve as a guide in the formation of and adherence to safe work practices.
GENERAL SAFETY PRINCIPLES

The following are the most basic guidelines for employee safety and health in Materials Laboratories:
- Every manager and supervisor is responsible for the safety and health of the employees he or she supervises.
- All employees must take every reasonable precaution to prevent accidents and injury to themselves, other em-
ployees, and to the public.
- Every employee shall receive the proper training required to safely operate any vehicle or equipment or to perform
a task, before operating vehicles or equipment or performing the work.
- employees are personally responsible to use wear personal protective equipment as directed, or whenever they
are involved in a work activity where they can reasonably be expected to be exposed to a hazard, or where a hazard
may cause injury or illness
- When employees are issued equipment for the first time or when new devices are introduced, the supervisors will
provide training as to how and why the equipment must be used
- Inspect all equipment before use.
- Every employee, prior to performing any test, shall review and familiarize themselves with the test’s Code of Safe
Practices and the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for the materials used in that test.
- No eating, drinking, smoking, gum chewing or application of cosmetics in chemical storage areas or areas des-
ignated as laboratories.
- Wash hands thoroughly after working with chemicals and before eating, drinking, or smoking.
- Do not use laboratory ovens, microwaves, etc., to prepare or heat food.
- Wear closed shoes at all times in laboratory
SAFETY BULLETIN BOARD - Each laboratory shall have a Safety Bulletin Board installed in a conspicuous place
in the lab area. This Bulletin Board shall contain all required Safety and Health Notices and information.
SAFE LABORATORY PRACTICES :

- All cautious efforts shall be taken to minimize chemical exposures.
- limited use of materials, substitution of less hazardous materials, procurement controls, proper handling pro-
cedures, appropriate training, etc.), and personal protective equipment (PPE) will be used to minimize employee
exposure to all chemicals. Wear gloves, aprons, and face/eye protection when possible to prevent skin contact.
- Use the least toxic chemical that the task requires. The use of listed carcinogens or other highly toxic chemicals
shall be avoided if at all possible.
- Test methods requiring these chemicals shall be reviewed to determine if a less toxic compound can be used.
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- Solvents such as benzene, acetone, xylene, or trichloroethylene should not be used for routine cleaning purposes.
USE ADEQUATE VENTILATION - The best way to prevent exposure to airborne substances is to prevent their
escape into the working atmosphere by using hoods and other ventilation devices to capture the contaminants and
remove them from the laboratory.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES :

- Use the following procedures whenever working with chemicals or conducting materials testing:
- Read instruction manuals for equipment and test methods, and all applicable MSDSs before beginning a new
procedure, test method or operation. Review manuals and MSDSs regularly if the procedure, test method, or opera-
tion is familiar.
- Know the health and physical hazards and symptoms of exposure for chemicals before handling them.
- Have the necessary laboratory equipment, safety equipment, and personal protective equipment in place and in
use before starting work.
- Know the location of the nearest emergency eyewashes and showers. Be sure they are accessible and opera-
tional.
- Know how to handle spills and emergencies prior to beginning the procedure. Make sure proper decontamination
and containment materials are readily available in the work area prior to chemical handling.
ACCIDENTS AND SPILLS

NOTE: The following requirements are meant for general application to all chemical incidents. If they conflict with
the applicable MSDS, follow the MSDS for the specific material involved.
- Eye contact: Promptly flush eyes with water for a prolonged period (at least 15 minutes) and seek medical at-
tention.
- Ingestion: Follow the MSDS. Call Poison Control. Seek medical attention.
- Skin Contact: Promptly flush the affected area with water and remove any contaminated clothing. Wash the area
with soap and water to remove contamination. If symptoms develop or persist after washing, seek medical attention
- Clean up: Follow the MSDS. Promptly clean up spills wearing appropriate protective apparel and equipment.
- Dispose of the waste properly.
WORK AREAS
- Work areas shall be equipped with properly operating fume hoods, glove boxes, or equivalent containment de-
vices.
LABORATORY FACILITY
- Appropriate ventilation (i.e., fume hoods or other local ventilation devices.)
- Appropriate chemical storage facilities.
- Appropriate safety equipment including eyewash fountains (within 10 seconds), drench showers, and fire extin-
guishers.
- A nearby fire alarm and telephone for emergency use.
- Appropriate personal protective equipment; gloves, safety glasses, aprons, etc.
SIGNS, LABELS, AND HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

Whenever chemicals are being used in the workplace, it is the responsibility of every worker to:
- Read labels before handling container and follow their warnings.
- Make sure that every container of a chemical has a label.
- Report missing, dirty, or illegible labels so they can be replaced.
- Put labels on transfer containers for all chemicals.
- Ask the laboratory supervisor about any label information that is not understood.
SIGNS
Prominent signs of the following types should be posted:
- Emergency telephone numbers.
- Location signs for safety showers, eyewash stations, other safety and first aid equipment, fire extinguishers, exits,
and areas where food and beverage consumption and storage are permitted.
- Warnings at areas or equipment where special or unusual hazards exist.
- Warnings that unauthorized personnel are not allowed in the laboratory and that safety equipment (safety glasses
as necessary) are required in the laboratory.
LABELS
- Each original container of chemicals in the workplace is to be labeled, tagged, or marked with information giving
the identity of the chemical, the appropriate hazard warnings, and the name and address of the manufacturer
- Hazard Codes and Labeling :
Health = BLUE
Fire = RED
Reactivity = YELLOW
Special = WHITE
EYE PROTECTION - Eye protection is very important in a testing laboratory. If a test is being conducted that could
possibly result in a violent destructive failure, employees in the area of the test and the operator conducting the test
must wear safety eyeglasses.
LIFTING, PUSHING AND PULLING

- A major source of injuries in physical testing laboratories is lifting heavy objects incorrectly and/or without as-
sistance. All employees that have to lift heavy objects should become familiar with proper lifting techniques
- Know where the object will be placed.
- Determine how to get the job done.
- Make sure the route to be used will be free of obstructions.
- Be sure there is enough space to maneuver.
- Determine how much help will be needed.
- The employee should know his limitations regarding lifting weights.
- Wear the appropriate safety equipment such as back brace, gloves, and/or goggles.
GET THE PROPER GRIP

- Look over the object and determine how to hold it. Mechanical lifting devices should move things that are not
intended to be moved by hand.
USE THE PROPER MOTION

- Get a good footing.
- Place feet shoulder width apart with one foot slightly ahead of the other.
- Bend at the knees and grasp the object to be lifted. Bring the object close to the body.
- Keep the back straight, but at a comfortable angle.
- Lift gradually by straightening the knees. Don’t jerk, twist or turn suddenly.
- Use mechanical lifting devices whenever possible.
USE TEAMWORK WHEN NECESSARY

- Share the load equally.
- Coordinate movements so that everyone starts, turns, and finishes at the same time.
PLANT INSPECTION, SAMPLING AND TESTING

- Materials employees provide assistance to construction by providing plant inspection and sampling and testing of
the materials that are used in concrete or asphalt concrete products.
- Employees should wear the hard hats, gloves, eye and ear protection, and safety shoes.
-Loose clothing and long hair should be secured.
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SOME LABORATORIES AND THEIR MAJOR OPERATIONS:
1. CHEMICAL LAB - Conduct fundamental gas and condensed phase molecular dynamics to sustainable fuel syn-
thesis and use, solar energy conversion, and novel media for chemical separations.
2. LIQUID ASPHALT LAB - Coducts testing of paving asphalt materials including, binders, emulsions, adhesives,
and sealants
3. BITUMINOUS MIXTURES LAB - Conducts testing of asphalt concrete mixtures and verification of HMA mix
designs.
4. PHYSICAL TESTING LAB - Evaluates the quality of aggregate, concrete, cement, steel, and geotextiles used in
the construction of city, county, and state roads and bridges.
5. SOILS LAB - Conducts compaction control and stiffnesstests
6. GEOTECHNICAL LAB - Provides full range of geotechnical engineering and engineering geology services re-
quired to support the design, construction, and maintenance needs of the state’s transportation system.
7. ELECTRICAL AND SIGNING LAB - Conducts full suite of tests on each traffic controller assembly submitted to
confirm quality and that the equipment meets the requirements of the WSDOT Standard Specification.
LABORATORIES (CIVIL ENGINEERING FIELD) :
1. SURVEYING LAB- including total station, precision theodolites, leveling equipments, and conventional equipments
like plane table etc.
2. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB - testing mechanical properties of materials used in construction.
3. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LAB - a state of the art, well-equipped laboratory that is able to perform
most types of laboratory analyses related to environmental engineering. This lab is mainly intended for qualitative
and quantitative analysis of the characteristics of water, waste water, air and other environmental pollutants.
4. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING LAB - for testing the properties of soil and conducting various tests on soils.
5. TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LAB -All tests for highway construction like aggregates, subgrade and bitu-
men can be tested here. The tests that can be done are Abrasion tests, Bitumen tests, Crushing and Impact tests
on aggregates, CBR tests and other tests.
6. MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY -(Concrete laboratory)- Concrete lab provides facilities for testing various
building construction materials, mortar, and concrete in fresh and hardened state. It includes test for compressive
strength, flexural strength, fineness and mix design of concrete etc.
MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY TESTS:

1. Tests on cement.
a) Standard consistency, initial and final setting time.
b) Compressive strength of mortar cubes.
c) Specific gravity.
d) Soundness.
e) Fineness.
2. Tests on fresh concrete.

a) Compaction factor test.
b) Slump test.
c) Vee-Bee test.
d) Flow table test.
e) Ball penetration test.
3. Tests on hardened concrete.
a) Compressive strength of concrete cubes.
b) Compressive strength of concrete cylinder.
c) Splitting tensile strength.
d) Modulus of elasticity.
e) Flexural strength.
4. Tests on RC beam
5. Tests on aggregates.
a) Aggregate crushing value for coarse aggregate.
b) Specific gravity of coarse and fine aggregate.
c) Bulking of fine aggregate.
d) Bulk density and percentage voids of coarse aggregate.
e) Grain size analysis of coarse and fine aggregate.
6. Tests on bricks.
a) Compressive strength. b) Water absorption. c) Efflorescence.
7. Tests on roofing tiles.
a) Transverse strength. b) Water absorption.
8. Tests on flooring tiles.
a) Transverse strength. b) Water absorption. c) Abration tests.
9. Compression tests on Laterite blocks
10. Study of
a) Strain measurements using electrical resistance- strain gauges.
b) Nondestructive test on concrete.
DESTRUCTIVE TESTING VS NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
DESTRUCTIVE TESTING is carried out until the specimen’s failure. These tests are generally much easier to carry
out, yield more information and are easier to interpret than non-destructive testing
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING is the type of testing that does not destroy the test object. It is vital when the mate-
rial in question is still in service.
BASIC SAFE WORK PRACTICES

- The basic or routine work practices and attitudes in the laboratory can significantly contribute to the level of safety,
the prevention of accidents and incidents, and to limit risks to health and the environment.
- The correct attitude and practices in the laboratory incorporate the following:
- Know your capabilities and limitations - Everybody has a limitations to their skills, and there are some tasks that
each person should realise they can’t do. Tasks should only be attempted by persons who possess the appropriate
knowledge and skills. If in doubt, ask for help.
- Follow regulations - Regulations, instructions, Standard Operating Procedures, ‘red tape’ etc. exist for everyone’s
protection. Although it might be tempting to cut corners or use shortcuts, these lead to accidents in many cases.
- Pace yourself - Rushing around or over-tiring yourself (e.g. by working very long hours) to complete tasks is
risking an accident or injury. By working at a steady, comfortable pace, more will be completed in the long run. For
example, just consider the time involved in cleaning up a chemical spill.
- Respect safety guards
- Equipment should only be used for its intended purpose - with any safety guards in place. Safety guards and
interlocks are there to prevent accidents.
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- Expect the unexpected
- Stay alert.
- Consider all of the equipment and items being utilised in the experiment or work you’re doing. If something looks
like a potential hazard - minimise or eliminate it! If in doubt, ask for assistance.
SAFETY RULES
1. A clean and orderly work area and good housekeeping are fundamental to accident and fire prevention.
1.1 Assigned work areas and equipment are to be cleaned and placed in order by each user at the end of
each work period. return tools to the cabinets so that other users do not have to search the lab to locate them.
1.2 If your work will generate dust, cover sensitive equipment before you start, and clean up the dust at the
end of your work period. if weather permits. it may be advantageous to perform work that generates dust or fumes
outside of the laboratory to expedite cleanup and avoid compromising other experiments and/or personnel.
1.3 Keep walkways (which are crosshatched with yellow paint markings) clear of all obstacles at all times.
access to outside doors must be maintained at all times.
2. Horseplay of any kind is forbidden.
3. You are not to operate equipment for which you have not been cleared for use by the engineer in charge of the
laboratory. the equipment includes the forklift, overhead crane, and hydraulic test equipment.
4. There must be at least two individuals present at all times within the laboratory when power tools are used or
heavy equipment is moved with the crane or forklift.
5. All accidents, including minor injuries and all hazardous conditions are to be reported immediately to the engineer
in charge of the lab or the laboratory director.
6. Eye protection (safety glasses or goggles) is to be worn at all times by all individuals while observing or operating
power tools or for impact hand tools such as hammers.
7. Shoes with steel safety toes or steel toe caps are to be worn when moving heavy equipment.
8. Hard hats are to be worn when moving equipment with the overhead crane.
9. Jewelry, ties, and clothing, which, in the opinion of the engineer in charge of the lab, is hazardous, must not
be worn while working with machinery in the laboratory. all users must wear full shoes (not sandals) and at least a
shirt and full-length trousers. long hair must be held back securely with a head band or a net. medallions or jewelry
hanging from the neck must not be worn.
10. Machine guards are to be in place and in use at all times when equipment is in operation.
11. Compressed air is not to be used to blow debris off equipment, clothing, or work areas.
12. Hand tools are only to be used for the purpose for which they were designed.
13. Defective tools must not be used, turn them in for replacement.
LABORATORY HYGIENE
There are also lists of things to do and not do in order to maintain appropriate levels of hygiene in a labo-
ratory.
• Always wash your hands thoroughly after using any chemical (and before leaving the laboratory)
• Always use Personal Protective Equipment when required (eye protection must always be worn when hazardous
chemicals are being used)
• Wear an appropriate hair style or restrain/tie back hair
• Cover any wounds in the skin with a waterproof dressing
• Clean up spills immediately
MATERIAL TESTING LAB MANAGER ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
• Obtain and keep current all ASTM, CCRL, DSA, Caltrans and other certifications required for Salem Engineering
Group, Inc. operations for the geotechnical/materials laboratory (soils, aggregate, asphalt, Portland cement con-
crete, grout/mortar, etc.),
• Responsible for renewals of all laboratory certifications (e.g. Caltrans, DSA, AMRL, etc.),
• Coordinate staffing needs,
• Coordinate support staff daily work schedules,
• Prioritization of workloads and job set-ups,
• Oversee laboratory quality control,
• Technical review of all laboratory-generated data,
• Prepare final laboratory reports
• Oversee/coordinate all laboratory equipment maintenance and calibration,
• Financial responsibility and keeping projects within budget,
• Communicate and interface effectively with clients,
• Communicate with Project Managers regarding job progress,
• Communicate with accounting and resolve any/all invoice issues,
• Computer data reduction input and analysis,
• Coordinate the work load with the supervisors,
• Attend all required meetings,
• Schedule and coordinate laboratory safety meetings, and
• Follow company policies and procedures, including all safety procedures.
LABORATORY AND SECTION/LAB SUPERVISORS ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
• Responsible for the safety of all individuals in the laboratories

• Monitoring procurement, use, storage, recycling, and disposal of chemicals used in the laboratories
• Determining and providing the appropriate personal protective equipment and that all laboratory equipment (e.g.,
fume hoods, ovens, etc.) are used in accordance with manufacturer recommendations
• Seeking ways to improve safety and reduce potential environmental impacts
• Ensuring that laboratory personnel know where to access Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), and how to use
them
• Ensuring that laboratory personnel are appropriately trained in the use of applicable chemicals, hazardous waste
disposal, and in “hazards communications – workers right to know”
• Ensuring that training for working with hazardous materials has been provided as required in WAC 296-62-400
through -40027, and other substance-specific standards contained in WAC 296-62.
LABORATORY SAFETY COMMITTEE ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
• Provide input to the Section and Lab Supervisors and Executive-level Management on issues related to chemical
and environmental safety, and implementation of the EMP.
• Arbitrate disagreements between laboratory units regarding laboratory practices.
LABORATORY WORKER ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
• Performing work in a safe manner according to respective pre-activity safety plans and observing established
safety and hygiene practices at all times
• Working safely and protecting himself/herself and other employees from possible hazardous situations
• Identifying potentially hazardous conditions or changes in procedures that may constitute hazardous conditions and
report these conditions to the appropriate manager.
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SAFETY ENGINEERING IN UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION
Doren Aquino and Kennedy Queñano
INTRODUCTION
Underground construction work includes excavation, cave in, tunnelling for roads, highways and railroads
and laying pipelines for sewers, hot water, steam, electrical conduits, and telephone lines.
UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION: REQUIREMENTS AND RELATED SAFETY PRACTICES

Underground construction has its own set of unique hazard.
THE PRINCIPAL HAZARDS IN UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION:

• safety instruction
• access and egress
• check-in and check-out procedures
• hazardous classifications
• gassy operations
• air monitoring
• ventilation
• illumination
• fire control
• hot work
• emergencies
SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS:
Training must focus on
• Air monitoring
• Ventilation
• Communication
• Flood control
• Equipment: mechanical and personal protective
• Explosives: fire prevention, and fire protection
• Emergency procedures: check-in, check-out, and evacuation plans.
ACCESS AND EGRESS

• Employers are required to provide safe access and egress to underground construction sites.
• Unauthorized entry must be both prohibited and prevented
CHECK –IN AND CHECK – OUT PROCEDURES

Employers must use an appropriate check-in and check-out procedure to keep track of employees who work un-
derground.
GASSY OPERATIONS
In underground construction work there are potentially gassy operations and confirmed gassy operations.
• Ventilation.
• Prohibiting the use of diesel
• Equipment
• Prohibiting smoking or other forms of ignition in or near the work area.
AIR MONITORING
A competent person must be assigned to conduct air-monitoring courses to ensure that the ventilation avail-
able is sufficient and to record measurements of potentially hazardous gasses.
VENTILATION
Contractors are required to provide an adequate supply of fresh air to all underground sites.
ILLUMINATION
Contractors are required to provide proper illumination in all underground sites. When explosives are to be
handled underground, a distance of 50 feet must be maintained between any heading and the lighting.
FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Open flames and fires are prohibited in underground construction sites.
HOT WORK
When performing hot work in underground, noncombustible barriers must be installed in or over a shaft.
EMERGENCIES
Rescue teams or services must be provided at construction sites in which 25 or more employees work
underground. A designated person must be available to call for emergency assistance and to maintain an accurate
head count of those working underground.
UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION: WORKING IN OPEN SPACES
A MAN-MADE CUT, CAVITY OR TRENCH in the ground made by removing earth. The most common form of ex-
cavation in construction is the trench, which is a narrow excavation that is deeper than it is wide and is no wider
than 15 feet.
A CAVE-IN is a collapse of a geologic formation, mine or structure.
EXCAVATION CAVE-INS are a major source of fatalities within the construction industry each year.
SUPPORT SYSTEMS
OSHA requires that workers in excavations be protected by one of the following methods:
• Sloping and benching the sides of the excavation;

• Supporting the sides of the excavation;
• Placing a shield between the side of the excavation and the work area in the excavation.
123
Sloping of the sides of an excavation no less than 05 (horizontal) is to1 (Vertical) helps to ensure worker safety in
excavation up to 20feet deep
Excavations dug in these configurations are called BENCHED.
UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION: WORKING IN CONFINED SPACES
CONFINED SPACE - Is not designed for continuous human occupancy; Refers to an area which is enclosed with
limited access which makes it dangerous. Hazards in a confined space often include suffocation by unbreathable
gases which may be present but not visible
Examples of Confined Spaces:
• Tanks • Manholes
• Boilers • Furnaces
• Sewers • Silos
• Hoppers • Vaults
• Pipes • Trenches
• Tunnels • Ducts
• Bins • Pits
POTENTIAL HAZARDS IN CONFINED SPACES

• Oxygen Deficiency <19.5% or >23.5% oxygen concentration
• Combustibles
- Methane
- Hydrogen
- Acetylene
- Propane
- Gasoline fumes
• Toxic Materials
- Carbon Monoxide
- Hydrogen Sulfide
- Welding fumes
- Corrosives
• Electricity
• Mechanical Hazards
- Mixers
- Crushers
REQUIREMENTS ON ENTERING CONFINED SPACE

• Isolate the space
• Ventilate the space
• Conduct Tailboard
• Complete permit
• Test the atmosphere
• Enter the space
ISOLATE THE SPACE FROM ALL HAZARDS

- Empty the Space
-Depressurize, vent & drain
- Lockout/Tagout Equipment
-Electrical sources
- Rotating/reciprocating parts
- Hazardous materials
- Clean residue from the space
VENTILATE THE SPACE

- Use mechanical ventilation
- Fans
- Air horns
- Ventilate at the rate of at least four (4) volumes per hour
- Larger spaces require more ventilation
- Make sure air supply is not contaminated
- Ventilation air supply must be from fresh air uncontaminated with
- flammables, toxins, etc.
TEST THE ATMOSPHERE
- Check for Oxygen Content: At least 19.5% and less than 23.5%
- Check for Combustibles: Must be Less than 10% of the LEL
- Check for Toxic Gasses:
-Most commonly carbon monoxide (PEL <35 ppm)
-Any other hazardous materials as determined by the use of the space.
Confined Space Air Monitoring Devices
- Always test the air at various levels to be sure that the entire space is safe.
125

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A Compilation of Reports in Safety Engineering

of BSCE1 Batch 2013 - 2014

COURSE OBJECTIVE AND DESCRIPTION 3

I. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN CONSTRUCTION SITE 6

a. Occupational Safety and Health Legislation/ D.O. 13

b. Importance of Occupational Safety and Health

c. Safety Engineering in Excavation

d. Construction Site Premises

f. Safety in Temporary Structures

g. Safety in Construction Machineries

h. Tools and Equipments Safety

i. Hazardous Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

j. Occupational Health Programming

n. Roles of Construciton Safety Engineers

o. Personal Protective Equipments

q. Work-Related Accident Investigation and Reporting

r. Routine Construction Inspection

s. Tool Box Meeting

t. Safety and Health Programming in Construction Sites

u. Re-entry Plans as a Construction Safety and Health Officer

II. SAFETY ENGINEERING IN SURVEYING

III. SAFETY ENGINEERING IN HORIZONTAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION

IV. SAFETY ENGINEERING IN MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORY

V. SAFETY ENGINEERING IN UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION

SECTION 1. DEFINITION OF TERMS.

c) “CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGER/CONSULTANT” means a person or entity who is hired by the

n) “OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL” refers to a qualified first-aider, nurse, dentist, or physician,

SECTION 3. DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY AND ACCREDITATION

SECTION 5. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

e) the manner of disposing waste arising from the construction.

SECTION 6. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

SECTION 7. SAFETY PERSONNEL

SECTION 8. EMERGENCY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES

SECTION 9. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY SIGNAGES

9.1 The signages include but are not limited to:

b) Areas where there are potential risks of falling objects.

c) Areas where there are potential risks of falling.

e) Areas where there are tripping or slipping hazards.

i) Location of fire alarms and firefighting equipment.

j) Instructions on the usage of specific construction equipment.

k) Periodic updating of man-hours lost.

SECTION 10. SAFETY ON CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENT

10.2.2 Erection/Set-up of Heavy Equipment

10.2.4. Certified Operators

SECTION 11. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE

a) Project Manager or his representative as the chairperson ex officio;

SECTION 12. SAFETY AND HEALTH INFORMATION

12.6 Specialized instruction and training should be given to:

SECTION 13. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING

SECTION 14. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH REPORTS

SECTION 15. CONSTRUCTION WORKERS SKILLS CERTIFICATES

SECTION 16. WORKERS’ WELFARE FACILITIES

16.2 Adequate sanitary and washing facilities

SECTION 17. COST OF CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

SECTION 18. MISCELLANEOUS

SECTION 19. VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES

SECTION 20. EFFECTIVITY

This Department Order shall take effect immediately.

(SGD) BIENVENIDO E. LAGUESMA

GLOBAL OSH SITUATIONER: ILO REPORT (28 APRIL 2003)

-Results in losses of investments in the form of :

RISKS – the degree of exposure or chances of exposure to hazards.

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE OCCURRENCE OF ACCIDENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY :