Specialization 1

IN THE FIELD
STARTING UP THE PROJECT
REPORTERS
Specialization 1 (Urban Planning or Construction Management)

CRAIG EMMANUEL JOSHUA

DIZON MALI

WILFRED BON CHED NHICO

NUNAG III SAPIN

TOPICS TO DISCUSS

01 Building Construction

02 Building Construction Process

BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

Building construction describes the physical activity on a

construction site that contributes to building or structure
construction. This process involves unloading plant,
machinery, materials, cladding, fixture, fitting of
installations, formwork, and external finish.
SITE PREPARATION AND
CLEARING

Before starting the work on-site, it should be

adequately cleaned, including removing grass,
debris, and ground levelling
 EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR
SITE CLEARING

EXCAVATOR BOLLDOZER STUMP GRINDER

MULCHER SKID STEER LOADER BACKHOE

 SITE SURVEY AND
LAYOUT

01 Site layout is the process of transferring

the design dimensions and locations of
the site features from thedrawings to
thesite, using thesite control and
reference points. Site surveying is the
process of measuring and recording the
actual dimensions and locations of the
site features, using the site control and
reference points
 SITE SURVEY AND
LAYOUT

02 Site layout and surveying are essential

steps in any construction project. They
involve planning and measuring the
location, orientation, and elevation of the
site and its features, such as buildings,
roads, utilities, and boundaries.
SITE SURVEY AND
LAYOUT
03 PROFESSIONALS INVOLVE IN SITE SURVEY
AND LAYOUT
Geodetic engineers:
contribute to activities such as land surveying,
cartography, and navigation systems

Geotechnical engineering:
Assess the physical, mechanical and chemical
properties of soil and rock in order to design
foundations, retaining structures and
earthwork
INSTRUMENTS NEEDED FOR SITE
LAYOUT AND SURVEYING

TAPES PLUMB BOBS

OPTICAL DEVICES ROD

EXCAVATION

EXCAVATION REFERS TO THE

REMOVAL OF EARTH TO FORM A
CAVITY IN THE GROUND.
SMALL SITES MAY DO EXCAVATION
MANUALLY USING

SHOVELS PICKS

WHEELBARROWS DIGGING BAR

 FOR LARGER SITES

EXCAVATOR BOLLDOZER STUMP GRINDER

MULCHER SKID STEER LOADER BACKHOE

PCC - PLAIN CEMENT
CONCRETE

THEN A LAYER OF PCC IS LAID IN THE

EXCAVATED TRENCH FOR PLACING
AND BINDING OF FOUNDATION
REINFORCEMENT BARS.

PCC is a combination of cement, sand-

like fine aggregate, and coarse
aggregate.
MATERIAL USED IN PLAIN CEMENT
CONCRETE

AGGREGATE SAND

CEMENT CONCRETE MIXER

FOUNDATION

FOUNDATION IS THE LOWEST

ARTIFICIALLY PREPARED PART OF THE
STRUCTURE, WHICH IS IN DIRECT
CONTACT WITH THE GROUND AND
TRANSMITS THE LOAD OF THE
SUPERSTRUCTURE TO THE GROUND
SOIL BORE TESTING

SOIL BORING IS THE PROCESS OF

DRILLING A HOLE IN THE GROUND TO
COLLECT SAMPLES OF SOIL AND
BEDROCK.

SOIL BORING IS A TECHNIQUE USED TO

SURVEY SOIL BY TAKING SEVERAL
SHALLOW CORES OUT OF THE
SEDIMENT.
PLINTH BEAM

A PLINTH BEAM IS A COMPONENT OF

THE SUPERSTRUCTURE LOCATED
BETWEEN THE GROUND LEVEL AND
FLOOR LEVEL TO ASSIST IN
TRANSMITTING THE LOAD OF THE
STRUCTURE TO THE FOUNDATION
 BACKFILLING

IT IS THE METHOD OF RESTORING OR

REUSING SOIL REMOVED DURING
EXCAVATION. BACKFILLING HELPS IN
STRENGTHENING THE FOUNDATION
AND SUPPORTING IT AND OTHER
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS.

Wait 5-7 days before backfilling a foundation to prevent cracks. Clearsurface of

grass,stones, and water before filling in layers 15-20cm thick.
FLOOR OR ROOF SLAB

NOW FORMWORK FOR THE FLOOR

OR ROOF SLAB STARTED. AFTER
COMPLETING THE FORMWORK
REINFORCEMENT BARS FOR BEAMS
AND SLABSARE PLACED AS PER THE
STRUCTURAL DRAWING.
 FORMWORK

FORMWORK IS A STRUCTURE OR MOLD

USE TO CONTAIN THE CONCRETE WHILE
IT’S BEING POURED AND SET.
KINDS OF FORMWORKS

TIMBER FORMWORK PLYWOOD FORMWORK

STEEL FORMWORK ALUMINIUM FORMWORK

REINFORCING BARS

THESE REINFORCEMENT BARS

PROVIDE ADDITIONAL STRENGTH
AND SUPPORT TO THE STRUCTURE,
REINFORCING THE FLOOR OR ROOF
SLAB .
 TYPES OF REINFORCING BARS:

Hot Rolled Deformed Bars Cold Rolled Steel Bars Mild Steel Bars

Twisted Steel Bars Welded Steel Wire

FLOOR OR ROOF SLAB
AFTER COMPLETING THE
REINFORCEMENT WORK, ELECTRICAL
PIPES ARE PROVIDED BETWEEN
REINFORCEMENT AND THEN THE
SLAB IS POURED WITH CONCRETE
MANSONRY WORKS

AFTER REMOVING THE SLAB FORMWORK,

MASONRY WORK STARTS USING DIFFERENT
MATERIALS SUCH AS BRICKS, STONE,
CONCRETE BLOCKS, AND AAC BLOCKS WITH
CEMENT MORTAR. OPENING FOR DOORS
AND WINDOWS ARE PROVIDED AS PER THE
DRAWING.
 MATERIALS:

BRICK STONE BLOCK AAC BLOCK

MORTAR CONCRETE GRANITE TILES

 HOW MANY HOLLOW
BLOCKS WILL BE USED?
WALL AREA
WIDTH X HEIGHT
6 METERS
6.0 M X 3.0 M = 18 SQM

OPENING AREA

3 METERS
DOOR: 1.0 X 2.1 = 2.10 SQM
WINDOW: 1.2 X 1.2 = 1.44 SQM
2.10 + 1.44 = 3.54 SQM

TOTAL WALL AREA

18.0 - 3.54 SQM= 14.46 SQM
ONE SQUARE METER AREA WILL REQUIRE 12.5 PCS OF CHB.

14.46 SQM X 12.50 = 180.75 OR 181 PCS OF CHB add 10%

THE LINTEL ABOVE DOORS
AND WINDOW OPENING

LINTELS ARE CONSTRUCTED ABOVE THE

DOOR AND WINDOW OPENINGS. IT
SUPPORTS THE MASONRY ABOVE IT.
THEN MASONRY WORK IS COMPLETED UP
TO THE SLAB LEVEL.
THE LINTEL ABOVE DOORS AND
WINDOW OPENING

NO LINTEL WITH LINTEL

ELECTRICAL CONDUITS AND PLUMBING
PIPES

AFTER COMPLETING THE

BRICKWORK, GROOVES ARE MADE
ON WALLS TO INSTALL ELECTRICAL
CONDUITS AND PLUMBING PIPES
AS PER THE ELECTRICAL AND
PLUMBING DRAWING.
INSTALLING ELECTRICAL CONDUITS
AND PLUMBING PIPES
 DOORS AND WINDOW
FRAMES

AFTER COMPLETING THE ELECTRICAL

CONDUITS AND PLUMBING PIPES AND
FIXING WORKS, DOOR AND WINDOW
FRAMES ARE SET IN THE OPENING LEFT FOR
THEM AS PER THE DRAWING.
DOORS AND WINDOW FRAMES
 INTERNAL PLASTER
WORK

AFTER THE INSTALLATION OF PLUMBING

AND ELECTRICAL CONDUITS, PLASTERING
WORK BEGINS. THE BUILDING’S INTERIOR
AND EXTERIOR ARE PLASTERED WITH
CEMENT AND SAND MIXTURE.
INTERNAL PLASTER
WORK
 EXTERNAL PLASTER
WORK

EXTERNAL PLASTERING IS COMPLETED WITH

APPROPRIATE MATERIALS TO PROTECT
AGAINST RAIN PENETRATION, WEATHER
EFFECTS, AESTHETICS OF THE BUILDING AND,
MOST IMPORTANTLY, TO EXTEND THE SERVICE
LIFE OF THE BUILDING.
WHAT IS PLASTERING THICKNESS
FOR EXTERNAL WALLS

IN MOST SITUATIONS, AN AVERAGE PLASTER

THICKNESS IS BETWEEN 15 MM TO 20 MM
FOR EXTERNAL WALLS. YET, THE OPTIMAL
THICKNESS MAY DEPEND ON THE WALL’S
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE LEVEL,
MATERIAL TYPE AND THE AESTHETIC FINISH,
THAT YOU DESIRE.
TYPES OF WALL MATERIALS:

BRICK CONCRETE BLOCKS

TOPICS TO DISCUSS NEXT MEETING:
ROOF TRUSSES
ROOFING
ROOF WATERPROOFING AND FINISHING
MATERIALS FOR ROOF WATERPROOFING
EXTERIOR FINISHING
TYPES OF FINISHES IN CONSTRUCTION OF EXTERIOR WALLS
INTERNAL FINISHING
FLOORING & KITCHEN PLATFORM
EXTERIOR PROTECTION
ELECTRICAL WORK
PAINTING WORK
ELECTRICAL AND PLUMBING FIXTURES
ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK
HEATING AND COOLING WORK
CLEANING AND FINAL TOUCH
 THANK YOU
IN THE FIELD: STARTING UP THE PROJECT
 ROOF TRUSSES

ROOF TRUSSES ADD STRENGTH AND SUPPORT TO ROOFS. THEY

ARE TRIANGULAR STRUCTURES COMPOSED OF TOP CHORDS,
BOTTOM CHORDS, POSTS, AND WEBBING CHORDS.

MATERIALS

TIMBER
STEEL
 TYPES OF ROOF TRUSSES

KING POST QUEEN FINK

TRUSSES POST TRUSS

GABLE ATTIC
SCISSOR
ROOF TRUSS
TRUSSES
TRUSSES
 ROOFING

Once the basic structure is done, roofing is installed.

Roofing protects the interior from the weather elements,
preventing damage and disruptions. The contractors should
be brought in to start working on the exterior of the building
at this stage.
TYPES OF ROOF MATERIALS
 ROOF WATERPROOFING AND
FINISHING

To prevent leaks, the top of the slab is waterproofed. After that,

the slab is usually covered in Terrazzo tiles to shield it from
weathering.

Roof waterproofing is typically done through a series of steps

aimed at sealing and protecting the roof from water infiltration.
 MATERIALE USED FOR ROOF
WATERPROOFING

POLYURETHANE CEMENTITIOUS COATING

EPDM RUBBER

PVC WATERPROOFING
RUBBERIZED ASPHALT.
MEMBRANE BITUMINOUS MEMBRANE
EXTERIOR FINISHING

Plastering the building's outside is known as

exterior finishing. In order to raise the home,
external cladding is also used.
TYPES OF FINISHES COMMONLY USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF EXTERIOR WALLS

Brick Natural stone Vinyl siding

veneer

Stucco Wood Pebble finish

WHAT ARE FINISHES IN CONSTRUCTION OF EXTERIOR WALLS

Fiber cement Metal

Plaster Paint finish

INTERNAL FINISHING

Internal finishing work begins once the plaster has

properly cured for a predetermined amount of time.
Professionals complete the interior design following
the procedures outlined by the architect.
WALL PUTTY

Patching up holes, fissures, and pores on the plastered

surface is the main objective of putty work. For a high-quality
painting job, it aids in creating a level, smooth surface.

TYPES OF WALL PUTY

FLOORING & KITCHEN PLATFORM

Various possibilities for flooring materials are available in the

market, contingent on factors such as application, user
preference, and aesthetics.
SHUTTERS BLINDS CURTAIN TINTS
ELECTRICAL
WORKS
 BASIC ELEMENTS ABOUT
ELECTRICAL WIRING

WIRES WIRE TOOLS CONDUITS CIRCUIT BREAKER

Electrical wire is a type
of conductor used to Electrical wire tools are Conduits are protective Is a crucial component
transmit electricity specialized tools used piping systems used to of electrical distribution
from one point to by electricians and enclose and protect systems used to protect
another. It is typically other professionals for electrical wires and circuits and electrical
made of a metal such various tasks related to cables. Conduits serve equipment from
as copper or aluminum, working with electrical several purposes in damage caused by
which has good wiring and cables electrical installations: overcurrents.
conductivity properties.
 FAUCETS TOILET SINK SHOWER BATHTUB

LAUNDRY TUBS BIDET WATER HEATER WATER FILTER GARBAGE DISPOSAL

PAINTING WORKS
 TYPES OF PAINTS
ACRYLIC LATEX / LATEX/ ALKYD / ENAMEL / ALUMINUM PAINTS
Painting work refers to the process of applying paint or other decorative coatings to
surfaces such as walls, ceilings, furniture, or other objects to enhance their
appearance, protect them from damage, or provide other functional benefits

Flat/Matte Eggshell Satin

Flat paints (also

called matte paints) Satin finishes are
have the least Eggshell finishes the most common
amount of shine. are a very popular interior paint finish.
They provide the paint finish. They’re They have a velvety
most coverage of slightly more sheen and easier to
any other paint and lustrous than flat clean than flat and
require fewer coats paints (with the eggshell paints
to cover delicate low sheen which makes them a
imperfections like of an eggshell) great choice for
nail holes. high-traffic areas
 TYPES OF PAINTS
ACRYLIC LATEX / LATEX/ ALKYD / ENAMEL / ALUMINUM PAINTS
Painting work refers to the process of applying paint or other decorative coatings to
surfaces such as walls, ceilings, furniture, or other objects to enhance their
appearance, protect them from damage, or provide other functional benefits

Semi-gloss High-gloss
Semi-gloss paints
are shiny and High-gloss paints
reflective. They’re are the shiniest
extremely durable paint finish of the
and mildew- bunch. They’re also
resistant, so they’re the most durable
best used in rooms and washable, so
that get a lot of they can handle
wear and tear or daily scrubbing.
moisture, like kids’ Consider this family
rooms, kitchens, and of paint for doors,
bathrooms. trim, and cabinetry.
 WHY IS PAINTING IMPORTANT?

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur

adipiscing elit. Duis vulputate nulla at
ante rhoncus, vel efficitur felis
condimentum. Proin odio odio.
 LIGHTING FIXTURE

LIGHTING IS CRUCIAL FOR DESIGN,

TRANSFORMING SPACES BY CREATING
COMFORT AND ATMOSPHERE.
VARIOUSLIGHTS LIKE DOWNLIGHTS,
UPLIGHTS, AND WALL LIGHTS ARE
COMBINED TO ADD DEPTH AND INTEREST
TO ROOMS. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES ARE
USED FOR HIGHLIGHTING ARTWORK,
SPECIAL FEATURE
WOODWORKS
 WOODWORKS
Woodwork refers to the craft or skill of working with wood to create furniture,
cabinetry, architectural elements, decorative items, and other wooden structures.

CABINETS STAIRS SOFA

HEATING AND COOLING
WORKS
WITH A ROOF AND EXTERIOR WALLS IN PLACE, IT IS
TIME TO ADDRESS THE HEATING AND COOLING NEEDS
OF THE BUILDING. THISPROCESS INVOLVES
THEINSTALLATION OF VENTS, DUCTS,HEATING UNITS,
AND COOLING SYSTEMS.
WHAT IS HVAC?
HVAC REFERS TO HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR
CONDITIONING, ENCOMPASSING THE HEATING AND
COOLING SYSTEM. UNDERSTANDING HVAC DOESN'T
HAVE TO BE COMPLICATED FOR HOMEOWNERS.
HOW DOES AN HVAC
SYSTEM WORK?
 COOLING WORKS
is crucial for maintaining comfortable and healthy indoor environments in rooms and
buildings.

HVAC DIAGRAM AIR CONDITION

 CLEANING AND FINAL TOUCH
Any garbage or debris producedduring the construction process is removed fromthe
entire site.All the finaltouches required to complete the building are finished at this
stage.

TARPAULINS ROCKS WOOD CUTS RUINS

 THANK YOU
IN THE FIELD: STARTING UP THE PROJECT