SITE

CONSTRUCTION
SURVEYING
SITE CONSTRUCTION
SURVEYING
is the technique,
profession, art and
science of
determining the
terrestrial or three-
dimensional positions
of points and the
distances and angles
between them
SITE CONSTRUCTION
SURVEYOR
is a professional
who determines
positions on or
near the Earth's
surface.
SITE CONSTRUCTION
CATEGORIES OF SURVEYING
1. Geodetic Surveying
- Surveys are carried out on a
large scale with the help of
control networks spanning over
long distances.
SITE CONSTRUCTION
CATEGORIES OF SURVEYING
2. Cadastral Surveying
- Surveys are carried out to define
land ownership and boundaries.
SITE CONSTRUCTION
CATEGORIES OF SURVEYING
3. Topographical Surveying
- Surveys are carried out to
determine land structure along
with variation in land heights
SITE CONSTRUCTION
CATEGORIES OF SURVEYING
4. As Built Surveying:
- Surveys are carried out after
completion of a construction
project to check variance from
proposed design
SITE CONSTRUCTION
CATEGORIES OF SURVEYING
4. As Built Surveying:
- Surveys are carried out after
completion of a construction
project to check variance from
proposed design
SITE CONSTRUCTION
CATEGORIES OF SURVEYING
5. Photogrammetry (Aerial
Surveying)
- Surveys are carried out by taking
photographs from elevated
ground stations.
SITE CONSTRUCTION
FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES
USED FOR SURVEYING
1. Triangulation
- In this technique numerous
triangles are inter-connected and
overlapped to measure angles
from a surveying station
SITE CONSTRUCTION
FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES
USED FOR SURVEYING
2. Trilateration
- It follows the same technique as
in Triangulation with additional
use of Electronic Distance Meter
and determination of sides of the
triangle
SITE CONSTRUCTION
FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES
USED FOR SURVEYING
3. Traverse
- In this technique multiple lines of
pre-measured lengths are inter-
connected to measure angles
and distances
SITE CONSTRUCTION
FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES
USED FOR SURVEYING
4. Leveling
- In this technique the difference
in heights in a terrain are
measured with the help of
graduated rods
SITE CONSTRUCTION
FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES
USED FOR SURVEYING
5. Radiation
- In this technique radiating lines
are drawn from a focal point to
defined boundaries converted to
a small scale surveying sheet
 SITE
INVESTIGATION
SITE INVESTIGATION
SITE INVESTIGATION
Refers to the process of
determining the surface
and sub-surface
conditions
SITE INVESTIGATION
What are the factors which might affect
construction activities?
1. Surface water and drainage system
2. Thickness of vegetation, density and height of
trees
3. Disposal of the surface materials
4. Availability of water supply and electric power
5. Proximity of major transportation
6. Environmental Regulations and Zoning
SITE INVESTIGATION
BORING AND PENETRATION TEST
Boring Test provides a
visual identification of the
soil strata underlying the
area by literally
penetrating into the earth
SITE INVESTIGATION
BORING AND PENETRATION TEST
SITE INVESTIGATION
What are the different types of boring and
penetration test?
1. Auger Boring
2. Wash Boring Method
3. Hollow Stem Auger Boring
4. Rotary Drilling
5. Percussion Drilling
6. Penetrometer
7. Dutch Cone Penetration
8. Vane Shear Test
SITE INVESTIGATION
As per NSCP 2010
SITE INVESTIGATION
LAYOUT AND STAKING
Is the process of
establishing and or
relocating the point of
boundaries and property
lines of the site where the
building is to be
constructed.
SITE INVESTIGATION
What are the materials used for lay out
and staking?
SITE INVESTIGATION

STAKE
SITE INVESTIGATION
SITE INVESTIGATION

BATTER BOARDS
SITE INVESTIGATION
SITE INVESTIGATION

LEVEL TRANSIT
SITE INVESTIGATION
SITE INVESTIGATION

LEVEL HOSE
SITE INVESTIGATION
SITE INVESTIGATION

NYLON STRING
SITE CONSTRUCTION
EXCAVATION
is the process of moving
earth, rock or other
materials with tools,
equipment or explosives. It
includes earthwork,
trenching, wall shafts,
tunneling and
underground.
SITE CONSTRUCTION
Excavation work in building construction
is categorized into two:
1. Shallow Excavation
2. Deep Excavation
SITE CONSTRUCTION
SITE CONSTRUCTION

EXCAVATOR
SITE CONSTRUCTION
BACK FILLING
is the process of replacing
or reusing the soil that is
removed during building
construction to strengthen
and support a structure’s
foundation or any other
structural member.
SITE CONSTRUCTION
BACK FILLING
HOW MANY CUBIC METERS
IS THE CAPACITY OF A
DUMP TRUCK?
SITE CONSTRUCTION
GRADING
is the work of ensuring a level
base, or one with a specified
slope, for a construction work
such as a foundation, the
base course for a road or a
railway, or landscape and
garden improvements, or
surface drainage.
SITE CONSTRUCTION
SITE CONSTRUCTION

GRADER
SITE CONSTRUCTION
COMPACTION
is defined as the method
of mechanically
increasing the density of
soil.
SITE CONSTRUCTION
SITE CONSTRUCTION

ROLLER
COMPACTOR
SITE CONSTRUCTION
SITE CONSTRUCTION

WALK BEHIND
COMPACTOR
SITE CONSTRUCTION
SITE CONSTRUCTION

PLATE
COMPACTOR
SITE CONSTRUCTION
SOIL POISONING
also known as
subterranean termite
control, is one of the most
crucial factors to consider
when building a new
structure
SITE CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF SOIL POISONING
1. Repellent – Repellent
termiticides work by creating
a treated zone around a
house that is toxic to termites.
Termites avoid the soil treated
with repellent termiticides. This
type of soil poisoning is most
commonly used in pre-
construction
SITE CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF SOIL POISONING
2. Non-Repellent – the termites are
unable to detect that the termiticide
has been applied to the soil and do
not avoid the area which has been
treated. The termites unknowingly
make contact with the active
ingredient, which results in their death
SITE CONSTRUCTION
Some kinds of Termiticides:
1. Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
2. Chlordane
3. Aldrin
4. Lindane
5. Termidor SC
6. Solignum Soilguard
FOUNDATION
FOUNDATIONS

FOOTINGS
FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATIONS
TYPES OF FOOTINGS
1. ISOLATED FOOTING
are most commonly used footings for RC columns because it is
simple and most economical. An isolated footing is used to
support a single column. Isolated footings are independent
footings which are provided for each column. This type of
footing is used when:
- Columns are not closely spaced.
- Loads on footings are less.
- The Safe bearing capacity of soil is generally high.
FOUNDATIONS
ISOLATED FOOTING
FOUNDATIONS
TYPES OF FOOTINGS
2. COMBINED FOOTING
- When two columns are close together, causing overlap
of adjacent isolated footings
- Where soil bearing capacity is low, causing overlap of
adjacent isolated footings
- Proximity of building line or existing building or sewer,
adjacent to a building column
FOUNDATIONS
COMBINED FOOTING
FOUNDATIONS
TYPES OF FOOTINGS
3. STRAP FOOTING
A strap footing is a component of a building’s
foundation. It is a type of combined footing,
consisting of two or more column footings
connected by a concrete beam.
FOUNDATIONS
STRAP FOOTING
FOUNDATIONS
TYPES OF FOOTINGS
4. MAT FOOTING
Consists of one footing usually placed under the
building area. They used when soil bearing
capacity is low, column loads are heavy and
differential settlement for single footings are very
large or must be reduced
FOUNDATIONS
MAT FOOTING
FOUNDATIONS
TYPES OF FOOTINGS
5. PILE AND PIER FOUNDATION
Is intended to transmit structural loads through the
upper zone of poor soil to a depth where the earth
is capable of providing the desired support
FOUNDATIONS
PILES
FOUNDATIONS
SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION
The different causes of foundation settlement due
to loads imposed on the soils are:
1.
2.
3.
FOUNDATIONS
SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION
1. Poor compression/compaction of the soil
2. Failure or deflection of the footing/foundation
structure
3. Soil bearing capacity failure
ESTIMATES
ESTIMATES
Given:
Length = 1.5 meters
Width = 1.5 meters
Thickness = 300 mm
Depth = 1.8 meters
Gravel Bedding = 100 mm
Rebars = 8 pcs – 16mm E.F
ESTIMATES
Determine the following:
1. Volume of the soil to be excavated?
2. Volume of concrete to be poured for
footing?
3. Volume of the gravel bedding?
4. Volume of the soil to be backfilled?
5. Total length of the rebars to be used
for footing?
6. Total kilograms of rebars?
ESTIMATES

That will be your homework for

next meeting :D
ESTIMATES

Questions?
ESTIMATES

Thank you J